poverty and health- a gap still to be bridged
TRANSCRIPT
Poverty and health- A gap still to be bridged
Dr. Vikas GuptaPostgraduate(2nd year)
Overview
• Definitions of poverty• International and Indian scenario• Indicators of poverty• Cut off for poverty• Poverty and health• Poverty alleviation
Definitions
• Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money.
Source: Poverty. merriam-webster. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
United Nations• Fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and
opportunities, a violation of human dignity. • It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society.• It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not
having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit.
• It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities.
• It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation
World Bank
• Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing, and comprises many dimensions.
• It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity.
• Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life.
International and Indian Scenario• Global Poverty rate: 14.5%• Country with highest poverty rate: Haiti (77%)• India ranks 43 internationally on poverty rate scale(23.6%),
but based on national poverty line poverty rate is 21.9%• Rural India: 25.7%• Urban India: 13.7%• Poorest state: Chhattisgarh (39.93%)
Source: World Bank report 2014 Press report planning commission 2014
Indicators of Poverty
1. Poverty rate2. Poverty gap 3. Poverty severity Index4. Human poverty index5. Human Development Index6. Multidimensional Poverty Index
Poverty rate
• Number of people in a community who falls below poverty line(BPL)
• One of the most popular measure of income poverty
• But it does not provide the intensity of poverty
Poverty gap
• The poverty gap is a measure of the intensity of poverty
• It is proportionate income shortfalls below the poverty line for all the poor in terms of money
• At present for India it is 4.8%• Example:
Poverty gap
• Poverty gap ignores the effect of inequality between the poor. It does not capture differences in the severity of poverty amongst the poor.
• For example: The poverty gap for both cases is same, even though the first case has one household, with Rs 300 per month income, experiencing a more severe state of poverty.
Poverty severity index
• It is defined as the average of the square relative poverty gap of the poor.
• It takes inequality among the poor into account.
Human Poverty Index
• P1: Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40
• P2: Adult illiteracy rate• P3: Unweighted average of population
without sustainable access to an improved water source and children under weight for age.
• Not used now, it is being replaced by MPI
Human Development Index
The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE - 20/85-20 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI+ EYSI/2 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS/15 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS/18 3. Income Index (II) = In(GNIpc) - ln(100) ln(75,000) - ln(100) {HDI} = {LEI}*{EI} *{II}1/3
Human Development Index
• Global HDI: 0.702• Lowest HDI Niger country(0.337)• HDI for India is 0.586 and its HDI rank is 135
Multidimensional Poverty Index
• Developed in 2010 by Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative and the United Nations Development Programme
• Uses different factors to determine poverty beyond income-based lists.
• It replaced the previous Human Poverty Index.• Generally used for developing countries.
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Dimension Indicators
Health •Child Mortality•Nutrition
Education •Years of school•Children enrolled
Living Standards
•Cooking fuel•Toilet•Water•Electricity•Floor•Assets
Multidimensional Poverty Index
• MPI is calculated as follows:
• MPI = H*A H: Percentage of people who are MPI poor (incidence of poverty) A: Average intensity of MPI poverty across the poor (%)• For example:
Multidimensional Poverty Index
• India has MPI : 0.32• Country with worst MPI : Niger (0.692)
Cut off for BPL in India
1. International poverty line : US $ 1.252. Tendulkar committee cut off3. Rangrajan committee cut off
How cut off is calculated
• On the basis of: Household Consumer Expenditure
it is the sum total of monetary values of all the items (i.e. goods and services) consumed by the household on domestic account during the reference period.Eg. food, health, education, clothing
Household Consumer Expenditure
Committee Tendulkar committee Rangarajan committee
Income(Rs) Rural Urban Rural Urban
Per capita/day
27 33 32 47
Per capita/ month
816 1000 972 1047
Per family of five/ month
4080 5000 4860 7035
BPL in crores 27 37
Poverty and Health
1. Poverty vs Hunger/Starvation and Malnutrition(MDG goal 1)
2. Poverty vs Diseases(Malaria/TB MDG goal 6)3. Poverty vs Access to basic health
services(MMR and U5MR, MDG goal 4,5)4. Poverty vs Water and sanitation(MDG goal 7)5. Poverty vs Education(MDG goal 2)6. Poverty vs Life expectancy
Number of undernourished and prevalence (%) of undernourishment
1990-2 No. 1990-2 % 2012-4 No. 2012-4 %World 1,014.5 18.7 805.3 11.3Developed regions 20.4 <5 14.6 <5Developing regions 994.1 23.4 790.7 14.5Africa 182.1 27.7 226.7 20.5
Sub-Saharan Africa 176.0 33.3 214.1 23.8
Asia 742.6 23.7 525.6 12.7 Eastern Asia 295.2 23.2 161.2 10.8 South-Eastern Asia 138.0 30.7 63.5 10.3 Southern Asia 291.7 24.0 276.4 15.8
Latin America & Carib. 68.5 15.3 37.0 6.1
Oceana 1.0 15.7 1.4 14.0
Source: FAO The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014 p. 8
Poverty alleviation
• Through 1. Income assistance 2. Food assistance3. Social security assistance4. Housing assistance5. Sanitation assistance6. Universal health care7. Education
Income assistance
• Rural: – Mahatma gandhi national ural employment
guarantee act (MGNREGA)– National livelihood mission (NRLM)
• Urban:– Swarna jayanti sahri rojgar yojana (SJSRY)
Food assistance
• Food security bill:– Targeted PDS: 5kg food grain/capita/month
@Rs3/kg rice, Rs2/kg wheat, Rs1/kg millet– Antyodaya anna yojana: 35kg food
grain/household/month@Rs3/kg rice, Rs2/kg wheat
– Annapurna scheme for aged: free 10kg food grains/month
Social security assistance
• Health insurance:– Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana(RSBY)=
Rs30,000/family/year @ Rs30 registration– Universal social security: Proposed in Budget
2015. Rs2,00,000 coverage • Indira gandhi national old age pension
scheme(IGNOAPS)= Rs500/month• Jan dhan yojana
House, sanitation
• Indira Awas yojana: Rs45,000 assistance• Total sanitation campaign: Rs3200 assisstance
Thank you
