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8/19/2019 postmedj00476-0020(2) http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/postmedj00476-00202 1/6 430 THE AETIOLOGY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SIMPLE GOITRE A. W. SPENCE, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. Physician, St. Bartholomew s Hospital, London, E.C.I Introduction Simple goitre has afflicted mankind since the earliest times. It was known to the Chinese about 1500 B.C., to the ancient Greeks and to the Romans. Humbolt, in I824, observed it among the natives of the Andes and Livingstone among those of Central Africa. Two thousand years ago sea salt was known to be beneficial and burnt sea sponge was a remedy in use from the times of the ancient Greeks to the early part of the igth century. Unknown to the users, these substances are rich in iodine. The distribution of simple goitre is world-wide. It occurs in all races, in all climates and at all inhabitable altitudes. It arises sporadically, occa- sionally in epidemics and in certain areas it is endemic. Whilemost of the endemic districts are mountainous, there are numerous exceptions. Goitre is rare in Iceland, in the main islands of Japan, amongst the Esquimaux and usually along the sea coast, the reason being that in these dis- tricts the diet of the inhabitants consists largely of sea food which is rich in iodine. The goitre areas of the world are shown in Fig. I: those readers who require fuller information on the prevalence and geographical distribution of en- demic goitre should consult the excellent and exhaustive review of the subject by Kelly and Snedden.14 Th e number of goitrous people in the world is unknown, but the total is not far short of 200 million.14 In large areas endemic goitre is associated with cretinism, myxoedema, deaf-mutism, sterility, mental deficiency and physical incapacity and it also predisposes to cancer of the thyroid gland. Th e disease is thus a major problem of public health, but in those countries enjoying a rising standard of living and possessing an enlightened outlook concerning hygienic living conditions and the prophylactic use of iodized salt the incidence has substantially declined during the past 30 years. Aetiology Simple goitre is a chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland due to a compensatory hypertrophy unassociated with any symptoms of excessive secretion and is directly caused by increased secretion of the anterior pituitary thyrotrophi hormone, the result of a fall in the blood level of thyroxine. Deficiency of environmental iodine is the commonest cause of endemic goitre, but there are certain endemicareas where no iodine defi- ciency can be demonstrated and in these some other factor must be responsible. Furthermore, environmental iodine deficiency cannot explain the occurrence of sporadic goitre. In fact, aetio- logically, endemic goitre and sporadic goitre are different diseases: endemicgoitre is due to an exogenous cause, whereas sporadic goitre is in most cases the result of an endogenous dis- turbance. Iodine Deficiency.-Largely through the work of David Marine it is almost generally accepted that the essential cause of simple goitre, with someexceptions to be mentioned below, is failure of the thyroid gland to obtain a supply of iodine sufficient to enable it to elaborate an adequate amount of its iodine-containing hormone. This thyroid deficiency of iodine may be brought about by (a) deficient intake, (b) deficient absorption from the alimentary tract, (c) increased excretion by the kidneys, (d) the ingestion of a substance which prevents the uptake or the retention of iodide by the thyroid gland, and (e) increased need of the tissues for thyroid hormone. Th e factors concerned in the genesis of endemic goitre will first be discussed and sporadic goitre will be dealt with separately. Because the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, contain four and three atoms of iodine respectively, on this fact alone it would be reasonable to conclude that a deficient intake of iodine wouldstarve the gland of this element and inevitably reduce the supply of thyroxine, leading to thyroid enlargement throughincreased secretion of thyrotrophin. Further evidence that iodine deficiency causes endemic goitre is as follows: (i) Iodine surveys have shown that where there is

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Page 1: postmedj00476-0020(2)

8/19/2019 postmedj00476-0020(2)

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4 3 0

THE AETIOLOGY PREVENTION ANDTREATMENT

O FSIMPLE GOITRE

A . W . S P E N C E ,M . A . , M . D . , F . R . C . P.P h y s i c i a n ,S t . B a r t h o l o m e w sH o s p i t a l ,L o n d o n ,E . C . I

I n t r o d u c t i o nS i m p l e g o i t r eh a s a f f l i c t e dm a n k i n ds i n c et h e

e a r l i e s tt i m e s . I t w a s k n o w n t o t h e C h i n e s ea b o u t 1 5 0 0 B . C . ,t o t h e a n c i e n tG r e e k sa n d t o t h e

R o m a n s . H u m b o l t ,i n I 8 2 4 ,o b s e r v e di t a m o n gt h en a t i v e so f t h eA n d e sa n d L i v i n g s t o n ea m o n gt h o s eo f C e n t r a lA f r i c a .Two t h o u s a n dy e a r sa g os e as a l tw a s k n o w nt o b e b e n e f i c i a la n d b u r n t s e as p o n g e w a s a r e m e d yi n u s e f r o m t h e t i m e s o ft h ea n c i e n tG r e e k s t o t h ee a r l yp a r to f t h e i g t hc e n t u r y .Unknown t o t h eu s e r s ,t h e s es u b s t a n c e sa r er i c hi n i o d i n e .

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o no fs i m p l eg o i t r ei s w o r l d - w i d e .I t o c c u r s i n a l l r a c e s ,i n a l l c l i m a t e sa n d a t a l li n h a b i t a b l ea l t i t u d e s .I t a r i s e ss p o r a d i c a l l y ,o c c a -s i o n a l l yi n e p i d e m i c sa n d i n c e r t a i na r e a si t i se n d e m i c . W h i l em o s t o f t h ee n d e m i cd i s t r i c t sa r em o u n t a i n o u s , t h e r ea r e n u m e r o u s e x c e p t i o n s .G o i t r ei s r a r ei n I c e l a n d ,i n t h e m a i n i s l a n d so fJ a p a n ,a m o n g s tt h eE s q u i m a u xa n d u s u a l l ya l o n gt h es e ac o a s t ,t h e r e a s o n b e i n gt h a ti n t h e s ed i s -t r i c t st h e d i e to f t h e i n h a b i t a n t sc o n s i s t sl a r g e l yo f s e a f o o d w h i c h i s r i c hi n i o d i n e .T h e g o i t r ea r e a so f t h ew o r l d a r e s h o w n i n F i g . I : t h o s er e a d e r sw h o r e q u i r ef u l l e ri n f o r m a t i o no n t h ep r e v a l e n c ea n d g e o g r a p h i c a ld i s t r i b u t i o no f e n -d e m i c g o i t r es h o u l d c o n s u l tt h e e x c e l l e n ta n de x h a u s t i v er e v i e w o f t h e s u b j e c tb y K e l l ya n dS n e d d e n . 1 4Th e n u m b e ro f g o i t r o u sp e o p l ei nt h e w o r l d i s u n k n o w n ,b u t t h e t o t a li s n o t f a rs h o r to f 2 0 0 m i l l i o n . 1 4I n l a r g ea r e a se n d e m i cg o i t r ei s a s s o c i a t e dw i t h c r e t i n i s m ,m y x o e d e m a ,d e a f - m u t i s m ,s t e r i l i t y ,m e n t a l d e f i c i e n c ya n dp h y s i c a li n c a p a c i t ya n d i t a l s o p r e d i s p o s e st oc a n c e r o f t h et h y r o i dg l a n d .Th e d i s e a s ei s t h u sa m a j o r p r o b l e mo f p u b l i ch e a l t h ,b u t i n t h o s ec o u n t r i e se n j o y i n ga r i s i n gs t a n d a r do f l i v i n ga n dp o s s e s s i n ga n e n l i g h t e n e do u t l o o kc o n c e r n i n gh y g i e n i cl i v i n gc o n d i t i o n sa n d t h e p r o p h y l a c t i cu s e o f i o d i z e ds a l tt h ei n c i d e n c eh a s s u b s t a n t i a l l yd e c l i n e dd u r i n gt h ep a s t3 0 y e a r s .

A e t i o l o g yS i m p l eg o i t r ei s a c h r o n i c e n l a r g e m e n to f t h e

t h y r o i dg l a n d d u e t o a c o m p e n s a t o r yh y p e r t r o p h yu n a s s o c i a t e dw i t h a n y s y m p t o m so f e x c e s s i v es e c r e t i o na n d i s d i r e c t l yc a u s e d b y i n c r e a s e ds e c r e t i o no f t h e a n t e r i o r p i t u i t a r yt h y r o t r o p h i

h o r m o n e ,t h er e s u l to fa f a l li n t h eb l o o d l e v e lo ft h y r o x i n e .D e f i c i e n c yo f e n v i r o n m e n t a li o d i n ei st h ec o m m o n e s tc a u s e o fe n d e m i cg o i t r e ,b u t t h e r ea r e c e r t a i ne n d e m i ca r e a sw h e r e n o i o d i n ed e f i -c i e n c yc a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e da n d i n t h e s es o m eo t h e rf a c t o rm u s t b e r e s p o n s i b l e .F u r t h e r m o r e ,e n v i r o n m e n t a li o d i n ed e f i c i e n c yc a n n o t e x p l a i nt h eo c c u r r e n c eo f s p o r a d i cg o i t r e .I n f a c t ,a e t i o -l o g i c a l l y ,e n d e m i cg o i t r ea n d s p o r a d i cg o i t r ea r ed i f f e r e n td i s e a s e s :e n d e m i cg o i t r ei s d u e t o a ne x o g e n o u sc a u s e ,w h e r e a s s p o r a d i cg o i t r ei s i nm o s t c a s e st h e r e s u l to f a n e n d o g e n o u sd i s -

t u r b a n c e .I o d i n eD e f i c i e n c y . - L a r g e l yt h r o u g h t h e w o r ko f D a v i d M a r i n ei t i s a l m o s t g e n e r a l l ya c c e p t e dt h a t t h e e s s e n t i a lc a u s e o f s i m p l e g o i t r e ,w i t hs o m ee x c e p t i o n st o b e m e n t i o n e db e l o w ,i s f a i l u r eo f t h et h y r o i dg l a n d t o o b t a i na s u p p l y o f i o d i n es u f f i c i e n tt o e n a b l ei t t o e l a b o r a t ea n a d e q u a t ea m o u n to f i t s i o d i n e - c o n t a i n i n gh o r m o n e . T h i st h y r o i dd e f i c i e n c yo fi o d i n em a y b e b r o u g h ta b o u tb y ( a ) d e f i c i e n ti n t a k e ,( b ) d e f i c i e n ta b s o r p t i o nf r o m t h ea l i m e n t a r yt r a c t ,( c )i n c r e a s e de x c r e t i o nb y t h e k i d n e y s ,( d )t h e i n g e s t i o n o fa s u b s t a n c ew h i c h p r e v e n t s t h e u p t a k e o r t h e r e t e n t i o no fi o d i d eb y t h e t h y r o i dg l a n d ,a n d ( e ) i n c r e a s e dn e e d o f t h e t i s s u e sf o r t h y r o i dh o r m o n e . Th ef a c t o r sc o n c e r n e di n t h eg e n e s i so fe n d e m i cg o i t r ew i l lf i r s tb e d i s c u s s e da n d s p o r a d i c g o i t r ew i l lb ed e a l tw i t h s e p a r a t e l y .

B e c a u s et h e t h y r o i dh o r m o n e s ,t h y r o x i n ea n dt r i i o d o t h y r o n i n e ,c o n t a i n f o u ra n d t h r e ea t o m so fi o d i n er e s p e c t i v e l y ,o n t h i sf a c ta l o n ei t w o u l db er e a s o n a b l et o c o n c l u d et h a t ad e f i c i e n ti n t a k eo fi o d i n ew o u l ds t a r v et h eg l a n d o f t h i se l e m e n ta n di n e v i t a b l yr e d u c e t h es u p p l yo f t h y r o x i n e ,l e a d i n gt o t h y r o i de n l a r g e m e n tt h r o u g hi n c r e a s e ds e c r e t i o no f t h y r o t r o p h i n .F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t i o d i n ed e f i c i e n c yc a u s e s e n d e m i cg o i t r ei s a s f o l l o w s :( i ) I o d i n es u r v e y sh a v e s h o w nt h a tw h e r et h e r ei s

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J u l y I 9 6 0 SPENCE: T h e A e t i o l o g y ,P r e v e n t i o na n d T r e a t m e n to fS i m p l eG o i t r e

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P O S T G R A D U AT EM E D I C A L JOURNAL

a n d i n I c e l a n d ,w h e r e f l u o r o s i si s p r e s e n tb u te n d e m i cg o i t r ea b s e n t ,t h e c o n s u m p t i o no f s e af i s hi s v e r y h i g h . 2 3

F o o d s . - B o t hM c C a r r i s o n 7a n d M a r i n e 1 9c o n -s i d e r e dt h a t u n b a l a n c e d d i e t sw e r e i m p o r t a n tc o n t r i b u t o r yc a u s e so f g o i t r e . T h y r o i d h y p e r -p l a s i am a y b e p r o d u c e di n l a b o r a t o r ya n i m a l sb y

a h i g h i n t a k eo f f a t o r o f m e a t p r o t e i na n d b yv i t a m i n d e f i c i e n c y ,b u t o n t h ew h o l e t h e e x p e r i -m e n t a l w o r k o n t h eg o i t r o g e n i ce f f e c to f v i t a m i nd e f i c i e n c yi s c o n t r a d i c t o r ya n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l .I nt h e C h i n c o u n t r y o f B u r m ad i e t a r yd e f i c i e n c yo fv i t a m i nA i s n o t o r i o u sa n d i s c o n s i d e r e dt o b e t h em o s t i m p o r t a n ts i n g l eg o i t r o g e n i cf a c t o r ,w h i l ei np a r t so f S i e r r aL e o n e t h e s e a s o n a ls c a r c i t yo fv i t a m i n A m a y p o s s i b l yh e l p t o p r e c i p i t a t eg o i t r ew h e nt h ei o d i n ec o n t e n to ft h ed i e ti s b o r d e r l i n e . 1 4

T h e d i s c o v e r yo f t h e g o i t r o g e n i ca c t i o no fc a b -b a g e i n r a b b i t s 5a r o u s e d w o r l d - w i d ei n t e r e s ta n di t w a s l a t e rf o u n d t h a t as i m i l a re f f e c to n t h et h y r o i dg l a n d w a s p r o d u c e db y o t h e rm e m b e r so f t h e g e n u s B r a s s i c a ,n a m e l y , b r u s s e l ss p r o u t s ,c a u l i f l o w e r ,k o h l r a b i ,r a p e , r u t a b a g a ( s w e d e ) ,s a v o r ya n d t u r n i p .T h e s e e d so f a l lt h eB r a s s i c a ea l s op o s s e s sg o i t r o g e n i ca c t i v i t y .G r e e r a n d A s t -w o o d , 1 1h o w e v e r , u s i n g t h e r a d i o a c t i v ei o d i n eu p t a k e b y t h et h y r o i dg l a n d a s a n i n d i c a t o r ,w e r eu n a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t et h a tc a b b a g eh a d a n y a n t i -t h y r o i da c t i v i t yi n m a n , a l t h o u g h r u t a b a g a a n dt u r n i ph a d . I n v e s t i g a t o r sh a v e e n d e a v o u r e dt od e t e r m i n e t h e a c t i v ep r i n c i p l ei n t h e s eg o i t r o -g e n i cp l a n t sa n d s e e d sa n d s u s p i c i o nh a s c e n t r e do n t h em u s t a r do i l s ,o r g a n i cc y a n i d e s ,t h i o c y a n a t ea n d t h et h i o u r e a s ,b u t s o f a ro n l y o n e g o i t r o g e n i cs u b s t a n c e h a s b e e n i s o l a t e d ,v i n y l - t h i o - o x a z o l i -d o n e .G r e e r ,E t t l i n g e ra n d A s t w o o d ' 2o b t a i n e dt h i sc o m p o u n df r o m t h es e e d s o fr u t a b a g a ,t u r n i p ,c a b b a g e ,k a l ea n d r a p e a n d a l s os y n t h e s i z e di t .T h e y w e r e u n a b l e t o d e t e c tt h es u b s t a n c ei n t h ee d i b l ep o r t i o n so f a n y o f t h e B r a s s i c a e ,e x c e p tr u t a b a g aa n d w h i t e t u r n i p .I n a c t i o ni t i s s i m i l a rt o t h i o u r a c i la n d i n m a n i t i s s l i g h t l ym o r ea c t i v et h a n p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l .T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o no fi o d i n e p r e v e n t sc o m p l e t e l yt h e d e v e l o p m e n to f

c a b b a g eg o i t r e , 'b u t o n l y p a r t i a l l yp r e v e n t st h ed e v e l o p m e n to f B r a s s i c a - s e e dg o i t r e . ( A g o o dr e v i e w o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i po f f o o d t o t h eg e n e s i so f g o i t r ei s t h a to f F e r t m a na n d C u r t i s . 8 )

I n a p p l y i n g t h e s ef i n d i n g st o t h e p r o b l e mo fe n d e m i cg o i t r ewe f i n d t h a ti n c e r t a i ne n d e m i ca r e a s( R u t h e n i aa n d p a r t so f M o r o c c oa n d W e s tC h i n a ) c a b b a g eo r t u r n i pi s t h e s t a p l ed i e t ,a n di n T a s m a n i aa n d N e w Z e a l a n d a k a l eg o i t r o g e nm a y b e p r e s e n ti n t h em i l k . 6I t i s o f i n t e r e s tt h a tt h e m i l k g o i t r e 'i n T a s m a n i aw a s n o t p r e v e n t e db y t h ea d m i n i s t r a t i o no f p o t a s s i u mi o d i d e .Th e

i n c i d e n c eo f g o i t r ei n H o l l a n d a n d B e l g i u mi n -c r e a s e dd u r i n g W o r l dW a r I I w h e nt h ed i e tc o n -

s i s t e dl a r g e l yo fc a b b a g e ,t u r n i pa n d s i m i l a rf o o d s .A n t i g o i t r o g e n i cS u b s t a n c e s . - B e f o r ed i s c u s s i o

o f t h ea e t i o l o g yo f e n d e m i cg o i t r ei s c o n c l u d e dr e f e r e n c es h o u l db e m a d et o t h ep o s s i b l ee x i s t e n c ei n f o o d s t u f f so f s u b s t a n c e so t h e rt h a n i o d i n ew h i c h m a y n e u t r a l i z et h e e f f e c t so f a n e x i s t i n gg o i t r o g e na n d a - d e f i c i e n c yo f w h i c h m a y p l a ya

p a r ti n t h ep r o d u c t i o no f e n d e m i cg o i t r e .M a r i n ea n d h i sc o l l e a g u e s 2 0s h o w e dt h a tt h ed e v e l o p m e n to f c a b b a g eg o i t r ec o u l d b e p r e v e n t e db y t h ef e e d -i n go fc e r t a i nf r e s hp l a n t sa n d t h a tt h ea n t i g o ' t r og e n i ca c t i o no f t h e s ep l a n t sw a s n o t l i k e l yt o b ed u e t o i o d i n e .

S p o r a d i cG o i t r e . - A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ,t h ep r o b l e mo f t h ea e t i o l o g yo f s p o r a d i cg o i t r ed i f f e r sf r o m t h a to f e n d e m i cg o i t r e ,f o r a d e f i c i e n c yo fe n v i r o n m e n t a li o d i n eo r a n e x c e s so f c a l c i u m o ro f f l u o r i n ec a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e .T h a t i t sd e v e l o p m e n ti s c o m m o n e s ta t t h e s e x p e r i o d so f

a w o m a n sl i f es u g g e s t sa n e n d o g e n o u sd i s t u r b a n ci n s o m ew a y c o n n e c t e dw i t h a n i n t e r r e l a t i o n s hb e t w e e nt h e t h y r o i dg l a n d a n d t h e o v a r i e s ,b u tt h en a t u r e o f t h i sr e l a t i o n s h i pi s u n c e r t a i n ia s t h er e s u l t so f t h ee x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k a r e c o n t r a -d i c t o r y .T h i s e n d o g e n o u sf a c t o r' m a yo p e r a t et os o m e e x t e n ti n e n d e m i c g o i t r e ,f o r i nm a n ye n d e m i c r e g i o n sn o t a l l t h e i n h a b i a a n t sh a v ev i s i b l eo r p a l p a b l et h y r o i de n l a r g e m e n t .

A f e w c a s e so f s p o r a d i cg o i t r em a y b e c a u s e db y a n u n b a l a n c e dd i e ta s i n t w o p a t i e n t so f D r .J . H . M e a n swh o d e v e l o p e dg o i t r e sw h e n t h e i rd i e tc o n s i s t e do f l a r g ea m o u n t so f c a b b a g e ;t h eg l a n d sb e c a m es m a l l e rw h e n t h e c a b b a g e w a so m i t t e d a n d l a r g e rw h e n i t w a s r e s u m e d . Af u r t h e rc a u s e m a y b e e x c e s s i v el o s so f i o d i n ei nt h eu r i n e .C a s s a n oa n d h i sc o l l e a g u e s 4d e s c r i b e de i g h tw o m e n w i t h l a r g en o n - t o x i cg o i t r e si nw h o mt h y r o i d f u n c t i o na p p e a r e dt o b e n o r m a l ,i n w h o mt h e r ew a s n o e v i d e n c eo fd e f i c i e n ti n t a k eo fi o d i n eo r o f t h e c o n s u m p t i o no f a n y g o i t r o g e n i cs u b -s t a n c ea n d w h o s er e n a lr a d i o a c t i v ei o d i n ec l e a r a n c ew a s i n c r e a s e d ,s h o w i n gt h a t t h e k i d n e y sw e r er e m o v i n g i o d i d ef r o m t h e b l o o d i n e x c e s s i v ea m o u n t s . T h e a u t h o r ss u g g e s t e dt h a t t h i s i n -c r e a s e du r i n a r ye x c r e t i o no f i o d i d em i g h t h a v eb e e n t h e c a u s e o f t h eg o i t r e s .

T h e e x c e p t i o n st o t h ed i c t u m t h a tt h ee s s e n t i a lc a u s e o f s i m p l e g o i t r ei s f a i l u r eo f t h e g l a n dt oo b t a i ne n o u g h i o d i n ea r e ( i ) t h o s ec a s e so fs p o r a d i cg o i t r o u s c r e t i n i s mi n w h i c ht h eg o i t r ei sd u e t o l a c ko f o n e o f t h e e n z y m e sc o n c e r n e di nt h es y n t h e s i so ft h y r o x i n e ,a n d ( 2 )g o i t r ep r o d u c e db y a n t i t h y r o i ds u b s t a n c e ss u c h a s t h i o u r a c i la n dv i n y l - t h i o - o x a z o l i d o n ew h i c hi n h i b i tt h es y n t h e s i so f t h y r o x i n eb y b l o c k i n gi o d i n a t i o no f t y r o s i n e .

P r e v e n t i o nM a r i n e 1 8h a s s a i d , S i m p l eg o i t r ei s t h ee a s i e s t

3 Yu l yI 9 6 03 4

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J u l y I 9 6 0 SPENCE: T h e A e t i o l o g y ,P r e v e n t i o na n d T r e a t m e n to fS i m p l eG o i t r e 4 3 5

a n d c h e a p e s to f a l l k n o w nd i s e a s e st o p r e v e n ta n d i t sc o n t r o lm a y b e a c c o m p l i s h e db y a v a i l a b l em e t h o d sa s s o o n a s o r g a n i z e ds o c i e t yd e t e r m i n e st o m a k e t h e e f f o r t . ' T h i s c a n b e d o n e b y t h eu s e o fi o d i z e ds a l ti n t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o no fo n e p a r to f p o t a s s i u mi o d i d et o i o o , o o C op a r t so f s a l t ,a sr e c o m m e n d e df o r G r e a t B r i t a i nb y t h e G o i t r e

S u b - c o m m i t t e eo f t h eM e d i c a lR e s e a r c h C o u n c i l 9a n d b y M u r r a ya n d h e r c o l l e a g u e s . 2 2W i t h a na v e r a g e d a i l yi n t a k eo f i o g . o f s a l t p e r p e r s o nt h i sw o u l dp r o v i d e7 6 m i c r o g r a m so f i o d i n ep e rd a y o v e r a n d a b o v e t h eu s u a li n t a k ea n d i n t h i sd o s a g ew o u l dp r o v o k en o i l l - e f f e c t s .O n e i n s t a n c e ,o f m a n y , o f t h eb e n e f i c i a lr e s u l t so f i o d i z e ds a l ti s i n A v e n c h e s ,S w i t z e r l a n d ,w h e r e t h ei n c i d e n c eo f g o i t r ei n s c h o o lc h i l d r e ni n I 9 2 1w a s 7 8 . 9 ,i o d i z e ds a l t w a s i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 2 4 a n d i n 1 9 5 1t h ei n c i d e n c ew a s7 . I / 0 . 2 1I m p r o v e m e n ti n g e n e r a lh y g i e n e a n d i n t h e w a t e r s u p p l i e sa n d t h e p r o -

v i s i o no fa g o o d m i x e d d i e t a r y ,w h i c h s h o u l d

i n c l u d ea n a d e q u a c yo f s e a f i s h b e c a u s e o f i t sh i g h i o d i n ec o n t e n t ,a r ea l s of a c t o r sw h i c hw o u l dc o n t r i b u t et o t h ee l i m i n a t i o no f g o i t r e .

T r e a t m e n tD i f f u s eN o n - t o x i cG o i t r e . - D i f f u s eg o i t r es h o u l d

b e t r e a t e db y t h ea d m i n i s t r a t i o no f T a b . L a e v o -t h y r o x i n e ,s t a r t i n gw i t h o . I m g . d a i l ya n d i n -c r e a s i n gt o t o l e r a n c e ,t h eu l t i m a t ed o s eb e i n g 0 . 3t o 0 . 5m g . d a i l y . T h i s b y r a i s i n gt h e t h y r o x i n ec o n t e n t o f t h e b l o o d s u p p r e s s e st h e s e c r e t i o no ft h y r o t r o p h i n .F o r t h e m a x i m a le f f e c ta y e a r ' st r e a t m e n t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y ,b u t i f t h e r ei s n os i g no f r e d u c t i o nd u r i n g t h e f i r s tf e w m o n t h st h e r ei s n o p o i n ti n c o n t i n u i n g .I f m e d i c a lt r e a t -m e n t f a i l st h eo n l yr e a s o n s f o rr e m o v i n ga d i f f u s eg o i t r ea r e c o s m e t i ca n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n to fp r e s s u r es y m p t o m s . P a r t i a lt h y r o i d e c t o m yi sc o n t r a i n d i c a t e df o rp u b e r t yg o i t r ea n d f o rg o i t r ea r i s i n gd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y ,b e c a u s eb o t h t y p e sm a yd i m i n i s h i n s i z e s p o n t a n e o u s l yi n d u e c o u r s e .P a r t i a lt h y r o i d e c t o m ym a y b e n e c e s s a r yd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y o n a c c o u n t o f p r e s s u r es y m p t o m s ,w h i c h c o u l da r i s ei f t h e p a t i e n th a d a g o i t r eb e f o r ep r e g n a n c y ;t w o o r t h r e ed r o p s o f L u g o l ' ss o l u t i o ns h o u l d t h e n b e g i v e nd a i l yt o p r e v e n tg o i t r ei n t h ef o e t u s .

S u b s t e r n a lG o i t r e . - S u r g e r yi s a l w a y s i n d i c a t e df o rs u b s t e r n a lg o i t r ei n c a s es u b s e q u e n te n l a r g e -m e n t e i t h e rt h r o u g h i t s g r o w t h o r h a e m o r r h a g ei n t oi t s s u b s t a n c e c a u s e s s e r i o u sp r e s s u r es y m p -t o m s . I t i s o f a d v a n t a g et o t r e a tt h e c o n d i t i o nw i t h t h y r o x i n ef o r a m o n t h o r t w o b e f o r et h eo p e r a t i o ni n a n e n d e a v o u rt o r e d u c e i t ss i z ea n ds o f a c i l i t a t es u r g i c a lp r o c e d u r e s .

N o d u l a rN o n- t o x i c G o i t r e . - I ti s u n u s u a l f o rn o d u l a rg o i t r e st o r e s p o n ds a t i s f a c t o r i l yt o m e d i c a lt r e a t m e n ta n d l o n g - s t a n d i n gn o d u l a rg o i t r e sn e v e r

d o . L a r g e n o d u l a r g o i t r e sa r e r e m o v e df o r c o s -m e t i c r e a s o n s ,t o r e l i e v ep r e s s u r ee f f e c t sa n d ,a c c o r d i n gt o s o m e a u t h o r s ,i n c a s et h y r o t o x i c o s i ss u b s e q u e n t l ya r i s e s . T h e q u e s t i o ni s : S h o u l das i n g l en o d u l e i n a g l a n d o r a s m a l lm u l t i n o d u l a rg o i t r eb e r e m o v e d? Th e a n s w e r d e p e n d s o nw h e t h e ri t i s c o n s i d e r e dt h a tt h es i n g l en o d u l e i s

m a l i g n a n t a n d t h a t a m u l t i n o d u l a r g o i t r ep r e -d i s p o s e st o m a l i g n a n c y . I n t h e f i r s tp l a c ei t i so f t e ni m p o s s i b l et o s a y w h e t h e ra s i n g l en o d u l e i sm a l i g n a n t .I n c r e a s e du p t a k eo f r a d i o a c t i v ei o d i n eb y t h en o d u l e p r o v i d e ss t r o n ge v i d e n c et h a ti t i si n n o c e n t ,s i n c ea m a l i g n a n tn o d u l e d o e s n o tt r a pi o d i n es ow e l la s n o r m a lt h y r o i dt i s s u e . D e c r e a s eo r a b s e n c e o f u p t a k e m a y o r m a y n o t i n d i c a t em a l i g n a n c y . I t s e e m sr e a s o n a b l et o c o n s i d e rt h a ti f a s i n g l en o d u l e h a s b e e n p r e s e n tf o r s o m ey e a r s ,e s p e c i a l l yi n a p e r s o n p a s tm i d d l ea g e ,a n di s n o t i n c r e a s i n gi n s i z e ,i t n e e d n o t b e r e m o v e d .

H o w e v e r ,t h y r o i d e c t o m ys h o u l d h e p e r f o r m e di ft h ep a t i e n ts t a t e st h a td u r i n g t h ep r e v i o u sm o n t h si t h a s b e c o m el a r g e ra n d i f t h en o d u l e i s o f r e c e n to r i g i n . n u r s i n g s i s t e r ,a g e d 2 4 ,r e c e n t l yp r e -s e n t e dw i t h a n o d u l e o f r e c e n to r i g i na n d o n i t sr e m o v a li t w a s f o u n d t o b e m a l i g n a n t .

I t s e e m st h a ti t i s c o n t r o v e r s i a lw h e t h e rn o d u l a rg o i t r ep r e d i s p o s e st o m a l i g n a n c y . 'L a c ko f s p a c ef o r b i d sd i s c u s s i o no f t h i ss u b j e c th e r e :s u f f i c ei tt o s t a t et h a t ,a c c o r d i n gt o B e r a r da n d D u n e t , 3i n7 5 - 8 5 o f c a s e so f t h y r o i dm a l i g n a n c yt h e c o n -d i t i o nd e v e l o p s i n a n o l d - s t a n d i n gs i m p l eg o i t r ea n d , a c c o r d i n gt o W e g e l i n , 2 8w h e r e g o i t r ei se n d e m i cm a l i g n a n tt u m o u r so f t h e t h y r o i do c c u ri n g r e a t e rn u m b e r s . I n t h e a u t h o r ' so p i n i o nt h y r o i d e c t o m ys h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e di n c a s e so fm u l t i n o d u l a rg o i t r e .

REFERENCESI . A n n o t a t i o n( X 9 5 9 ) ,L a n c e t , i i , 3 9 3 .2 . AXELRAD A . A . ,LEBLOND C . P . , a n d I S L E R ,H . ( I 9 5 5 ) ,

E n d o c r i n o l o g y ,5 6 ,3 8 7 .3 . B E R A R D a n d DUNET ( 1 9 2 4 ) , Le c a n c e r t h y r o i d i e n , 'P a r i s .4 . CASSANO C . ,BASHIERI L . , a n d ANDREANI D . ( ' 9 5 7 ) ,

Rau. F i s i o p a t .c l i n .t e r . , 29 , 2 5 3 .5 . C H E S N E Y A . M . , C L AW S O N T . A . , a n d W E B S T E R B .

( I 9 2 8 ) ,B u l l .J o h n sH o p k . H o s p . , 4 3 , 2 6 i .6 . CLEMENTS F . W . , a n d WISHART J . W . ( i 9 5 6 ) ,M e t a -

b o l i s m ,5 , 6 2 3 .7 . DOLBEY R . V . ,a n d OMAR M. ( 1 9 2 4 ) ,L a n c e t , i i , 5 4 9 .8 . FERTMAN M. B . , a n d CURTIS G . M. ( i 9 5 i ) ,J . c l i n .

E n d o c r . ,I I , 1 3 6 I .9 . G o i t r e S u b c o m m i t t e e ,M e d i c a l R e s e a r c hC o u n c i l ( 1 9 4 4 ) ,

L a n c e t , i , 1 0 7 .I o . G R E E N WA L D I . ( I9 4 6 ) ,. c l i n .E n d o c r . ,6 , 7 0 8 .I I . GREER M. A . ,a n d ASTWOOD E . B . ( I 9 4 8 ) ,E n d o c r i n o l o g y ,

4 3 , I 0 5 .1 2 .GREER M. A . , ETTLINGER M. G . , a n d ASTWOOD

E . B . ( 1 9 4 9 ) ,Y .c l i n .E n d o c r . , 9 , I 0 o 6 9 .1 3 .HELLWIG C . A . ( I 9 3 i ) , A r c h . P a t h . , I I , 7 0 9 .

1 4 .KELLY F . C . , a n d SNEDDEN W . W . ( 1 9 5 8 ) ,B u l l .W l dH l t h O r g . ,I 8 , 5 .

I x . McCARRISON R . ( I 9 0 6 ) ,L a n c e t , i , i s I o .

i 6 . McCARRISON R . ( 1 9 0 8 ) ,I b i d . ,i i , I 2 7 5 .C o n t i n u e do n p a g e 4 6 7

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J u l y i 9 6 0 MACGREGOR:R a d i o a c t i v eI o d i n eT h e r a p yi n T h y r o i dD i s o r d e r s 4 6 7

i n s t a n c e s1 3 1 It h e r a p y h a s b e e n f o l l o w e db y a ne x a c e r b a t i o no f e x o p h t h a l m o sa n d o p h t h a l m o -p l e g i a .

S u m m a r y .W e n o w h a v e a v a i l a b l ei n 1 3 1 1a n a g e n tw h i c h

i s a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l l ya v a i l a b l e ,w h i c h i s. f r e eo fp r o v e nr i s k ,w h i c hc a n b e e f f e c t i v ei n a l lc a s e s. o ft h y r o t o x i c o s i s ,a n d w h i c h c a n a c h i e v er e s u l t si nm a n yp a t i e n t sw h i c h w o u l d n o t b e f e a s i b l ew i t ha n y o t h e rf o r mo ft r e a t m e n t .I t s r o l ei n t h et r e a t -m e n t o f t h y r o i dc a n c e r i s v e r y l i m i t e d ,b u t i tm a y b e c o m et h e d o m i n a n t t h e r a p e u t i ca i d f o rt h e c o n t r o lo f o n e o f t h e c o m m o n e s te n d o c r i n ed i s o r d e r s , t h y r o t o x i c o s i s .

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MILLER H . , a n d WAY N E E . J . ( i g 5 i ) ,B r i t .m e d . J .i i , 3 7 3 .

2 . BLOMFIELD G . W . , JONES J . C . ,MACGREGOR A . G . ,MILLER H . , WAY N E E . J . , a n d WEETCH R . S . ( i 9 5 S ) ,I b d . , i , 1 2 2 3 .

3 . BLOMFIELD G . W . ,ECKERT H . , FISHER M . , MILLERH . , MUNRO D . S . , a n d W I L S O N G . M. ( i S 9 5 ) ,I b i d . ,i , 6 3 .

4 . CROOKS J . , B U C H A N A N W . W . , WAY N E E . J . , a n dMACDONALD E . ( I 9 6 0 ) ,I b i . , i , i S i .

5 . FRASER R . ,ABBATT J . D . , a n d S T E WA RT F . S . ( I 9 S 4 ) ,B r i t .J . -R a d i o l . ,2 7 ,2 3 .

6 . GREENE R . ( 1 9 6 0 ) ,P o s t g r a d . m e d . 7 . ,

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7 . LARRSON L . G . ( i 9 S S ) ,A c t a r a d i o l .( S t o c k h . ) ,S u p p . I 2 6 .8 . MACGREGOR A . G . ( I 9 S 7 ) ,B r i t .m e d .Y . ,i , 4 9 2 .9 . MACGREGOR A . G . ( I 9 6 0 ) , M e m o i r so f S oc ie ty o fE n d o -

c r i n o l o g y , 'N o . 9 ( i n p r e s s ) .I o . MYANT N . B . ( I 9 5 6 ) , T h e r a p e u t i c U s e o f A r t i f i c i a lR a d i o -

i s o t o p e s , 'p . I 4 8 . N e w Y o r k : J o h n W i l e y .I I . MYANT N . B . ,a n d POCHIN E . E . ( i 9 5 S ) ,' B r i t i s hP r a c t i c e

i n R a d i o t h e r a p y , p . 3 8 2 . L o n d o n :B u t t e r w o r t h .1 2 . OSBORN S . B . ,a n d SMITH E . E . ( I 9 5 6 ) ,L a n c e t , i , 9 4 9 .1 3 . POCHIN E . E . ( I 9 5 8 ) , M o d e r mT r e n d s i n E n d o c r i n o l o g y ,

p . 4 6 . L o n d o n : .B u t t e r w o r t h .1 4 . RIDDELL V . ( 1 9 6 0 ) ,P o s t g r a d .m e d . . , 3 6 ,4 4 7 .I S . WAY N E E . J . , M A C G R E G O R A . G . , a n d BLOMFIELD

G . W . ( I 9 5 2 ) jB r i t .m e d . B u U . ,8 , 1 4 8 .1 6 . W E R N E R S . C . ( i 9 S S ) , Th e T h y r o i d . N e w Y o r k : H a r p e r .

( P o s t g r a d u a t eM e d i c a lJ o u r n a l ,A p r i l1 9 6 0 )P r i c e6 s .6 d .p o s tf r e e

TH E T H R O M B O G E N I CHIYPOTIHIS AND S O M E RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOP-r T SIMPLICATIONS MENTS IN DERMATOLOGY

J . B . D u g u i d ,M.D. G . H o l t i ,M . D . , a n d J o h n T . I n g r a m , M . D . ,T H I E MANAGEMEN 4TOF A C U T E RENAL F . R . C . P .

FAILURE SOCIAL AND E N V I R O N M E N TA LFACTORSW a l t e r E l l i o t t ,M . B . , B . S . ,M o l l y H i l l ,M . B . , IN C H R O N I C BRONCHITIS IN N E W-

C h . B . , M . R . C . P . ,D . R . C . O . G . , D a v i dN . S . CASTLE UPON T Y N EK e r r , M . S c . , M . R . C . P . , M . R . C . P. ( E d i n . ) , A . G . O g i l v i e ,M . D . , F . R . C . P.a n d R o s a l i n dA s h c r o f t ,P h . D . ENQUIRIES INTO MENTAL DISORDER IN

CURRENT RESEARCH IN MULTIPLE OLD AGESCLEROSIS M a r t i n R o t h , M . D . , F . R . C . P . , a n d D . W . K .E . J . F i e l d ,M . D . , M . S . , P h . D . , a n d H e n r y K a y , M . A . , B . M . ,D . P . M .

M i l l e r ,M . D . , F . R . C . P . STUDIES OF LUNG F U N C T I O N INTHE SURGICAL TREATMENTO F PARKIN- CHILDREN

S O N SDlSEASE L . B . S t r a n g ,M . B . , M . R . C . P . ,a n d S . D . M.J o h n H a n k i n s o n ,M . B . ( L o n d . ) ,F . R . C . S . C o u r t , M . D . , F . R . C . P . ,D . C . H .

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2 . 4 .STANBURY J . B . , B R O W N E L L G . L . , RIGGS D . S . ,PERINETTI H . , I T O I Z , J . , a n d DEL CASTILLO E . B .( r 9 5 4 ) , E n d e m i cG o i t r e . 'H a r v a r dU n i v e r s i t y Monographi n M e d i c i n e a n dP u b l i c H e a l t h , N o . I 2 . C a m b r i d g e ,M a s s .

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2 8 .W E G E L I N C . ( 1 9 2 8 ) ,C a n c e rR e v . , 3 , 2 9 7 .2 9 .W I L S O N D . C . ( 1 9 4 1 ) ,L a n c e t , i , 2 1 I .