poverty or prosperity indigenous children

7/28/2019 Poverty or Prosperity Indigenous Children

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RESEARCHwww.policyalternatives.ca ANALYSIS SOLUT ION S

Poverty or ProsperityIndigenous Children in Canada

David Macdonald and Daniel Wilson

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives

June 2013


2/44

About the Authors

David Macdonaldis Senior Economist at the Cana-

dian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

As a diplomat in Canadas foreign service, Daniel

Wilson spent 10 years working with refugees and

immigrants in Africa, South East Asia and the Mid-

dle East. He then spent 5 years at the Assembly of

First Nations, including time as Senior Director of

Strategic Policy and Planning. Daniel is of mixed

Mikmaq and European heritage, holds degrees in

law and philosophy, and writes about Indigenousrights and human rights.

IsbN 98--25-0-

This report is available free of charge at www.policyalternatives.ca. Printed copies may be or-

dered through the CCPA National Office for $10.

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picain nin.

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http://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_US/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdfhttp://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_US/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdf


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5 Exciv Say

8

On Terminology

On Measuring Poverty in Canada

10 ncin

12 Ky inin

Three Tiers of Child Poverty

An International Perspective

Regional Variations in Child Poverty

Depth of Poverty

Other Elements of Indigenous Child Poverty

25 nayi an Rcnain: Wa an Dn?

Mtis, Inuit and Non-Status First Nations Children

Status First Nations Children

32 ncin

34 ppnix

37 ppnix

41


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5/44

Poverty or Prosperity 5

Executive Summary

Canada Cannot and ee llw ye e geei ige-

us ciizes lguis i pvey.

A ime we wkce eplceme skille lbu sges c-

cupy e ei b busiess geme like, e yuges

ses gwig emgpic i e cuy suggles i pvey. u

pvey is eie ievible immuble.

Tsmive cge is clely pssible, esible equie. is

quesi will e p ll is. Te will le e ull is-

y is cuy is legcy, ues e psiive le gve-

mes c ply, vce e e pvey expeiece by

igeus cile. is up ll us.

Wile iec ivesme llevie e bue pvey is p e

swe, e sluis exis.

Te wel ul esuces e jbs g wi evelpme

c be se wi gee equiy.

epeeuil ciiy i igeus cmmuiies, ley e ise,

c be uue.

is Nis c be suppe i pusuig sel-gveme, leig bee ccubiliy.

c eble ecmic gw bee gece ige-

us cmmuiies, empweig em cl ei w esiies

ec ei ull peil. limiig pvey mg igeus cile

is cucil sep w ulckig peil.


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6 anadian entre for Policy Alternatives

As e ms uleble membes y cmmuiy, cile e u-

mel ig peci suil. Tis ig is bly ckwlege.

cile livig i pvey, e vulebiliy us muc eepe. is

well esblise pvey is like viey pysicl, scil

ecmic isges le i lie. ile liig i pey equie ge-

e supp live ull ei peil, cllege c ly be

me wi ssisce m e be cmmuiy.

Despie epee pmises m eel pvicil gvemes

ess e issue icluig 1989 cmmime by ll limeis

elimie cil pvey by e ye 2000 ks 25 mg e

30 cuies i e Ogizi cmic -pei Develp-

me wi eg cil pvey. Rece mes eclies i es c

ie e c ve milli cile i sill live i pvey.

e ublig, wee, is e eliy cig igeus cile i -

. se m e 2006 cesus, is suy u e vegecil pvey e ll cile i is 17%, wile e vege cil

pey e ll igeus cile is me wice gue, 40%.

c, eve mg cile livig i pvey i , ee isic

ies exis.

The s ie, wih pey e 12%, exclues igeus, cil-

ize immig cile. Tis is ee u imes e e e bes-

pemig oECd cuies.

Te sec ie cil pvey iclues cilize cile w sue

pvey e 22%, immig cile wse pvey e is 33%,

is, ui -sus is Nis cile 27%.

s sckig, wee, is ully l 50% sus is Nis

cile lie belw e pey lie. Tis umbe gws 62% i ib

64% i skcew.

me ese ieeces i cil pvey ppe be me juis-

ici. Te pvices pvie scil sevices ll bu sus is Ni

cile esee, cile w e csiebly bee ei cue-

ps ue eel espsibiliy.

sus is Nis cile livig eseves, e eel gve-

me is espsible uig scil sevices, el ce, euci icme supps. Tse pymes hese scil seices esee

ve icese by mee 2% pe ye sice 1996, ujuse ppul-

i gw ee. Te emvl is cp uig gw -

jusme ses ee cul euce e lmig e sus is

Nis usels livig i pvey. is me cice.


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Te eel gveme c ls ve impc cil pvey es

mg cile ue picil juisici. cesig e Nil il

ee uppleme (nCBS) s e l bee m e nCBS e

il Tse l $5,400 e s cil wul euce cil

pvey by ppximely 14%.

T big ll cile i up e pey lie wul cs $7.5 bil-

li, $1 billi wic is equie igeus cile. O , $580

milli wul be equie li sus is Nis cile e pvey

lie, wic eques 11% e buge Abigil Ais Ne

Develpme e cmpble ye.

Alug ese ivesmes e sigic, e cs ciuig eg-

lec is ige, b s ecmy e cile.

Te Ryl mmissi Abigil eples esime e cs ig

ig epeseig ls puciiy icese emeil css

$7.5 billi ully bck i 1996, gue wul be muc ige -y. A suy by e ee e uy ivig s pjece

$115 billi cumulive bee (200626) eel pvicil gv-

emes m equivle eucil ime lbu mke u-

cmes igeus peple.

igeus chile il he es s chile pciclly

evey mesue wellbeig: mily icme, eucil ime, p

we quliy, i mliy, helh, suicie, cwig hmeless-

ess. exmple, us is Nis cile livig i pvey e eeimes me likely live i use equies mj epis cmpe

e -igeus cile milies wi simil icme leels, e

imes me likely live i vecwe use.

Te ilue gig plicies is cle. Te lik bewee e eil

bsic um igs igeus cile ei pey is eqully cle.

ilue c will esul i me icul, less pucive, se lie

igeus cile.

Te cice is us.


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Notes

On Tiny

igeus peples e m mgeeus gup. esl ieiy,

legl sus, il isies ll ply i cmplex ymic ue

is b em.

e pupses is ppe, we ve use ble lguge e-

scibe ese iee peples, ply ive by isics s emi-

lgy i e cesus, wic is e picipl suce meil .

igeus peples i iclue ee b gups wi Abig-il igs escibe i s csiui, is Nis (i), is

ui. is Nis peple my iclue b sus is -

sus is. Hweve, ly sus is Nis peple e subjec e

i Ac ly ei cmmuiies lie esee. ecuse ese cs

e sigicly iee igs is gup peple, is ppe

iscusses sus is Nis sepely p m e is, ui

-sus is Nis peples, wm ee is pppie cllec-

ive em. ess sisicl vliiy ese cmpeesi, we

ve gupe e is, ui -sus i peples gee,

ue e cllecive s-m em s wee ecessy.


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On Main vy in anaa

We ssessig pvey es, ee e w mi ses c be

use: e uvey bu cme Dymics (SLId) e cesus.

Te SLId eps yely, bu exclues pess liig esee wic mkes

i ieecie suy igeus cil pey. Tis ep will use e 2006cesus becuse i es iclue pess liig esees, ee ug ee

e sme esees wee eumee. Te exclusi sme esees

my ve impc e ggege cil pvey e (see Appeix 1

iscussi eseve cesus eumei).

Tis ep uses e Ae Tx-w cme esue (at-LIM) pey lie

be csise wi ieil ss (see Appeix 2 iscus-

si vius pvey lies e clculis ivlve i e at-LIM).

il pvey i s ee by e e x w-cme es-

ue (at-LIM) s bee geelly f ve ps 35 yes1 fucuig bewee

14% 17%.

Wile e SLId epe cil pvey i 15.7% i 2005, e

2006 cesus epe cil pvey 17.0% i 2005 (icmes i e 2006

cesus e m e 2005 cle ye). Gie e c e cesus es

iclue sus is Nis cile, is ige esime cil pvey is

likely clse e u.


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Introduction

ChILdrEn arE thE ms vuleble membes y cmmuiy. Tey ll

equie elp suvive ive, elp milies scieies will-

igly pvie.

ile livig i pvey e eve gee isk es. Ou c-

is s sciey will impee eble ei pspeiy.

This ep eices he impeie ugecy c i we w

peve uue geeis m pyig e pice.

Te c pvey es levels ie mkely css cuies

egis ells us pey is eie ieible immuble. Die-

e jecies es pgess mke i cle e eecs pey

c be mge. Nil plicy ecisis c mke wl ieece.

vey is eeply e i cuys isy, pliics gvece.

miess isel i lck esuces, pwe, ice, gecy ccess

sevices.

As i my cuies, pvey i ieeies bse ce,

i isppiely ecs igeus peple s well s immig

cilize is.2

is Nis, is ui cile il e es s cile pciclly evey mesue wellbeig: mily icme, eucil -

ime, cwig melessess, p we quliy, i ml-

iy, el suicie.3

ey mg igeus chile is clsely like he legcy

clilism cue ueuig bsic sevices, picully


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eseves. Despie epee wigs m vius ques, icluig -

s Aui Geel, pgess i pviig bsic sevices igeus

peples suc s se we, g-quliy euci eque usig

emis isubigly slw.

ig cil pvey equies cmmime ee e igs e

pes ms vuleble cile.

A cus lleviig pvey mus be ugmee by cmm cm-

mime ckle iequiies i b ppuiies ucmes.

A susible sciey equies me iclusive ppc ecmic

evelpme me equible ppc w e bees e-

velpme e se.

N me e ecmic cicumsce cig , cile ly e-

elp ce, cile liig i pey e muc me likely e p

ucmes s uls.

mus seize e ppuiy ess evelp is geesesuce, e peil ll is cile.


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Key Findings

T Ti i vy

Ovell, igeus cil pvey es e muc ige e vege

cil pvey e i . Disggegig e 17% cil pvey e

cile i , igeus cile sue pvey e 40% cm-

pe 15% ll e cile i e cuy. Hweve, lkig me

eeply i ese umbes evels eve me ellig sy.

Tee e ee cle ies cil pvey i .

The s ie, wih pey e 12%, exclues igeus, cil-ize immig cile.

Te sec ie cil pvey iclues cilize cile w sue

pey e 22%, s geei immig chile whse pey

e is 33%, is, ui -sus is Nis (s) cile

pvey e 27%.

Te i ie is peps e ms sckig, wee is ully l 50%

sus is Nis cile live belw e pvey lie.

Recllig h he pices pie he bulk scil seices ci-

izes wile e eel gveme miis juisici is

ls belgig is,4 e sikig ieece bewee pvey es

sus is Nis chile cmpe is, ui -sus

is Nis cile suggess e geme juisici ue wic

ey ll is sigic c i e pey sus is Nis cile.


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O-eseve scil sevices m el ce euci, m usig

scil ssisce, e ue by e eel geme wi cmplex -

gemes s w se sevices e elivee e gu. Te pv-

ices eiies pie ms scil seices e es e i

ppuli icluig is, ui -sus is Nis ciizes.

Wile is, ui -sus is Nis ciizes ll ue e sme

juisici scil sevices xi s ll e is, ei

cil pvey e is ppximely wice -igeus cile.

eesigly e pvey e is, ui -sus is N-

is cile is simil e isvge cile w ls

ll ue pvicil juisici.

The chil pey e s geei immigs eugees is

33%, wile cil pvey mg cilize cile excluig s gee-i immigs eugees, sis 22%. Tese e ugly equiis

m e s cil pvey e 27% ugly wice e 12% pvey

e mg i cile we igeus, immig cilize

cile e exclue.

FIgure hild Poverty Among isadvantaged Groups in anada

ALL CHILDREN6,871,000

In Poverty 1,168,000

17% Poverty Rate

INDIGENOUS426,000

In Poverty 171,000

40% Poverty Rate

NON-INDIGENOUS6,446,000

In Poverty 997,000

15% Poverty Rate

STATUSFIRST NATION

239,000In Poverty 120,000

50% Poverty Rate

MTIS, INUIT,NON-STATUS

FIRST NATION186,000

In Poverty 51,000

27% Poverty Rate

IMMIGRANT/REFUGEE527,000

In Poverty 174,000

33% Poverty Rate

RACIALIZED993,000

In Poverty 214,000

22% Poverty Rate

NON-RACIALIZED &NON-IMMIGRANT

4,900,000In Poverty 611,000

12% Poverty Rate

Tier 3 Tier 2 Tier 1

Sc 2006 Census Individual Public Use Microdata file (PUMF) AT-LIM


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Te iegece bewee sus e isge gups is likely

ue i p e iee juisicis ey ll ue scil sevices.

Hweve, e similiy bewee is, ui -sus is Nis

chile he isge chile my be ue he chlleges

ei cegies ce biig g emplyme. Rcism i s

ecmic impc is suciely iscusse i i sciey

isuciely esse by plicy ll levels gveme.

Te eel gveme s bee lee equely e c e

quliy euci, supp eque husig, he pisi

bsic sevices sus is Nis is isucie. W e cmpis

pvey es bewee is Nis e cile e lysis

juisicil espsibiliy wul sugges is h he lck equiy i

e uig levels bewee eel pvicil juisicis is ei-

cig iequliies bewee is Nis cile ll e cile i

, wile e cmplice sucues buil u ccubiliy espsibiliy lile impve esuls e gu wi e us

e vilble.

n nnaina pciv

Te Ogizi cmic -pei Deelpme (oECd) cks

cil pvey es ieilly. Te oE Cd igilly epe s

cil pvey e 15% 2005. Hweve, ey ppee be usig e

SLId exclues cile livig eseve. sig e 2006 cesus iclues cile eseves e ccigly juse cil

pvey e 17%, s isel i 25 u 30 cuies.5

cmpes picully uubly Nic cuies like De-

mk, wee, il Nwy wic ve 4% ewe ei cil-

e liig belw e pey lie, wile pemig sligly bee e

ie es, exic Tukey.

isge gups igeus chile e exclue, -

s cil pvey e is sill 12%. ve excluig e ws exmples

cil pvey i e cuy, excly mces e oECd vege

s cil pvey e ee u imes ige e N-

ic cuies.

Hwee, e sus is Ni cil pey e 50% is e c

whe cmpe y he oECd cuys geel chil pey e,

icluig h he ws peme, Tukey, whee 25% chile lie


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belw e pvey lie. ve e s cil pvey e 27% is wse

Tukeys.

Rina Vaiain in i vy

Wile igeus peple epese ly 3.8% e l i ppu-

li i he 2006 cesus, igeus chile mke up 6.2% ll chil-

e i e cuy.

Te gegpicl isibui igeus cile i is ie-

e m -igeus cile. Rugly e sme pecege

igeus cile live i skcew, ib, Albe, O-i. ewe igeus cile lie i Quebec e N, wi elie-

ly smll umbes livig i e iimes. Te mjiy -igeus

cile live i Oi Quebec wi Albe well bei. Te

blce e pvices eiies ve quie smll cil ppulis.

FIgure hild Poverty Rates

i vy Ra (%) i vy Ra (%)

enmark 3 OECD Total 12

weden 4 uxembourg 12

Finland 4 Greece 13

Norway 5 Japan 14

Austria 6 New Zealand 15

France 8 taly 16

celand 8 Germany 16

Hungary 9 reland 16

witzerland 9 anaa 17

Belgium 10 Portugal 17

United Kingdom 10 pain 17

zech Republic 10 United tates 21

Korea 11 Poland 22

lovak Republic 11 Mexico 22

Netherlands 12 Turkey 25

Australia 12

Sc Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development AT-LIM


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is ble e piies (Albe, skcew ib) s

well s he Nh he sigicly highe ppi igeus

-igeus cile.

Wile cil pvey es igeus cile vy by ieiy

sus, ee e ls subsil egil ieeces. Te il --

igeus cil pvey e is elively csise we bke w by

pice wih w excepis; Albe hig lwe e 11%

wi sligly ige e 17%. Tee is muc less picil csisecy

igeus cil pvey es.

y e ws e i e cuy sus is Ni cil pvey

is e piie pvices ib skcew wee lms w-his lie belw he pey lie (62% 64% especiely). This cm-

pes e -igeus cil pvey e 15% 16% especive-

ly i se pvices.

FIgure 3 hild ocation in anada (Map)

British Columbia

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Ontario

Quebec

North

Non-Indigenous ChildrenIndiginous Children

0

12%17%

11%16%

315%

316%

41%18%

24%8%

5% 0%

Sc 2006 Census Individual Public Use Microdata file (PUMF)


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imil Albe, e sus is Nis cil pvey es i i-

b skcew e bu u imes ige e -igeus

es, wile i Oi, Albe ey e ppximely 3 imes ige.

Te lge vice i Albe is i p ue pvices sig

i s e juisici wi e lwes -igeus cil pvey

e. we -igeus cil pvey i Albe is ub ele

e esuce bm llwig me pes be emplye. Hwee, e im-

pc esuce evelpme bees my -igeus cile

s eiely eve sus is Nis, espie e c eseves e

e muc clse esuce exci pis.

Quebec s e lwes ccei sus cil pvey 33%, l-

ug is is uble e -igeus cil pey e i pice

15%. sul be e ug Quebec cis elively smllppi (8%) e igeus cil ppuli.

s cil pey es llw simil gegpic pe se

sus is Ni cil pvey es, lug ey e lwe, wi s-

kcew ib vig e ws esuls jus ve 30%.

Oi e ex wi es jus ue 30%.

FIgure 4 Regional hild Poverty in anada

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia

Non-Indigenous Status First Nations MinsI



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eesigly e lwes s cil pvey es e u i Albe

Quebec 23% 20% especively. As bve, ee e elively ew

ese cile livig i Quebec cmpe e pvices.

cs e siui wi sus is Nis cile i Albe,

i ppes is, ui -sus is Nis cile e ig

ppilly bee i Albe i ms e pices. Tis my me

is, ui -sus is Nis pes ve bee bee ble

ke ge he Albe esuce bm h sus is Nis

pes, i my be efeci h he eigh is eleme Aes i

Albe e uciig gee vge. uely, e es

llw gee pecisi his quesi, hugh i my be lu-

ble e iil suy.

Dp vyTe pey e ly eemies w ppi e ppuli is belw

e pvey lie. wy i is biy c ly be eie ue lse.

es eel w milies e belw e pey lie w muc

iil icme i wul ke ge em e e pey lie. Tw i-

il mesues, e ep pvey e pvey gp, emp -

swe se quesis.

Te pey gp is mesue w pecege gie mily is belw

e pey lie. As e pey lie juss mily size, pecege i-

eece m e juse pey lie is e peee mesue cmpe bslue ieece i lls. Hweve, e sws sisiclly

sigic ieeces bewee e gups mesue is issue.

A wile ee my be subsilly me igeus vesus --

igeus cile lie belw e pey lie (i.e. ige pey e),

ep pvey lysis ls sws e mu igeus cile

live belw e pvey lie is csisely iee m -

igeus cile (i.e. simil pvey gp).

Te l ep pey cile i is $7.48 billi. O

$1.0 billi pplies igeus milies belw e pey lie. Tis mes

wi iil $7.48 billi i icme, wee ug emplyme

m geme ses, ll milies wi cile cul be bug up

e pvey lie. sul be e is gue ly pplies milies

wi cile es esime e mu eee big ll -


19/44


is up les e pvey lie (icluig lw-icme seis, m-

ilies wiu cile iiviuls).

T li ly sus is Nis husehls wih chile be he

pvey lie wul cs $580 milli. i Ne Ais 8

spe $5.14 billi e cmpble ye 200506.9 Teee, i-

cese epmel speig 11% ee speciclly cil pey

wul li ll sus cile u pvey.

O En nin i vy

vey is slely quesi icme levels. us is Nis cil-

e, i ii ige pey e, e lie i cmmuiies e

wiu cmpis i we i cmes e impeisme se-

ices isucue. Tis s s eep ec e lies ese cil-

e s e mu mey ei pes e.

igeus cile il e es s cile pciclly eey

mesue wellbeig: mily icme, eucil ime, cwig

melessess, p we quliy, i mliy, el suicie.10

us is Nis cile liig i pey e ee imes me likely

live i use equies mj epis cmpe e -ige-

us cile milies wi simil icme leels e imes me like-

ly live i vecwe use.

e l ll we sysems is Ni eseves pse isk se usig em.11

y igeus chile ce uiil chlleges ue ly

lck icme, bu ls ue e lss iil sus e

ig cs impe s i eme e cmmuiies. Oe e

FIgure epth of Poverty by Group

Gp Dp vy ($i)

tatus ndian hildren $580

Mns hildren $420

Non-ndigenous hildren $6,470

Total All hildren $7,470



20/44


eecs is cicumsce is ge-juse e ibees 3 5 imes

ige is Nis e geel ppuli.12

is Nis yu sue suicie es e ve seve imes ig-

e se -bigils.13

Te i Hum Rigs Tibul is cuely eig cse c-

ceig e 22% eciecy i uig is Nis cil wele sevi-

ces cmpe e i cile.14

A clse exmii euci usig elps elucie

e issue.

xmiig e euci leels uls lie i lw-icme use-

ls wi cile, ee is sikig ieece bewee igeus

-igeus euci levels.

Alms 60% sus is Nis pes e ee ig scleuci. Te siui is lms s b wi is, ui -sus

is Nis pes, wee 50% ve ig scl euci.

cs, mg -igeus uls m lw-icme usels wi

cile, ppximely e que ve ig scl euci.

FIgure 6 Highest ducation evel of Adults With ow-ncome hildren

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

None High School Trades/Apprenticeship College/CEGEP University

Non-IndigenousStatus First Nations Mtis, Inuit, Non-Status Indian



21/44


A e ppsie e e specum, 5% less lw-icme ige-

us pes bcel egee bee. Tis cmpes lms 20%

-igeus uls wi cile i lw-icme usels e

uivesiy euci.

T s my lw icme pes igeus cile ve igscl iplm will likely mke ciue es isig icmes ug

emplyme ifcul. T ess e immeie cisis, cus eelpig

icme ppuiies uls liig eme esees -he-jb

iig lw icme igeus pes w ve ccess e geel

jb mke is e veue my elp vecme e vey lw levels

bsic euci. We ls mus ess e euci ppuiy gp

y e uls mw.

mpvig ccess, elevce, culul pppieess e quliy

euci ilble igeus chile is ecessy esue h

e ppuiies igeus cile e equible.

igeus cile e ems iee m -igeus cil-

e. T ulll se spiis esue yu e ce

lee ei cmmuiies i e eceie ece euci igi-

e wk equies hlisic ppch. The uelyig cuses pey,

icluig ccess euci emplyme ppuiies, iig i

eepeeusip eig cism mg e -igeus ppuli

mus ll be ckle i we e e igeus cil pvey.

T csie e usig issue, we mus begi by lkig e size

mke-up usels. igeus usels belw e pey lie e be lge h -igeus husehls i he sme cicumsces.

Wi me peple i mily, me icme is equie supp em

e pvey lie juss ccigly.

ll e mj pices wee igeus cile lie, lw-icme

igeus milies ve me cile lw-icme -igeus

FIgure Number of hildren Per ow-ncome Household

nin n-nin

Quebec 2.016 1.8

ntario 2.2 1.9

Prairies 2.3 1.9

British olumbia 2.2 1.8

Sc 2006 Census Hierarchical Public Use Microdata file (PUMF) AT-LIM


22/44


milies.15 b Oi Quebec e mgi e e esime

umbe cile is lge eug e igeus -ige-

us veges e isiguisble. Te spe is lges i e piies

wee lw-icme igeus milies ve 0.5 me cile lw-i-

cme -igeus milies. is ls i e piies wee igeus

cil pvey is e iges.

We me e ul cegie lies i usel, ee is ge-

e pssibiliy me mke icme, les i egis wee ee is vi-

ble jb mke. ems e umbe uls17 i lw-icme usels

wi cile, ee es ppe be csise pe bewee -

igeus -igeus usels. Quebec, lw-icme ige-

us usels wi cile ve me uls lw-icme --

igeus usels. Hweve i Oi , ee e sligly ewe

igeus uls i lw-icme usels wi cile i --igeus milies. e piies wee igeus cil pvey es e

e iges, e umbe uls is e sme bewee igeus -

igeus lw-icme usels.

Whehe igeus , lge ppi lw-icme huse-

hls wih chile e hee by sigle ul, he siui is simil

FIgure Proportions of ow-ncome Households by Household Type

Sa nian in Mn in n-nin in

ne Family Married ouple 20% 20% 43%

ne Family, ommon-law 21% 18% 10%

n Family one Parent 46% 56% 43%

More Than ne Family in the Household 11% 5% 2%


FIgure Number of Adults Per ow-ncome-Household With hildren

nin n-nin

Quebec 1.718 1.6

ntario 1.4 1.8

Prairies 1.6 1.6

British olumbia 1.7 1.8

Sc 2006 Census Hierarchical Public Use Microdata file (PUMF) AT-LIM


23/44


bewee lw-icme sus cile lw-icme -igeus cil-

e. Hweve, is umbe is ige is, ui -sus is

Nis cile, 56% wm ve ly e pe me.

Te e sk ieece bewee lw-icme igeus --

igeus cile is e umbe milies livig ue e . A l

11% lw-icme sus is Nis cile lie i usels wi me

e mily. Tis cmpes ly 2% lw-icme -igeus

chile. w-icme sus is Nis chile e e 5 imes me

likely live i use wi muliple milies. w-icme is, ui

-sus is Nis cile ls expeiece is cwig eec, l-

ug smew lesse egee, wi 5% liig i ese cicumsces.

Hvig ige umbe milies i use is likely iic

ecwig. hile gwig up i such husehls e ly ex-peiecig pey bu ecwig ecs he specs hei lies,

like ig e spce suy cmplee mewk isce. ve

i e cse wee -igeus cile expeiece pvey, ey

expeiece vecwig ely e sme e.

FIgure Proportion of ow-ncome hildren by Household Repairs Needed

Sa nian in Mn in n-nin in

nly Regular Maintenance 30% 39% 56%

Minor Repairs Needed 32% 35% 31%

Major Repairs Needed 38% 26% 13%


FIgure Proportion of ow-ncome hildren in Houses Requiring Major Repairs

Sa nian in n-nin in

Quebec 25% 15%

ntario 33% 12%

Manitoba 43% 14%

askatchewan 41% 16%

Alberta 43% 12%

British olumbia 32% 11%



24/44


igeus cile i pvey e muc me likely live i uses

equie mj epis cmpe lw-icme -igeus cil-

e.19 Te siui is wse sus is Nis cile, lms 40%

whm lie i huses h equie mj epis. This cmpes ly

13% -igeus lw-icme chile wh lie i husig i ee

mj epis, meig sus is Nis cile e ee imes

me likely live i usig i ee mj epis. w-icme is,

ui -sus is Nis cile e smew bee, beig ly

wice s likely live i usig i ee mj epis.

Te usig quliy ispiy is wse i e piies wi me 40%

lw-icme sus cile i ib, skcew Albe liv-

ig i uses equiig mj epis. lw-icme -igeus cil-

e i se pvices, ly 16% ewe live i p quliy uses. Te

ispiy is smlle i Oi, Quebec wee 33% less sus

is Nis chile lie i p quliy hmes. Hwee, ee i hesebee pemig pvices, e likeli lw-icme sus is N-

is cile livig i p quliy mes is w ee imes lw-

icme -igeus cile.

h he ecwig p quliy husig e iil bu-

es h lw-icme igeus chile be, i ii cil

pvey. Tese ec lw-icme -igeus cile e-

ly e sme e.


25/44


Analysis andRecommendations:What Can be Done?

Mi, ni an n-Sa i ain in

s lile be pu i cil pvey e 17%, c e

12% e cile i pvey exclues is, ui -sus

is Nis cile, cilize cile, immig eugee cil-e, be csiee ccmplisme we i is ee u imes ig-

e e cil pvey e i sme e cuies e oECd.

cile i e s sec ies pvey, e espsibiliy

ms suc pgms lls pvicil eiil gvemes, e

eel geme c ls mke ieece. mpig 200020 hs -

vce icese i e cmbie nCBS/CC tB l $5,400 e

s chil by icesig he nCBS pi. se x mellig, his

cge i 2005 wul ve euce immig cil pvey m 31%

27% i ye.21

uely, e x mellig es llw specic exmi-

i e impc igeus cil pey.22 Te x mellig explici-

ly exclues sus is Nis chile es sepely ieiy

is, ui -sus is Nis cile. xmiig e pices

wi lge igeus ppulis my pvie sme iici e im-


26/44


pc impig he nCBS, picully is, ui -sus

is Nis cile, bu wi limie speciciy.

sig ese x mellig cges nCBS, Albe wul see e l-ges euci i geel cil pvey 22% 16% especively. Hw-

eve, ese w pvices e lwes s cil pvey begi wi.

ib skchew which he he highes s chil pey

wul see smlle impvemes 10% 13% especively. Tese pe-

limiy esuls cges e nCBS mel e picully pmis-

ig we i cmes essig s cil pvey.

ey impig geme ses lw-icme cile ug

nCBS isce, bies impe mke icme heee jb

pspecs ee picul ei. Te gp bewee is, ui -

sus is Nis cile e geel ppuli emis, eve i-

cluig chges he nCBS. The lbu mke chlleges c be quie

vie. igeus peple (wee sus ), limie euci-

l ime emis sigic impeime impve emplyme

pspecs.

il pey i e geel ppuli (excluig igeus, immig

cilize cile), emis sigicly bve Nic cuies like

Demk wee es e belw 4%. Te nC BS cges be wul e-

uce is cil pey m 12% 10%, sligly belw e oECd ege.

As such, gee geme supp pgms c ly g s iliig cile up ve e pvey lie i . ge es, like

gwig icme iequliy, ecliig scil ssisce e si ws

me pecius emplyme ll likely plyig le i mkig i e

milies wi cile, wee igeus , sy u pvey.

FIgure mprovement in hild Poverty Rates After NB hange3

i vy B NCbs an i vy NCbs an % an in i vy Ra

ntario 15% 13% -12%

Manitoba 19% 17% -10%

askatchewan 22% 19% -13%

Alberta 11% 9% -16%

British olumbia 19% 17% -9%

anaa 1% 1% -1%

Sc SPSD-M AT-LIM


27/44


ey is, e eel gveme s e espsibiliies w

e is, e ui -sus is Nis ciizes.

Regig he ui, hee e u cmpehesie clims geemes

ceig iil ui eiies e s mjiy e ppuli.

s bee e by ui gizis my ccsis ese gee-

mes e beig implemee s icipe, seps s cul

ssis i essig cil pvey mg e ui.

b e is -sus is Nis ciizes, e ece

ecisi he eel u i Daniels v. The Queen iecly

clleges e eel gvemes isic isisece pgms

sevices ese peple e sicly pvicil espsibiliy. T ecisi

is w ue ppel cul ve sigic ec e elisip

bewee b ese gups ciizes i e uue.

e bly, ee e sme eel seices, suc s uig ie-

ship cees h ess he eliy ub igeus peple i -. These c be suces ci help lleie he bue

27% cil pvey e.

Sa i ain in

s e mesues mig elp e cile liig i pey i -

will elp sus is Nis cile liig i e i ie cil

pvey, picully se livig eseve. e ig, e miis-

i scil sevices is cmpleely iee. ey , weve, is se lge issues peiig e isic suggles is Nis i .

Te miisi sevices like el ce euci e p-

vie by is Ni gvemes -eseve, ue iece by e

eel geme. icil icme supps e ilble -e-

see. y eel icme supps miisee hugh x bees,

wile ey my be vilble, ve lw ke up es eseve s ey e

like lig xes wic is equie se livig wkig -

eseve. As suc, mici eel pgms like CCtB nCBS

cus lw-icme cile will ve lile eec sus is Nis

cile. se, e immeie cus e ws cil pvey i -

mus be scil ses is Nis.

ice 1996, ses ce sevices eseves ve bee cppe

2%. Wile is mces ifi, i es ig keep up wi ppul-

i gw is ujuse ee. e suc csis, ee is li-


28/44


le is Nis c melie ciis, usie limie p-

puiies w-suce icme.

eel pgms like CC tB jus icese ee i es like cil

pey. A h cp 2% ses ce scil seices -esee

es jus ee. Te iuci wke eseves i e

ms ece eel buge will likely ue esic ccess icme sup-

ps. vig sysem juss ce ses bse ee ise

cp will g muc ue essig sus is Nis cil

pvey.

Te bslue cs liig ll sus cile u pvey is p-

ibiive. Wi 11% icese i Abigil Ais Ne Develp-

me s buge, e ws cil pvey mg sus is Nis

cile cul be cmpleely elimie i . c, ese css e

me se by e bees s ecmy m ivesig i be-

e ucmes igeus cile.Te Ryl mmissi Abigil eples esime e cs ig

ig epeseig ls puciiy icese emeil css

$7.5 billi ully bck i 1996,24 gue wul be muc ige -

y. A suy by e ee e uy ivig s pjece

$115 billi cumulive bee (200626) eel pvicil gv-

emes m equivle eucil ime lbu mke u-

cmes igeus peple.25

Wile iec ivesme llevie e bue pvey mus be p

e swe, e sluis ls exis. Tee e wys eble ecm-

ic gw bee gvece igeus cmmuiies. Te wel

ul esuces e jbs g wi evelpme c be se

wih gee equiy. epeeuil ciiy i igeus cmmu-

iies, ley e ise, c be culive. is Nis c be suppe

i pusuig sel-gveme, leig gee elecl cil c-

cubiliy. igeus cmmuiies c be empwee ke cl

ei esiies.

A ime we wkce eplceme skille lbu sges c-

cupy e ei b busiess geme like, e yuges

ses gwig emgpic i e cuy suggles i pey. Alms l(48%) igeus peple e ue e ge 25. Te ppuli is gw-

ig six imes se h h he -igeus ppuli. ige-

us yu will be muig eeig e wkce. As suc, equippig

hem wih he ls success wihhlig hse ls will ee-


29/44


mie eihe he cibui he css sscie wih yug ige-

us ppulis seekig wk s uls.

usible ecmic eelpme equies impe eucil u-

cmes mesues icese mke icmes. mpe, ccessible, cul-

ully elev euci, me lcl emplyme eepeeusip

ppuiies, bee isucue mus be ilble -esee m-

ilies i we e e pvey ese cile.

Auls i lw-icme sus is Ni usels e weully lw

level euci, wi 60% lckig ig scl iplm. As suc, y

pgms icese lbu ce picipi will likely ee be pie

wi subsil cus -e-jb iig b up -

gig bsis vecme e bies lw euci levels.

Give e pximiy my eseves esuce exci sies, p-

icully i he piie pices whee sus i chil pey is he

iges, ppuiies exis bee lbu mke iegi s well slge em eveue sig geemes.

mpc-bee geemes e becmig me cmm we esuce

exci velps wi is Ni cmmuiies. Tese geemes be-

wee pie iusy is Ni gemes e speciy h

cei ppi e wkce ew exci sies will cme m

is Ni cmmuiies c pie ppuiy emplyme.

uely, i is ll cmm ee be escpe cluses weeby,

i suciely well ie igeus wkes e u, -ige-

us wkes e subsiue. Give evelpme is ccuig w, i

cicumsces wee euci leels e s lw, suc geemes eque-

ly pie ew, i y jbs. mpc bee geemes usully ls il

ess e cces suc s c-mgeme ess evimel

impc emeii, ey pvie lile lg-em uig, lsig

pi e lieime picul evelpme pjec.

A lge em x cic ueuig scil sevices -eseve

is ug esuce eveue sig se cmmuiies cse

evelpme wee igeus igs ile e implice. cs

impc-bee geemes, esuce eeue sig iles eel, p-

icil is Nis gemes i cpeie geemes c p-ie equiy ieess e lg em uig, eblig impe el

ce, euci, usig e scil sevices. Te eecs esuce

sig e lg-em, ppely egie, ey c pvie scil li-

cese usie cs esuce exci i is Nis eiies.


30/44


Ae e cus is supp e welcme gw i igeus

eepeeuil eeus. Te i ucil Abigil usiess

sys , Accig e 2006 esus, ee e me 37,000 is

Nis, is ui pess i w e ei w busiesses,

sigic icese 85 pece sice 1996.26 eesigly, wme w

ve l ese busiesses i wle i p, ige ppi

i e be i public.27 Tey pvie jbs igeus wkes

wih emplyes wh ues he chlleges cig hse wkes, s

well s e ppuiies suc ivesme pvies.

Alg wi iec iesme i ses, supp busiess eelp-

me esuce sig geemes, ll wic c icese e level

uig ilble ess pey mg sus is Nis cile,

ee mus be ew ppc gvece ccubiliy elps

mke gveme ses me eecive.

xisig ccubiliy sucues il becuse se wi uiy py csequeces b ecisis gi bees m p es. Tse

w wie e legisli, evelp e plicies, se e level uig,

eemie e miisie ccubiliy sucues is Nis

e iscece m he cmmuiies whm hey e mkig eci-

sis. Tese cs e bee iig c i eces p gece.

xcepig e 18 is Nis wi cmplee sel-gveme gee-

mes28 (me eies), e eel gveme csies is Nis

gvemes s subie levels gveme e eel uiy

eemies e legislie, plicy, ccubiliy sucues i plce

miiseig e uig i eemies will be vilble.

Wihu pesl pliicl csequeces ecisis h impc

e cmmuiy, wee egively psiively, e ccubiliy e

eel gveme is exemely limie.

imilly, wiu e uiy e e ecisis ey miise, is

Nis gemes he limie ccubiliy he esuls hse

ecisis. Te ccubiliy mecisms e i plce cus cm-

m cl ve speig uiies. Repig ges m is N-

i gvemes e eel gveme, levig e ciizes u e

ccubiliy eliship. imie imi esuls is cllece,meig pemce mesueme elui c be e e-

ecively, wic mkes impvemes icul ieiy impleme.29

The e esul his ysucil ccubiliy sucue mplies

e egive csequeces e ueuig pgms sevices

iscusse elie.


31/44


T ise sus is Nis chile be he pey lie will e-

quie eel, picil, eiil is Ni gemes wk

gee. Tcklig e uelyig ciis le muli-geei-

l pvey ceily will equie plicy cge, bu ke cge m

ws ppe live eliy equies -igeus is ji

i is il pjec.


32/44


Conclusion

aLL ChILdrEn havE bsic igs, icluig e ig lie ee m pey.

Tei eelpme c be we by clleci cicumsces. A u-

gy cil w le muc i scl, se w sy ee lg eug

bee i se s wk elp supp e sick me. e s ig

e eige culue will give e e ui wic se

c buil e uue.

Wile ci ll cil pvey is eee ugely, e mee exisece

ee isic ies pvey sul give impeus cuse ci wi

eg igeus cil pvey e pvey expeiece by cil-

ize immig cmmuiies me bly.

, igeus cile e gee isk y es.

e cse sus is Nis cile, elee e mkes ei

cicumsce wlly uique. Tee is emsble lik bewee ige-

us cil pvey gveme plicies, plicies ve ile. e-

e, is siui is eil bsic um igs igeus cile.

The isk he geei igeus chile

s wle is cle.

Diec iesme is eee, bu e sluis exis mei pusui.limiig pey mg igeus cile is cucil sep w u-

lckig ei peil c be cieve.

T e cil pvey i esue e igs ige-

us cile lie, euci, el ppuiy, lisic ppc

seges ll eemis success mus be ke.


33/44


Tis ep is s sep i uesig sme ese iecece

ieepee issues. pis w ccee ci h c

mus be ke e ske e cuy e ske e cile.


34/44


Appendix 1Indigenous Peoples Excluded From the 2006 Census

SEvEra L rES ErvES arE exclue m he 2006 esus becuse hse

bs euse ccess isics cllecs e clle-

ges ecig se cmmuiies wi e cesus. Te exclusi ese e-

seves my ec e cclusis i is ep, lg wi y e c-

clusis bu igeus peple bse e 2006 esus. Despie is

exclusi, isic s pvie mel-bse esimes ppu-

li size he exclue esees. The l ppuli esimes he

yiel esimes e cil ppuli i e sme ye. Give e g-

ues i e xclue Reseve pulis ble belw e esimes, c-

clusis bse is imi sul be me wi cui.

e cil pvey e e exclue igeus cile -eseve

is subsilly iee e geel sus is Nis ppuli,

he chil pey e is Nis igeus peples geelly

my be icec.

exmple, e e lges exclue eseves i Oi is ix N-

is e G Rive. is lce i su-ese Oi clse m-j ppuli cees. Tis wul likely esul i lwe cil pey ue

icese ccess emplyme se esies. xcluig ix Nis

cile m e cesus cul eee ve-esime e ue sus is

Nis cil pey i Oi peilly e cuy i e umbe is

lge eug e lci s isppie impc cil pey.


35/44


Te mjiy e exclue cile e i Quebec Oi 41%

38% especively. Albe cis 18% e exclue cile. Te

e pices wi lge igeus cil ppulis: ib, skc-

ew e ew i y exclue cile. As e cile beig exclu-

e e by eii -eseve, i is ssume ey e sus is.

Quebec s ppilly e iges esime exclue cile wi

esime 24% sus cile missig m e cesus gues. m-

pe e lge igeus cil ppuli, smlle 16% ige-

us cile e missig ue exclue eseves. is sec iges wi 15% sus cile exclue, wile i O-

i esime 11% sus chile e i he cesus. Hwee,

whee sus i chil pey es e he highes, i ib

skcew, esseilly ll sus cile e iclue i e cesus.

FIgure 3 xcluded Reserve Populations

Exc Rv

Ta On-RvExc pain

Exc On-Rvin (Eia)

Quebec 7 16,600 6,477

ntario 10 15,392 6,005

askatchewan 1 739 288

Alberta 3 7,271 2,837

British olumbia 1 113 44

Ta ,11 1,1

Sc Statistics Canada30 and authors calculations31

FIgure 4 ndigenous hildren ncluded and xcluded From the ensus

Exc On-Rvi Eia i ain ipain n % i ainin Exc nin in ppain % ninin Exc

Quebec 6,477 20,939 24% 34,183 16%

ntario 6,005 56,861 10% 78,650 7%

askatchewan 288 44,948 1% 69,772 0%

Alberta 2,837 38,918 7% 62,225 4%

British olumbia 44 48,278 0% 69,439 0%

anaa 1,1 7, % ,1 %

Sc Authors calculations


36/44


Acss e cuy esime 6% is Nis cile wee ex-

clue m e cesus. e lge igeus ppuli, mus

4% missig ue exclue eseves.

As suc, ee is lile pbbiliy e esimes sus i cil

pvey i ib skcew wul be ece by cile liv-

ig exclue eseves. Hweve, e esimes sus cil pvey i

Quebec, Oi Albe my be ece by missig cile i pvey

es e subsilly iee ee.


37/44


Appendix 2Poverty Lines in Canada

In Canada, thErE is fcil pey lie belw wic is e

lw-icme h is publishe by isics . se, he gecy

publises lw icme lies [] e pvie sme iici e ex-

e, ue, elui pess wih lw-icme wh my be si

be -isk pvey.32 As mesue pvey is ieely pliicl

ccep, isics emps sy gsic s we is

ei milies e cilly lw-icme.

Neeless, isics publises w mesues lw icme

s i mesues pvey is ei milies. Te

s is clle e w cme u- (LICo) belw wic mily ees

lge se is icme ecessiies , sele clig

he ege mily.33 The LICo is juse yely by he lue ifi

is clcule vius cmmuiy mily sizes. Te LICo is cl-

cule b bee e xes.

Hweve, e ls ime i ws ebse e bske gs m-

ilies e pucsig ws upe ws i 1992 mkig i ue mes-ue lw-icme.34 e ps, ebsig ws me eque, usully evey

5 yes, eeby keepig pce wi e vege mily. Hweve, e LICo

s bee ebse i 20 yes. pevius ebsig pvies y iic-

i, ebsig y wul likely push he LICo up by ppximely

20%.35 e ws, e cue 1992 bse-LICo is ppximely 20%


38/44


belw w 2010 bse-LICo wul be. Te LICo is vilble i e e-

sus mic le.

isics ls publise e w cme esue (LIM) wse

esl is 50% e juse mei icme i usels.

cme is juse e umbe peple i e usel.36 Te LIM

is e me cmm mesue pvey ieilly s i simplies e

equiemes. is eclcule yely eeby elimiig e ebsig

issues pese i e LICo ke ske esue. Te LIM is clcul-

e usel bee x icme e x icme. Wile e LIM is

vilble i e esus mic le, i is elively esy clcule.

Te Hum Resuces kills Develpme epme e e-

el gveme clcules is w lw icme esl me e -

ke ske esue (MBM) wic is simil e LICo mesue i i

epeses bske gs. Te MBM ws me ecely ebse i 2008

iclues e ieeii bewee gegpicl lcis. s e-eece mily is w uls ge 2549 w cile (ge 9 13)

e MBM is clcule bse e-x ispsble icme ly.37 Te

MBM is vilble i e cesus mic le is equieme e-

ile cmmuiy size mkes i impssible clcule m e ce-

sus ublic-se ic le.

is ep, cil pvey is epesee by e e-x lw icme

mesue (at-LIM) gie is simple sucue ieil cmp-

biliy. Te w-cme u O (LICo), lug me wiely use i -

, c be cmpe es i e cuies. Give is bske

gs s bee ebse ( upe) i 20 yes, i es cecly

epese cue bske gs vege i mily. il-

ly, e MBM is iclue i e cesus esus ublic se ic- les

(PUMF) c be clcule gie is equieme eile cm-

muiy size imi.

Wile e melgy e LIM is sigw, w iee -

isics suveys c be use esime i. Te uvey bu

cme Dymics (SLId) is yely suvey icme e vibles.

Wile i is execue yely, i explicily exclues eseves mkig i p

mesue igeus pey. As well, e smple size e SLId is el-ively smlle e lg-m cesus.

Aiil cmplicis emege i e w ms e 2006 PUMF

e iiviuls le e iecicl le. ec e icme is e-

ive m e 2005 cle ye.


39/44


Te iiiul le s me ecs e iecicl le ee-

e les lwe cefcie ii (V) lues smlle subgups,

like igeus chile. The iiiul le hs ge bekw h

mces e ue 18 equieme ieil cil pvey cmpi-

ss. Hweve, e e-x usel icme i le is e culicme lue bu ise is se ges, ec bewee $2,000 $5,000

lwe icmes. ice e at-LIM is pe-clcule i e PUMF, s-

mig is icme ge i specic icme by ec equies i-

il clculis ssumpis.

is ep, ec iiiul i e iiiul le is ssige e mi-

pi e e-x usel icme ge at-LIM clculi. Tis

cul be pblemic i me iiviuls e e uppe lwe e

he icme ge ise eely spce. T es u hese pssibiliies

sevel leive melgies e ls exmie belw.

Te iecicl PUMF es llw e clculi e exc l-

l vlue e-x icme usel. Hweve, is ge ges ce

e eii cil m


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ie. sig e uppe-bu e icme ge i e iiviuls le s

e icme ec esuls peicbly i pvey e is like-

ly lw 14.6%, belw e SLId at-LIM e espie e cesus vig

bee smplig icluig cile eseve.

sig e iecicl le i is pssible eemie e mei ec

e icme ges i e iiviuls le. Te e iecicl mei

is use s e icme e iiviul les wi icme ge. Tis

ppc puces cil pvey e 18.6%, subsilly ige

hiechicl esime, he iiiuls le esime (ge epesee by

e mipi) e SLId. As suc, icme ges i e iiviuls le

e epesee by he mipi hse ges he at-LIM clcul-

is i is ep.


41/44


Notes

1 Te lw-icme mesue clcules usel size juse lie is 50% belw e mei-

usel icme.

e pupses is ppe, cilize is equivle e visible miiies eii

i e 2006 esus

3 Assembly is Nis, c ee: Te Reliy is Nis i . Avilble -

lie p://www.ggle.c/ul?s=&c=j&q=&esc=s&suce=web&c=1&e=0YQjAA

&ul=p%3A%2%264.26.129.156%2cmslib%2geel%2RN .p&ei=uNW J

yyAHX HYw&usg=AQjNQ_9-cDNWKOlXmmQg-z1A

4 , Constitution Act, 1867, .91(24).

Te epe oECd pvey e i 2005 ws 15.0%. Tis ppes clse e SLId

AT-LIM cil pvey e e sme ye 15.7%. uely, e SLId es cpue

pess i eseves. Te cesus, wi -eseve smplig is me likely ully cpue

chile i pey icluig igeus. Wihi he ble, hs bee e-ke gie

is esus AT-LIM kig.

6 Te oECd cil pvey es uses e e-x LIM melgy s e bsis ei mes-

ueme is 50% mei icme usels juse usel size (p://ss.

ec.g/OD_e/hwe.shx?Dse=W&g=e&s=[ND

ATOR].[ATRA_ND2]). ile e m e ges 017. igues i is ble e m

2005. ee p://ss.ec.g/ex.spx?Quey=20190

Te Alic pvices e exclue m egil cmpiss s ei igeus ppul-

is e smll e V suc clculis e spikes bve 16.5%.

8 The equile epme he ime wiig is me Abigil Ais Nhe

Develpme .

ublic Accus , 200506, i Ais Ne Develpme pg 15.17

Assembly is Nis, c ee: Te Reliy is Nis i . Avilble

-lie p://www.ggle.c/ul?s=&c=j&q=&esc=s&suce=web&c=1&e=0YQ


42/44


jAA&ul=p%3A%2%264.26.129.156%2cmslib%2geel%2RN.p&ei=uNWJ

vyyAHXHYw&usg=AQjNQ_9-cDNWKOlXmmQg-z1A

11 Aui Geel us Rep: hpe 4: gms is Nis Re-

seves, 2011, pg 15.

ublic Hel Agecy , Dibees i ec ii, pe 6, p://

www.pc-spc.gc.c/public/ic-c2/eglis/50cp6-eg.pp

13 ublic Helh Agecy , hp://www.hc-sc.gc.c/ih-spi/pmi/suicie/

iex-eg.pp

4 is Nis il mily ig ciey , We: De ep, 2005, pg. 115.

ile ee e ee s se ue 20 yes l give ge eiis i e iec-

icl PUMF.

16 Tis gue s V 16% ppcig e ig e isics ccepbiliy ge.

Auls ee e ee s se 20 yes le

18 Tis gue s V 16% ppcig e ig e isics ccepbiliy ge.

p://www.sc.gc.c/pub/89-645-x/2010001/c-g/c-g007-eg.m

mpig 2000,Needed: A Federal Action Plan to Eradicate Child and Family Poverty in Can-

ada, 2012 report card on child and family poverty, mily evice T, Nvembe 2012

Tis lysis is bse isics s cil licy imuli Dbse el

(SPSd-M). Te ssumpis clculis uelyig e simuli esuls wee pepe

by Dvi cl e espsibiliy e use iepei ese is eie-

ly e us. SPSd -M is bse e SLId suvey. SP Sd- M e cesus ee

immig cile wi e cesus cuig ve 500,000 cile s immigs eugees.

SPSd-M cus ly 98,000 cile s immig. Hweve e pvey es i b cses e

simil 33% 31% especively.

Te lck igeus is ue SPSd-Ms bse beig eive m SLId

es ck igeus ieiy sus. uheme SLId explicily exclues ll pess

eseves eeby skippig e ws isces cil pvey.

3 Ne gues i is ble e bse SPSd-Ms ppuli bse eive m e

SLId. All gues e m 2005. As e uelyig mic- eies m iee suce, is

ble ies m e Regil il ey i ble be wic is bse e me

iclusive esus 2006 iviul PUMF.

4 , Rep e Ryl mmissi Abigil eples, 1996, vlume 5, cpe 2.

ee e uy ivig s, Te ec cesig Abigil ucil A-

ime e bu ce, Oupu e iscl lce, y 2009, pg. vii.

6 p://www.ccb.cm/upls/ile/A-busiessuvey-2-sigles.p

27 p://busiess.icilps.cm/2013/01/11/we-e-busiessme-is-is-eepeeus-

-m-ile/?__ls=5b96-8c83

p://www.c-c.gc.c/eg/1100100016293/1100100016294

p://www.g-bvg.gc.c/iee/eglis/pl_g_201106_04_e_35372.ml

30 cmpleely eumee i esees i selemes, esus 2006, Appeix 3,

p://www12.sc.gc.c/cesus-eceseme/2006/e/es/igeus-uces-eg.cm


43/44


31 The chil ppuli is esime 39% he l ppuli uilizig he is Ni

il i cile l ppuli s see i ble igeus ile Auls

by ieiy bve

3 i upy, Xueli Zg lue Die, w cme i : uli-lie

uli-iex especive, isics , c 2012.

33 peciclly i eves 20 pecege pis me e vege mily sele clig. me eil see isics , w cme ies, 20092010, 750002

(002), 2011. g 7.

34 Re-bsig mes e 20 pecege pis me e vege mily clculi is

peme ew bse e ebsig yes expeiue gues. Re-bsig wul ielly ccu

evey sevel yes keep up wi cges i e bske gs e vege icme

milies vius ypes. Hweve, ebsig s ppee w 20 yes.

35 Rich hillig, Deig ey Deemiig he Numbe g-Tem

Tes, Tis Resuces, epembe 2011, pg 12.

36 peciclly, e w cme esues icme esl is 50% e mei juse i-

cme wee icme is juse by e sque e umbe pess i e usel.

me eils see: isics , w cme ies, 20092010, 750002 (002), 2011. g 10.

3 ee isics , w cme ies, 20092010, 750002 (002), 2011. g 11.

3 sim 202-0802 (p://www5.sc.gc.c/csim/26?lg=eg&eg=eg&i=202

0802&pe=&pe=&syVl=1&p1=1&p2=37&be=Tble&csi=)


44/44

poverty or prosperity indigenous children

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