potential soap, shampoo and detergent plant … 181/301-319 (pa3 3919).pdf · indigenous and local...

POTENTIAL SOAP, SHAMPOO AND DETERGENT PLANTRESOURCES OF INDIA AND THEIR ASSOCIATED TRADITIONALKNOWLEDGE

Kul BhaskarV. B. S. Government Degree College, Campierganj, Gorakhpur (U.P.), India.

AbstractThe present paper deals with 108 species of potential soap, shampoo and detergent plants belonging to 87 genera and 52families of vascular plants of India. These include indigenous cultivated plants with wild-forms. Botanical names of plants arelisted in alphabetic order. Correct names, important synonyms, name of the family; vernacular names; mode of use of plantparts; chemical constituents; geographical distribution of each plant are presented in tabular form. Data sources for everyrecorded use of the listed plants are indicated. Cleaning property of plant parts, healing actions, bioprospective potentials,scope for value addition, promotion of cosmaceutical uses, trade of natural cleaning agent are discussed.Key words : Soap, shampoo, detergent, medicine, cosmaceuticals, traditional knowledge.

IntroductionThe soaps and detergents are essential materials for

primary health care and hygiene. They are used for thepurpose of cleaning body, washing clothes and maintaininggood health and freshness. These are either natural orsynthetic in origin. The natural soaps and detergents arederived from plants, which are rich in saponins, a classof glycosides with cleaning properties. The fruit, seed,bark and sometimes the whole plant are directly used assoaps or detergents. Acid contents of some plants andalkalinity of plant ashes in water are also harnessed forwashing and cleaning. In the traditional process ofwashing, the plant parts (fresh or dried) are usuallycrushed or chopped into small pieces, infused in hot waterand then used for washing clothes, cleaning body andhair. The dirty clothes immersed in this mixture or filtrateof the mixture are left for one or two hours, followed bybeating the clothes with a wooden hammer and washingwith clean water. In another method, the plant ash ismixed in water, filtered and dirty clothes are immersed inthe filtrate followed by boiling for one or two hours,allowed to cool and then beaten on wooden planks arewashed in clean water. These natural products providevitality to fabrics, hair and skin and are also biodegradablein nature. These are safe to wash pet animals, cleaning

utensils floor of houses, toilets and woven driving awayinsects and pests from the garden plants. Most of theplants that have been traditionally used for washing andcleaning also possess medicinal properties. The plantshampoos are most suitable for the people allergenic tosynthetic soaps and shampoos and work effectively tofight dandruff.

The aboriginals of India had good knowledge of usingplant parts as soap, shampoo and detergent long beforethe invention of artificial/chemical cleaning products.Predominant use of natural soaps, shampoos anddetergents starts from the pre-historic times till thesynthetic soaps and detergents almost completelyreplaced them from modern urban civilization in the 20th

century. Use of industrial soaps, shampoos and detergentsin India may be linked with the entry of HLL Companyof England (presently Hindustan Liver Limited) into India.HLL company exported its laundry soap, ‘Sunlight’ in1888; in 1895 ‘Lifebuoy’ soap was launched in Indiafollowed by ‘Perars’ in 1902. ‘Lux’ in 1905. Vim powderin 1913, Sunsilk shampoo in 1964, Rin detergent bar in1965, Clinic shampoo in 1971 and Lirilbathing soap in1974 (http://icmr.icfai.org/cases-tudies/catalogue/Marketing1/MKTA000.htm). Replacement of thebiodegradable soft detergents by hard detergents and their

Plant Archives Vol. 18 No. 1, 2018 pp. 301-319 ISSN 0972-5210

302 Kul Bhaskar

widespread use led to some environmental problems,rendering water bodies unfit for aquatic life due topersistence of detergents and rapid growth of algae aswell as depletion of oxygen level in water due to additionof phosphate radicals of detergents (Singh et al., 2001)

Natural soaps are still used by people in rural / tribalareas for bathing and washing clothes. These are alsosued for cleaning some special category of dresses, finefabrics and for special hair care. A large fraction of ruralpeople of India living in or around forest areas use naturalsoaps, shampoos and detergents of plant origin. The tribalsof the Himalayas and North East India use natural plantmaterials from Sapindus, Aesculus, Acacia, etc. forcleaning their warm clothes they wear to protectthemselves from cold. Even the urban elites scared offthe negative effects of synthetic cleaners are inclinedtowards eco-friendly herbal soaps and shampoos basedon their traditional knowledge system. The strayethnobotanical publications dealing with traditional usesof natural soaps and detergents by the tribes of Indiaprove that a vast treasure of such knowledge is still heldamong the traditional communities. However, there is nocomprehensive account of such natural soap, shampooand detergent yielding plants. Documentation of all theinnovative traditional knowledge (TK) about soap plantswas felt essential in the face of depletion of indigenousbiodiversity, gradual loss of traditional knowledge as wellas the newly generated traditional knowledge onintroduced plants. Documentation of plant diversity andassociated traditional knowledge is also a prerequisite tomeet the objectives and targets of Global Strategy ofPlant Conservation (based on COP VI to the CBD, on19th April 2002 in the Hague) which inter alia calls for“preventing decline of plant resources and associatedindigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practicesthat support sustainable livelihood, local food security andhealth care”. The present chapter is an attempt to providea comprehensive account of the potential soap, shampooand detergent plants of India with their associatedtraditional knowledge, bioprospectingpotentials, scope forvalue-addition and promotion of cosmaceutical industry.

MethodologySeveral Floras, ethnobotanical works and journals on

economic plants were screened to list the plants used assoaps, detergents and shampoos in India. Cleaningproperty of the listed plants was confirmed through studyof literature on chemistry of the concerned plant parts.Taxonomic identity of each plant species was confirmedthrough herbarium & field studies. Names of plants arelisted in alphabetic order. Correct names of the plants

with important synonyms and name of the family,vernacular names, mode of use of plant parts, PGR status,reported saponin and medicinal property and distributionof the plants are given in table 1. Data sources for everyuse of the listed plants are also given. Therapeutic andcosmaceutical potentials and trade values are discussed.

Results and DiscussionSoap, shampoo and detergent use of Indian plants

A few reports on soap, shampoo and detergent useof plants are available from India. Agarwal (1986)recorded 28 species of plants used for washing clothesand cleaning body and hair in India; Jain (1991) noted theuses of 13 plant species of India as detergent andshampoo; Mal & Joshi (1991) reported three less-knownplants with cleaning property; Banerjee and Pal (1996)noted 4 species used as soap and shampoo by the tribesof North India; Pande and Pokharia (1999) reported 12species of plants traditionally used as detergent byHimalayan people; Sing et al. (2001) listed 16 plantspecies used as soap and detergent by the Meiteicommunity of Manipur, Menon (in http://www.mtnforum.org/resouces/library/menop02a.htm)listed 4 species used as shampoo by the people ofPepparaWildlifeSancturary in Kerala; Khanna (2002)recorded 2 plant species used for cleaning purpose interai region of Uttar Pradesh; Saklani and Rao (2002)recorded 2 species used as soap and shampoo by peopleof NE India. Manadhar (2001) tabulated 31 species oftraditional soap, shampoo and detergent plants of Nepal,all of which are found in India (except Orneocnide) andpossibly used by Nepalis in the adjoining Sikkim andmountainous West Bengal. Besides, a few stray reportson such use of plants from India (given with the mode ofuse of the species) are available in literature. Presentsearch reveals that there are about 108 species of plantswith potential cleaning properties belonging to 87 generaand 52 families of vascular plants in India. These include25 species of indigenous cultivated plants with availablewild forms, 31 species of introduced plants and exoticweeds and 51 species of exclusively wild plants, including10 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants (fig. 1).Ten dominant families of soap plant resources traditionallyused for washing and cleaning in India (fig. 2) are:Leguminousae (15 spp.), Sapindaceae (6 spp.), Rubiaceae(5 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.), Sapotaceae (3 spp.)and Asteraceae (3 spp.). These ten dominant familiescontribute 53 species (50 %) of total soap plant resourcesof India. The growth form of the soap plant resources(fig. 3) include herbs (37 spp.), climbers (13 spp.), shrubs(24 spp.) and trees (33 spp.). of the 107 species of soap

Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 303

plant resources of India, those exclusively used as soapfor cleaning body parts, as shampoo for cleaning hai andas detergent for washing clothes include 20, 33 and 41species, respectively. 3 species used both as soap &detergent, 4 species as both shampoo & detergent. Plantparts used as soap, shampoo and detergent (fig. 3) include: extracts of roots, rhizomes and tubers (12 spp.); leves(11 spp.), barks (15 spp.), whole plant (19 spp.), flowersand inflorescence (4 spp.), fruits & seeds (32 spp.), plantash (14 spp.). Although, not exhaustive, the list of speciespresented in table 7 provides good representation of plantspecies, which may be taken up for further research ontheir cleaning, healing and cosmaceutical properties.

Besides this, Checklist of Medicinal Plant of SouthEast Asia developed by Asian Regional Centre forbiodiversity includes 21 species of vascular plants usedfor washing hair (htt://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/medicinal_plants_page5. htm–accessed on 16.9.2013).of these 9 species viz., Aervalanata (L.) A.L. Juss exSchult., Aspleniumnidus L., Klenoviahospita :,Morindacitrifolia L., Ophioglossum pendulum,Archidendronel lipticum (Blume) I.C. Nielsen, Plantagomajor L., Sterculia foetida L. and Vitistri folia L. occurin India are not included here due to lack of confirmation.Cleaning properties of plant parts

About 20 out of a total 108 species of vascular plantstraditionally used household soaps; shampoos anddetergents contain saponin in their natural products (Spraget al., 2004; Kapoor et al., 1969-1975; Rastogi, 1998-2002) a group of glycoside with surface-active properties.These are the sugar-attached steroid molecules with fat-soluble and water-soluble ends, which act as surfactantslike soap molecules. Saponins form foamy colloidaldispersion when dissolved in water and the saponinmolecules get arranged racially with the hydrophobic enddirected towards centre and hydrophilic end to outwards.The surfactant micelles wet the dirt and greese paticlesand help in dispersing these water insoluble moleculesinto and aqous environment, which are then easilyremoved from the clothes by the mechanical process ofwashing. Some other plants bear acid useful for cleaningstains and dirt. The plant ashes producing alkaline solutionin water are traditionally used as detergent. The cleaningefficiency of these natural products is usually improvedthrough heating and mechanical agitation. The southIndian natural shampoo powder, popularly called ‘Thali’in Kerala, is generally a mixture of 12 species. Viz.,Hibiscus rosasinenis L., Sida cordifolia L., S.rhombifolia L., Elephantopus scaber L., Indigoferatinctoria L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F., Eclipta prostrate

(L.) L., Phyllanthus fraternus Webster, Piper nigrumL., Smithia conferta Sm., Biopohytum sensitivum DC.and Electaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Sometimespowder of a few plants like Vernonia cineraria Less.,Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Asparagus racemosus Wild.,Cardiospermum helicacabum L. and Curcuma caesiaRoxb. are also added to ‘thali’ to improve its medicinalproperty. This natural shampoo powder is popular in SouthIndia for its better cleaning effect on hairs with additionalmedical benefits.Healing effects of natural soap, shampoo &detergent

About 69 out of 108 species (64% of these plantsare reported to have medicinal properties (Rastogi et al.,1998-2002; Jain, 1991; The Wealth of India, 1952 – 1985),and are traditionally used against various ailmentsincluding rheumatism, skin and hair problems. Although,soaps and shampoos are applied externally at the time ofbathing a fraction of material gets absorbed by skin andprovides some medicinal effects. Thus, most of theseplants serve double purpose, cleaning and healing. About20 species out of the total 108 species have saponins.Saponins are insecticidal, antibiotic and have otherpharmacological properties (Sprag, 2004). They are usedin phytotherapy and in cosmetic industry (Estrada et al.,2000). Saponins are extremely toxic to cold-bloodedanimals but their oral toxicity to the mammals is low (Diniet al., 2004). Thus, the pharmacological properties ofsaponins are traditionally extracted for the benefit ofhuman being, a warm blooded animal.

Saponin of the fruits of Sapindus mukorossi isgermicidal and has deodorizing properties. When usedas soap or shampoo, it removes freckles and beautifiesskin and the remnants of saponin on the body serve asinsect repellent (htt://www.solsticesoap.com/herbal-soap.html). The seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum aredecongestant, expectorant and tonic and used in treatmentof rheumatism, neuralgia and haemorrhoids. The leaf ofAgava Americana being a good poultice against brusesand rheumatism can also be used as a shampoo. Thewhole plant of Anagalis arvensis is used against cerebralaffection, gout, hydrophobia and leprosy (Ambasta et al.,1986). Thus use of A. arvensis as soap may also providegood medicinal effects to the users. Leaf extract ofSenna alata effective against skin diseases and eczema.Effectiveness of the plant parts used as soap and shampoomay be enhanced by addition of more effective naturalprobducts like Azadirachta indica (lf), Hydnocarpuskurzii (sd-oil), Senna alata (lf), Bacopa monnieri (lf),etc. for skin care. Seeds of Trigonella foenumgraecum

304 Kul Bhaskar

Tabl

e 1

: Pot

entia

l soa

p, s

ham

poo

and

dete

rgen

t pla

nts

of In

dia.

S.no

.N

ame [

Basio

nym

& sy

nony

m]

Vern

acul

ar n

ame

Plan

t par

ts &

Mod

e of u

seD

istri

butio

n(F

amily

)

1+

+W

2-

+W

3-

-W

4-

-W

5-

+E

6-

+W

7+

-E

8+

+W

Shik

akai

(G

uj.)

;Koc

hi,

Hik

ak

ai(

Hin

d.)

;Si

koka

i(Tam

.); S

oap

pod

(Eng

.)

Ail

a (H

ind.

); K

orin

ta(T

el.);

Kar

iyun

du (T

am.)

Bis

wal

, Ik

tond

a(H

ind.

);P

ota

do

nta

ri(O

ri.)

;K

uc

hu

i(B

en

g.)

;R

usty

mim

osa

(Eng

.)

Chi

lar, A

lay,

Ktn

ar(H

ind.

);A

ntho

chin

i,Attu

(M

al.)

;D

enta

ri(O

ri.)

Pu (P

unj.)

; Hor

sech

estn

ut(E

ng.)

Ban

khor

, Kan

dar(

Hin

.);

Han

(K

ash.

); H

imal

ayan

Che

stnu

t (En

g.)

Ram

bans

(H

ind.

);B

ilatip

at (B

eng.

); C

entu

rypl

ant (

Eng.

)

Siris

(Hin

d., B

eng.

, Ori.

);K

attu

vaka

(Mal

.); S

irish

a(S

ans.

);

Eas

t In

dian

wal

nut (

Eng.

)

Pod

used

as

dete

rgen

t in

tera

iregi

on o

fU

ttar P

rade

sh (K

hann

a, 2

002)

. Ind

ians

use

deco

ctio

n of

pod

pow

er fo

r was

hing

hair

& p

aste

of

pod

in s

kin

dise

ases

(D’a

mel

io, 1

999)

Bar

k us

ed a

s su

bstit

ute

of s

oap

for

was

hing

hai

r (A

garw

al, 1

986)

Bar

k us

ed a

s de

terg

ent (

sham

poo?

) in

Mad

hya

Prad

esh,

Mah

aras

htra

&A

ndhr

a Pr

ades

h (J

ain,

199

1).

Bar

k us

ed a

s de

terg

ent

in P

unja

b,H

arya

na,

Raj

asth

an &

Guj

arat

(Jai

n,19

91)

Seed

s ric

h in

sap

onin

& l

athe

rwel

l in

cold

(Wea

lth o

f Ind

ia, 1

985)

.

Cru

shed

frui

t use

d fo

r was

hing

clo

thes

(Wea

lth o

f In

dia,

198

5);

Ker

nel

is a

dete

rgen

t fo

r w

oole

n cl

othe

s (J

ain,

1991

)

Plan

t-ash

use

d by

Him

alay

an p

eopl

e fo

rw

ashi

ng c

loth

es (

Pand

e &

Pok

hari

a,19

99)

Bar

k us

ed a

s de

terg

ent

in K

arna

taka

,Ta

mil

Nad

u, G

oa, K

eral

a &

Lak

hade

ev(J

ain,

199

1)

Saponin

Medicinal

Status

Indi

a: A

NP,

AP,

AS,

BH

, DL,

G, G

R, K

T, K

r,M

P, M

L, M

NP,

MZ,

NL,

OR,

PC,

RS,

SK

, TN

,U

P, W

B;

Ban

glad

esh,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

,N

epal

, Chi

na, M

ales

ia &

Aus

tralia

.

Indi

a: A

NP,

GR

, HP

MR

, MP,

PJ,

TN, W

B;

Ban

glad

esh,

Nep

al, S

ri La

nka

& M

yanm

ar.

Indi

a: A

NP,

AP,

AS,

BH

, G, G

R, K

T, K

R, M

P,M

L, M

Z, O

R, N

L, P

C, P

J, R

S, S

K, T

N, U

P,W

B;

Nep

al,

Ban

glad

esh,

B

huta

n &

Mya

nmar

.BH

, G, G

R, H

P, JK

, KT,

KR

, MP,

MR

, OR

, PC

, PJ,

RS,

SK

, TN

, UP,

WB

;Pa

kist

an, T

haila

nd &

Sri

Lank

a.

Indi

a: A

NP,

AP,

BH

, G, G

R, H

P, JK

, KT,

KR

,M

P, M

R, O

R, P

C, P

J, R

S, S

K, T

N, U

P, W

B;

Paki

stan

, Tha

iland

& S

ri La

nka.

Sout

h Eu

rope

; oc

casi

onal

ly g

row

n as

an

orna

men

tal t

ree

in In

dia.

Dist

ribut

ed in

Indi

a, P

akis

tan,

Nep

al, B

huta

n,M

yanm

ar, N

orth

Tha

iland

, Lao

s, S

outh

Wes

tYu

nnan

, Afg

hani

stan

& I

ran.

Mex

ico;

intro

duce

d in

Pun

jab

and

Bom

bay

Pres

iden

cy a

s a

hedg

e pl

ant.

Indi

a: A

NP,

AP,

AS,

BH

, DL.

G, G

R, H

P, J

K,

KT,

KR

, M

P, M

R,

MN

P, M

L, M

Z, N

L, O

R,

PC, P

J, R

J, SK

,, TN

, TP,

UP,

WB

; Ban

glad

esh,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

, Nep

al, P

akist

an, S

ri La

nka,

Mal

dive

s.

Acac

ia c

onci

nna

(Will

d.)

DC

.[=

Mim

osa

conc

inna

W

illd

.;A

caci

a si

nuat

e (L

our.)

Mer

r.; A

.ru

guta

(L

am.)

Vo

igt]

(Le

gu

min

os

ae

-M

imos

oide

ae

Acac

ia in

stsia

(L.)

Wild

.[Mim

osa

ints

ia

L.](

Legu

min

osae

-M

imos

oide

ae)

Aca

cia

penn

ata

(L.)

Wil

d.[=

Mim

osa

penn

ata

L.](

Legu

min

osae

-Mim

osoi

deae

)

Aca

cia

tort

a (R

oxb.

)C

raib

.[=M

imos

a to

rta

Ro

xb

.](L

eg

um

ino

sae

-M

imos

oide

ae)

Aes

culu

s hi

ppoc

asta

num

L.(H

ippo

cast

anac

eae)

Aesc

ulus

ind

ica

Hoo

k. [

=Pav

iain

dica

W

all

ex

Cam

bess

.](H

ippo

cast

anac

eae)

Aga

ve

Am

eric

ana

L.

(Aga

vace

ae)

Alb

izia

leb

beck

(L.

) W

illd

.[=

Mim

osa

lebb

eck

L.]

(Leg

umin

osae

-Mim

osoi

deae

)

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...


Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

9-

-W

10+

+I

11-

+E

12+

+W

13-

+E

14-

-E

15+

+I

16-

+E

Albi

zia

luci

dior

(St

eud.

) I.

C.

Nie

lsen

[In

ga l

ucid

ior

Steu

d.;

Alb

izia

lu

cida

B

enth

.](L

egum

inos

ae-

Mim

osoi

deae

)

Albi

zia

proc

era

(Rox

b.)

Ben

th.

[=M

imos

a pr

ocer

a R

oxb.

](L

egum

inos

ae-

Mim

osoi

deae

)

Aloe

ver

a (L

.) B

urnm

.f.]

[=A

.ba

rbad

ensi

s M

ill. (

Alo

acea

e)

Ana

galli

s ar

vens

is

L.(P

rimul

acea

e)

Ana

nas

com

osus

(L.

) M

err.

[=B

rom

elia

co

mos

a L.

](B

rom

elia

ceae

)

Arch

iden

dron

cly

pear

ia(J

acq.

)I.C

.Nie

lsen

[=In

ga cl

ypea

ria Ja

ck.;

Pith

ecel

ociu

m c

lype

aria

(Ja

cq.)

Ben

th.]

(L

egum

inos

ae-

Mim

oide

ae)

Aspa

ragu

s ra

cem

osus

Wil

ld.

(Asp

arag

acea

e)

Aver

rhoa

ca

ram

bola

L.

(Ave

rrho

acea

e)

Sil (

Beng

.); P

adak

a (N

ep.)

Safe

d si

ris (H

ind.

); K

oroi

(Ben

g.);

kar

unth

agar

a(M

al.);

Siri

sa (S

ans.)

Ghr

it ku

mar

a (H

indi

.);G

hee k

uanr

i (O

ri.);

Ghr

itaku

mar

a(Sa

ns.);

Bar

bado

s/In

dian

alo

e (E

ng.)

Jain

ghan

i (H

ind.

);D

habb

ar (P

unj.)

; Sab

une

jhar

(N

ep.)

; Sc

arle

tpi

mpe

rnel

(Eng

.)

Ana

nas

(Hin

d.);

Sapu

riPa

nas (

Ori.

);\ K

azhu

dha-

chak

ka (M

al.);

Pin

e app

le(E

ng.)

Takp

ier

(Lep

.);

Gra

ssho

pper

tree

(Eng

.)

Sata

war

(Hin

d.);S

atam

uli

(Ben

g.)

;Sh

atav

ali

(Mal

.);S

him

aish

adav

ari

(Tam

.)

Kam

arak

h (H

ind.

);K

amra

nga

(Ben

g.);

Kar

aman

ga

(Ori

.);

Hei

nouj

om (

Man

i.); S

tar

fruit

(Eng

.)

Bar

k us

ed

for

bath

ing

in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Pod

and

stem

bar

k us

ed a

s sh

ampo

o by

triba

ls in

NE

Indi

a (Sa

klan

i & R

ao, 2

002)

Leaf

juic

e us

ed to

was

h ha

ir in

Pun

jab,

Har

yana

, R

ajas

than

& G

ujar

at (

Jain

,19

91).

Plan

ts u

sed

for

bath

ing

in N

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

.

Fres

h fr

uit j

uice

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng d

irty

hand

s an

d re

mov

ing

stai

ns o

n cl

othe

sby

Mei

tei c

omm

unity

of M

anip

ur (S

ingh

,et

al.,

200

1)

Bar

k us

ed f

or w

ashi

ng h

airs

in

Indi

a(A

garw

al, 1

986)

Roo

ts u

sed

for w

ashi

ng c

loth

es in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Frui

t jui

ce u

sed

for

was

hing

han

ds a

ndst

aine

d cl

othe

s by

Mei

tei c

omm

unity

of

Man

ipur

(Sin

gh, e

t al.,

200

1)

Indi

a: A

P, A

S, B

H, H

P, M

R, M

NP,

ML,

NL,

PJ,

SK,

TN,

TP,

UP,

WB

; B

angl

ades

h,B

huta

n, M

yanm

ar, N

epal

, Pak

ista

n, C

hina

&In

do-C

hina

.

Indi

a; s

ub-H

imal

ayan

tra

cts

from

Yam

una

east

war

ds t

o W

est

Ben

gal,

Satp

ura

ange

,G

ujar

at, S

.Indi

a &

And

aman

s; S

ri L

anka

,S.

Chi

na, S

E A

sia &

N. A

ustra

lia.

Am

eric

an t

ropi

cs;

wid

ely

culti

vate

d &

som

etim

es n

atur

aliz

ed m

any

parts

of I

ndia

.

Nor

th A

fric

a, t

empe

rate

Asi

a, I

ndia

nsu

bcon

tinen

t an

d Eu

rope

S. A

mer

ica;

Bra

zil;

culti

vate

d th

roug

hout

Indi

a.

Indi

a: A

S, A

P, M

L, T

P, K

R, T

N; B

angl

ades

h,N

epal

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Tha

iland

, Bor

neo,

Java

, Sum

atra

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Mya

nmar

.

Indi

a: tr

opic

al &

subt

ropi

cal p

arts

, com

mon

in U

pper

Gan

getic

pla

ins,

Bih

ar p

late

au,

And

aman

s &

asc

endi

ng t

o 15

00 m

in

Him

alay

as; S

ri La

nka,

Ind

ones

ia, A

ustra

lia&

trop

ical

Afri

ca.

Mal

esia

; cul

tivat

ed th

roug

hout

Indi

a & o

ther

tropi

cal c

ount

ries.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

306 Kul Bhaskar

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

17-

+W

18+

+W

19+

+W

20+

E

21-

-W

22+

+E

23-

+I

24-

-W

25-

-W

26-

+I

Avic

enni

a of

fici

nalis

L.

(Avi

cenn

iace

ae)

Bala

nite

s ae

gypt

iaca

(L.

)Del

.[=

Xym

enia

ae

gypt

iaca

L.]

(Bal

anita

ceae

)

Bala

nite

s ro

xbur

ghii

Plan

ch.

(Bal

anita

ceae

)

Big

noni

a ca

preo

lata

L.

[=B

.cat

alpa

L.]

Big

noni

acea

e

Boe

hmer

ia r

ugul

osa

Wed

d.(U

rtica

ceae

)

Bor

ago

offi

cina

lis

L.(B

orag

inac

eae)

Bras

sica

rap

a L.

ssp.

cam

pest

ris(l.

)A.R

. Cla

pham

[=B

.cam

pest

risL.

] (B

rass

icac

eae)

Byt

tner

ia a

ndam

ensi

s K

urz

(Ste

rcul

iace

ae)

Byt

tner

ia

aspe

ra

Col

ebr.

(Ste

rcul

iace

ae)

Cari

ca p

apay

a L

(Car

icac

eae)

Bea

n, B

ina (

Hin

d., B

eng.

);T

ivar

(M

ar.)

; hi

tem

angr

ove

(Eng

.)

Hin

gan

(hin

d.,

Ben

g.);

Ingu

diha

la

(Mal

.);

Nan

jund

a (T

am.)

;A

ngav

riksh

a (S

ans.)

Hin

gan

(Ben

g.,H

ind.

);A

ngar

io(G

uj.);

Nan

jund

a(T

am.)

Cro

ss-V

ine,

Qua

rter-

Vin

e(E

ng.)

Seda

ng (

Ben

g.,

(Lep

.);D

ar (N

ep.)

Bee

pla

nt, B

orag

e (E

ng.)

Sars

oo,

Lahi

(H

ind.

);Sa

risa

(B

eng.

);So

rish

a(O

ri.);

Kat

usne

ha (S

ans.)

;M

usta

rd (E

ng.)

Adb

aubo

l (A

ndam

ani)

Tik

oni

boru

a (A

sm.)

;R

isut

-riu

bi (

Miri

,Abo

r);

Mei

-sla

h (K

hasi

)

Papi

ta

(hin

d.)

Pepe

(Ben

g.);

Pap

ayi

(Guj

.);Aw

atha

bi (M

ani.)

; Pap

aya

(Eng

.)

Woo

d as

h us

ed

by

Mun

das

ofSu

ndar

bans

in W

est B

enga

l as h

air w

ash

(Ben

erje

e & P

al, 1

996;

Jain

, 199

1).

Frui

t jui

ce u

sed

in cl

eani

ng si

lk an

d cl

oth

due t

o m

ild ac

id in

it (A

garw

al, 1

986,

Jain

,19

91)

Pulp

of

frui

t us

ed f

or c

lean

ing

silk

&co

tton

(Sin

gh &

Sin

gh, 1

998)

UPI

Bar

k us

ed f

or b

athi

ng i

n N

eapa

l(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Flow

erin

g to

ps u

sed

in c

lean

ing

of sk

ins

and

help

s re

mov

e im

puri

ties

fro

mcl

ogge

d po

res (

D’ A

mel

io, 1

999)

Plan

t as

h us

ed f

or w

ashi

ng c

loth

es i

nN

epal

(M

anan

dhar

, 20

01).

Ass

of

Bra

ssic

a sp

p. U

sed

as d

eter

gent

by

the

Him

alay

an p

eopl

e (P

ande

& P

okha

riya,

1999

)

Muc

ilage

of b

ark

used

for

was

hing

hai

r((

Mal

ik, 1

993;

Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Mac

erat

ed y

oung

par

ts a

nd b

ark

used

by M

ikir

is a

nd K

hasi

wom

en t

o w

ash

hair

(Kan

jilal

, et a

l., 1

934)

Late

x us

ed fo

r w

ashi

ng r

eddi

sh-s

tain

edcl

othe

s by

the

Mei

tei

com

mun

ity o

fM

anip

ur (S

ingh

, eta

l. 20

01).

Frui

t pul

pre

mov

es b

lem

ishe

s (K

apoo

r, 20

05).

Leaf

extra

cts

used

in fa

cem

ask

& s

ham

ppos

;pu

lp o

f rip

e fru

it us

ed a

s fa

ce w

ash

inno

rther

n In

dia.

Indi

a: A

long

coa

sts

of p

enin

sula

r In

dia

&A

ndam

ans;

Sri

Lank

a, M

alay

an p

enin

sula

,sh

ores

of I

ndia

n &

Pac

ific

ocea

n.

Indi

a: t

hrou

ghou

t dr

ier

parts

of

peni

nsul

arIn

dia p

artic

ular

ly in

Kar

nata

ka &

Tam

il na

du,

W.R

ajas

than

& fr

om P

unja

b to

Wes

t Ben

gal

& S

ikki

m; N

E A

frica

& A

rabi

a.

Indi

a: d

rier

par

ts o

f pe

nins

ular

Ind

ia,

Raj

asth

an a

nd f

rom

SE

Pun

jab

to W

est

Ben

gal &

Sik

kim

; Pak

ista

n an

d M

yanm

ar.

Nat

ive

to N

orth

Am

eric

a an

d ex

tens

ivel

ygr

own

for O

rnam

ent i

n th

e tro

pics

of t

he o

ldw

orld

(Wea

lth o

f Ind

ia 2

: 151

.198

8)

Thro

ugho

ut H

imal

ayas

fro

m G

arhw

al t

oB

huta

n, u

p to

120

0 m

.

N. A

frica

, W. A

sia

and

Euro

pe; c

ultiv

ated

inIn

dia,

N. A

mer

ica a

nd C

hile

.

Indi

a : c

ultiv

ated

thro

ugho

ut; C

entra

l Asi

a,Eu

rope

& A

frica

; exa

ct n

ativ

e ran

ge o

bscu

re;

orig

inat

ed m

ost l

ikel

y in

Eru

asia

n re

gion

.

Indi

a, o

ften

foun

d ne

ar c

oast

s an

d al

ong

cree

ks, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Isla

nds.

Indi

a: M

ixed

eve

rgre

en fo

rest

s in

Aru

nach

alPr

ades

h, A

ssam

, M

egha

laya

, N

agal

and,

Sikk

im; B

huta

n, C

hina

, Nep

al.

Sout

hern

Mex

ico,

C. A

mer

ica;

Am

eric

a;co

smop

olita

n un

der

culti

vatio

n.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

27-

+I

28-

+E

29-

+W

30-

+E

31-

+I

32-

+W

33-

+W

34-

-E

35-

-I

36+

+I

Car

issa

car

anda

s L.

[=C

aris

saco

nges

ta W

ight

] (A

pocy

nace

ae)

Citr

us l

imon

(L.

) B

urm

. F.

[C.m

edic

a L.

var

. li

mon

L.

(Rut

acea

e)

Colu

brin

a as

iatic

a (L

.) B

rong

n.]=

Cea

noth

us

Asi

atic

us

L.]

(Rha

mm

anac

eae)

Con

volv

ulus

ar

vens

is

L(C

onvo

lvul

acea

e)

Cur

cum

a lo

nga

L.[=

Cur

cum

ado

mes

tica V

al.]

(Zin

gibe

race

ae)

Cya

thul

a ca

pita

ta

Moq

.(A

mar

anth

acea

e)

Cycl

ea p

elta

ta (

Lam

.) H

ook.

f. &

Thom

s. [=

Men

isper

mum

pel

tatu

mLa

m.]

(Men

ispe

rmac

eae)

Dio

clea

hex

andr

a (R

alph

) Mab

b.[=

Muc

una

hexa

ndra

R

alph

;D

iocl

ea r

efle

xa (

Hoo

k.f.

) C

.W

right

(Leg

umin

osae

-Fab

oide

ae)

Dio

scor

ea a

lata

L.[

D.

glob

osa

Rox

b.](

Dio

scor

eace

ae)

Dio

scor

ea d

elto

idea

Wal

l. ex

Gris

eb. (

Dio

scor

eace

ae)

Kar

aund

a (h

ind.

);K

aran

cha

(ben

g.);

Kar

akka

(m

al.);

Kal

aka

(Tam

.);

Kar

amla

(S)

;K

aran

da (E

ng.)

Gul

gul,

Paha

rika

ghzi

(Hin

d.);

Gor

aleb

u(be

ng.);

Cha

mpr

a (M

ani.)

; Lim

on(E

ng.)

Gut

i (M

ar.)

; In

dian

snak

ewoo

d,La

ther

lea

f,A

sian

sna

ke ro

ot (E

ng.)

Bir

ilha

ra

(hin

d.);

Bha

drab

ala (

Sans

.); F

ield

bind

wee

d (E

ng.)

Hal

di (H

indi

., O

ri.);H

alud

(Ben

g.);

Y

aing

ang

(Man

i.); T

urm

eric

(Eng

.)

Kur

o (N

ep.)

Kan

ipet

, Kal

epat

(G

uj.);

Para

(Ta

m.);

Pad

atha

ly,

pata

valli

(Mal

.)

Sea

purs

e (E

ng.)

Chu

pri a

lu (h

ind.

,Ben

g.);

Gre

ater

yam

,Asi

atic

yam

(Eng

.)

Kni

ss, K

riss

, Tar

, Ritr

a(P

unj.)

; K

ildr

i, K

ithi

,K

rish

(Kas

h.)

Bar

k us

ed f

or b

athi

ng i

n N

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Frui

t jui

ce u

sed

for

clea

ning

tur

mer

ican

d ch

loro

phyl

l st

ains

by

Mei

tei

com

mun

ity o

f M

anip

ur (

Sing

h, e

t al.,

2001

)

Bar

k co

ntai

ns s

apon

in a

nd is

rep

orte

dto

be

used

in S

amoa

for

clea

ring

mat

s(B

hand

ari &

Bha

nsal

i, 20

00).

Who

le p

lant

use

d as

det

erge

nt i

nJa

mm

u &

Kas

hmir

& H

imac

hal P

rade

sh(J

ain

1991

)

Filtr

ate o

f the

mix

ture

of a

sh o

f dry

leve

sin

wat

er u

sed

for

was

hing

silk

clo

thes

and

thre

ads

by M

eite

i co

mm

unity

of

Man

ipur

(Sin

gh, e

t al.,

200

1)

Roo

ts u

sed

for w

ashi

ng cl

othe

s in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Rhi

zom

e &

lea

f us

ed a

s sh

ampo

o in

Pepp

ara

WLS

in K

eral

a (M

enon

)

Sees

use

d in

hai

r was

h fo

r kill

ing

lice

inIn

dia (

Aga

rwal

, 198

6).

Drie

d tu

ber p

owde

r use

d fo

r hai

r was

hto

rem

ove

dirt

by

the

trib

es o

f no

rth

Indi

a (B

aner

jee &

Pal

, 199

6)

Tube

r us

ed a

s so

ap f

or b

ody

was

h to

kill

lice

(Sin

gh &

Kac

hroo

, 197

6); a

lso

used

in

was

hing

sil

ken

clot

hes

inW

este

rn H

imal

ayan

reg

ion

Indi

a: in

dry

fore

sts

& fr

eque

ntly

cul

tivat

edes

peci

ally

in

nort

hern

and

nor

th-w

este

rnpl

ains

; Chi

na, E

. Asi

a, In

do-C

hina

& M

ales

ia.

S.E.

Asi

a; c

ultiv

ated

thr

ough

out

Indi

a an

dot

her t

ropi

cal &

sub

tropi

cal c

ount

ries.

Indi

a: n

ear

coas

ts;

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, S

riLa

nka,

Indo

nesi

a, A

ustra

lia a

nd S

. Afri

ca.

Mac

aron

esia

, N. A

fric

a, te

mpe

rate

Asi

a an

dEu

rope

.

Exte

nsiv

ely

culti

vate

d th

roug

hout

Indi

a an

dot

her t

ropi

cal c

ount

ries;

Pro

babl

y aro

se w

ithC

. aro

mat

ic S

alis

b. A

nat

ive o

f Ind

ia, f

rom

E.

Him

al to

Sri

Lank

a.

Indi

a: H

imal

ayas

, Nor

th E

ast I

ndia

; Sri

Lank

a,Ja

va.

Indi

a: G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, T

amil

Nad

u &

Ker

ala i

n m

oist

dec

iduo

us fo

rest

s; S

ri La

nka.

Indi

a, B

angl

ades

h, S

ri L

anka

, Mya

nmar

,M

ales

ia, A

ustra

lia &

Isla

nds o

f Pac

ific o

cean

.

Indi

a: W

este

rn &

Eas

tern

Him

alay

as &

NE

Indi

a; M

yanm

ar,

Mal

aysi

a, I

ndon

esia

&Ea

ster

n SE

Asi

a; c

ultiv

ated

thr

ough

out t

hetro

pics

.

Indi

a; K

ashm

ir &

Pun

jab

east

war

d to

Nep

al&

Kha

si h

ills;

Afg

hani

stan

, Chi

na, B

huta

n,N

epal

& P

akis

tan.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...


Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

37-

+W

38+

+W

39-

-W

40+

-W

41-*

-W

42-

+W

43-

+W

44-

+I

Dip

locy

clos

pal

mat

us (L

.) Je

ffrey

[=B

ryon

ia

palm

atus

L.

](C

ucur

bita

ceae

)

Dip

lokn

ema

buty

race

a(R

oxb.

)H

.J.L

am.

[=B

assi

a bu

tyra

cea

Rox

b.;

Mad

huca

bu

tyra

cea

(Rox

b.)

J.F.

Mac

br.;

Aes

andr

abu

tyra

cea

(Rox

b.)

Bae

hni]

(Sap

otac

eae)

Elat

oste

ma

sess

ile J.

R. &

G. F

orst.

(Urti

cace

ae)

Enta

da r

heed

ii Sp

reng

. [=

E.

purs

aeth

a D

C.]

(Leg

umin

osae

-M

imos

oide

ae)

Eri

oglo

ssum

ru

bigi

nosu

m(R

oxb.

) B

l. [=

E. e

dule

Rox

b.;

Lepi

sant

hesr

u bi

gino

sa (

Rox

b.)

Leen

th.]

(Sap

inda

ceae

)

Euph

orbi

a hy

peri

cifo

lia L

.[=E.

parv

iflor

a L.](

Euph

orbi

acea

e)

Euph

orbi

a th

omso

nian

a B

oiss

.(E

upho

rbia

ceae

)

Flac

ourt

ia j

ango

mas

(Lou

r.)

Rae

usch

.[=St

igm

arot

a ja

ngom

asLo

ur.]

(Fla

cour

tiace

ae)

Gar

gum

aru

(Hin

d.);

Sano

ghur

u (N

ep.)

;Sh

ival

inga

ni (

Ben

g.);

Ling

ini (

Sans

.); L

ollip

op-

clim

ber (

Eng.

)

Phul

war

a (H

ind.

);Chy

ura

(Kum

.);I

ndia

n bu

tter

tree,

Hill

mah

ua (E

ng.)

— Gar

dul

(Hin

d.);

Chu

i(A

rc.)

Abi

gran

(A

sa.)

;Rit

ha(H

ind.

); M

ahan

ga k

oli

(ori.

);Soa

p nu

t tre

e (En

g.)

Hak

shar

dana

(hin

d.);

Haz

ard

ana(

Pun

j.);

Mus

inod

udhi

(N

ep.)

Hirt

iz, H

irer (

Kas

h.)

Pani

ala

(ben

g.);

Hei

troi

(Man

i.); B

ainc

ha (

Ori.

);Pu

neal

a pl

um (E

ng.)

Frui

ts u

sed

for

was

hing

hai

r in

Nep

al(M

anad

har,

2001

)

Seed

mea

ls u

sed

for w

ashi

ng c

loth

es b

yH

imal

ayan

peo

ple

(Nig

am &

Mis

ra,

1996

; Wea

lth o

f Ind

ia, 1

952;

Neg

i et a

l.,19

88;P

ande

& P

okha

riya,

199

9)

Plan

t pa

ste

in w

ater

use

d by

loc

alin

habi

tant

s of

Ton

s va

lley

in U

ttark

ashi

dist

rict

as s

ubst

itute

of

soap

(R

ana,

et

al., 2

003)

.

Seed

s us

ed in

was

hing

hai

r in

Man

ipur

(Sak

lani

& R

ao, 2

002)

; sap

onin

s in

bark

& s

eeds

use

d as

soap

(Nie

lsen

, 199

2).

Frui

ts u

sed

as s

ham

poo

in h

air

was

h(A

garw

al, 1

986)

Plan

ts

used

as

so

ap

in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Roo

ts &

leav

es u

sed

as d

eter

gent

(M

al&

Jos

hi, 1

991)

. Cru

shed

root

stoc

k us

edfo

r w

ashi

ng h

air,

afte

r bo

ling

used

as

purg

ativ

e(W

ealth

of I

ndia

, 195

2)

Filtr

ate

of t

he m

ixtu

re o

f pl

ant

ash

&w

ater

use

d as

det

erge

nt b

y M

eite

ico

mm

unity

of

Man

ipur

(Si

ngh,

et a

l.,20

01)

Indi

an s

ubco

ntin

ent,

Afri

ca, C

hina

, Mal

esia

& A

ustra

lia.

Indi

a: s

ub-H

imal

ayan

tra

ct f

rom

Kum

aon

east

war

ds t

o Si

kkim

& B

huta

n, A

ndam

anis

land

.

Indi

a: H

imal

ayas

, Ass

am h

ills,

Nilg

iris;

Afri

ca,

Bhu

tan,

Chi

na, N

epal

, Mal

aysi

a & M

yanm

ar.

Indi

a: A

NP,

AP,

BH, G

, KT,

KR,

MP,

MR,

MN

P,M

L, N

L, O

R,

SK,

TN

, T

P, W

B,

AN

;B

angl

ades

h, B

huta

n, M

yam

mar

, Nep

al, S

riLa

nka;

Chi

na, I

ndo-

Chi

na, M

ales

ia &

Afri

ca.

Indi

a: E

aste

rn H

imal

ayas

& N

orth

?Eas

t Ind

iaso

uthw

ards

to p

enin

sula

r Ind

ia &

And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

land

s.

Thr

ough

out

hotte

r pa

rts

of I

ndia

, fr

omPu

njab

, as

cend

ing

to 4

000

feet

in

the

Him

alay

as to

the

sout

hern

dec

can;

Mal

aysi

a&

Sri

Lank

a.

Indi

a: K

ashm

ir at

elev

atio

ns ab

ove 7

,000

fet.

Sem

i-wild

in B

raha

map

utra

& ad

join

ing

area

sin

the N

orth

-Eas

t Ind

ia; c

ultiv

ated

else

whe

re.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

308 Kul Bhaskar

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

45-

-W

46-

+I

47+

+W

48-

+W

49-

+E

50-

+E

51-

+W

52-

+E

53-

+W

54-

-W

Gan

ophy

llum

fal

catu

m B

lum

e(S

apin

dace

ae)

Gar

chin

ia x

anth

ochy

mus

Hoo

k.f.

(Clu

siae

ae)

Gar

deni

a ca

mpa

nula

ta R

oxb.

(Rub

iace

ae)

Gar

deni

a tu

rgid

R

oxb.

(Rub

iace

ae)

Gin

kgo

bilo

ba L

. (G

inkg

oace

ae)

Gly

cine

m

ax

(L.)

M

err.

[=Ph

aseo

lus m

ax L

.] (F

abac

eae)

Gon

oste

gia

hirt

a (B

lum

e) M

iq.

[Pou

zolz

ia h

irta

(Blu

me)

Has

sk.

(Urti

cace

ae)

Gre

ville

a ro

busta

A.C

unn.

ex R

.Br.

(Pro

teac

eae)

Gre

wia

fla

vece

ns A

.L.

Juss

.[=

G.ca

rpin

ifolia

sen

su M

aste

rs]

(Tili

acea

e)

Gre

wia

opt

iva

J.R

. D

rum

n.ex

— Hei

bung

(M

ani.)

; Tam

al(B

eng.

, H

ind.

, O

ri.)

;Ta

mal

a (T

am.);

Egg

tree

(Eng

.)

Lam

be

ibi

(Ma

ni.

);D

hu

bh

ikh

ola,

Ruk

haw

ak (H

ind.

)

Kar

har

(Hin

d.);

Gul

gal

(Guj

.);

Bhu

ru(K

andh

,K

ohl);

Bha

rang

i (Sa

ns.)

Mai

denh

air-

tree

(Eng

.)

Bha

twar

, R

amku

rthi

(Hin

d.);

Soya

bea

n (E

ng.)

Path

ura

harj

ora(

beng

.);C

hipl

e(le

p.)

Kou

biliy

a (M

ani.)

;Silk

y-oa

k (E

ng.)

Cha

pera

ndha

vi (

Hin

d.);

Chi

kka-

gara

kele

(K

an.);

Sem

para

n da

i (Ta

m.)

Bhi

mal

, B

iul,

Bit

ung

Bar

k po

wde

r use

d as

hai

r was

h in

Indi

a(A

garw

al, 1

986)

Orn

amen

tals

cle

aned

with

fru

it ex

tract

for e

xtra

glis

teni

ng b

y Mei

tei c

omm

unity

of M

anip

ur; f

ruit

is a

cons

titue

nt o

f loc

alha

ir lo

tion

(Sin

gh, e

t al.,

200

1)

Extra

ct o

f gre

en fr

uits

stirr

ed in

wat

er to

foam

& u

sed

to c

lean

clo

thes

by

Mei

tei

com

mun

ity o

f M

anip

ur (

Sing

h, e

t al

.20

01)

Frui

ts u

sed

for

rem

ovin

g sp

ots

on s

ilkfa

bric

s (A

garw

al, 1

986)

Pulp

of

frui

t us

ed a

s ha

ir w

ash

for

rem

ovin

g se

bum

from

the

scal

p by

the

tribe

s in

Nor

th I

ndia

(B

aner

jee

& P

al,

1996

); as

det

erge

nt in

Sik

kim

, Ben

gal,

Bih

ar &

Oris

sa (J

ain,

199

1).

Seed

s us

ed

for

was

hing

cl

othe

s(A

garw

al, 1

986)

Boi

led

extra

ct o

f mat

ure

seed

s use

d as

ade

terg

ent

by M

eite

i co

mm

unit

y of

Man

ipur

(Sin

gh, e

t al.,

200

1)

Seed

s us

ed a

s sh

ampo

o in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Filtr

ate

of t

he m

ixtu

re o

f pl

ant

ash

&w

ater

use

d as

a d

eter

gent

for

was

hing

clot

hes b

y Mei

tei c

omm

unity

of M

anip

ur(S

ingh

et a

l., 2

001)

Juic

e of

the

plan

t use

d in

was

hing

hai

rto

rem

ove

dand

ruff

& p

reve

nt l

ice

bytri

bal w

omen

of I

ndia

(Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Extra

ct o

f bar

k us

ed a

s sh

ampo

oby

the

Indi

a: c

oast

al fo

rest

s, A

ndam

an &

Nic

olba

rIs

land

s; tr

opic

al W

este

rn A

frica

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Mal

aya,

Sum

atra

, Ja

va,

New

Gui

nea

&N

orth

east

Aut

raila

i.

Indi

a: E

aste

rn H

imal

ayas

, AS,

BH

, OR

, MR

,TN

, K

R, A

NP,

AN

; B

angl

ades

h, C

hina

,M

yanm

ar, T

hlai

land

& M

alay

a pe

nins

ula;

som

etim

es c

ultiv

ated

.

Indi

a: S

ikki

m H

imal

aya,

Nor

th E

ast I

ndia

,B

ihar

; Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

& Ja

va.

Indi

a –

tropi

cal H

imal

aya:

from

Gar

hwal

toB

huta

n an

d pe

nins

ular

Indi

a: fr

om B

ihar

&M

adhy

a Pra

desh

sout

hwar

ds to

Tam

il N

adu.

Chi

na;

occa

sion

ally

gro

wn

in g

arde

ns o

fIn

dia,

par

ticul

arly

on

hills

.

Cul

tigen

bel

ieve

d to

be

dom

estic

ated

in

N.C

hina

; in

trod

uced

an

d cu

ltiv

ated

thro

ugho

ut I

ndia

.

Indi

a: A

ssam

, Meg

hala

ya, t

ropi

cal H

imal

aya;

Aus

tralia

, Chi

na &

Mal

aysi

a.

Aus

tralia

; cul

tivat

ed in

gar

dens

of I

na.

Indi

a: i

n sc

rub

& d

ry d

ecid

uous

fore

sts

ofpe

nins

ular

Indi

a; tr

opic

al A

frica

.

Moi

st d

ecid

uous

and

eve

rgre

en f

ores

ts o

f

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...


Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

55-

-W

56-

+W

57-

-I

58-

-E

59-

-E

60-

-E

61-

+I

62-

-E

63-

+I

Bur

ette

(Tili

acea

e)

Gym

nocl

adus

ass

amic

us P

.C.

Kan

jila

l (L

egum

inos

ae-

Cae

salp

inio

idea

e)

Har

pull

ia a

rbor

ea (

Bla

nco)

Rad

lk. [

=Ptr

lea

arbo

rea

Bla

nco]

(Sap

inda

ceae

)

Hib

iscu

s ca

nnab

inus

L.

(Mal

vace

ae)

Hib

iscu

s ro

sasi

nens

is

L.(M

alva

ceae

)

Ipom

oea

turb

inat

e La

g. [

I.m

uric

ata

(L.)

Jacq

.; Co

nvol

vulu

sm

uric

atus

L.]

(Con

volv

ulac

eae)

Jatr

opha

cu

rcas

L.

(Eup

horb

iace

ae)

Luffa

cyl

indr

ical

(L.)

M.J.

Roe

m.

[=L.

ae

gypt

iaca

P.

M

ill.

(Cuc

urbi

tace

ae)

Lych

nis

indi

ca

Ben

th.

(Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

)

Mad

huca

lo

ngif

olia

(L

.)J.F

.Mac

br. [

=Bas

sia

long

ifolia

L.]

(Sap

otac

eae)

(Hin

d.);

Tagl

ar (L

ep.)

— Phut

ika

(Ori.

); B

idas

ale

(Kan

.); N

ei-K

otte

i (Ta

m.);

Chi

ttila

mad

akku

(Mal

.)

Am

bari,

pat

san

(Hin

d.);

Mei

tei

Soug

ree

(Man

i.);

Kan

uriy

a (O

ri.);

Dec

can

hem

p (E

ng.)

Joba

(A

sm.,

Ben

g.,)

Man

dar

(Or.

),

Java

,pu

shpa

m (

Sans

.)

Park

amku

the

(Maj

hi);

Purp

lem

oon

flow

er,

Lila

cbel

l (En

g.)

Dha

la

jaha

ji

(Ori

.);

Bar

bado

s nut

(Eng

.)

Jhin

ga

(Ben

g.);

Jahn

i(O

ri.);

Rid

gego

ud (E

ng.)

— Mah

ua

(Hin

d.);

Ilup

ai(T

am);

Mow

rabu

tter t

ree

(Eng

.)

wom

en of

Kum

aon h

ills (

Lata

, 199

6; Ja

in,

1991

). Pl

ant

ash

used

as

dete

rgen

t by

Him

alay

an p

eopl

e (P

ande

& P

okha

riya,

1999

)

Pods

use

d as

det

erge

nt i

n A

runa

chal

Prad

esh

(Sha

rma,

et

al. 2

002)

and

as

soap

for

was

hing

bai

rs b

y K

hasi

(Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Frui

ts u

sed

in w

ashi

ng c

loth

es a

nd f

orw

ashi

ng h

air (

Pant

200

0)

Aci

dic

juic

e of

leav

es u

sed

for w

ashi

ngdi

rty h

ands

by

the

Mei

tei c

omm

unity

of

Man

ipur

(Sin

gh et

al.,

200

1)

Flow

ers

& le

aves

use

d as

sha

mpo

o by

tribe

s of P

eppa

raW

LS, K

eral

a (M

enon

)

Seed

pas

te u

sed

for

was

hing

hai

r,re

mov

ing

lice &

som

etim

es fo

r cle

anin

gut

ensi

ls in

May

urbh

anj,

Oris

sa (S

axen

a&

Bra

hmam

, 198

9)

Cot

yled

ons

used

for

was

hing

hai

r in

Nep

al (M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Wid

ely

used

as

bath

e-sp

onge

in I

ndia

Roo

t and

leav

es u

sed

as a

sub

stitu

te o

fso

ap (A

garw

al, 1

986;

Mal

& Jo

shi,

1991

;W

I)

Oil-

cake

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng c

loth

es i

nN

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Indi

an H

imal

ayas

; als

o gr

own

by v

illag

ers

alon

g bo

unda

ries

of t

erra

ced

agri

cultu

ral

field

s in

Utta

ranc

hal)

; Pa

kist

an, N

epal

&B

huta

n.

Indi

a: m

egha

laya

, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

,N

agal

and;

Chi

na.

Indi

a: e

verg

reen

fore

sts;

mal

esia

, Aus

tralia

& S

W p

acifi

c.

Indi

a: t

hrou

ghou

t; tro

pica

l &

sub

tropi

cal

Afr

ica;

cul

tivat

ed in

mos

t tro

pica

l cou

ntrie

sfo

r its

bas

t fib

re.

Cul

tivat

ed i

n ga

rden

s th

roug

hout

Ind

ia&

othe

r tr

opic

al

&

subt

ropi

cal

coun

tries

;Orig

in u

ncer

tain

(FI

)

Pant

ropi

cal

wee

d; p

roba

bly

orig

inat

ed i

nM

exic

o.

Mex

ico

and

S.A

mer

ica;

cul

tiva

ted

&na

tura

lize

d in

Ind

ia &

oth

er t

ropi

cal

coun

trie

s.

Cul

tivat

ed a

s wel

l as

wild

in In

dia

& o

ther

tropi

cal c

ount

ries.

Indi

a: te

mpe

rate

Him

alay

as a

t alti

tude

s of

1,65

0 – 3

,000

m.

Indi

an

subc

onti

nent

&

In

do-C

hina

;co

mm

on i

n m

ixed

dec

iduo

us f

ores

ts o

fpe

nins

ular

Ind

ia; a

lso

culti

vate

d.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

310 Kul Bhaskar

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

64I

65-

+E

66-

+I

67-

-I

68-

+I

69-

+I

70-

-E

71-

+W

72-

+I

Mad

huca

mal

abar

ica(

Bed

d.)

Park

er [

=Bas

sia

mal

abar

ica

Bed

d.](

Sapo

tace

ae)

Mat

rica

ria

cham

omill

a L.

[M

.re

cutit

a L.

; Tr

iple

uros

peru

mum

perf

orat

um

(Mer

at)

Lain

z](A

ster

acea

e)

Mor

inga

ol

eife

ra

Lam

.(M

orin

gace

ae)

Mus

a sp

p. (

Mus

acea

e)

Mus

saen

da

fron

dosa

L.(r

ubia

ceae

)

Neol

itsea

cass

ia (L

.) K

oste

rman

s[=

N.

zeyl

anic

a (N

ees)

mer

r.;

Lits

eaze

y la

nica

N

eeds

](L

aura

ceae

)

Nol

tea

afri

cana

(L

.)

End

l.[=

Cea

noph

ys a

fric

anau

s L.

](R

ham

nace

ae)

Old

enla

ndia

co

rym

bosa

L.(R

ubia

ceae

)

Ory

za sa

tiva

L. (P

oace

ae)

Atti

ripa (

Tam

.?)

Bab

una

(Gun

., Pu

nj.)

;B

abun

ah

(Urd

.);

Cha

mob

ile (E

ng.)

Soha

jna

(Hin

d.);

Suju

na(O

ri.)

; M

ungr

a (T

el.)

;M

orin

ga (

mal

.);

Dru

mst

ick

(Eng

.)

Kel

a (h

ind.

);

Laph

u(M

ani.)

; K

adal

i (O

ri.);

Ban

ana,

Pla

ntai

n (E

ng.)

Bed

ina

(Hin

d.);

Nag

balli

(Ben

g.);

Velli

am (

Mal

.);W

hite

lady

(Eng

.)

Bel

lary

leaf

(Eng

)

Dog

woo

d (E

ng.)

Dam

an p

apar

(H

ind.

);K

het-

papr

a (b

eng.

);G

harp

odia

(O

ri.)

;Pa

rpad

agam

(T

am.)

;Pa

rapa

ta (S

ans.)

Dha

n (H

ind,

B

eng.

);D

hana

(O

ri.)

; Ph

ou(M

ani.)

; Dha

nya

(San

s.)

Seed

pas

te in

wat

er u

sed

as h

air w

ash

inIn

dia (

Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Flow

er h

eads

use

d as

hai

r w

ash

and

clea

ning

wou

nds (

Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Past

e of

flo

wer

use

d as

sha

mpo

o an

dap

plie

d on

hea

d be

fore

bat

hing

for b

ette

rha

ir gr

owth

by

triba

ls o

f Nilg

iris,

Tam

ilN

adu

(Raj

endr

an &

Asw

al, 2

003)

Ash

of

petio

le/fr

uit

used

for

was

hing

clot

hes

by M

eite

i tr

ibes

of

Man

ipur

(Sin

gh, e

t al.,

200

1). B

anan

a as

h us

ed in

mak

ing

soap

(P.

J.Bry

ant i

n U

RL;

htt:

//D

arw

in.b

io.u

ci.e

du:8

0/su

sta

in/

prot

ecte

d/ch

ap7s

lides

.ppt

)

Leav

es u

sed

as s

ham

poo

in P

eppa

raW

LS, K

eral

a (M

enon

)

Plan

ts u

sed

as d

eter

gent

(Sh

iva

et a

l.,20

02)

Plan

ts u

sed

as s

oap

and

dete

rgen

t in

Indi

a (A

mba

sta e

t al.,

198

6)

Who

le p

lant

use

d as

sham

poo

in P

eppa

raW

LS, K

eral

a (M

enon

)

Stra

w a

sh u

sed

as a

det

erge

nt f

orw

ashi

ng c

loth

es a

nd s

omet

imes

use

d as

soap

for

bat

hing

by

Mei

tei c

omm

unity

Indi

a: D

ecca

n &

wes

tern

pen

insu

lar I

ndia

.

Indi

a: JK

, HP,

PJ,

UT;

Pak

ista

n, Ir

aq, J

apan

,N

.Asi

a &

wes

twar

ds to

Atla

ntic

.

Indi

a, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar,

Vie

tnam

,Ph

ilipp

ines

and

Pak

ista

n.

Indi

a an

d M

alay

sia;

wid

ely

culti

vate

d al

lov

er w

orld

.

Tro

pica

l H

imal

ayas

fro

m D

ehra

Dun

east

war

ds, K

hasi

hill

s, D

ecca

n pe

nins

ula

&A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Isl

ands

; co

mm

only

culti

vate

d in

gar

dens

.

Indi

a: E

aste

rn H

imal

aya,

hill

s of

Ass

am &

Dec

can

peni

nsul

a; a

lso

culti

vate

d.

Afr

ica;

cul

tivat

ed in

Indi

a.

Indi

a &

oth

er tr

opic

al c

ount

ries.

Prim

ary

cent

re N

E H

imal

ayan

reg

ion;

culti

vate

d th

roug

hout

trop

ics,

subt

ropi

cs &

war

m te

mpe

rate

regi

ons. Ta

ble

1 co

ntin

ued.

..


Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

73-

+E

74-

-E

75-

-W

76-

+W

77-

+I

78-

-W

79-

-W

80-

-E

81-

-W

82-

-W

83+

+E

of M

anip

ur (S

ingh

et a

l., 2

001)

; use

d as

dete

rgen

t by

Him

alay

an p

eopl

e (P

ande

& P

okha

riya,

199

9).

Her

bs u

sefu

l in

was

hing

orn

amen

ts i

nIn

dia (

Aga

rwal

, 198

6)W

hole

pla

nt u

sed

for

was

hing

clo

thes

in N

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Leav

es u

sed

for

was

hing

pur

pose

in

Indi

a (A

garw

al, 1

986)

Lath

er p

rodu

ced

on ru

bbin

g le

aves

with

wat

er u

sed

for

was

hing

pur

pose

s in

Nor

th E

ast I

ndia

(Kan

jilal

193

4; W

ealth

of In

dia,

196

9; Ja

in, 1

991)

Plan

t as

h us

ed a

s de

terg

ent

by t

hepe

ople

of

the

Him

alay

as (

Pand

e &

Pokh

ariy

a, 1

999)

Who

le p

lant

use

d fo

r ba

thin

g in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Roo

ts u

sed

for c

lean

ing

hair

& re

mov

ing

dand

ruff

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Who

le p

lant

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng h

air

inN

eapa

l (M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Frui

ts a

nd s

eeds

use

d as

hai

r w

ash

tocl

ean

skin

roo

t in

ani

mal

s (A

garw

al,

1986

)

Rhi

zom

e us

ed f

or c

lean

ing

clot

hes

inIn

dia

(Wea

lth o

f Ind

ia, 1

969;

Am

bast

a,et

al.,

198

6)

Pow

dere

d ba

rk g

ives

foam

s for

was

hing

fine

fabr

ics

& c

lean

ing

hairs

(Aga

rwal

,19

86);

als

o us

ed t

o m

ake

a da

ndru

ff

Pego

letti

a se

nega

lens

is C

ass.

(Ast

erac

eae)

Pers

icar

ia la

path

ifolia

(L.

)Gra

y[=

Ploy

gonu

mla

path

i fo

lium

L.]

(Pol

ygon

acea

e)

Phlo

gaca

nthu

s thy

rsifl

orus

Nee

s(A

cant

hace

ae)

Phlo

gaca

nthu

s tu

biflo

rusN

ees

(Aca

ntha

ceae

)

Phyl

lant

hus e

mbl

ica

L. [E

mbl

ica

offi

cian

lis

Gae

rtn.

](E

upho

rbia

ceae

)

Phyl

lant

hus

parv

ifol

iusH

am.

(Eup

horb

iace

ae)

Pile

a an

isop

hylla

W

edd.

)U

rtica

ceae

)

Pouz

olzi

a ze

ylan

ica

(L.)B

enn.

[=Pa

riet

aria

ze

ylan

ica

L.;

Pouz

olzi

a in

dica

(L.

) G

aud.

](U

rtica

ceae

)

Pran

gos

pabu

lari

a Li

ndl.

[=K

oelz

ella

pab

ular

ia (

Lind

l.)H

iroe]

(Api

acea

e)

Pter

idiu

m a

quili

num

(L.

) K

uhn

[=Pt

eris

aq

ilina

L.

(Den

stae

dtia

ceae

)

Qui

llaj

a sa

pona

ria

Mol

ina

(Qui

llaja

ceae

)

— Phel

wa

mak

undo

(Nep

.);Pa

lePe

rsic

aria

(Eng

.)

Tit

a ph

ool

(Hin

d.);

Ban

keka

(Asa

.); R

heeo

m(L

ep.)

Bha

tait

ia

(Asa

.);

Cha

kbam

(H

ind.

);B

anch

ha,

(Mik

ir);

Vate

zuk

(Lus

ai)

Am

la (

Hin

d.);

Am

alak

i(b

eng.

);M

yrob

alan

(Eng

.)

Kha

reto

(Nep

.)

Edd

u (T

el.)

; K

allu

rki

(Tam

., M

al.)

;Mas

laha

ri(N

ep.)

Kom

al (H

ind.

);Kur

unga

s(K

ash.

)

Tavi

(Mal

.); P

arna

i(Tam

.);B

rack

en(E

ng.)

Sabu

nper

(Tam

.?);

Soap

-ba

rk

tree

, So

apbu

sh(E

ng.)

Indi

a: N

W R

ajas

than

; Pa

kist

an, A

rbia

&C

ape

Verd

e is

land

s; g

loba

l wee

d.

N.A

frica

, tem

pera

te A

sia

& E

urop

e; w

idel

yna

tura

lized

.

Subt

ropi

cal

Him

alay

as f

rom

Gar

hwal

to

Bhu

tan;

als

o co

mm

on in

Kha

sia

mou

ntai

nsan

d A

ssam

.

Indi

a: A

ssam

pla

ins,

Kha

si &

Gar

o hi

lls.

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na &

Mal

aysi

a; a

lso

culti

vate

d in

hom

e-ga

rden

s.

Tem

pera

te H

imal

ayas

: fr

om J

amm

u &

Kum

aon

to B

huta

n

East

ern

subt

ropi

cal H

imal

ayas

& N

aga h

ills;

Nep

al, S

ikki

m &

Bhu

tan.

Thro

ugho

ut In

dia

up to

an

altit

ude

of 2

100

m a

nd o

ften

occu

r as

wee

d.

Indi

a – W

este

rn H

imal

ayas

: Kas

hmir,

100

0 –

3500

m; T

ibet

, Afg

hani

stan

& c

entra

l Ais

a.

Wor

ldw

ide

wee

d; w

eed

in g

rass

y la

nds

inth

e hi

lls o

f Ind

ia.

Peru

& C

hile

in S

outh

Am

eric

a; in

trodu

ced

in N

ilgiri

s and

sout

h In

dia (

Sam

raj,

1981

).

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

312 Kul Bhaskar

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

84-

-W

85-

+I

86+

-I

87+

+I

88+

+I

89+

+E

90-

-W

91-

-W

92-

+E

sham

poo

(D’A

mel

io, 1

999)

.

Unr

ipe

fruits

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng c

loth

es(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1; A

garw

al, 1

986)

War

m fr

esh

juic

e us

ed a

s de

terg

ent f

orw

ashi

ng c

loth

es,

espe

cial

ly w

hite

dres

ses (

Sing

h et

al.,

200

1)

Frui

ts u

sed

for

was

hing

clo

thes

and

clea

ning

bod

y (A

garw

al, 1

986;

Pan

t,20

00)

Frui

t pul

p or

drie

d fr

uit s

kin

soak

ed in

war

m w

ater

use

d fo

r was

hing

hai

r, si

lk&

woo

len

garm

ents

for

ext

ra g

loss

by

the

trib

es o

f no

rth

Indi

a, H

imal

ayas

,M

anip

ur &

oth

er p

lace

s of

Indi

a (N

egi

& P

ant,

1994

; B

aner

jee

& P

al, 1

996;

Pand

e &

Pok

hariy

a, 1

999;

Sin

gh, e

t al.,

2001

; Aga

rwal

, 198

6).

Frui

t ext

ract

use

d es

peci

ally

for w

ashi

ngcl

othe

s; k

erne

l oil

used

in so

ap in

dust

ry(A

garw

al, 1

986;

D’A

mel

io, 1

999;

Pan

t,20

00)

Extra

ct o

f roo

t & le

af u

sed

for w

ashi

ngde

lica

te f

abri

cs (

Maj

umda

r, 1

972;

Aga

rwal

, 198

6; (

htt;:

//altn

atur

e.co

m/

galle

ry/s

oap

wor

t.htm

) and

as

sham

poo

(D’ A

mel

io, 1

999)

Drie

d ro

ot p

owde

r use

ful a

s a h

air w

ash

& as

tring

ent s

timul

ant (

D’ A

mel

io, 1

999)

Who

le p

lant

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng h

air

inN

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Dec

octio

n of

flo

wer

s an

d le

aves

use

d

Ran

dia

spin

osa

Poir

.[=

Xer

omph

is s

pino

sa K

eay]

(Rub

iace

ae)

Sacc

haru

m

offi

cina

rum

L.

(Poa

ceae

)

Sapi

ndus

em

argi

natu

s V

ahl.

(Sap

inda

ceae

)

Sapi

ndus

muk

oros

si G

aert

n.(S

apin

dace

ae)

Sapi

ndus

tri

folia

tus

L. [

=S.

laur

ifoliu

s Vah

l.] (S

apin

dace

ae)

Sapo

nari

a of

fici

nalis

L

(Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

)

Saus

sure

a co

stus

(Fa

lc.)L

ipsc

h.[=

S. la

ppa

(Dec

cne.

) C.B

.Cla

rke]

(Ast

erac

eae)

Scro

phul

aria

urti

caef

olia

Ben

th.

(Scr

ophu

laria

ceae

)

Senn

a al

ata

(L.)

Rox

b. [=

Cass

ia

Mai

npha

l (H

ind.

);M

ain

(Nep

.); E

met

icnu

t (En

g.)

Eek

h, G

anna

(H

ind.

);A

khu

(Ori.

); C

hu (M

ani.)

;Su

garc

ane

(Eng

.)

Rith

a (H

ind.

); A

ratu

la(K

an.);

Ber

uguk

ay (M

al.);

Soap

nut

(Eng

.)

Rit

ha (

Hin

d.);

Kek

ru(M

ani.)

; U

rvan

gika

ya,

Uru

lingi

(M

al.);

Pun

gan

kotta

i (T

am.)

; C

hine

seso

apbe

rry

(Eng

.)

Rit

ha,

Bar

a re

etha

(Hin

d..)

; Pa

sam

ota

(Mal

.);

Soap

nut

tre

e(E

ng.)

Soap

wor

t, Soa

proo

t Cro

wso

ap,

Bou

ncin

g be

t(E

ng.)

Kut

, K

utha

(H

ind.

);B

rahm

a ka

mal

(B

eng.

);K

otta

m (

Mal

.);

cost

us(E

ng.)

Mok

hi g

hasn

s (n

ep.)

Dad

mur

dan

(Hin

d.);

Indi

a: c

omm

on i

n Sa

l fo

rest

s of

the

sub

-H

imal

ayan

tra

ct &

in

man

y pa

rts

ofpe

nins

ular

Ind

ia.

Cul

tivat

ed in

Indi

a & w

arm

er p

arts

of w

orld

.

Indi

a: g

ange

tic p

lain

, Wes

tern

Gha

ts, D

ecca

nPl

atea

u, i

n de

cidu

ous

& d

ry e

verg

reen

fore

sts,

occa

sion

ally

pla

nted

on

road

side

s&

gar

dens

; Pak

ista

n, S

ri La

nka &

Mya

nmar

.

Indi

a: H

imal

ayas

, Gan

getic

Pla

ins,

Ass

ampl

ains

up

to 1

660

m, a

lso

freq

uent

ly p

lant

edal

ong

road

side

s; C

hina

, Jap

an, P

akis

tan,

Nep

al, B

angl

ades

h.

Indi

a: p

lain

s of

Nor

thrn

Wes

tern

& C

entra

lIn

dia,

Wes

tern

Gha

ts, c

omm

on in

eve

rgre

enfo

rest

s, so

met

imes

pla

nted

; Pak

ista

n an

d Sr

iLa

nka.

Mac

aron

esia

, Cau

casu

s, Si

beria

, W.A

sia,

Eur

ope;

wil

dly

natu

rlis

ed e

lsew

here

;pl

ante

d in

Ind

ian

gard

ens.

Indi

a-N

W H

imal

ayas

: Ja

mm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

ranc

hal;

Paki

stan

.

Indi

a: C

entra

l and

Eas

tern

Him

alay

as; N

epal

.

Sout

h A

mer

ica;

Intro

duce

d in

Indi

a &

oth

er

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...


Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

93-

+E

94-

+W

95-

+W

96-

-W

97-

-E

98-

+E

99-

-W

100

-+

W

101

-+

W

102

-+

W

alat

a L.

] (L

egum

inos

ae-

Cae

salp

inio

idea

e)

Seas

mum

ori

enta

le L

. [=

S.

indi

cum

L.]

(Ped

alia

ceae

)

Shor

ea ro

busta

Rox

b. ex

Gae

rtn.f.

(Dip

tero

carp

acea

e)

Sida

acu

ta B

urm

.f. (M

alva

ceae

)

Sida

rhom

bifo

lia L

.(Mal

vace

ae)

Sile

ne

grif

fith

ii B

oiss

.(C

aryo

phyl

lace

ae)

Sola

num

acu

leat

issi

mum

Jac

q.(S

olan

acea

e)

Suae

da m

ariti

me

(L.)

Dum

ort.

(Che

nopo

diac

eae)

Tam

arin

dus

indi

ca

L.(L

egum

inos

ae-C

aesa

lpin

ioid

eae)

Term

inal

ia m

yrio

carp

a H

eurc

k &M

uell.

-Arg

. (C

ombr

etac

eae)

Toon

a ci

liata

M

. R

oem

.(M

elia

ceae

)

Jadu

mar

i (O

ri);

Dad

hrug

na

(San

s.);

Rin

gwor

m ca

ssia

(Eng

.)

Til

(Hin

d.);

Tila

(San

s.,

Ori.

);Gin

gelly

(Eng

.)

Sal

(hin

d., B

eng.

, Ori

.,Pu

nj.);

Sal

ah (S

ans.)

Bar

iara

(H

ind.

);Su

nakh

adik

a (O

ri.)

Bhi

unli

(Hin

d.);

Lalb

eral

a(B

eng.

); A

naku

runt

hotti

(Mal

.)

— Kan

taka

ri (

Nep

.); L

ove

appl

e (E

ng.)

Kha

ri

lani

(hin

d.);

Ilak

oora

(T

el.)

;Ve

llake

erai

(Tam

.); In

dian

saltw

ort (

Eng.

)

Imli

(H

ind.

);

Tetu

l(B

eng.

); T

entu

li (O

ri.);

Kan

ggoo

n (M

ani.)

;Ta

mar

ind

(Eng

.)

Tolh

ao, M

urdh

(M

ani.)

;Pa

nisa

j (be

ng.);

Hol

lock

(Eng

.)

Tun

(H

ind.

);

Tun

i(B

eng.

); T

unna

, Api

na(S

ans.)

; Red

ceda

r (En

g.)

for

was

hing

enz

ymat

ous

patc

hes

(Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Plan

t-ash

use

d fo

r cl

eani

ng c

loth

es b

ype

ople

of H

imal

ayas

(Pan

de &

Pok

haria

,19

99)

Woo

d A

sh u

sed

for

was

hing

clo

thes

inN

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

; see

d-oi

l use

din

soap

indu

stry

(Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Roo

ts u

sed

in N

epal

as

sham

poo

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Who

le

plan

t us

ed

as

dete

rgen

t(s

ham

poo?

) in

Kar

nata

ka, T

amil

Nad

u,G

oa, K

eral

a & L

akhy

adee

p (J

ain,

199

1)

Roo

ts a

nd le

aves

use

d as

sub

stitu

te o

fso

ap (

Mal

& J

oshi

, 199

1; W

ealth

of

Indi

a, 1

972)

Frui

ts u

sed

for w

ashi

ng cl

othe

s in

Nep

al(M

anan

dhar

, 200

1)

Who

le p

lant

use

d as

det

erge

nt (

soap

?)in

Sik

kim

, Ben

gal,

Bih

ar &

Oris

sa (J

ain,

1991

)

Cru

shed

gre

en/m

atur

e fr

uits

use

d as

ade

terg

ent e

spec

ially

for

clea

ning

whi

tecl

othe

s; a

lso

used

as a

soap

for w

ashi

ngha

ir (S

ingh

et a

l., 2

001)

Plan

t ash

use

d fo

r cle

anin

g te

eth;

filtr

ate

of th

e m

ixtu

re o

f ash

& w

ater

use

d fo

rw

ashi

ng c

loth

es b

y M

eite

i co

mm

unity

of h

ills i

n M

anip

ur (S

ingh

et a

l., 2

001)

.

Ash

of

bark

use

d as

det

erge

nt b

y th

epe

ople

of

the

Him

alay

as (

Pand

e &

Pokh

aria

, 199

9)

tropi

cal c

ount

ies.

Afr

ica,

Ind

ia:

culti

vate

d &

nat

ural

ized

thro

ugho

ut p

lain

s.

Indi

a: s

ub-H

imal

ayan

trac

t fro

m P

unja

b to

Ass

am, s

outh

war

ds th

roug

h W

B, B

H &

OR

in t

o A

ndhr

a Pr

ades

h &

Mad

hya

Prad

esh;

othe

r tro

pica

l cou

tries

.

Indi

a & al

l oth

er tr

opic

al co

untri

es as

a w

eed.

Thro

ugho

ut In

dia &

oth

er tr

opic

al co

untri

es.

Indi

a: W

este

rn H

imal

ayas

- fro

m K

ashm

ir to

Gar

hwal

; Afg

hani

stan

.

Bra

zil;

natu

raliz

ed in

trop

ics i

nclu

ding

Sou

thIn

dia.

Indi

a: U

pper

Gan

getic

pla

ins,

Del

hi, S

eaco

ast o

f Ben

gal,

Mum

bai,

Dec

an; S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Eur

ope,

N. A

fric

a, N

& W

Asi

a,N

. Am

eric

a.

Indi

an s

ubco

ntin

ent,

Indo

-Chi

na.

Indi

a: E

aste

rn H

imal

ayas

from

Nor

th B

enga

lea

stw

ards

to A

ssam

& A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

;C

hina

, Ind

o-C

hina

& M

ales

ia.

Indi

a: s

ub-H

imal

ayan

for

est

from

Ind

usea

stw

ards

to A

ssam

& s

outh

war

ds to

Tam

ilN

adu;

Pak

ista

n, N

epal

, Chi

na, B

angl

ades

h,

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

314 Kul Bhaskar

103

++

E

104

-+

W

105

++

E

106

+-

E

107

-+

I

(Abb

revi

atio

ns u

sed:

Arc

.=A

runa

chal

i; A

sa=A

sam

ese;

Ben

g= B

enga

li; G

ar=G

arhw

ali;

Guj

= G

ujar

ati;

Him

.=H

imac

hali;

Hin

d.=H

indi

; K

an.=

Kan

nad;

Kas

h;=K

ashm

iri;

Kum

.=K

umao

ni; L

ep.=

Lepc

ha; M

al.=

Mal

yali;

Man

i.=M

anip

uri;

Mar

.=M

arat

hi; N

ep.=

Nep

ali;

Ori.

=Oriy

a; P

unj.=

Punj

.; Sa

nt.=

Sant

hali;

San

s.=Sa

nskr

it; T

am=T

amil;

Tel

.=Te

lgu;

AN

=And

aman

& N

icob

ar; A

NP=

And

hra

Prad

esh;

AP=

Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh; A

S=A

ssam

; BH

=Bih

ar; C

G=C

hhat

ish

garh

; DL=

Del

hi; G

=Gor

a; G

R=G

ujat

rat;

HP=

Him

acha

lPr

ades

h; H

Y=H

arya

na; J

H=J

hark

hand

; JK

=Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir; K

R=K

eral

a; K

T=K

arna

taka

; ML=

Meg

hala

ya; M

NP=

Man

ipur

; MP=

Mad

hya

Prad

esh;

MR

=Mah

aras

htra

;M

Z=M

izor

um; N

L=N

agal

and;

OR

=Oris

sa; P

C=P

ondi

cher

y; P

J=Pu

njab

; RS=

Raj

asth

an; S

K=S

ikki

m; T

N=T

amil

Nad

u; T

P=Tr

ipur

a; U

P=U

ttar P

rade

sh; U

T=U

ttara

ncha

l;W

B=W

est B

enga

l; I=

Indi

geno

us c

ultiv

ated

with

wild

form

; W=e

xclu

sive

ly w

ild; E

=Int

rodu

ced

culti

vate

d pl

ant o

r exo

tic w

eed;

'+' =

Pre

sent

; '-'

= ab

sent

}.

Tabl

e 1

cont

inue

d...

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Mal

esia

to A

ustra

lia.

Indi

a: c

ultiv

ated

thro

ugho

ut, n

atur

aliz

ed in

Jam

mu &

Kas

hmir,

Pun

jab

& U

pper

Gan

getic

plai

ns; P

akis

tan,

Orie

nt, A

rabi

a, S

.Eur

ope &

Ethi

opia

.

Wee

d in

Indi

a &

oth

er tr

opic

al c

ount

ries.

N.A

frica

, Asia

tem

pera

te, E

urop

e; so

met

imes

culti

vate

d in

gar

dent

s of I

ndia

& T

ibet

as a

nor

nam

enta

l.

Arid

are

as o

f sou

ther

n N

. Am

eric

a; p

lant

edin

gar

dent

s of

Indi

a.

Sub-

Him

alay

an t

ract

to

peni

nsul

ar r

egio

nan

d al

so in

And

aman

& N

icob

ar; c

ultiv

ated

in tr

opic

s.

Trig

onel

la f

oenu

m-G

raec

um L

.(L

egum

inos

ae-F

avod

eae)

Triu

mfe

tta r

hom

boid

eaJa

cq.

(Tili

acea

e)

Vacc

aria

his

pani

ca

P.M

ill.

)R

ausc

hert

[=Sa

pona

ria

vacc

aria

L.]

(Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

)

Yucc

a fil

amen

tosa

L. (

Aga

vace

ae)

Ada

m's

need

le,

Zing

iber

zeru

mbe

t (L.

) Sm

.[=

Am

oom

um ze

rum

bet L

.](Z

ingi

bera

ceae

)

Met

hi (H

ind.

, Ben

g., o

ri.);

Met

hika

(S

ans.

);Fe

nugr

eek

(Eng

.)

Akr

a (A

sa.);

Baj

ram

uli

(Ori.

); B

ongh

as (

Nep

.);B

urw

eed

(Eng

.)

Sabu

ni (

Ben

g.);

Mus

na(H

ind.

); So

ap-w

ort,

Cow

-H

erb

(Eng

.)

Nee

dle o

palm

(Eng

.)

Ban

adra

k (H

ind.

);Sh

ampo

o gi

nger

(Eng

.)

Seed

ext

ract

use

d as

a h

air

clea

nser

(Kap

oor,

2005

)

Who

le p

lant

use

d fo

r w

ashi

ng h

air

inN

epal

(Man

andh

ar, 2

001)

Plan

t sa

p us

ed b

y In

dian

nat

ives

for

was

hing

gar

men

ts,

hair

s, e

tc.

& a

sre

med

y fo

r it

ch (

Maj

umda

r, 1

972;

Aga

rwal

, 198

6)

Leav

es &

roo

ts c

onta

in s

tero

idal

sapo

nis

and

used

to

mak

e so

ap &

sham

poos

; al

so m

edic

inal

(ht

tp:/

/ga

rden

.love

tokn

ow.c

om/w

i ki

/Ada

m's

Nee

dle)

Wat

ery

juic

e of

flow

erin

g he

ads

used

as

natu

ral

sham

poo

in P

olyn

esia

(ht

tp://

the.

Hon

olul

u ad

vert

iser

.com

/art

icle

/20

05/Ju

n/2

4/il/

ill0a

.htm

)


Fig. 1 : Soap, shampoo & detergent yielding plant species ofIndia.

Fig. 2 : Dominant families of soap plants in India.

Fig. 3 : Break up of plant parts used as Soap, Shampoo &Detergent.

and fruits of Tribulus terrestris reported to have richsaponin content may also be tested for cleaning. Bark ofSalix alba is an astringent used for cuts and sores andas analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumaticand anti-pyretic. This can be used in hair conditioners,shampoos, rinses, etc. (D’ Amelio, 1999). Aloe vera (lf)usually employed in skin creams, lotions, hair treatments,cuts and irritated skins, has positive medical benefits whenused directly as shampoo or as its ingredient. Betula alba(brk, lf, fl) is generally used to treat skin diseases, viz,acne, psoriasis and eczema and frequently available inmarket with value added soaps and shampoos. Matricariachamomilla is yet another soap plant with anti-inflamatory, carminative and healing properties, and isused as an ingredient of shampoo and cosmetics. Leafextract of Matricaria chamomilla is applied in anti-acnecream; fruit extract of Acacia concinna used for controlof dandruff; root extract of Saussurea costus in skinointments for chronic skin diseases; seed extract ofSesamum orientale for skin protection and rejuvenation;fruit extract of Phyllanthus indica (with oil) for promotionof hair growth (Kapoor, 2005). Leaves and roots of Yuccafilamentosa used as soap and shampoo also possessantinflamatory and pain-releaving abilities and used as

medicine for inflammation, rheumatism and migraines(http://garden,lovetoknow.com/wiki/adam’sneedle &http:// www.lyraesherbpages. homestead.com/medicinalherbsQ-Z.html). A number of herbal shampoosin market contain extracts of Phyllanthus emblica,Acacia concinna, Yucca filamentosa, Zingiberzerumbet and many others.

CosmaceuticalsMilky juice of ripe fruits of Carica papaya is a good

ingredient for facial cream due to presence of proteindigesting enzyme ‘papein’; Citrus limon oil is used invarious preparations to reduce skin itching and skinnourishment, pulp left after extraction of juice is usefulas facial ingredients; rhizome powder of Curcuma longapossesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties;used extensively in facial cream and ointments; Aloe veraleaf juce, its pulp or extracted material applied on skinfor smoothness, healing controlling skin burn, sun burnand injury (Kapoor, 2005).Plants used in preparation and value addition ofIndustrial cleaning products

Besides direct use of plant parts for the purpose ofcleaning the extracts of various plant parts are also usedin preparation of industrial soap, shampoo and detergentsand and their value addition. In contrast to natural soaps,shampoos and detergents the industrial cleaning productscontain additional inorganic chemicals for increasedefficiency in cleaning actions. Some plants such asAesculus hippocastanum L., Arachis hypogaea L.,Bactris major Jacq., Calpphyllumino phyllum L.,Corylu savellana L., Garcinia cambogia Desr.,Gossypium spp., Maduca longifolia (L.) Macbr., Cocosnucifera L., Olea europaea L., Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierr. Brassica ceruna (Thunb.) Forbes & Hems.,

316 Kul Bhaskar

Circium arvense (L.) Scop., Xanthium strumarium L.,Fortunella japonica Thunb., Garcinia echinocarpaThwaites, Garcinia mangostana L., Guizotiaabyssinica Cass. And Impatiens sultcata Wall. Yieldseed oil and used for preparation of industrial soaps.Costly soaps are prepared by using good quality seed oilsin soap industries. Essential oils and other biochemicalextracts derived from various parts of many species areused for value addition and fragrance of soaps andshampoos. Some of them are: Aloe vera L., Citrussinenssis Osbeck., Matricaria chamomilla L.,Cymbopogon flexuous (Steud.) Wats, Betula alba L.,Cinamomum glanduliferum Meisn., Eucalyptuscitriodora Hook, Jasminum spp., Larusnobilis L.,Lavendula angustifolia Mill., Phyllanthus emblica L.,Rosmarinus officinalis L., Santalum alum L., Burseradelpechiana Boiss., Cinamomum tamala, XimeniaAmericana L., etc. other species useful for preparingindustrial soaps are: Actinodaphne hookeri Meisn.Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Dipterocarpusmacrocarpus Vesq., Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb.,Haloxy longrecurvum Bunge, Hevea brasiliensis(HBK) Muell., etc.Trade of natural plant parts used as soap, shampooand detergent

Many species used as soap substitute are medicinaland usually are usually commercially exploited. Theseare either sold in India by the herbalists or exported toother countries. A bulk of c. 49% of this resource isexploited from wild source (fig. 1) as non-wood forestproduce. Some potential cleaning agents like Acaciaconcinna, Albizia lebbeck, Aloe vera , Dioscoreadeltoidea, Phyllanthus emblica, Hibiscus rosasinensis,Saussurea costus. Tamariandus indica and Zingiberzerumbet are exported from India and Sapindusmukorossi (fr.) and Asparagus racemosus (rt.) areimported to India from other countries in the form of rawdrugs (Rawal, 2003). Dioscorea deltoidea and Aloe verahave listed in CITES Appendix II. A threatened species,Sausurea costus and Aesculus indica are also knownunder trade in Himalayan region (Samant et al., 1998).

Lucrative commerce of some natural cleaningproducts in India are: Sapindus mukorossi , S.emarginata, S. trifoliatus, Senna alata (lf, pod), Acaciaintsia, A. concinna, Dioscorea deltoidea, Asparagusracemous, Aesculus indica and Saponaria officinalis(http://www.infobanc.com/selling /2013/2013_ql/503312.htm).Chemical investigation of Indian plants for saponins

Kapoor et al. (1969, 1971, 1972, 1976) investigated

about 583 species (incl. vars.) of vascular plants of Indiaand found 79 species positive for saponin. Of these only3 species (Dioscorea deltoidea Wall ex Griseb., Musasp. and Gardenia turgid Roxb.) have reported traditionaluse as soap or shampoo, 7 species (Agava sp., Asparagusacerosus Roxb., Cyathula tomentosa Miq., Dioscoreabulbifera L., Grewia glabra Bl., Asparagus curillusHam. & Dioscorea pentaphylla L.) are relative ofearlier reported plants with soap use and the remaining69 species have no such report of traditional use as soap.Saxena investigated plants of 103 species of phanerogamsfrom Orissa and reported 12 species positive for saponins,none of which have any report of traditional use as soapor shampoo.

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