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Power Converters. Applications and Analysis Using PSIM
Index of Exercises PSIM 10.0.6
Prof. Herman E. Fernández H
Chapter II: PSIM description Keywords: low‐pass filter analysis, transient, AC sweep and parametric tests PSIM exercises: 4 Transient analysis of a low pass filter Ejercicio2_1.psimsch Fig.2.25 Transient analysis with noise signal Ejercicio2_2.psimsch Fig.2.26 AC Sweep Ejercicio2_3.psimsch Fig.2.27 Parametric analysis Ejercicio2_4.psimsch Fig.2.29, Fig.2.30 Example: Transient analysis of a low‐pass filter with added noise signal
AC sweep of a low‐pass filter
Chapter III: Diodes and Thyristors
Keywords: uncontrolled rectifier, DIAC‐TRIAC arrays, phase control, circuit to determine thyristor state, pulse transformer, AC/AC and AC/DC PWM converters with GTO, driver circuits and GTO discrete model. PSIM exercises: 19 3.1 Single‐phase rectifier with RLE load. Discontinuous current mode (DCM). Ejercicio3_1.psimsch Fig.3.3 3.2 Single‐phase rectifier with RLE load. Continuous current mode (CCM). Ejercicio3_2.psimsch Fig.3.4 3.3 Half‐wave controlled rectifier with resistive load. Using Alpha Controller. Ejercicio3_3.psimsch Fig.3.7 3.4 Half‐wave controlled rectifier with RL load. Determination of current extinction angle (β). Ejercicio3_4.psimsch Fig.3.8, Fig.3.9 3.5 DIAC voltage‐current characteristic. Ejercicio3_5.psimsch Fig.3.15, Fig.3.16 3.6 DIAC‐TRIAC circuit based on an Alpha Controller. Ejercicio3_6.psimsch Fig.3.17, Fig.3.18 3.7 DIAC‐TRIAC circuit based on a Gating Block. Ejercicio3_7.psimsch Fig.3.19 3.8 DIAC‐TRIAC circuit. First option. Ejercicio3_8.psimsch Fig.3.21, Fig.3.22 3.9 DIAC‐TRIAC circuit. Parametric analysis. Ejercicio3_9.psimsch Fig.3.23 3.10 DIAC‐TRIAC circuit. Second option. Ejercicio3_10.psimsch Fig.3.24 3.11 AC/AC and AC/DC PWM converters implemented with GTO. Ejercicio3_11.psimsch Fig.3.28
Optical electronic to determine the state of a thyristor (SCR): 3.12 Operating thyristor. Ejercicio3_12.psimsch Fig.3.34 3.13 Short‐circuited thyristor (Failure state). Ejercicio3_13.psimsch Fig.3.35 3.14 Open‐circuited thyristor (Failure state). Ejercicio3_14.psimsch Fig.3.36 3.15 Voltage‐time characteristic determination of a pulse transformer. Ejercicio3_15.psimsch Fig.3.38 3.16 Saturation effect of a pulse transformer. Ejercicio3_16.psimsch Fig.3.39 3.17 Thyristor driver circuit design using RC network. Ejercicio3_17.psimsch Fig.3.42 3.18 Thyristor driver circuit design based in pulse modulation. Ejercicio3_18.psimsch Fig.3.43 3.19 GTO modelling. Ejercicio3_19.psimsch Fig.3.44
Example: 3.19 GTO modelling
Chapter IV: Power Transistors Keywords: PBJT, MOSFET, IGBT and three‐phase switch. Driver stage, losses evaluation of power devices. Basic applications. PSIM exercises: 10 4.1 PBJT driver unit. Optical isolated, pulses amplifier and simple power stage. Ejercicio4_1.psimsch Fig.4.8, Fig.4.9 4.2 Open‐loop servomotor. Ejercicio4_2.psimsch Fig.4.10 4.3 Open‐loop servomotor. Constant torque load. Ejercicio4_3.psimsch Fig.4.11 4.4 MOSFET gate driver with short‐circuit protection. Resistive load. Ejercicio4_4.psimsch Fig.4.18 4.5 MOSFET gate driver with short‐circuit protection. RL load. Ejercicio4_5.psimsch Fig.4.19 4.6 DC machine soft starter based on IGBT. Ejercicio4_6.psimsch Fig.4.28 4.7 IGBT gate driver with short‐circuit protection. Ejercicio4_7.psimsch Fig.4.29 4.8 DC/DC converter. Commutation and conduction losses evaluation. Thermal considerations. Ejercicio4_8.psimsch Fig.4.30, Fig.4.31, Fig.4.32 4.9 DC/AC converter. Commutation and conduction losses evaluation. Thermal considerations. Ejercicio4_9.psimsch Fig.4.33, Fig.4.34 4.10 AC starter of induction machine using three‐phase switch. Ejercicio4_10.psimsch Fig.4.35, Fig.4.36
Example: 4.5 MOSFET Gate Driver (MGD) with short‐circuit protection. RL load
Chapter V: DC/DC converters Keywords: Step‐up, Step down, Buck‐Boost, Fly‐Back, Push‐pull and H‐bridge. PWM (unipolar and bipolar modes), Feedforward‐PWM, One‐Cycle controller, and frequency variation. Open loop and feedback control: current controller and voltage regulation. UC3825, UC3844. Basic applications: Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), DC drive, and UPS. Discontinuous mode current (DCM). PSIM exercises: 17 5.1 Step‐down DC/DC (Buck converter). Open loop configuration. PWM control. Ejercicio5_1.psimsch Fig.5.12 5.2 Step‐up DC/DC (Boost converter). PWM control and voltage regulation. Ejercicio5_2.psimsch Fig.5.13 5.3 Buck converter based on a UC3825 Controller. Ejercicio5_3.psimsch Fig.5.14, Fig.5.15 5.4 Buck converter based on a UC3825 Controller. Short‐circuit condition. Ejercicio5_4.psimsch Fig.5.16, Fig.5.17 5.5 Buck converter based on a UC3825 Controller. Discontinuous current measure. Ejercicio5_5.psimsch Fig.5.18 5.6 Simple DC drive based on a Step‐down converter. Open loop condition. Ejercicio5_6.psimsch Fig.5.19 5.7 Step‐up converter. Ejercicio5_7.psimsch Fig.5.22 5.8 Feed‐Forward PWM (FF‐PWM) controller. Ejercicio5_8.psimsch Fig.5.23, Fig.5.24 5.9 Current controlled Step‐up converter (discrete array). Ejercicio5_9.psimsch Fig.5.25 5.10 Current controlled Step‐up converter using UC3842. Ejercicio5_10.psimsch Fig.5.26, Fig.5.27 5.11 Class C converter (one‐quadrant operation). Ejercicio5_11.psimsch Fig.5.33, Fig.5.34
5.12 Class C converter (two‐quadrants operation). Ejercicio5_12.psimsch Fig.5.35 5.13 H‐Bridge configuration. Full‐quadrant operation. Bipolar PWM. DC motor drive. Ejercicio5_13.psimsch Fig.5.38 5.14 H‐Bridge configuration. Full‐quadrant operation. Unipolar PWM. DC motor drive. Ejercicio5_14.psimsch Fig.5.39 5.15 Buck‐Boost converter. Voltage regulation based on PI controller. Ejercicio5_15.psimsch Fig.5.41 5.16 Closed‐loop Flyback converter. Ejercicio5_16.psimsch Fig.5.43, Fig.5.44 5.17 DC/DC Half‐bridge isolated configuration. Ejercicio5_17.psimsch Fig.5.46
Example: 5.4 Current control and voltage regulation using a UC3825
Chapter VI: Pulses generator and synchronism circuits for AC/DC and AC/AC converters Keywords: zero crossing detector, phase control circuit, phase control single‐phase and three‐phase converters. VCO. SRF‐PLL and SRF‐PLL for three‐phase converters, frequency response for SRF‐PLL, PLL three‐phase synchronization, cosine controller, integral cycle and PWM controllers. PSIM exercises: 20 6.1 Zero‐crossing detector. Two topologies. Ejercicio6_1.psimsch Fig.6.3 6.2 Synchronization network using opto‐isolator circuit. Ejercicio6_2.psimsch Fig.6.4 6.3 Phase‐control circuit. Ramp method. Ejercicio6_3.psimsch Fig.6.5 6.4 Phase‐control circuit. Negative slope ramp. Ejercicio6_4.psimsch Fig.6.6 6.5 Firing pulses using counter method to frequency variable. Ejercicio6_5.psimsch Fig.6.7, Fig.6.8 6.6 Firing pulses using counter method with digital reference. Ejercicio6_6.psimsch Fig.6.9 6.7 Firing pulses generator for three‐phase half‐wave controlled rectifier. Ejercicio6_7.psimsch Fig.6.12, Fig.6.13, Fig.6.14 6.8 Firing pulses generator for three‐phase full‐wave controlled rectifier. Ejercicio6_8.psimsch Fig.6.16, fig.6.17 6.9 Pulses generator using a VCO. Ejercicio6_9.psimsch Fig.6.19 6.10 Pulses generator using a monostable circuit. Ejercicio6_10.psimsch Fig.6.20 6.11 Single‐phase synchronization circuit using a SRF‐PLL (Synchronous Reference Frame ‐ Phase Locked Loop). Ejercicio6_11.psimsch Fig.6.24, Fig.6.25
6.12 Single‐phase synchronization circuit using a SRF‐PLL (Synchronous Reference Frame ‐ Phase Locked Loop) based on Park Transformation. Ejercicio6_12.psimsch Fig.6.26 6.13 Pulses generator for three‐phase converter under single‐phase SRF‐PLL. Ejercicio6_13.psimsch Fig.6.27, Fig.6.28 6.14 Frequency response analysis for a SRF‐PLL. Ejercicio6_14.psimsch Fig.6.29 6.15 Three‐phase synchronism using SRF‐PLL. Ejercicio6_15.psimsch Fig.6.30 6.16 Cosine control scheme. Function f(ωt)=1+cos(ωt). Ejercicio6_16.psimsch Fig.6.34 6.17 Cosine control scheme. Function f(ωt)=cos(ωt). Ejercicio6_17.psimsch Fig.6.35 6.18 Integral cycle control. Ejercicio6_18.psimsch Fig.6.37 6.19 SPWM pulses generator for AC/DC converter. Ejercicio6_19.psimsch Fig.6.38 6.20 SPWM pulses generator for three‐phase converter. Ejercicio6_20.psimsch Fig.6.39
Example: 6.4 Phase‐control circuit. Negative slope ramp
Chapter VII: Controlled Rectifiers Keywords: single‐phase configuration. Half‐wave and fully‐controlled three‐phase converters. Harmonics analysis. Cosine control scheme. Basic applications: DC drive and battery charger. Serial converter connection. Six‐phase rectifier. Line inductor effect. Rectifier evaluation connecting inductive, RLE and constant current loads. Power Factor Controller (PFC). Applying the SmartCtrl tool to set parameters of a PFC. Hysteresis‐current controlled PFC. PWM rectifiers. Vienna configuration. PSIM exercises: 24 7.1 Single‐phase rectifier connected to current‐constant load. Ejercicio7_1.psimsch Fig.7.3, Fig.7.4 7.2 Single‐phase half‐wave converter connected to RL load. Ejercicio7_2.psimsch Fig.7.5, Fig.7.6 7.3 Single‐phase half‐wave converter connected to a current‐constant load. Ejercicio7_3.psimsch Fig.7.8 7.4 Single‐phase half‐wave converter based on cosine control method. Ejercicio7_4.psimsch Fig.7.9, Fig.7.10 7.5 Asymmetrical single‐phase half‐wave rectifier. Ejercicio7_5.psimsch Fig.7.11 7.6 DC drive implemented with an asymmetrical single‐phase half‐wave rectifier. Ejercicio7_6.psimsch Fig.7.12 7.7 Single‐phase fully‐controlled rectifier. Ejercicio7_7.psimsch Fig.7.14 7.8 Single‐phase fully‐controlled rectifier under cosine control strategy. Ejercicio7_8.psimsch Fig.7.15, Fig.7.16 7.9 DC drive implemented with a thyristors module. Cosine control. Ejercicio7_9.psimsch Fig.7.17 7.10 Three‐phase half‐wave converter. Ejercicio7_10.psimsch Fig.7.19
7.11 Three‐phase half‐wave converter with freewheeling diode. Ejercicio7_11.psimsch Fig.7.22, fig.7.23 7.12 Three‐phase fully‐controlled rectifier. Cosine control scheme. Constant‐current load. Two‐quadrant operation. Ejercicio7_12.psimsch Fig.7.28, Fig.7.29 7.13 Battery charger under three‐phase fully‐controlled rectifier. Ejercicio7_13.psimsch Fig.7.30 7.14 DC drive implemented with a three‐phase fully‐wave rectifier. Ejercicio7_14.psimsch Fig.7.31 7.15 Serial connection of three‐phase rectifiers. Ejercicio7_15.psimsch Fig.7.32, Fig.7.33 7.16 Six‐phase rectifier. Ejercicio7_16.psimsch Fig.7.34, Fig.7.35 7.17 Line inductor effect. Single‐phase rectifier. Ejercicio7_17.psimsch Fig.7.37 7.18 Line inductor effect. Three‐phase rectifier. Ejercicio7_18.psimsch Fig.7.38 7.19 PFC based on a UC3854. Ejercicio7_19.psimsch Fig.7.44, Fig.7.45 7.20 Applying the SmartCtrl tool to set parameters of a PFC. Ejercicio7_20.psimsch Fig.7.46 7.21 Hysteresis‐current controlled PFC. Ejercicio7_21.psimsch Fig.7.48, Fig.7.49 7.22 Simple configuration of a PWM Rectifier. Ejercicio7_22.psimsch Fig.7.52, Fig.7.53, Fig.7.54 7.23 Vienna Rectifier. Ejercicio7_23.psimsch Fig.7.55
7.24 PWM rectifier with power factor control. Ejercicio7_24.psimsch Fig.7.56, Fig.7.57 Example: 7.11 Three‐phase half‐wave converter with freewheeling diode
Chapter VIII: AC/AC converters Keywords: single‐phase. Half‐wave and fully‐controlled three‐phase converters. Star and Delta configurations. Static Var Compensator. Special topologies. Control methods: phase‐control, mark‐space, PWM, SPWM, one‐cycle control and integral cycle control. Frequency multiplier. Matrix converter. PSIM exercises: 24 8.1 Single‐phase half‐wave AC/AC converter. Ejercicio8_1.psimsch Fig.8.2, Fig.8.3 8.2 Single‐phase fully‐controlled AC/AC converter. Resistive load. Harmonics analysis. Ejercicio8_2.psimsch Fig.8.6, Fig.8.7 8.3 Single‐phase fully‐controlled AC/AC converter. Inductive load. Harmonics analysis. Ejercicio8_3.psimsch Fig.8.9, Fig.8.10 8.4 Single‐phase fully‐controlled AC/AC converter using integral cycle control. Harmonics analysis. Ejercicio8_4.psimsch Fig.8.12, Fig.8.13 8.5 Three‐phase fully‐controlled AC converter. Multimode operation. Resistive load. Ejercicio8_5.psimsch Fig.8.16, Fig.8.17 8.6 Three‐phase fully‐controlled AC converter. Multimode operation. Inductive load. Ejercicio8_6.psimsch Fig.8.18 8.7 Three‐phase half‐controlled AC converter. Multimode operation. Resistive load. Ejercicio8_7.psimsch Fig.8.22 8.8 Three‐phase half‐controlled AC converter. Multimode operation. Inductive load. Ejercicio8_8.psimsch Fig.8.23, Fig.8.24 8.9 Thyristors delta configuration. Resistive load. Ejercicio8_9.psimsch Fig.8.27, Fig.8.28 8.10 Thyristors delta configuration. Inductive load. Ejercicio8_10.psimsch Fig.8.29 8.11 Operation principle of a Static Var Compensator. Ejercicio8_11.psimsch Fig.8.30, Fig.8.31
8.12 Asymmetrical array. Three‐phase converter with two‐phase control. Ejercicio8_12.psimsch Fig.8.32 8.13 Asymmetrical array. Three‐phase converter with one‐phase control. Ejercicio8_13.psimsch Fig.8.33 8.14 Asymmetrical array. Each phase controlled with load in delta configuration. Ejercicio8_14.psimsch Fig.8.34 8.15 Asymmetrical array. Three‐phase converter with thyristors connected in delta configuration. Serial connection of the three‐phase load with AC grid. Ejercicio8_15.psimsch Fig.8.35 8.16 Single‐phase AC converter using mark‐space control. Ejercicio8_16.psimsch Fig.8.37, Fig.8.38 8.17 Single‐phase AC converter. Pulses generator under SPWM. Ejercicio8_17.psimsch Fig.8.39 8.18 Single‐phase AC converter. One‐cycle controller. Ejercicio8_18.psimsch Fig.8.40 8.19 Single‐phase AC converter. Dynamic evaluation with one‐cycle controller. Ejercicio8_19.psimsch Fig.8.41 8.20 PWM‐cycle‐integral control. Ejercicio8_20.psimsch Fig.8.42 8.21 Frequency multiplier. Ejercicio8_21.psimsch Fig.8.43 8.22 Three‐phase to single‐phase cycloconverter. Ejercicio8_22.psimsch Fig.8.45, Fig.8.46 8.23 Matrix converter of simple configuration. Ejercicio8_23.psimsch Fig.8.51 8.24 Reduced‐parts matrix converter. Ejercicio8_24.psimsch Fig.8.52, Fig.8.53
Example: 8.6 Three‐phase fully‐controlled AC converter. Multimode operation. Inductive load
Chapter IX: DC/AC converters Keywords: square wave half‐bridge, H bridge configuration, conduction control equals to π and 2π/3. Single‐pulse, uniform pulse width modulation, bipolar‐SPWM, and unipolar‐SPWM. SPWM three‐phase inverter, HIPWM, Selective Harmonic Elimination (three‐cases), MSPWM, SVPWM. Sinusoidal inverter (filter LC). Reflection effect in AC drives. Hysteresis controller. Three‐level inverter, FC‐MLI, push‐pull inverter using UC3825, delta controller, inverter connected to grid, inverter connected to resonant load, and Current Source Inverter. PSIM exercises: 29 9.1 Half‐bridge single‐phase converter. Ejercicio9_1.psimsch Fig.9.9 9.2 Full‐bridge single‐phase configuration. Ejercicio9_2.psimsch Fig.9.12 9.3 Three‐phase inverter. Conduction equals π. Ejercicio9_3.psimsch Fig.9.15, Fig.9.16 9.4 Three‐phase inverter. Conduction equals 2π/3. Ejercicio9_4.psimsch Fig.9.18 9.5 Single‐pulse or Uniform PWM generator. Ejercicio9_5.psimsch Fig.9.20, Fig.9.23 9.6 Full‐bridge under multiple‐pulses PWM generator. Ejercicio9_6.psimsch Fig.9.25, Fig.9.26 9.7 Full‐bridge inverter under Bipolar Synchronous Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulator (SSPWM). Ejercicio9_7.psimsch Fig.9.31, Fig.9.32 9.8 Full‐bridge inverter based on Unipolar SSPWM. Ejercicio9_8.psimsch Fig.9.34 9.9 Three‐phase inverter based on SPWM. Ejercicio9_9.psimsch Fig.9.36 9.10 Three‐phase inverter under Harmonic Injection Pulse Width Modulation (HIPWM). Ejercicio9_10.psimsch Fig.9.38, Fig.9.39
9.11 Three‐phase inverter under Selective Harmonic Elimination‐TLN1. Ejercicio9_11.psimsch Fig.9.42, Fig.9.43 9.12 Single‐phase inverter under Selective Harmonic Elimination‐SLN1. Ejercicio9_12.psimsch Fig.9.44, Fig.9.45 9.13 Single‐phase inverter under Selective Harmonic Elimination‐SLL. Ejercicio9_13.psimsch Fig.9.46 9.14 Single‐phase inverter using Modified Sinusoidal PWM (MSPWM). Ejercicio9_14.psimsch Fig.9.48 9.15 Three‐phase inverter under Space Vector PWM. Ejercicio9_15.psimsch Fig.9.51, Fig.9.52 9.16 Filter design procedure applied to a single‐phase inverter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_16.psimsch Fig.9.62, Fig.9.63, Fig.9.64, Fig.9.65 9.17 Reflection effect analysis in three‐phase converter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_17.psimsch Fig.9.66 9.18 LC filter configuration to reduce reflection effect in a three‐phase converter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_18.psimsch Fig.9.68 9.19 LCC filter configuration to reduce reflection effect in a three‐phase converter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_19.psimsch Fig.9.69 9.20 Hysteresis controller applied to a single‐phase inverter. Ejercicio9_20.psimsch Fig.9.71 9.21 Sample‐Hold Hysteresis controller applied to a single‐phase inverter. Ejercicio9_21.psimsch Fig.9.72 9.22 Diodes Clamping‐Multiple Level Inverter (DC‐MLI) under SPWM. Ejercicio9_22.psimsch Fig.9.76, Fig.9.77 9.23 Flying Capacitor‐MLI inverter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_23.psimsch Fig.9.78
9.24 Push‐pull inverter. Ejercicio9_24.psimsch Fig.9.80 9.25 Delta modulator applied to single‐phase inverter. Ejercicio9_25.psimsch Fig.9.82 9.26 Single‐phase inverter connected to AC grid (Distributed Generation). Ejercicio9_26.psimsch Fig.9.84, Fig.9.85 9.27 Single‐phase inverter connected to AC grid. Power factor control. Ejercicio9_27.psimsch Fig.9.86 9.28 Series‐loaded (RLC) resonant converter. Ejercicio9_28.psimsch Fig.9.87 9.29 Current Source Inverter under SPWM. Ejercicio9_29.psimsch Fig.9.89, Fig.9.90
Example: 9.11 Three‐phase inverter under Selective Harmonic Elimination‐TLN1
Chapter X: Power Electronic Systems: analysis and simulations Keywords: open‐loop DC drive, DC drive using UC3842, close‐loop DC drives (two‐cases), traction system. Fan applications (two‐cases). Vector Control. Drives: SRM, BDCM, and PMDC. Lead‐acid model (VRLA). Current control and voltage regulation. Li‐ion battery test, super capacitor simplified model, battery charger for VRLA, SMPS with UC3844, backup cycle UPS, AC/DC‐current controlled. PSIM exercises: 23
10.1 Open‐loop DC drive. Ejercicio10_1.psimsch Fig.10.4 10.2 Open‐loop DC drive under load demand. Ejercicio10_2.psimsch Fig.10.5 10.3 Current‐controlled DC drive based on UC3842. Ejercicio10_3.psimsch Fig.10.6 10.4 Closed‐loop DC drive. Option I. Ejercicio10_4.psimsch Fig.10.7 10.5 Closed‐loop DC drive. Option II. Ejercicio10_5.psimsch Fig.10.8 10.6 DC drive applied to a traction system. Ejercicio10_6.psimsch Fig.10.10, Fig.10.11, Fig.10.12 10.7 Hard‐starter of an industrial fan. Ejercicio10_7.psimsch Fig.10.16, Fig.10.17 10.8 Scalar‐Control AC drive. Induction machine mechanically coupled to industrial fan. Ejercicio10_8.psimsch Fig.10.18, Fig.10.19 10.9 Vector‐Control AC drive. Ejercicio10_9.psimsch Fig.10.26 10.10 Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SRM) drive. Ejercicio10_10.psimsch Fig.10.31 10.11 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drive. Ejercicio10_11.psimsch Fig.10.32, Fig.10.33
10.12 Brushless Direct Current Machine (BDCM or BLDC) drive. Ejercicio10_12.psimsch Fig.10.34 10.13 Generic model of lead‐acid battery. Ejercicio10_13.psimsch Fig.10.37, Fig.10.38 10.14 Battery charger: constant‐current mode and limited voltage control. Ejercicio10_14.psimsch Fig.10.39 10.15 Constant‐current charge of the Lithium‐Ion battery. Ejercicio10_15.psimsch Fig.10.40 10.16 Constant‐current discharge of the Lithium‐Ion battery. Ejercicio10_16.psimsch Fig.10.40 10.17 Simplified model of a ultracapacitor. Ejercicio10_17.psimsch Fig.10.41 10.18 Simplified model of multiple‐cell ultracapacitor. Ejercicio10_18.psimsch Fig.10.42 10.19 Battery charger based on an averaged DC/DC converter. Constant‐current mode and floatation condition. Ejercicio10_19.psimsch Fig.10.45, Fig.10.46, Fig.10.47 10.20 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) based on a UC3844. Ejercicio10_20.psimsch Fig.10.50 10.21 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Back‐up mode. Ejercicio10_21.psimsch Fig.10.56 10.22 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Back‐up mode. Voltage regulation. Ejercicio10_22.psimsch Fig.10.57 10.23 Welding machine based on a current‐controlled three‐phase rectifier. Ejercicio10_23.psimsch Fig.10.59
Example: 10.5 Closed‐loop DC drive
Chapter XI: Renewable energies: Photovoltaic and wind turbine systems. Fuel Cells Keywords: Wind turbines: BDCM, PMSG, and DFIG. Solar cell model and parametric analysis. MPPT: simple circuit, P&O, HC, and Inc‐Cond. Solar battery charger and solar water‐pump. PEMFC model, PEMFC‐step up DC/DC converter, PEMFC‐DC/DC‐DC/AC, distributed generation system using PEMFC, SOFC model (100kW), SOFC‐DC/DC‐DC/AC drive. PSIM exercises: 17
11.1 Wind turbine based on a BDCM (Brushless DC Machine) and storage bank. Ejercicio11.1.psimsch Fig.11.19 11.2 Wind turbine based on a PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator). Ejercicio11.2.psimsch Fig.11.20, Fig.11.21 11.3 Wind turbine based on a PMSG. Setting Ids=0. Ejercicio11.3.psimsch Fig.11.22 11.4 Wind turbine based on a Double Fed Induction Machine (DFIG). Ejercicio11.4.psimsch Fig.11.23, Fig.11.24 11.5 Functional model of a photovoltaic cell. BP 3175. Ejercicio11.5.psimsch Fig.11.44, Fig.11.45 11.6 Physical model of a photovoltaic cell. Solarex MSX60. Parametric analysis under irradiation variable. Ejercicio11.6.psimsch Fig.11.46, Fig.11.47 11.7 Simple configuration of a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) circuit. Ejercicio11.7.psimsch Fig.11.48 11.8 Perturb and Observation MPPT method. Ejercicio11.8.psimsch Fig.11.50, Fig.11.51 11.9 Incremental Conductance MPPT method. Ejercicio11.9.psimsch Fig.11.52 11.10 Solar battery charger. Ejercicio11.10.psimsch Fig.11.53 11.11 Solar pumping system. Ejercicio11.11.psimsch Fig.11.54, Fig.11.55
11.12 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Ejercicio11.12.psimsch Fig.11.61, Fig.11.62 11.13 PEMFC connected to boost converter. Ejercicio11.13.psimsch Fig.11.63, Fig.11.64 11.14 AC generation using a PEMFC. Ejercicio11.14.psimsch Fig.11.65 11.15 Distributed generation under a PEMFC. Ejercicio11.15.psimsch Fig.11.66 11.16 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). Ejercicio11.16.psimsch Fig.11.69, Fig.11.70, Fig.11.71 11.17 AC drive based on a SOFC. Ejercicio11.17.psimsch Fig.11.72
Example: 11.11 Solar pumping system
Appendix Exercises: 11 (PSIM, PSCAD and PSpice) A.1 SmartCtrl applied to design the regulation stage of a Buck Converter. EjercicioA_1.psimsch A.2 HID (High‐Intensity Discharge Lamp) modelling. EjercicioA_2.psimsch A.3 Synchronism circuit design based on PSCAD. A.4 Phase‐control circuit based on PSCAD. A.5 Three‐phase pulses generator using PSCAD. A.6 DC drive designed using an IGBT step‐down converter. PSCAD tool. A.7 Pulses generator applied to fully‐controlled three‐phase rectifier. PSCAD tool. A.8 Generation mode of a DC machine. A.9 Pulses amplifier. PSpice tool. A.10 Ramp generator. PSpice tool. A.11 AC Delta Controller. PSpice tool.
Example: A.1 SmartCtrl applied to design the regulation stage of a Buck Converter.
//SmartCtrl parameters //Outer Regulator parameters R2 = 2.77781k Ohm C2 = 2.65267u F Vref = 2.5 V Vp = 3 V R11 = 10k Ohm //Outer Sensor parameters Ra = 9.5k Ohm Rb = 500 Ohm //Power Stage parameters R = 10 Ohms RC = 50m Ohms C = 612u F
IC_C = 50 V RL = 1n Ohms L = 5m H IC_L = 5 A Vin = 100 V //Modulator parameters Vpp = 2 V fsw = 2k Hz Dramp = 800m Vv = 1 V //Other parameters fdc = 15 Hz <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< INPUT DATA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> INPUT DATA Single loop ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Frequency range (Hz) : (1, 999 k) Cross frequency (Hz) = 15 Phase margin (°) = 122 Plant ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Buck (voltage mode controlled) R (Ohms) = 10 L (H) = 5 m RL(Ohms) = 1 n C (F) = 612 u RC(Ohms) = 50 m Vin (V) = 100 Vo (V) = 50 Fsw (Hz) = 2 k Steady‐state dc operating point ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Mode = Continuous Duty cycle= 0.5 Vcomp(V) = 2.25 IL (A) = 5 ILmax(A) = 6.25 ILmin(A) = 3.75 Io (A) = 5 Vo (V) = 50 Sensor ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Voltage divider Vref/Vo = 0.05 Regulator ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ PI Gmod = 0.4 R11(ohms) = 10000 Vp(V) = 3 Vv(V) = 1
tr(sec) = 0.0004 Vref(V) = 2.5 Steady‐state dc operating point ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ IC_C2(V) = 250m <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< RESULTS >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> RESULTS Regulator (Analog): ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Kp = 277.781 m Kint = 7.36863 m R2 (Ohms) = 2.77781 k C2 ( F ) = 2.65267 u fz ( Hz ) = 21.599 fi ( Hz ) = 5.99979 b2 ( s^2) = 0 b1 ( s ) = 0.00736863 b0 = 1 a3 ( s^3) = 0 a2 ( s^2) = 0 a1 ( s ) = 0.0265267 a0 = 0 Sensor: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Ra (Ohms) = 9.5 k Rb (Ohms) = 500 Pa (Watts) = 237.5 m Pb (Watts) = 12.5 m Loop performance parameters: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ PhF ( Hz ) = out of frequency range under study GM ( dB ) = ... Atte( dB ) = ‐37.146