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POTTERY Brief background Types and Materials Techniques/Processes Forms Semiotic Reading

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Page 1: Pottery

POTTERYBrief backgroundTypes and Materials Techniques/ProcessesFormsSemiotic Reading

Page 2: Pottery

BRIEF BACKGROUND

• Pottery are functional and decorative objects made from clay and fired at high temperatures.

• Ceramics (from Greek “kermamikos”, potter) is also a term used, although ceramics has a wider application and includes objects for industrial use

• Pottery is divided into three types: Earthware/Terracotta, Stoneware, and Porcelainware.

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TYPES & MATERIALS

• EARTHENWARE

• STONEWARE

• PORCELAINWARE

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TYPES & MATERIALS

EARTHENWARE- formed when surface shales and clayare fired at low temperature between 1840 F to 2030 F.

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TYPES & MATERIALS

STONEWARE- made from fine clay fired at higher temperature from 2130 F to 2300 F

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TYPES & MATERIALSPORCELAINWARE- made from a mixture of kaolin and feldspar and fired at very high temparature.

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PROCESSES

• Preparing the material

• Working with clay

• Drying, firing, cooling

• Decorating, glazing

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PREPARING THE MATERIAL

1. Quarrying clay

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PREPARING THE MATERIAL

2. Cleaning/separating from the sediments

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PREPARING THE MATERIAL

3. Drying to a doughlike consistency

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PREPARING THE MATERIAL

4. Mixing in proper proportions

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PREPARING THE MATERIAL5. Kneading

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WORKING WITH CLAY

1. Slab making

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WORKING WITH CLAY

2. Coiling

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WORKING WITH CLAY

3. Turn modelling or throwing

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WORKING WITH CLAY

4. Hand modelling or anvil-and-paddle method

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WORKING WITH CLAY

5. Cradling

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WORKING WITH CLAY

6. Molding

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DRYING

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FIRING & COOLING

Bisque – fired pieces- Can be the final stage or can be further decorated

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DECORATING/ GLAZING

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FINISHED PRODUCT

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Modeling

• Incisions

• Impressions

• Carvings

• Paintings

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Incisions

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Impressions

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Carvings

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Paintings

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DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES

• Modelling

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FORMS

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The Manunggul Jar

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Ancient Jar

Wild-boar vessel from Casiguran, Sorsogon

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Ethnic Masterpieces

Four-breasted jar from Calapan, Mindoro

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Pots of the North

Ilocano burnay Kalinga lidded jar

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The Ethnic TraditionPottery associated with objects for daily use

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Palayok

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Banga

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Tapayan

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Tapayan

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Most notable traditions that represent Philippine pottery

• Sa-hyunh Kalanay pottery tradition

• Novaliches tradition

• Bau-Malay pottery tradition

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Sa-hyunh Kalanay pottery tradition From the Kalanay cave site in northwest Masbate and other potteries in

the Philippines with the same characteristics as those from the original site.

Subdivisions: Kalanay pottery complex Tabon pottery complex Bagupanto pottery complex Asin pottery complex

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Sa-hyunh Kalanay pottery tradition

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*Kalanay pottery complex

Generally have plain surfaces and round bodies with plain, flared rims.

Incisions are in a horizontal series of diagonal-line combinations bounded by straight or wavy lines.

Cord-marked pottery is absent.

Found in Cotabato and Batangas.

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*Tabon pottery complex

From various cave sites in western Palawan

Distinct for its cord-marked pottery in the earlier cave sites and for its simplicity in later sites.

Dates back to 2000 B.C.

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*Bagupanto pottery complex

Often classified with the Kalanay complex as 17 of its vessels were unearthed at the Kalanay cave site

Generally have superior quality, material, and artistry

Incisions are rare.

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*Asin pottery complex

Distinguished by freehand-painted patterns, which include horizontal series or curvilinear scrolls

Found in the Asin cave sites in Davao del Sur

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Novaliches tradition

Named after a Novaliches cave site north of Manila

Its remnants are also found in northwest Palawan and the CalamianesIslands

Dates from 250 B.C. to the fourth century

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Bau-Malay pottery tradition• Geometric pottery of south China

• Named after a cave site in Salawak, Malaysia

• In the Philippines, it is found in the coastal sites in Mindanao, Bohol, northern Palawan, and the Calamianes islands.

• Dates back to the 10th century

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Bau-Malay pottery tradition

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Unclassified pottery

• Ritual vessel from Cagayan• Polished ritual vessels of Leta-leta• Earthenware from Ngipe’t Duldug• Two others from Palawan cave sites• Others

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Tradeware– stoneware and porcelain from pre-colonial trade

with China and other Southeast Asian countries

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Celadon (Sung and Yuan dynasty)

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Blue-and-white porcelain (Ming dynasty)

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Others

• Blanc de chine ware

• Plain brown ware

• Monochrome ware (oxblood)

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Thai or Siamese pottery

Thai celadon is slightly heavier and often less glossier (than Chinese celadon)

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Siamese and Anamese Pottery

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Studio Pottery– hand-made, usually one-of-a-kind pieces

by ceramic artists

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Ceramic artists and their works

Tessie San Juan and Jon Pettyjohn

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Ceramic artists and their works

• LanelleAbueva-Fernando

• NelfaQuerubin

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Ceramic artists and their works

The Jaime and Anne de

Guzman family

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Ceramic artists and their works

Ugu Bigyan Fidel Go

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SEMIOTIC READING

• Art and Power• Art and Gender• Art and Faith

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Art and Power

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Imported Ceramics

• In the Philippines, these generally symbolize power and markers of elite status.

• It has been known that these were prestigious because these were made of non-local materials and/or unsual materials like gold, jade and other precious stones

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Lavish grave furniture

• For nobles and powerful people- The dead

bodies were buried along with various

articles of everyday use such as eating

utensils and weapons, and also with their

servants and domestic animals.

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Terracotta Army

• The sole purpose of this immense undertaking was to create a subterranean army that would protect and support his leadership in the after-life; reflecting the First Emperor’s power, his much documented obsession with immortality and the wider cultural belief that you continued on the same path in death as in life.

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Art and Gender

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Design

• Maitum burial jar • Four-breasted jar

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Models of social organisation for the production of pottery

(Rice 1981; Peacock 1982; van der Leeuw 1984; Arnold 1991)

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Based on patterns of increasing specialization in the production of ceramics

1. Household production where each household produces its own pottery on an occasional, usually

seasonal basis.

2. Household industry where pottery continues to be a part-time activity depending on other factors such

as harvesting or weather limitations.

3. Individual workshop where potters are specialists although they may combine the activity with small-

scale agricultural work.

4. Nucleated workshops where potters are specialists and live or work in a particular area of the

community.

5. The manufactory where production is organised by an owner who has invested in equipment and pays

wages to specialist artisans.

6. The ceramic factory which appears in the post-industrial period and involves investment in powered

equipment to mass produce objects and market them effectively over a wide area.

7. Peacock has two further categories: estate production and military production where ceamics could be

mainly produced for a large organisation for its own consumption such as a military camp or a large

estate (Peacock 1982: 11).

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Based on ecological factors

1. Land availability

2. Climate

3. Resources

4. Others

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Among Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

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Pottery production

Some of the people who produce their own pottery include the:

Kankanaey

Itneg

Maranao

Badjao

Etc.

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Gender roles and significance

Among the Maranao, Badjao, Itneg, and other groups of people, women usually do the potting.

Among the Kankanaey, men engage in pottery.

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Art and Faith

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ART AND FAITH

• Native vision of the afterlife

• -belief in both the existence of the soul and life after death

Burial jars

-related to the tradition of “grave furniture”

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Page 78: Pottery

Manunggul Jar (8th century BCE)

• found in a cave in the island of Palawan

• suggests the belief among early Filipinos in an afterlife across a mythical body of water

• the designs were painted in red for emphasis and to provide variation from the jar’s predominantly brown color

Red – considered

as a sacred color

- Used

on special

burial jars

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Talismans• Celadons- considered as greater

talismans than local ware

- believed to change hue when

poisoned food was put on

them