potential acid sulfate soil soils which become acid when drained due to oxidation of pyrite (fes 2 )...
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Potential acid sulfate soil
Soils which become acid when drained due to oxidation of pyrite (FeS2)
WRB
Potential acid sulfate soil contains sulfidic soil material that contains pyrite but has not oxidized to an extent that the soil-pH dropped to a value below 3.5
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Formation of pyrite
Fe2O3 + 4SO42- + 8CH2O + 1/2O2 = 2FeS2 + 8HCO3
- + 4H2O
Iron must be present
Sulfur must be present
Anaerobic condition must prevail to reduce SO42- & Fe3+
Organic matter as energy source for the microbes
The process increases pH
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Location of pyrite in the landscape
In delta regions and lagunes where sea water is meeting fresh water.
Inland wetland areas which are enriched with ferro iron and sulfate from higher parts of the landscape
Soil material with high content of pyrite is called sulfidic soil materials
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Fluvisols and gleysols
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Histosols
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Oxidation of pyrite
If the soil is drained pyrite will be oxidized:
4FeS2 + 15O2 + H2O -> 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2SO4
pH drops significantly and not only ferro iron but also ferri iron will be mobile.
Soils which become very acid due to oxidation of pyrite are classified as actual acid sulfate soils
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Oxidation of pyrite might forma sulfuric horizon
• Definition of sulfuric horizon
• A sulfuric horizon must:• have a soil-pH < 3.5 (in 1:1 water suspension); and • have
– yellow/orange jarosite [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] or yellowish-brown schwertmannite [Fe16O16(SO4)3(OH)10.10H2O] mottles; or
– concretions and/or mottles with a Munsell hue of 2.5Y or more and a chroma of 6 or more; or
– underlying sulfidic soil materials; or – 0.05 percent (by weight) or more of water-soluble sulphate; and
• have a thickness of 15 cm or more.
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Agriculture problemsactual acid sufate soils
• Low soil pH• Aluminium toxidity• Salinity (from sea water)• Phosphorous deficiency (precipitation of
aluminiumphosphates)
• H2S toxidity if flooded
• N-deficiency due to slow microbial activity• Ingeneering problems as soil acidity attacks
steel and concrete structures
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Environmental problemsOchre polution of Danish watercourses
Severe ochre polution of Danish streams has frequently occured due to drainage of farmland.
The ochre polution was believed to be due to oxidation of pyrite.
In order to prevent ochre polution of the streams a mapping of potential acid soils was conducted
The mapping should be done within a 3 years period
Based on the mapping a legislation should be made to stop the ochre polutions of the streams.
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Normal stream
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Ochre from drains
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Ochre poluted streams
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Sampling area
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Camp site and equipment for mapping potential acid sulfate soils
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Sampling area
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Travelling to sampling site
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Augering in wetland
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Samples
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Soil description scheme
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Determination of colour and pH
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Potential acidityanalytical results for lime free samples
A sample is potential acid sulfate if:
pH drop below 3.0 within 16 weeks of oxidation and
pH drops more than one unit within that period
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Potential aciditylime containing samples
Potential acid sulfate if: %pyrite x 34 meq/100g > (Ca + Mg) meq/100g
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Potential acid sulfate soil classes
• Class 1: > 50% acid sulfate soil profiles• Class 2: 20-50% acid sulfate soil profiles• Class 3: 2-20% acid sulfate soil profiles• Class 4: <2% acid sulfate soil profiles
• An acid sulfate soil profile is a profile containing at least one acid sulfate soil sample
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Map showing potential acid sulfate soils
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Red 50%-100%Yellow 20%-50%
Green 20%-2%Blue: <2%
Potential acidsulfate soil
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Area statistics
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Ochre investigation areasif the farmer wants to drain