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20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 1 Vishay ESTA Welcome To Vishay ESTA Power Capacitors Division Training for Suzlon Team Pondicherry 20 th January 2005

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Page 1: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 1

Vishay ESTA

Welcome To

Vishay ESTA Power Capacitors Division

Training for Suzlon Team

Pondicherry20th January 2005

Page 2: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 2

Vishay ESTA

ESTA AC Capacitors in cylindrical aluminium casings have been designed especially

for Power Factor Correction in heavy duty applications

such as

wind turbine plants

Page 3: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 3

Vishay ESTA

Required capacitor output for Power Factor Correction

Output, Capacitance & Current of Capacitors

Standards for Low Voltage (LV) Capacitors

Life Expectancy

ESTA LV Tubular Can Type Capacitors, MKP-Technology

Installation, Operating and Maintenance Instructions

Supplied Types

Table of Contents

Page 4: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 4

Vishay ESTA

WHAT MAKES A CAPACITOR ??

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN FORM OF “CHARGES” CAN BE STORED & WITHDRAWN FROM THIS DEVICE USING TERMINATION WIRES/LEAD WIRES

CAPACITOR BASICS

Page 5: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 5

Vishay ESTA

dielectric layer,dielectric layer,thickness "d"thickness "d"

Conducting plate, Conducting plate, area "a"area "a"

Capacitors are made using two conducting plates(electrode), separated by an insulating (dielectric) layer

It is essential that the electrodes are in full contact with theentire dielectric area.

CAPACITOR BASICS

Page 6: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 6

Vishay ESTA

CAPACITOR BASIC

BASIC FORMULA FOR CAPACITANCE

Page 7: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 7

Vishay ESTA

CAPACITOR BASIC

Pe rmit t ivityVac uum 1 . 0D ry air 1 . 0 0 0 5 9

Plas t ic fi lm 2 . 0 - 3 . 5Impre gnate d pape r 2 . 5 - 6 . 0

Mic a and glas s 4 . 0 - 7 . 0Ce ramic ( s table ) up to 1 0 0

Ce ramic ( se mi-s table ) up to 1 2 0 0Aluminium o x ide 7 +

Tantalum o x ide 1 1 +

RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY

Page 8: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 8

Vishay ESTA

CAPACITOR BASICS

BASIC CAPACITOR EQUATION

CAPACITANCE =AREA (of the dielectric)

THICKNESS OF DIELECTRIC

The Thickness of the dielectric is directly related to the voltage rating,

Page 9: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 9

Vishay ESTA

ESTA LV Tubular Can Type

Capacitors

MKP-Technology

Page 10: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 10

Vishay ESTA

MKP: „Metallized Polypropoylene Film“

Metallization(Electrode)

PP Film(Isolation)

Page 11: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 11

Vishay ESTA

Winding Elements

A winding element consists oftwo displaced metallized polypropylene films,wound together.

PP Film(Isolation)

Metallization(Electrode)

Due to the displacement, only one film (electrode)will be electrically connected on one side of theelement.

Page 12: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 12

Vishay ESTA

Electric contact of the electrodes is done by joiningeach front surface of the winding elements by means of metal spray process.

This process is called „Schooping“.

Page 13: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 13

Vishay ESTA

Schooping is done here

Side view:

Top view:

PP-Film

Flame-sprayedcontact area(Schooping)

Metallizing

Cut on element:

Page 14: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 14

Vishay ESTA

Winding elements with schooping

Top View

Side View

Mandrel

Page 15: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 15

Vishay ESTA

PP Film

Metallization(Electrode)

TOP VIEW

Self Healing Film Technology

Decrease of capacitance per self-healing processis less than 100pF

Evaporated Area

Breakdown Puncture

Page 16: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 16

Vishay ESTA

3-phase tubular can type capacitor:winding elements connected in DELTA

1

2

3

1

3

2

Page 17: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 17

Vishay ESTA

Low - loss, self healing MKP film technology

ALL-PHASE overpressure tear-off fuses

Safety Features of ESTA L.V. Tubular Can Type Capacitors

At the end of service life, due to inadmissable electrical or thermal load, the active capacitor elements are totally disconnected from the supply. No risk of bursting capacitor.

Page 18: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 18

Vishay ESTA

ALL-PHASE Overpressure Tear-Off Fuse System

Gasing caused by a Defect

Connection Stripesoutside the windingelements

Terminals

OverpressureWinding Element

Operating condition

All-Phase Disconnection

Torn-off condition

Page 19: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 19

Vishay ESTA

ESTA‘s L.V. tubular can type capacitors are

burstproof,as confirmed by independent international

inspection centres such as UL and ULc

Page 20: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 20

Vishay ESTA

• High pulse current withstand capability: 300 x In

• Overcurrent up to 50 A(84.4 mm diameter, oil-filled version, at maximum 65°C casing temperature)

Page 21: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 21

Vishay ESTA

• Deep-drawn aluminium tubular casing 64 and 84.4 mm ∅∅∅∅ Highly resistant against passive inflammability. Threaded stud M12 at the bottom for easy mounting and

grounding. M5 screw terminal

• Any mounting position

• Hermetically sealed casings Protection against moisture and oxidation. LONG-TERM capacitance stability.

Design of ESTA L.V. Tubular Can Type Capacitors

Page 22: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 22

Vishay ESTA

• “Stacked” assembly of the winding elements Neighboring contact areas of winding elements are

connected with the same line terminal. No risk of high energy short circuits between line

terminals. Same proper contact area for each winding

element to solder connections to the terminal.

• Internal connection, outside the winding elements Low thermal resistance to the capacitor’s surface. No heat concentration in the winding cores.

Page 23: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 23

Vishay ESTA

A =π⋅π⋅π⋅π⋅(r - r )32

3 22

A =π⋅π⋅π⋅π⋅( r - r )22

2 12

Comparison between theESTA stacked assembly and “concentric” competitor design

Insulation between the windings

A =π⋅π⋅π⋅π⋅r2

1 1r1

r2

r3

r1

all contact areas of

same large size

smallest contact

area

A ≠≠≠≠1 A ≠≠≠≠ A32

Advantagefor the

stacked

Page 24: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 24

Vishay ESTA

Two different diameters are available

• 64 mm diameter with double push-on connectors.

• 84 mm diameter with M5 screw-on terminal.

These small can diameters ensure excellent heat transfer to reduce inner temperature and to increase life expectancy of the capacitors.

Page 25: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 25

Vishay ESTA

Additional Advantage of the 84 mm cans

• Cable cross sections up to 25 mm².

• Overcurrent up to 50 A (84.4 mm diameter, oil-filled version, at maximum 65°C casing temperature)

Page 26: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 26

Vishay ESTA

Two different versions are available:

• Oil-filled ESTAprop PhMKP

• Dry version ESTAdry PhMKPg

Page 27: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 27

Vishay ESTA

All oil-filled part types can also be produced in a PhMKPg dry version.

Dimensions and ratings are unchanged.

Dry types are not standard stock items, with production upon request.

Page 28: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 28

Vishay ESTA

ESTAprop

MKP-tubular can type capacitors are filled with a specially treated oil:

• Highly fire-resisting: flash point 285°C,ignition point 315°C

and ...

Page 29: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 29

Vishay ESTA

There are no legal regulations regarding its destruction. The oil can be safely disposed of along with ordinary refuse.

• NON-toxic

• NON-PCB

• Vegetable, natural base (castor oil)

• Fully biodegradable

• Environmental friendly

ESTAprop

field of rape-seed

Page 30: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 30

Vishay ESTA

ESTAdry

MKP-tubular can type capacitors are filled with an inert gas:

• Environmental friendly

• NON-toxic

• NON-PCB

Page 31: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 31

Vishay ESTA

Both versions, ESTAprop and ESTAdry comply with

The highest temperature class D (max. value of ambient temperature = 55°C),as specified by the standards.

Page 32: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 32

Vishay ESTA

Its low thermal resistance provides excellent heat dissipation,which helps to overcome very high loads.

For comparison: thermal conductivity of

castor oil: approx. 0.18 W/(m·K)

gas: approx. 0.026 W/(m·K)

We recommend the use of our oil-filled standard version, especially for filter applications:

Page 33: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 33

Vishay ESTA

Terminal of the 64 mm diameter casing:Double push-on connectors.

Benefit of the double connectors:

• One connection forthe supply.

• One connection for the discharge resistor.

Page 34: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 34

Vishay ESTA

• Individual connection of each capacitor Single connection up to 25mm² cable cross section

• IN-LINE connectionbetween two capacitors of 84mm diameter.(„FEED-THROUGH terminal“)

Terminal of the 84mm type

• M5 screw-on terminal

Page 35: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 35

Vishay ESTA

A flat „thickfilm“ discharge resistor unit is prefitted to our standard capacitor types of 84 mm diameter.

Benefits:

• Connection screws are not covered by the discharge resistor unit.

• Easy mounting andconnection to the supply byforked terminals onto the prefitted screws.

Discharging to 50V or less within 1 minute.

Page 36: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 36

Vishay ESTA

IP20 protective covers prevent unintentional touching of live terminals

Proper ventilation by side slots and additional holes in thecover‘s top.

Accessory

64mm

84mm

Page 37: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 37

Vishay ESTA

Type No., correspondingto the article No.

Lot or (Batch) No.

Jointed Flange Connection(in German: „Bördelrand“)

Crimping or Expansion Gap(in German: „Sicke“)

Page 38: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 38

Vishay ESTA

Installation, Operating and Maintenance

Instructions

Page 39: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 39

Vishay ESTA

Easy connection by prefitted screws & discharge resistor:

1) to loosen each of the 3 screws a little.

2) to come in

1

3) to fasten each of the 3 screws again.

4) Ready.

31

3

(and feed through)with forked connectors.

2 22

2

2 22

Page 40: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 40

Vishay ESTA

Definition of ratings:

Ucn, rated voltage: the r.m.s. value of the alternating voltage ...

In, rated current: the r.m.s. value of the alternating current ...

Cn, rated capacitance: the capacitance value ...

... for which the capacitor has been designed.

Page 41: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 41

Vishay ESTA

A) Maximum permissible current

ESTAprop MKP-type capacitors are suitable for continuous operation at an r.m.s. line current of 1.3 times the fundamentalcurrent that occurs at rated sinusoidal voltage and rated frequency, excluding transients. Taking into account the capacitance tolerances of 1.15 · Cn, the maximum current can reach 1.5 · In.These overcurrent factors are intended to take into account the combined effects of harmonics, overvoltages and capacitance tolerance.

Page 42: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 42

Vishay ESTA

B) Maximum permissible voltage

ESTAprop MKP-type capacitors are suitable for operation at voltage levels as indicated in the table (extract of IEC 60831 - 1 clause 20 - Table 3) below:

Page 43: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 43

Vishay ESTAMaximum permissible voltageFrequency Voltage

factor · Ucnr.m.s.

Maximumduration

Observation

Power frequency

1.0 Continous Highest average value during any period of capacitor energization.

Power frequency

1.10 8 hours in every

24 hours

System voltage regulation and fluctuations

Power Frequency

1.15 30 minutes in every 24

hours

System voltage regulation and fluctuations

Power Frequency

1.20 5 minutes Voltage rise at light load

Power Frequency

1.30 1 minute

Power Frequency

+ Harmonics

Such that the current does not exceed the value given above.

Page 44: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 44

Vishay ESTA

Maximum permissible voltage

The amplitude of the overvoltages that may be tolerated without significant deterioration of the capacitor depends on their duration, the number of applications, and the capacitor temperature. It is assumed that the overvoltages given in table 3 and having a value higher than 1.15 · Ucn occur 200 times in the life of the capacitor.

Page 45: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 45

Vishay ESTA

C) Harmonic distortionCapacitors can be overloaded in networks distorted by harmonics. This situation is even more critical in case of resonance. In case of resonance the capacitor current or voltage can be a few times as high as the nominal voltage. Therefore, special precautions (e.g. series filter circuit reactors) should be taken in networks distorted by harmonics. Vishay ESTA's warranty only applies for operating conditions in accordance with the above mentioned standards.

Page 46: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 46

Vishay ESTA

D) Damping of inrush current

Switching devices especially suited for capacitor switching shall be used. For example, the device shall be such that restriking during breaking operations, which may result in high overvoltages, cannot occur.

Page 47: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 47

Vishay ESTA

Damping of inrush current

High output densities and reduction of losses have resulted in reduced resistance of modern MKP-type capacitors. Especially switching capacitors in parallel to others being already energized, cause very high inrush currents which

should be reduced to ≤≤≤≤ 100 x In. As a consequence, the life cycle of contactors and also capacitors will be affected. In case of detuned capacitor banks the inrush current will partially be limited by the inductivity of the series filter reactors.

Page 48: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 48

Vishay ESTA

Damping of inrush currentFor capacitor banks without filter reactors, it is strongly recommend to use capacitor contactors with series resistors.Vishay ESTA recommends these special contactors instead of damping the inrush current by coiling up the connection cable between contactor and capacitor. This is due to superior damping behavior and reduced losses in connecting cables, resulting in temperature reduction inside the cubicle.

Page 49: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 49

Vishay ESTA

Damping of inrush current

The capacitor contactors will have to be replaced after about 100,000 switching operations. Modern PFC controllers are able to memorize the switching number per capacitor step.

A regular check of the contactors is strongly recommended. Detailed information on this will be given by the contactor supplier.

Page 50: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 50

Vishay ESTA

E) Operating temperaturesCapacitors are classified for ambient temperature categories, each category being specified by a number followed by a letter. The number represents the lowest ambient-air temperature at which the capacitor may be operated.The letters represent upper limit of operating temperature, having maximum values specified in the table below.ESTA PhMKP and PhMKDg -types, CAPACITORS IN ALUMINIUM CASING are designed for category: -25 / D. Maximum average ambient temperature over 1 year: 35°C.

Page 51: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 51

Vishay ESTA

Operating temperatures

Ambient temperature °C

Maximum Average over

Maximum 24 hours 1 year

A 40 30 20

B 45 35 25

C 50 40 30

D 55 45 35

Page 52: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 52

Vishay ESTA

Operating temperatures

A measure for life expectancy of the capacitor is also the max. permitted casing temperature, not to exceed 65°C(measured on top of the can). For this temperature indicators may be used, placing on the capacitors, about 3cm below their top.

Such self-adhesive strips will last for about 6 months before expiration. Then they have to be replaced.

Page 53: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 53

Vishay ESTA

Supplied types: Ratings, Terminals,

Torques, Discharging

Page 54: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 54

Vishay ESTA

Terminal screw-terminal M5 for max. 25mm²single cable cross section

Tightening torque of M5 terminal screws

2 Nm

Tightening torque of M12 mounting stud

10 Nm

Discharge resistor≤≤≤≤ 50V within 60 sec

3 x 360kΩ (Delta), IP00Thickfilm technology PR = 690² / 360k = PR = 1.32 W/Phase

Capacitor UL/ULc approved

Article NO. Capacitancedelta

connection

Dimensions

∅∅∅∅ * H mm

Weightkg

5343-44522-02 3 * 55.8 µµµµF 84.4 * 340 1.9

ESTAdry PhMKPg660.3.22,90

Page 55: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 55

Vishay ESTA

ESTAdry PhMKPg660.3.22,90

Un 50 Hz 60 Hz

660 V 22,90 kvar 27,48 kvar

600 V 18,90 kvar 22,70 kvar

690 V 25,00 kvar 30,00 kvar

Page 56: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 56

Vishay ESTA

How to measure the decrease in capacitance?

3UQ

In ⋅⋅⋅⋅

====Y

2n

2n C

3U3CU3Q ⋅⋅

⋅=⋅⋅⋅=

Due to overloading and consequent self-healing processes, there is a decrease of capacitance over the lifetime of the capacitor.

According to IEC 60831-1, the acceptable „minus“-tolerance for units and banks is „-5%“ of the nominal capacitance value. Easy way to measure is by „Clamp-A-meter“, as there is a linear function between output Q, capacitance (no matter, star or delta) and nominal (fundamental) current I:

and

Page 57: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 57

Vishay ESTA

How to measure the decrease in capacitance?

Un 50 Hzfundamental In

60 Hzfundamental In

660 V 22,90 kvar 20.03A

27,48 kvar 24.04A

600 V 18,90 kvar 18.19

22,70 kvar 21.84A

690 V 25,00 kvar 20.92A

30,00 kvar 25.10A

ESTAdry PhMKPg660.3.22,90

Make sure to measure only the fundamental current and on all three lines separatelly.

All other parameters unchanged, deviation in % in current is the same as in capacitance.

Page 58: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 58

Vishay ESTA

How to calculate the required

capacitor output for Power Factor Correction

Page 59: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 59

Vishay ESTA

What is Power Factor?What is Power Factor?

AC power is transmitted with the least losses if the current is undistorted and exactlysynchronized with the voltage. Light bulbs and resistance heaters draw current exactlysynchronized and proportional to voltage, but most other loads tend to draw current with a timelag (i.e. phase shift) or to distort it (i.e. introduce harmonics). It takes more current to deliver afixed amount of power when the current is phase shifted or distorted. The ratio of the actualpower transmitted (“real power”) to the apparent power that could have been transmitted if thesame current were in phase and undistorted is known as the power factor. It is always less than orequal to 1.

Power Factor = Real Power / Apparent power

Page 60: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 60

Vishay ESTA

Capacitive Reactance / Inductive Reactance Effect Of Power factor Correction

Page 61: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 61

Vishay ESTA

P

Q1 Q1

Qc

Qc

Q2

ϕϕϕϕ 2

S2

ϕϕϕϕ 1

S1

Required Capacitor Output

Page 62: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 62

Vishay ESTA

P: real power / W

Q2: reactive power after improvement / kvarS2: apparent power after improvement / kVAϕϕϕϕ2: phase angle of target power factorcos ϕϕϕϕ2: target power factor

Qc: required capacitor output / kvar

Q1: reactive power before improvement / kvarS1: apparent power before improvement / kVAϕϕϕϕ1: phase angle of actual power factorcos ϕϕϕϕ1: actual power factor

Required Capacitor Output

Page 63: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 63

Vishay ESTA

Out of the gradients:

And: Qc = Q1 - Q2

= tan ϕϕϕϕ1 Q1 = P · tan ϕϕϕϕ1

Q1

P

= tan ϕϕϕϕ2 Q2 = P · tan ϕϕϕϕ2

Q2

P

Qc = P · (tan ϕϕϕϕ1 - tan ϕϕϕϕ2)

Qc = P · (tan (cos-1 (cos ϕϕϕϕ1)) - tan (cos-1 (cos ϕϕϕϕ2)))

= P · k

Required Capacitor Output

Page 64: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 64

Vishay ESTA

TARGET POWER FACTOR0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

ActualPower Factor

0,40 1.27 1.41 1.54 1.67 1.81 1.87 1.93 2.00 2.09 2.290,45 0.96 1.10 1.23 1.36 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.69 1.78 1.980.50 0.71 0.85 0.98 1.11 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.44 1.53 1.730,55 0.50 0.64 0.77 0.90 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.23 1.32 1.520,60 0.31 0.45 0.58 0.71 0.85 0.91 0.97 1.04 1.13 1.330,65 0.15 0.29 0.42 0.55 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.88 0.97 1.170,70 0.00 0.14 0.27 0.40 0.54 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.82 1.02

0.75 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.59 0.68 0.880,80 0.00 0.13 0.27 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.750.85 0.00 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.620,90 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.28 0.48

Qc = P · k

Values for k:

Page 65: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 65

Vishay ESTA

TARGET POWER FACTOR0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

ActualPower Factor

0,40 1.27 1.41 1.54 1.67 1.81 1.87 1.93 2.00 2.09 2.290,45 0.96 1.10 1.23 1.36 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.69 1.78 1.980.50 0.71 0.85 0.98 1.11 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.44 1.53 1.730,55 0.50 0.64 0.77 0.90 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.23 1.32 1.520,60 0.31 0.45 0.58 0.71 0.85 0.91 0.97 1.04 1.13 1.330,65 0.15 0.29 0.42 0.55 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.88 0.97 1.170,70 0.00 0.14 0.27 0.40 0.54 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.82 1.02

0.75 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.59 0.68 0.880,80 0.00 0.13 0.27 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.750.85 0.00 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.620,90 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.28 0.48

The required capacitor output (Qc)may be calculated as follows:

• select the factor k(matching point of actual and target power factor)• calculate the required capacitor rating with the formula: Qc = k * P

Example: actual power factor = 0.70target power factor = 0.96real power P = 35 kW capacitor output Qc = ?

Qc = k * P = 0.73 * 35 kW = 25.5 kVAr

Page 66: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 66

Vishay ESTA

Example:

A) actual cos ϕϕϕϕ1 = 0.84, target cos ϕϕϕϕ2 = 0.95

How close should one come to cos ϕϕϕϕ = 1 („Unity“)?

Qc ≈≈≈≈ 0.3173 ·P

B) actual cos ϕϕϕϕ1 = 0.95, target cos ϕϕϕϕ2 = 1.00

Qc ≈≈≈≈ 0.3287 ·P

Step B requires in addition approx. the same capacitor output as step A!

Economical Power Factor Improvement

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Vishay ESTA

Output, Capacitance

& Current of

Capacitors

Page 68: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Output/Reactive Power of a Capacitor:Output/Reactive Power of a Capacitor:

In general: Active Power P = U · IactiveIn general: Active Power P = U · Iactive

Voltage U and Current I are r.m.s. values.Voltage U and Current I are r.m.s. values.

valuepeak:U;2

UU ˆˆ

= valuepeak:I;2II ˆˆ

=

In sinusoidal conditions: In sinusoidal conditions:

same definition: Reactive Power Q = U · Ireactivesame definition: Reactive Power Q = U · Ireactive

Page 69: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Output of a 3-phase CapacitorOutput of a 3-phase Capacitor

Three times the output per phase:

Q = U · I Q = U² · ωωωωC (Ohmic Law)

Three times the output per phase:

Q = U · I Q = U² · ωωωωC (Ohmic Law)

Voltage U (between phase/neutral):Voltage U (between phase/neutral):

phases.betweenvoltage:U;3

UU nn=

Y

2n C3

U3Q ⋅⋅

⋅= Y

2n C

3U3 ⋅⋅⋅= Y

2n CU ⋅⋅=

UUn

CY

„Star“-Connection

Page 70: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 70

Vishay ESTA

Output of a 3-phase CapacitorOutput of a 3-phase Capacitor

Y

2n

2n C

3U3CU3Q ⋅⋅

⋅=⋅⋅⋅=

„Delta“-Connection

Un

Un

C∆∆∆∆

(((( ))))2

n CU3Q ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅====

3CC Y

=

or:

If Output is the same:

Page 71: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 71

Vishay ESTA

Capacitance & Current of

Capacitors

Page 72: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 72

Vishay ESTA

Measured Capacitance

does not depend on

DELTA or STAR connection

Measured Capacitance

does not depend on

DELTA or STAR connection

Page 73: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 73

Vishay ESTA

Measured Capacitance on STAR connection:Measured Capacitance on STAR connection:

C-meter

CY

Ymeasured C21

C ⋅=

CY

„Star“-Connection

C-meter

Page 74: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 74

Vishay ESTA

Measured Capacitance on DELTA connection:Measured Capacitance on DELTA connection:

„Delta“-Connection

C∆∆∆∆

measured C23

C ⋅=

C-meter C-meter

C∆∆∆∆

Ymeasured C21

C ⋅=3

CC Y

=

Page 75: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 75

Vishay ESTA

For both:For both:„Delta“-Connection

C∆∆∆∆

C-meter

Ymeasured C21

C ⋅=

As a Result:As a Result:

CY

„Star“-Connection

C-meter

Page 76: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 76

Vishay ESTAMeasured Capacitance on DELTA connectiontwo terminals short-circuited:Measured Capacitance on DELTA connectiontwo terminals short-circuited:

„Delta“-Connection

C∆∆∆∆

measured C2C ⋅=

C-meter

Ymeasured C32

C ⋅=3

CC Y

=

C-meter

C∆∆∆∆

Page 77: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 77

Vishay ESTA

Measured Capacitance on STAR connectiontwo terminals short-circuited:Measured Capacitance on STAR connectiontwo terminals short-circuited:

Ymeasured C32

C ⋅=

CY

„Star“-Connection

C-meter C-meter

CY

Page 78: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

For both:For both:

As a Result:As a Result:

„Delta“-Connection

C∆∆∆∆

C-meter

„Star“-Connection

Ymeasured C32

C ⋅=

CY

C-meter

Page 79: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 79

Vishay ESTA

Discharge Resistor Value

does not depend on

DELTA or STAR connection of the capacitor

Discharge Resistor Value

does not depend on

DELTA or STAR connection of the capacitor

Page 80: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 80

Vishay ESTA

Discharge Resistor Value does not depend on DELTA or STAR

connection of the capacitor

Discharge Resistor Value does not depend on DELTA or STAR

connection of the capacitor

R

Cn

R

Cn

n CC =n

Yn

CC31

C3CC

=⋅

⋅==

Page 81: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 81

Vishay ESTA

As shown for the capacitance measurement and the discharge resistor value, there is

no reason to insist on either a star or

a delta connection of the capacitor.

Both connections are equal in result.

The capacitor is just a black box, providing the same output while operating on same

voltage and frequency.

Page 82: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Capacitor output (KVAr) changes w.r.t change in voltage and / or frequency .

Capacitor output (KVAr) changes w.r.t change in voltage and / or frequency .

Page 83: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :

Note Unew < UcnNote Unew < Ucn

Ucn = rated capacitor voltage (V)fcn = rated capacitor frequency (Hz)Qcn = rated capacitor output (KVAr) at Ucn and fcn

Unew = New Supply voltage applied on the capacitorfnew = New frequency applied on the capacitorQnew = New Capacitor output at Unew and fnew

Ucn = rated capacitor voltage (V)fcn = rated capacitor frequency (Hz)Qcn = rated capacitor output (KVAr) at Ucn and fcn

Unew = New Supply voltage applied on the capacitorfnew = New frequency applied on the capacitorQnew = New Capacitor output at Unew and fnew

(Never Apply more than rated voltage to the Capacitor)

Page 84: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :

Ycn2cn Cf2UQ ⋅⋅⋅⋅= ) f2 ( ⋅⋅=

Ynew2newnew Cf2UQ ⋅⋅⋅⋅=

cn2cn

cn

new2new

newY

f2UQ

f2UQC

⋅⋅⋅=

⋅⋅⋅=

cncn

2cn

new2new

new Qf2Uf2UQ ⋅

⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= cn

cn

new2

cn

new Qf

fU

U ⋅⋅

=

The capacitance CY (uF) of the capacitor is a physical value & will remain unchanged,

Page 85: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 85

Vishay ESTA

Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :Capacitor output (KVAr) in case of voltage and / or frequency different to the rated values :

cncncn

new2

cn

newnew Q

5060Q

ff

UUQ ⋅=⋅⋅

=

For example:

60Hz instead of 50Hz

20% increase of the capacitor output and the current.An additional thermal load must be taken into account.

Page 86: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 86

Vishay ESTA

Phase-Current of a 3-phase capacitor:Phase-Current of a 3-phase capacitor:

Remember:Three times the output per phase:

Q = 3 · U · I

Remember:Three times the output per phase:

Q = 3 · U · I

I3

U3Q n ⋅⋅=

UUn

CY

„Star“-Connection

I

3UQI

n ⋅=

Page 87: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 87

Vishay ESTA

Life expectancy of Power Factor Correction

Capacitors

Page 88: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 88

Vishay ESTA

Statistical life expectancy in operating hours:

The Rated Specs of Life Are

≥≥≥≥ 150 000 (ESTAprop)≥≥≥≥ 130 000 (ESTAdry)

At Rated Temp (65 deg C) & at Rated Un / fn

Page 89: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 89

Vishay ESTA

Statistical life expectancy in operating hours:

Note: service life of a capacitor strongly depends on the operating (i.e. casing) temperature.

Page 90: Power Capacitor

20 January 2005 Vishay ESTA - Low Voltage Capacitors - Training for Suzlon 90

Vishay ESTA

Measures to extend the Service Life:

• Capacitor design (capacitor supplier)- proper design, e.g. on slim diameters, providing

excellent heat dissipation etc.

• Capacitor bank design (switch-board manufacturer)- sufficient cooling- usage of special capacitor contactors etc.

• Environmental conditions (user)- maintenance in general, - replacement of contactors in time etc.

Page 91: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Mean-Time-Between-Failure (MTBF)of Vishay ESTA Low Voltage tubular capacitors, series PhMKP/PhMKPg is 30,000,000 hours *

*) based on statistical evaluations on production numbers, returns and information from customer's side on failures without returns during the time interval of January 1998 till August 2003.

Page 92: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

• VDE 0560, part 46+47 (German)

• EN 60831, part 1+2 (European)

• IEC 60831, part 1+2 (International)

Standards of

Low Voltage Capacitors

Page 93: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

Thank You For Your Kind Attention !

Page 94: Power Capacitor

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Vishay ESTA

For further questions please contact:

Vishay Electronic GmbHDivision ESTAP.O. Box 588

D-84003 Landshut, Germany

www.vishay.com/brands/esta/main.html

Low Voltage DepartmentPhone: + 49 - 8 71- 86 25 79

Fax: + 49 - 8 71- 86 25 12e-mail:[email protected]