potential effects of noise on fish · rountree & juanes . black drum, pogonias cromis red drum,...
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Potential effects of noise on fish
Photo by Tony Hawkins
Francis Juanes Department of Biology University of Victoria
Rodney Rountree, UMass
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Potential effects of noise on fish
• Sound production in fishes? • How, why
• Applied uses of fish sounds • Sound detection (hearing) • Potential effects of noise
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Fish produce sounds? • So far >700 vocal species worldwide
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Fish sounds: simple vs complex
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How do fish make sound? • Stridulation – rubbing or scrapping
together of fins, bones, or teeth
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How do fish make sound? • Air passage – little understood internal
movement of air, or escape of air through mouth, gills, or anus
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How do fish make sound? • Drumming – special
muscles pushing/pulling on the internal air/swim bladder (called sonic muscles)
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Why/when are fish vocal?
" Spawning and courtship behaviour " Aggression and territorial behaviour " Distress " Predator/prey behaviour?
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Male cod display larger drumming muscles
Rowe & Hutchings 04
Dru
mm
ing
mus
cle
mas
s (g
)
Somatic mass (g)
females males
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Male cod display larger drumming muscles at spawning time
Rowe & Hutchings 03
Dru
mm
ing
mus
cle
inde
x
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Male cod drumming muscles are correlated with body condition
Rowe & Hutchings 03
Dru
mm
ing
mus
cle
inde
x
Body condition index
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Male cod drumming muscles are correlated with fertilization potential
Rowe & Hutchings 03
Dru
mm
ing
mus
cle
inde
x
Fertilization potential index
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Haddock Courtship Behaviour
Pulse Repetition rate changes at each stage of courtship
Hawkins
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Male Solitary Display
Hawkins
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Sounds During Solitary Display
Hawkins
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Male Flaunting to Female
Hawkins
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Some
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Aggressive behaviour: gadids
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How do we study fish sounds? • Passive acoustics • Technologies that enable us to listen to and
record ambient underwater sounds • Only recently used as a tool for the census
and exploration of marine life
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Advantages of passive acoustics
• Non-invasive • Non-visual (light not needed) • Continuous remote monitoring • Provides detailed behavioral information
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hydrophone
Phil Lobel, BUMP
In situ underwater recording
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Institute ofInstitute of MarineMarine ResearchResearch
Underwater bottle of anodised aluminium
Surface BuoyKevlar cable
Radio link
Base station
Remote-controlled instrument platform for synchronous recording of behaviour specific
fish sound and video observations
Jan Tore Øvredal
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Remote recording
Jan Tore Øvredal, Inst. Of Marine Res., Norway
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At Sea Sampling in Norway
Tony Hawkins
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Nomad
100 feet of cable Rechargeable 9-volt
batteries
Temperature logger
Hydrophone
Rechargeable 6-volt battery
Portable hydrophone unit
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SMAST Pier
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AULS (Autonomous underwater listening stations)
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ROVs
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ISIS Video System
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Ecological uses of fish sounds
Study of Underwater Noise Effects Identify noise source and levels Quantify temporal and spatial patterns in noise Quantify noise impact on fish behavior
Examine fish interactions with fishing gear
Determine when fish are vocal
Predator/prey interactions Foraging Territorial defense
Spawning behavior Season
and Time of day
Locate vocal fishes Identify essential fish habitat (EFH) Locate spawning habitats/locations Exploration of the seas/Census of marine life
Rountree & Juanes
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Black Drum, Pogonias cromis
Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellata
Weakfish, Cynoscion regalis
Case Studies: Sciaenid (drum fishes) Research
Grant Gilmore
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Mapping estuarine
spawning areas
Grant Gilmore
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O N D J F M A M J J A S
SEATROUT
RED DRUM
SILVER PERCH
WEAKFISH
BLACK DRUM
MONTH
Mapping spawning seasons
Grant Gilmore
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" Range extension Discovery of striped cusk-eel in Cape Cod
waters, where they were formally unknown despite a long history of biological sampling, demonstrates the usefulness of even low-budget, low-tech passive acoustic methods as a survey and exploration tool.
" Reproductive Ecology Striped cusk-eels call in a chorus just after
sunset. The chorus time closely tracks the time of sunset through the summer. " Noise Pollution
The impact of boat noise on spawning chorus behavior needs further study
Cal
Toadfish Call 1 Call 2
Call 3 Call 4
Call 5
Call 6 Cusk eel
Cusk-eel calls
Response of cusk-eel to boat noise
Seasonal Pattern in Chorus Time
18:1418:43
19:1219:40
20:09
20:3821:07
21:36
22:04
22:3323:02
5/24/2002 6/13/2002 7/3/2002 7/23/2002 8/12/2002 9/1/2002 9/21/2002 10/11/2002Date
Tim
e
Sunset Climax Onset Offset
Seasonal pattern of chorus time
SunsetOnsetPeak
Offset
Percentage of Boat Noise For Each Two Minute Sample
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
12:00 AM 4:48 AM 9:36 AM 2:24 PM 7:12 PM 12:00 AM
Time
Perce
ntage
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
Perce
ntage
of Bo
at No
ise of
Toatl
Minute
s Re
corded
sunrise day sunset night
Time of Day
Percentage of Boat Noise According to Time of Day
0
10
20
30
40
50
Perce
ntage
of Bo
at No
ise
12:01AM 3:01AM
6:01AM9:01AM
12:01PM3:01PM
6:01PM9:01PM
Time Interval
Percantage of Boat Noise at Different times of the Day
Prevalence of boat noise by time of day
Case study: Cusk-eels Ophidion marginatum, (Ophidiidae)
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" Offshore Technology " Cooperative Fisheries: Cliff Goudey (MIT Sea Grant) Francis Juanes and Rodney Rountree (UMASS) have developed low-cost Autonomous Underwater Listening Stations (AULS) suitable for deployment from commercial fishing vessels. Collaborating fishermen deploy the AULS on the fishing grounds during normal fishing operations to obtain acoustic data needed to identify spawning sites and times for haddock, cod and other groundfishes.
" Deployments to 1000 m depths began in 2004
Gloucester
Boston Harbor
Provincetown
Jefferies ledge
Stellwagen Bank
Figure 1. Study area located on the Jefferies Ledge fishing ground for cod and haddock.
Daily timing of haddock calls
0
5
10
15
20
25
7:00
AM
8:30
AM
10:0
0 A
M
11:3
0 A
M
1:00
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PM
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M
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0 P
M
1:00
AM
2:30
AM
4:00
AM
5:30
AM
7:00
AM
No.
Cal
ls6-May 9-May 10-Jun
Figure 6. Daily pattern of vocal activity recorded on Jefferies Ledge on three separate dates.
AULS
Jefferies Ledge
First in situ recording of haddock in North America
First in situ recording of daily vocal activity (i.e. spawning) patterns
Case study: Haddock
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
CPU
E S
paw
ning
rea
dy
Time categories across 24h time period Night hours
Haddock spawn primarily at night
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Potential of passive acoustics to monitor the invasion of the Hudson
River by the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens
Francis Juanes (Univ. Victoria) and Rodney Rountree (Univ. Mass)
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How are sounds detected? • Fishes have 2
inner ears but no middle or external ear
• Inner ear structure similar to other vertebrates
• Sensory hair cells responsible for converting sound to electrical signals
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Despite the concerns raised by the increased presence of anthropogenic sound in the aquatic environment, very little is known about the effects of exposure to such sounds on marine mammals, and far less is known about the effects on fishes One must always be cautious when extrapolating outside the bounds of empirical data, and because data available for the effects of sound on fishes are so few, extra caution is advised when attempting to extrapolate between fish species, even for identical stimuli. Moreover, one must also be cautious with any attempt to extrapolate results between stimuli because the characteristics of the sources (e.g. air guns, sonars, ships, pile driving) differ significantly from one another.
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Offshore wind turbine sound
Thomsen et al. 06
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Potential effects on hearing? " High intensity (relatively transient)
sounds can fatigue, damage or kill sensory hair cells
" Unlike mammals, fish can replace or repair damaged sensory cells
McCauley et al. 03
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Behavioural effects on hearing? Pile driving sound
Thomsen et al. 06
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Behavioural effects of pile driving noise
" Direct mortality in surfperches • Extent of damage and mortality greater closer to the
source " Startle and alarm responses when exposed to
an air gun (rockfish) • Tighter schools • Schools collapsed to the bottom • Became motionless on bottom
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Potential effects on hearing? " High intensity (relatively transient)
sounds can fatigue, damage or kill sensory hair cells
" Unlike mammals, fish can replace or repair damaged sensory cells
" Lower intensity (but longer term) may have more behavioural and physiological effects and perhaps highest impact " Low frequency noise from shipping " Higher frequency underwater
measurement sounds
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Slabbekoorn et al. 2010
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Behavioural effects of noise?
Slabbekoorn et al. 2010
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Behavioural effects of noise?
Wahlberg and Westerberg 05
Diving herring school after being approached by a trawl
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Behavioural effects of noise?
Cod catch before, during and after a seismic survey using an air gun
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Offshore wind turbine sound
Thomsen et al. 06
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Effects of wind farm noise " Salmon and cod likely detect wind farm
sounds at maximum distance of 25km • Distance depends on wind speed, type and number
of windmills, water depth and bottom substrate " Little evidence that windmills can cause
temporal or permanent hearing damage • But may cause avoidance, physiological stress • And will have an effect on maximum acoustic
signaling distance (masking) " Wind farm construction may have much higher
impacts than operations • Pile driving may be heard up to 80 km
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Slabbekoorn et al. 2010
Volume of world shipping traffic
Halpern et al. NCEAS
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Effects of shipping noise? “Shipping is
probably the most extensive source of noise in the oceans, especially along the major shipping channels (e.g., from Alaska to California for supertankers carrying oil).”
-Popper, 2003
Plainfin midshipman
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Ecological implications? " Noise dependent fish distributions
• Are there differences in how fish are distributed in quiet and noisy environments, and how might these distributions vary depending on sound source, species, fish age, and other physical and biological factors?
• How does noise affect orientation (larvae/juveniles)?
" Reproductive consequences of noisy conditions • Is there a negative influence of anthropogenic noise
on reproductive success, by causing physiological stress, by restricting mate finding, or by keeping fish from preferred spawning sites?
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Ecological implications? " Masking effects on communicative sounds
• Does the presence of masking sounds of different types and intensities impact the ability of fish to communicate acoustically or use the acoustic ‘soundscape’ to learn about the environment?
" Masking effects on predator-prey relationships Does the presence of masking noise affect the ability
of fish to find prey (get food) or detect the presence of predators (become food)?
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Thanks!