POTENTIAL/USE OF ICT INCONTEXT OF MIGRATION ANDDEVELOPMENT

Dr. Erick Gankam TamboErick.tambo@fernuni-hagen.de

Fernuniversität in HagenCooperative Systems

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African Good Governance Network (AGGN)11. Conference (Summit 2010)

„Migration & the Role of Diaspora“26 September – 2 October 2010

OUTLINE

Introduction Problem

Brain Drain Statistics

State of the Art Diaspora Experts Evolution of ICT Stakeholders

Solutions Knowledge Transfer / eLearning Telemedecin Banking / Finance 2.0 Telework eParticipation Social Networking

Conclusion / Future work2

Diaspora: The African Diaspora is defined by the African Union (AU) as “consisting of peoples of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality, and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union”. 112.6 million people in South America (primarily Brazil,

Colombia, Venezuela) 39.2 million people in North America (USA and Canada 13.5 million people in the Caribbean; and about 3.5 million

people in Europe

INTRODUCTION

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PROBLEM

Diaspora Migration - Brain drainProfessional (scientists, engineers, health professionals and

entrepreneurs, etc.) who complete their education in Africa and then migrate for a variety of reasons.

Students who study abroad, finds jobs, establish families, and become permanent residents or citizens of another country.

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PROBLEM - STATISTICS

Since 1990, Africa has been losing 20,000 professionals annually

Over 300,000 professionals reside outside Africa [OIM, 2010].

Ethiopia lost 75% of its skilled workforce between 1980-91

About 10 percent of South Africa’s IT and finance executives have departed in recent years

3,000 highly trained Kenyans leave every year Between 70 and 90 percent of Zimbabwe’s university

graduates are now working outside the country To fill the gap caused by this brain drain, Africa employs

up to 150,000 expatriate professionals at a cost of $4 billion annually [Shinn, 2010]. 5

PROBLEM - STATISTICS (COUNTRIES) More than 3,000 doctors have left Ethiopia. There are

more Ethiopian doctors on the east coast of the U.S. than there are in Ethiopia

More than 500 Ugandan doctors work outside the country, 200 of them in South Africa

Between one-third to half of all graduating doctors in South Africa migrate to the U.S., United Kingdom, and Canada

Over 21,000 Nigerian doctors practice in the U.S There are reportedly more Malawi-trained doctors in

Manchester, England, than there are in all of Malawi Zimbabwe has lost 50 percent of its health care

professionals [Shinn. 2010]6

OUTLINE

Introduction Problem

Brain Drain Statistics

State of the Art Diaspora Experts Evolution of ICT Stakeholders

Solutions Knowledge Transfer / eLearning Telemedecin Banking / Finance 2.0 Telework eParticipation Social Networking

Conclusion / Future work7

STATE OF THE ART

Willingness to contibute to the development of the home country and the continent respectively

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African Good Governance Network (AGGN) is a network of African academics related to Germany which promote the Idea of Good Governance and contribute to further the process of democratization in Africa

STATE OF THE ART

New opportunities through the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Mobile Communication

in Africa Networked Digital

Divices

[P1]

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STATE OF THE ART

Evolution of Internet from WEB 1.0 to WEB 2.0 New interaction possibilities between Africa and its Diaspora

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[P3][P2]

STATE OF THE ART – STAKEHOLDERS (GERMANY)

WIN - WIN - WIN - ... Diaspora Expert National and regional institution in Africa

Ministry of migration, finance, employment, etc. African Union, SADC, ECOWAS Etc.

National and regional institution in Host country BAMF, GTZ, InWent, DAAD MGFFI Etc

International Organization IOM European Union, UNESCO

Civil Society and NGO Think thank and institutions of research Etc.

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OUTLINE

Introduction Problem

Brain Drain Statistics

State of the Art Diaspora Experts Evolution of ICT Stakeholders

Solutions Knowledge Transfer / eLearning Telemedecin Banking / Finance 2.0 Telework eParticipation Social Networking

Conclusion / Future work12

SOLUTION - APPROACH

Diaspora based Computer Supported Cooperative Work13

SOLUTION CSCW: is a generic term, which combines the understanding

of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services and techniques.

Diaspora CSCW Diaspora based Computer Supported Coooperative Work (D- CSCW)

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[P4]

SOLUTIONS - KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER / ELEARNING

Framework for the supervision of students in Africa by an expert from the Diaspora (Virtual Seminar, Thesis, MIDA, DAAD Export, etc.)[Tambo, 2010].

Characteristics of the framework Embeded Didactic

Didactical Template Peer Review Standardization of process through script Blended Learning Asnychronous Interaction

Appropriate to Socio-technical Context in Sub-Saharan Countries Mobile and Offline Learning for students Appropriate to infrastructures in Sub-Saharan Africa Personal Learning Environment – Use of WEB 2.0 widgets

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SOLUTIONS - ELEARNING

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SOLUTIONS - TELEMEDECINE

Telemedecine: Use of telecommunications technology for medical diagnosis and patient care when the provider and client are separated by distance

Role of the Diaspora Store and forward: acquiring medical data of patient in

Africa, transmitting then to the Diaspora professional for assessment and afterward feed back to Africa.

Remote monitoring: monitoring of a patient remotely by a professional using various technological devices

Interactive services: real-time interactions (phone conversations, online communication) between patient in Africa and the professional in the Diaspora

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SOLUTIONS - TELEMEDECINE

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SOLUTIONS - BANKING / FINANCE 2.0 Banking / Finance 2.0: financial transaction (lending,

borrowing, investment, etc.) which occurs directly between individuals or "peers" using ICT without the intermediation of a traditional financial institution.

$4 and $6 billion per year flows back into Sub Saharan Africa [World Bank, 2010]

Role of Diaspora Use of Diaspora capital to boost the economical growth in Africa

using ICT (Micro-credit 2.0, etc.) Fond for Diaspora Entrepreneur Efficient integration of Diaspora remittances in the local banking

context in Africa

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SOLUTIONS - BANKING 2.0 Peer2Peer Credit (Micro-credit 2.0)

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SOLUTIONS - BANKING 2.0 Diaspora Fond

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SOLUTIONS - BANKING 2.0 Banking 2.0

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Mobile Banking in Africa

SOLUTIONS - TELEWORK Telework: generic term encompassing technology

such as video and data conferencing which allows people and businesses to work with each other independent of distance.

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SOLUTIONS - EPARTICIPATON

eGovernance

eAdministration eDemocracy

eParticipation eVoting

We need to connect citizens with each other to engagethem more fully and directly in solving the problems that we face. We must use all available technologies to open up the federal government, creating a new level of transparancy to change the way the buisines is conducted in washington and giving americans the chance to participate in government deliberations, and decisions making possible that which were not possible only a few years ago [Obama, 2008]

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SOLUTIONS - EPARTICIPATION

eParticipation: "The use of information and communication technologies to broaden and deepen political participation by enabling citizens to connect with one another and with their elected representatives [Macintosh, 2004]

Administration, service delivery, decision making and policy making, etc.

WEB 2.0 Tools Wikis, Online Social Network, Blogs, Groupware, etc.

Mechanism eVoting, Online Petitions, Sosio technical network

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SOLUTIONS - VIRTUAL NETWORKING

Social Network: is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes," which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige, etc. Community of Interrest: is a community of people who share a

common interest or passion. These people exchange ideas and thoughts about the given passion, but may know (or care) little about each other outside of this area

Community of Practice: according to Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger is a group of people who share an interest, a craft, and/or a profession

… etc.

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SOLUTIONS - NETWORKING

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OUTLINE

Introduction Problem

Brain Drain Statistics

State of the Art Diaspora Experts Evolution of ICT Stakeholders

Solutions Knowledge Transfer / eLearning Telemedecin Banking / Finance 2.0 Telework eParticipation Social Networking

Conclusion / Future work28

CONCLUSION / FUTURE WORK …The efficient use of ICT can help to reduce the effect of brain drain brain gain

Brain Drain

Brain Gain

29Systematic Research

Awareness raising on ICT potential Digital Divide

LITERATURES / RELATED LINKS [IOM, 2010] International Organization for Migration. http://www.iom.org [Macintosh, 2004] Macintosh, A. Characterizing E-Participation in Policy-Making, In the Proceedings of the

Thirty-Seventh Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-37), January 5 8, 2004, Big Island, Hawaii.

[Obama, 2008] Barack Obama. Connecting and empowering all Americans through technology and innovation http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/issues/technology/Fact_Sheet_Innovation_and_Technology.pdf

[Shinn, 2010] African Migration and Brain Drain: http://sites.google.com/site/davidhshinn/Home/african-migration-and-the-brain-drain

[Tambo, 2010] Erick Gankam Tambo. A Framework for virtual Seminar in Cameroon. Dissertation Feruniversität in Hagen. http://deposit.fernuni-hagen.de/2718/

[World Bank, 2010] World Bank Officials Engage African Diaspora in Development Efforts. http://go.worldbank.org/VL2MO5CIN0

[P1] Erik van Roekel, Marco Derksen. Banking 2.0 It's all about socialising, sharing and creating. http://www.slideshare.net/marketingfacts/banking-20

[P2] Epic. E-Learning. online learning and Blended solution http://www.epic.co.uk/content/news/may_07/Lite_Paper_Learning_communities.pdf

[P3] What is WEB 2.0, http://widgets-gadgets.com/2006/10/what-is-web-20.html [P4] Computer Supported Cooperative Work.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work [P5] Elvis Teke. Telemedecine centre goes operational

http://www.crtv.cm/cont/nouvelles/nouvelles_sola_fr.php?idField=3977&table=nouvelles&sub=national Epartizipation: http://www.eparticipation.com/, http://apps4africa.org/, meinparlament.at, participatory

budgeting (Cologne, Freiburg), whitehouse/open . Banking /Finance 2.0: zopa.org, smava.org, kiva.org, prosper.com, boober.it, lendingclub.com, finanz.com 30