General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.

• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal

If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 21, 2017

Potential Nanomaterial Enhanced Conflicts

Lützhøft, Hans-Christian Holten; Hartmann, Nanna B.; Hansen, Steffen Foss; Baun, Anders

Publication date:2015

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):Lützhøft, H-C. H., Hartmann, N. B., Hansen, S. F., & Baun, A. (2015). Potential Nanomaterial EnhancedConflicts. Poster session presented at SETAC North America 35th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, Canada.

Cur

rent

ly, n

o w

ell-e

stab

lishe

d an

d w

ell-p

rove

d ap

proa

ch fo

r pr

edic

ted

no e

ffect

con

cent

ratio

n (P

NE

C) e

stim

atio

n is

dev

elop

ed

for n

anom

ater

ials

(NM

s) a

nd re

gula

tors

pre

sent

ly a

dvoc

ate

for

usin

g th

e pa

radi

gm fo

r tra

ditio

nal s

olub

le c

hem

ical

s, e

.g. t

he

Ass

essm

ent F

acto

r app

roac

h [1

].

In s

hort,

the

AF

appr

oach

iden

tifie

s th

e lo

wes

t effe

ct c

once

ntra

tion

amon

g th

e th

ree

troph

ic le

vel b

ase-

set t

est o

rgan

ism

s. A

n A

F is

ap

plie

d, re

sulti

ng in

the

PN

EC

. For

env

ironm

enta

l ris

k as

sess

men

t (E

RA

) the

pre

dict

ed e

nviro

nmen

tal c

once

ntra

tion

(PE

C) i

s co

mpa

red

with

the

PN

EC

, whe

re a

ratio

abo

ve 1

indi

cate

s po

tent

ial

nega

tive

impa

cts

on th

e en

viro

nmen

t.

The

aim

of t

his

wor

k is

to im

prov

e th

e fra

mew

ork

for a

sses

sing

NM

ef

fect

stu

dies

for t

heir

adeq

uacy

for E

RA

.

Intr

oduc

tion

and

aim

Pote

ntia

l Nan

omat

eria

l Enh

ance

d C

onfli

cts

Han

s-C

hris

tian

Hol

ten

Lütz

høft*

, Nan

na B

loch

Har

tman

n, S

teffe

n Fo

ss H

anse

n an

d A

nder

s B

aun

Dep

artm

ent o

f Env

ironm

enta

l Eng

inee

ring,

Tec

hnic

al U

nive

rsity

of D

enm

ark,

Kgs

. Lyn

gby,

Den

mar

k

*E-m

ail c

onta

ct: h

hlu@

env.

dtu.

dk

The

RA

adeq

uacy

of N

M e

ffect

stu

dies

are

cur

rent

ly e

valu

ated

ac

cord

ing

to th

e K

limis

chsc

ore

K4-

K1,

whi

ch is

a w

ell-e

stab

lishe

d ev

alua

tion

appr

oach

of e

ffect

stu

dies

[2].

K4

is g

iven

a s

tudy

, e.g

. onl

y re

porte

d in

abs

tract

form

. K3

is g

iven

a

stud

y no

t pro

perly

repo

rting

on

expe

rimen

tal c

ondi

tions

. The

se tw

o ca

tego

ries

are

not s

uite

d fo

r RA

.

K1

and

K2

are

give

n st

udie

s pe

rform

ed a

ccor

ding

to v

alid

ated

gu

idel

ine

test

met

hods

and

pre

fera

bly

acco

rdin

g to

GLP

and

are

thus

ad

equa

te fo

r RA

with

out a

nd w

ith re

stric

tions

.

How

ever

, the

Klim

isch

appr

oach

is n

ot s

uite

d fo

r eva

luat

ion

of N

M

effe

ct s

tudi

es, a

s no

gui

delin

es a

ddre

ssin

g N

M e

ffect

stu

dies

exi

st.

PNEC

from

REA

CH

and

this

stu

dyEx

ampl

e fo

r silv

er n

anop

artic

les

Cur

rent

eva

luat

ion

of e

ffect

stu

dies

Exam

ple

for t

itani

um d

ioxi

de n

anop

artic

les

Ris

k as

sess

men

t ade

quac

y fo

r NM

stu

dies

Con

clus

ion

Key

cha

lleng

es o

f cur

rent

fram

ewor

k

Ref

eren

ces

Ack

now

ledg

emen

tTh

is w

ork

was

fun

ded

by

the

Dan

ish

EPA t

hrou

gh

the

proj

ect:

“Bet

ter

cont

rol

of n

anom

ater

ials

”.

[1]

REA

CH

(20

08);

[2]

Klim

isch

et a

l. (1

997)

; [3

] H

artm

ann

et a

l. (i

n pr

ep);

[4

] Ye

oan

d Ka

ng(2

008)

; [5

] G

riffitt

et a

l. (2

008)

; [6

] Cho

iand

Hu

(200

8);

[7]

Ash

aran

iet

al.

(200

8);

[8]

Nav

arro

et

al.

(200

8);

[9]

Geo

rgan

tzop

oulo

uet

al.

(201

3);

[10]

Das

et

al.

(201

3);

[11]

Wie

nch

et a

l. (2

009)

; [1

2]

Hei

nlaa

net

al.

(200

8);

[13]

Har

tman

n et

al.

(201

0);

[14]

Lee

and

An

(201

3);

[15]

Sad

iqet

al.

(201

1);

[16]

Aru

oja

et a

l. (2

009)

Des

pite

sim

ilar e

ndpo

ints

are

obs

erve

d fo

r the

sam

e or

gani

sm,

liter

atur

e da

ta s

how

ord

ers

of m

agni

tude

in d

iffer

ence

.

Put

ting

emph

asis

on

the

scie

ntifi

c su

itabi

lity

of a

NM

effe

ct s

tudy

, sh

ows

that

stu

dies

not

per

form

ed a

ccor

ding

to g

uide

lines

can

reve

al

data

ade

quat

e fo

r RA

.

How

ever

, no

eval

uate

d st

udy

obta

in th

e hi

ghes

t ade

quac

y fo

r RA

, be

caus

e no

t eno

ugh

char

acte

risat

ion

data

for t

he te

sted

NM

exi

st.

NM

s ar

e by

nat

ure

parti

cles

, but

the

curr

ent R

A fra

mew

ork

is

deve

lope

d fo

r sol

uble

che

mic

als.

The

curr

ent f

ram

ewor

k is

bas

ed o

n a

wel

l cha

ract

eriz

ed a

nd s

tead

y ex

posu

re c

once

ntra

tion.

NM

par

ticle

s te

nd to

dis

solv

e an

d ag

greg

ate/

aggl

omer

ate

to v

ario

us e

xten

ds a

s tim

e pr

ogre

sses

. Thi

s re

sults

in a

n in

stab

le e

xpos

ure,

alte

red

parti

cle

size

dis

tribu

tion,

su

rface

are

a an

d su

rface

cha

rge.

In fa

ct, t

he te

sted

NM

is

trans

form

ed d

urin

g th

e te

st e

xpos

ure

dura

tion.

The

curr

ent f

ram

ewor

k fa

vour

s st

udie

s pe

rform

ed a

ccor

ding

to

valid

ated

gui

delin

es a

nd a

ccor

ding

to G

LP. N

M e

ffect

stu

dies

pe

rform

ed a

ccor

ding

to e

stab

lishe

d gu

idel

ines

will

inev

itabl

y re

sult

in

ques

tiona

ble

resu

lts, b

ut w

ill b

e ad

equa

te fo

r RA

acco

rdin

g to

the

Klim

isch

sco

re.

Sta

ting

the

purit

y an

d ba

sic

iden

tity

(e.g

. nam

e, C

AS

#, c

oatin

g)

of th

e N

M d

oes

not q

ualif

y fo

r an

adeq

uate

RA

.

Ion

rele

ase

(sol

ubili

ty),

surfa

ce c

harg

e, a

gglo

mer

atio

n, s

ize

dist

ribut

ion

and

conc

entra

tion

mus

t be

stat

ed in

sto

ck s

uspe

nsio

ns,

test

med

ium

or e

ven

bette

r at t

he te

sted

con

cent

ratio

ns –

pref

erab

le

over

the

time

cour

se o

f the

effe

ct s

tudy

.

As

for o

ther

stu

dies

, rel

evan

t org

anis

ms,

exp

osur

e, e

ndpo

ints

and

lif

e st

age

mus

t be

adeq

uate

.

Gui

delin

e an

d G

LP d

o no

t dis

qual

ify a

stu

dy, b

ut d

o no

t aut

omat

ical

ly

qual

ify fo

r an

adeq

uate

stu

dy. R

athe

r stu

dies

pla

nned

, con

duct

ed

and

desc

ribed

sci

entif

ical

ly s

ound

are

eva

luat

ed a

dequ

ate

for R

A.

Mat

eria

lC

AS#

PNEC

, µg/

LA

sses

smen

t fac

tor

App

roac

hR

EAC

HA

gCl

Ag

Ag-

NP

7761

-88-

874

40-2

2-4

7440

-22-

4

0,04

0,04

0,04

3 3 3

SS

DS

SD

SS

DTh

is s

tudy

Ag-

NP

0,00

110

00A

FR

EAC

HTi

O2

TiO

2-N

PR

utile

Ana

tase

1346

3-67

-713

463-

67-7

1317

-80-

213

17-7

0-0

127

127

127

127

100

100

100

100

AF

AF

AF

AF

This

stu

dyTi

O2-

NP

1050

AF

Org

anis

mT,

hEn

dpoi

ntC

, µg/

LR

A ad

equa

cyR

efD

. rer

io e

mbr

yos

72N

otoc

hord

/con

trol

0,01

0nR

i3/R

e2[4

]D

. rer

ioem

bryo

s72

Hat

chin

g/co

ntro

l 0,

010

nRi3

/Re2

[4]

P. s

ubca

pita

ta96

Gro

wth

/EC

5019

0nR

i2/R

e2[5

]D

. pul

exad

ults

48D

eath

/LC

5040

nRi2

/Re2

[5]

D. r

erio

juve

nile

s48

Dea

th/L

C50

7200

nRi2

/Re2

[5]

Nitr

ifyin

g cu

lture

s0,

5R

OS

/con

trol

100

nRi3

/Re2

[6]

D. r

erio

embr

yos

72M

orta

lity/

LC50

≈ 30

000

nRi3

/Re2

[7]

D. r

erio

embr

yos

72N

otoc

hord

/EC

60-9

050

000

nRi3

/Re2

[7]

C. r

einh

ardt

ii5

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis/

EC

5089

nRi2

/Re2

[8]

V. fi

sche

ri0,

5Lu

m in

h/E

C50

420

nRi2

/Re1

[9]

D. s

ubsp

icat

us72

Gro

wth

/EC

5034

nRi2

/Re1

[9]

D. m

agna

48Im

mob

ilisat

ion/

EC

501,

2nR

i2/R

e1[9

]D

. mag

na48

Sur

viva

l/LC

502,

75nR

i3/R

e2[1

0]

Org

anis

mT,

hEn

dpoi

ntC

, µg/

LR

A ad

equa

cyR

efD

. mag

na48

Mor

talit

y/E

C10

3700

nRi2

/Re2

[11]

D. m

agna

504

Offs

prin

g/E

C10

5020

nRi2

/Re2

[11]

D. m

agna

48M

orta

lity/

EC

50>2

0000

000

nRi3

/Re1

[12]

P. s

ubca

pita

ta72

Gro

wth

/EC

1033

00nR

i2/R

e1[1

3]P.

sub

capi

tata

72G

row

th/E

C50

2410

00nR

i2/R

e1[1

3]P.

sub

capi

tata

72G

row

th/N

OA

EC

500

nRi2

/Re2

[14]

P. s

ubca

pita

ta72

Gro

wth

/EC

5025

30nR

i2/R

e2[1

4]C

hlor

ella

72G

row

th/N

OE

C89

0nR

i2/R

e1[1

5]S

cene

desm

us72

Gro

wth

/NO

EC

1200

nRi2

/Re1

[15]

P. s

ubca

pita

ta72

Gro

wth

/NO

EC

984

nRi3

/Re1

[16]

D. m

agna

48S

urvi

val/L

C50

7750

nRi3

/Re2

[10]

C. d

ubia

neon

ates

48D

eath

/LC

50>1

0000

nRi2

/Re2

[5]

D. r

erio

juve

nile

s48

Dea

th/L

C50

>100

00nR

i2/R

e2[5

]

RA

adeq

uacy

of N

M e

ffect

stu

dies

[3]