posthumanism cyborgs and interconnected bodies by jon bailey

7/29/2019 Posthumanism Cyborgs and Interconnected Bodies by Jon Bailey

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Posthumanism,

Cyborgsand

interConneCted bodies


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Skeleton of Redempon : Chi Song :

An arcial injecon programmacally penetrates the remain-

ing farmland (of Detroit), gaining energy while providing

the basic nutrients for the growth of new infrastructure and

revitalized accommodaons.


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PosthumanismCyborgs, andInterconnected

Bodies


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Table ofContents

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14

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4050

52

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46

Post + Trans:Humanism Theory

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

TranshumanistTheory

ArchitecturalConnection

Self-ConstructingArchitecture

ResponsiveLandscapes

AugmentedAtmospheres

Psychological Con-nections

PhysiologicalConnections

EcophysiologicalLandscapes

Precedents:VisionaryArchitecture

InterconnectedBodies:



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Stelarcs Arm. Prosthec third arm aached to sensors on the muscles of the thigh and stomach for locomoon.

The human skin is an articial boundary: the world wanders into it, and the self

wanders out of it, trafc is two-way and constant. - Donna Haraway


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Post + Trans:Humanism

Theory

1


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013 Jon Bailey

Stelarc (Stelios Arkadiou) is a perform-

ance arst whose works focus heavily

on extending the capabilies of the hu-

man body. His concepts center around

the idea that the human body is obso-

lete, where idiosyncrac performances

oen involve robocs or other modern

control the muscles in these areas, he

was able to control the locomoon of the

arcial arm. His other performances in-

volve an ear implanted into the skin of

his arm as well as a pneumac spider-like

six-legged walking machine that allowed

control through arm gestures.

technologies integrated with his

body. His most notable performance

is one in which he constructed a third

arm, aached physically to one of his

arms, but electronically hooked up

to sensors on his stomach and thigh

muscles. As he gained the ability to


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THE POSTHUMAN by denition is a speculative being that

represents or seeks to enact a re-writing of what is generally

conceived of as human, where human nature becomes a univer-

sal state from which the human being emerges; human nature is

autonomous, rational, capable of free will, and unied in itself

as the apex of existence. The post-human, for critical theorists

of the subject, has an emergent ontology rather than a stable

one; in other words, the post-human is not a singular, dened

individual, but rather who can become or embody different

identities and understand the world from multiple, heterogene-

ous perspectives. (Nichols)

Transhumanism looks at Posthumanism through a slightly more

technological discourse, where technologies are seen to evolve

along with the human and cannot be separated from our evolu-

tion as they have become a part of dening being human; often

associated with cyborgs, a hybrid of machine and organism, a

creature of social reality as well as creature of ction. (Hara-

way) According to transhumanist theologians, a Posthuman is

a hypothetical future being whose basic capacities so radically

exceed those of present humans as to be no longer unambigu-

ously human by our current standards. (Dougal) This deni-

tion, however, becomes less clear as the bar for what is consid-

ered human is constantly shifting and we may never therefore

feel other than ourselves being human, but this does fulll the

claim to some posthumanist theorists that we are in fact already

in a state of posthumanity where our current state is different

from previous generations of human ancestors.

In describing the Posthuman habitat we must rst look at what

it means to be Posthuman and the coevolution of humans with

technology. Im sure that most people when I say Posthuman,


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or cyborg, thinks of Arnold Schwarzenegger as Terminatoror

perhaps Robin Williams as Bicentennial Man. But what about

someone using a cell phone? Or a person writing on paper with

a pencil? Or checking the time? Some psychologists, anthro-

pologists, and other Posthuman theorists would claim that by

these examples we are in fact already cyborgs and have been

since our biological neural processes began to be ofoaded onto

non-biological props and aids, what Andy Clark [a psycholo-

gist from Washington University] calls scaffolds (Andy Clark).

Scaffolding may include assistance with planning, organizing,

doing matched to the learning needs and interests of the learn-

er. (Clark)

As seen with these technologies, however, they need not be

skin-deep, for what is special about the human brain is its

ability to enter into deep and complex relationships with non-

biological constructs, props, and aids (Clark). This ability

does not depend on physical wire-and-implant-mergers; such

mergers may be consummated without the intrusion of silicon

and wire into esh and blood. What matters is not the physical

merger between esh and machine (our traditional image of the

cyborg), but the ubiquitous and invisible connection between

mental processes which are ofoaded onto non-biological scaf-

folds. Tools and technologies become extensions of our brains

through ubiquitous feedback between the two. For example,

the wristwatch; you may often be asked if you know the time, to

which the typical response is yes, however, you probably do

not actually know the time, but rather you look at a technologi-

cal gadget which tells you the timeyet you still claim that you

in fact know the time. Thus, the wristwatch becomes a scaf-

folding system where information is retained on a peripheral


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017 Jon Bailey

Emov is a headset that

uses specically placed

sensors around the

circumference of the head

to read neural acvity and

paerns within the brain.

Using an algorithm these

signals are then mapped

as a 2D paern, where

each paern is specic to

certain thought, move-

ment, or emoon. For

instance if you imaginea window opening or

closing, a certain neural

response is acvated

which is specic to that

thought. Therefore, if

electronics are placed

on the window that are

in conversaon with

the mapping algorithm,

whenever you imagine

the window opening or

closing, the paern will be

recognized, transmied

to the electronics of the

window, and the window

will open. This technol-

ogy allows spaces and

devices to be controlled

with thoughts, connecng

physical spaces with the

human physiological

processes of the nervous

system.

Brainbow (right) is a tech-

nique which uses brightly

colored dies to follow

neural acvity within thebrain and body. Currently

this technology has only

been applied to mice

and other small animals,

however, by the images

you can begin to see the

intricate and complex

paerns which arise as

neurons travel through

bodies. With this technol-

ogy allowing us to map

ows of neurons and elec-

tricity within the body, the

paerns and informaon

generated could be read

by such devices as the

Emov headset, where

neural paerns are sensed

whereby space and maer

responds to emoon and

brain acvity.

device accessible by ubiquitous mental awareness. Similar is the act of writing

using pen and paper which reveals another instance where our brain is ofoading

mental tasks through pen and paper which could not otherwise be solves without

assistance. For most of us, to solve complex mathematical equations, or even long

division, we write down the steps to store and formulate the answeran answer

which could probably not have been found otherwise without the use of the scaf-

folding systems to accompany the mental processes occurring. The brain is not

necessarily good at performing these sorts of tasks, but our computational tools are,

so it uses these non-biological scaffolds to break down and ofoad the tasks which

we are not so good at. It is expert at recognizing patterns, at perception, and at

controlling physical actions, but it is not so well designed for complex planning

and long, intricate, derivations of consequences (Clark) In other words we may

only be as capable at some activities as our ability to ofoad these mental tasks to

periphery devices, thus showing that we have a greater connection to our technolo-

gies than previously imagined. Tools which become ubiquitous, where processes

can uidly exchange from scaffold to neural processes are those which we see fully

taking over human culture; watches, cell phones, writing, etc.; where this intercon-

nectedness between technology and mental processes are spreading out into every

day objects and environments.

So with our understanding of the cyborg moving away from bodily appendages

of industrial technologies to a new perception of what a cyborg is, one that sees

technologies evolution with humanity, where the way we interact with technolo-

gies isnt only through their depth within the body, but rather the ubiquitous con-

nections between tools and neural functions, where ofoading processes onto these

non-biological props becomes essential to our being human. This concept of cy-

borg sees us not as separate entities, man or machine, but rather the interconnected-

ness between these entitiesthe relationship between systems becomes important.

Posthumanity becomes interconnected, as brain and body begin to be viewed as an

interconnected system (conversely to humanism which sees our body as a shell for

the mind; i.e. two separate systems, polarities of mind and body); an assemblage


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Our tradional noon of

the cyborg has already oc-

curred within our society,

and we are in fact beyond

this image currently. De-

picted in these images are

xrays taken of a hip and

knee joint, where metal

sockets and rods have

been implanted to replace

biological components. As

the metal alloy wears into

the socket, bone begins to

regenerate into the rod,

creang an interconnectedsystem of technological

and biological compo-

nents. This example

shows a physical and lit-

eral representaon of how

biology and technology

connue to merge into an

interconnected system.


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Neoplasmac Architecture

Marcos Cruz

Neoplasmac Architecture

invesgates the impact of

innovave technology on

current design pracces, in

parcular what concerns

the advent of synthec life

in architecture. It looks

at advances in new digital

media and biotechnology

within a design context

that is increasingly more

interdisciplinary, while

simultaneously focusing

on a new spaal, program-

mac and linguisc dimen-

sion of architecture and

the city.

Ulmatley, Neoarch aims

to discuss a future vision

of the body in architecture

by exploring the esh as

a new concept that allows

rethinking our common

and more tradional un-

derstanding of architec-

ture. Central is the inves-

gaon about our HUman

Flesh (the body) and a new

emerging Architectural

Flesh; a broader discussionabout Aesthecs of Flesh;

along with a vision of a

new Urban, Digital and

Neo-Biological Flesh.

of multiple parts. The human is no longer a unique being (a totality), but rather

part of the interconnected network of living species and of the geological cycle of

matter (an assemblage theory).

So why is this important for architecture? Like our image of the body moving

away from the body as a shell for the mind and into an interconnected relationship,

our architecture is becoming less viewed as a shell which encapsulates a body

toward one that is part of a system interconnected with the body and ecology.

The topics which are currently being discussed within architecture today and in this

class on responsive systems, interactive technologies, smart materials, augmented

atmospheres, articial environments and embedded technologies become part of the

Posthuman contextwhere these environments become part of the interconnected

relationship created between the human, ecology and the habitat [architecture]the

architecture becomes a scaffolding system of organization, planning, and reecting

on specic tasks. In Posthuman context; biology, ecologies, and atmospheres come

into play as they become another interconnected system which can be connected

to the human body and subsequent habitat. Architecture becomes a translator of

information, a user interface, where mental and physiological processes become

interconnected with the environment.

Currently our architecture, like our vision of the cyborg, is seen as a separate entity

from our bodiesit is the machine, we are the separated body. Similar dualities

such as these separations and polarities lter through our culture toward our spa-

tial denitions and relationships within our habitat. Within a Posthuman context

dualities such are these are not seen, and architecture, technology and ecologies

become an extension of the mind and body. Responsive feedback systems, arti-

cial environments, and augmented atmospheres begins to represent the level of

interconnected systems surrounding Posthuman theory, and may prelude to a time

when architecture is seen as a scaffolding system, where like the MIT Media house

the architecture becomes the computer and is able to process and relay informa -


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tion in multiple. These environments may interact with the human through neu-

ral physiological connections which mentally link humans to their habitat. New

waves of user-sensitive technologies will bring this age-old process of user-tools

to a climax when our mind and identities become ever more deeply enmeshed in a

non-biological matrix of machines, tools, props, codes, and semi-intelligent daily

objects.

Already we see technologies which are becoming more ubiquitously connected to

our mental processes where cell phones contain hundreds or thousands of scaffold-

ing systems for our brains to ofoad and perform complex tasks. Technologies

and relationships such as these will continue to evolve and exert inuence over

the future of our habitat. These technologies are becoming more biological as we

peer ever deeper at scales of matter, manipulating these systems at the nano and

atomic scales. This inuence of biology into technology further shows the human

evolving toward a more interconnected relationship with technology, where now

technology and biology are becoming interwoventhe beginnings to a time when

neither may be able to be separated. In a Posthuman existence this is not a mim-

icking of biological form or even systems, but rather a recreation of the biologi-

cal systemsan augmentation of the biological nature towards our own visions

and functions; a fourth nature. It is believed the Posthuman will seek continual

improvement, improving upon natures mindless design, where individuals seek

morphological freedom in shaping fundamentally better futures. This goes for the

body as well as the subsequent habitat.

Our relationship to technology becomes critical in understanding our future habitat

and our place within it. With architecture being clearly dened by our technology,

as it evolves and changes so too will its inuence over our ideologies and habitat.

As our technology advances it allows us to see biological systems which remained

unbeknownst to us, and as a consequence has began to seep into both our cultural

society and technologieswhich will further propel our discoveries in biological

systems. As our culture becomes more interconnected to both biological systems

In construcng our new

view of the posthuman

and of the cyborg, we

must rst pull away from

the noon of the cyborg

as a machinaon of indus-

trial technologies inltrat-

ing esh and blood - the

biological skin bag. As

our understanding of the

human brains relaon-

ship with technologies

advances along with our

technologies themselves,

the image of the cyborg

as we tradionally have

perceived it in science c-

on and lm connues to

move further away from

the image depicted on

the right. The posthumanwould also not make a

clear disncon between

these two systems, seeing

both as a natural system

as technology has evolved

alongside the human, and

perhaps predates human-

ity.


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025 Jon Bailey

and non-biological tools, so too will the human habitat as well as the culture sur-

rounding it.

In the Posthuman era, the human habitat becomes both a physical and mental inte-

gration between that which is biological and that which is technological. Architec-

ture becomes not a creation of a utopia or dystopia, but of perpetual progress-an

extropia-a never ending movement toward the ever-distant goal of extropia. Ar-

chitecture becomes an extension of human cognition as our mental processes are

ofoaded onto semi-intelligent non-biological props toward the manipulation of

the environment around us-a physical interface through which we view and interact

with our ecology. These technological progressions carry signicant consequences

for the creation of space and matter, as objects become semi-intelligent and we

are able to interact with materials and objects through mental and physiological

feedback loops.

The image (above) depicts

a landscape that is both bi-

ological and technological.

The landscape is grown

but genecally altered

at the scale of the DNAsequence. A mesh of sen-

sors and projects allows

the landscape to light up in

response to emoons and

moods of the occupants as

they wander through the

eld. Bioluminescence and

augmented atmospheres

color the landscape as it

is altered and projected.

In a connuous feedback

loop, the emoons of the

occupants eect the status

of the eld, whereby theeld responds by aug-

mented the color within

the atmosphere and thus

aecng the emoonal

state of the occupant.

The result is a connuous

interconnected feedback

loop between occupant

and ecology.


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Imminent Collapse : Michael Young :

The facility acts as an arcial reef for plants, containing a temporary laboratory for genec plant engineering;

invesgang architecture as a temporary structure as opposed to an eternal element within the world.


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Precedents:VisionaryArchitecture

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029 Jon Bailey


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TRACING the lineage of visionary architecture there has been

an increased movement toward the integration of biological ter-

minology and processes into the creation of space. In addition to

this biological inltration into architectural design is the move-

ment toward spaces which connect to human body through cy-

bernetic systems, adding the body into a feedback loop between

space and body. The use of biological terminology has been our

gateway into understand such feedback mechanisms and how

architecture might begin to respond to both environmental and

contextual stimuli. Architecture is not alone in this venture to

incorporate biology and in fact is among one of the last techni-

cal disciplines to integrate these terminologies as they have been

seeping into nearly every facet of human invention. Propelled

through the Industrial Revolution and exacerbated after World

War II the study of biological systems has escalated with the

research following the Atom bomb. During the Industrial Rev-

olution and following technological inventions scientists were

able to peer ever deeper at smaller scales of matter, opening up

the world of microbiology and nuclear physics. Architecture

entered into this conversation during the 1970s during trips to

the Delos, where leading scientists, psychologists, biologists,

and architects gathered to discuss cybernetics and networks as

they related to human settlement. Since this time visionary ar-

chitects have been transxed on an architecture which creates

a true second-order cybernetic system. Architectural drawings

from Konstantinos Dioxiadis Delos trips began to reect bio-

logical systems, as human settlements were mapped out in terms

of complex networks and series of relationships. Buckminster

Fuller, who attended every Delos meeting, emerged as the most

prominent gure from this arena, whose structural systems were

kin to biological microstructure and envisioned the world as a

closed-loop interconnected network of nodes and relationships.


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031 Jon Bailey

Since the time of the Delos meetings our society has become

increasingly dependent on technological systems and fascinated

by the world of microbiology and macro systems. This infatua-

tion and increased knowledge of biology is not only shaping our

technological advances but also our societies ideologies and how

we view our relationship with the rest of the world. As we have

began to see the interconnected relationships within networks

of species and the power of bottom-up molecular processes, as

opposed to top-down hierarchies and totalities, we have began

to view our own place in the world as part of a larger network,

an interconnected assemblage where causes always lead to ef-

fects. I would argue that this is the beginning of the post-human

culture, where we have begun to see our interconnected place

in relation to other living and non-living species. Technology is

increasingly becoming more potent as we begin to incorporate

these biological systems, manipulating matter at the atomic and

molecular scales, while creating technologies that operating at

the nanometer. These movements begin to speak to the tran-

shumanist vision of future humans, where technologies begin to

manipulate human biological systems as well as the biological

world in which we are a part of. This change in thinking has led

architects to look at constructs which not only mimic biological

systems but begin to create their our nature. Responsive en-

vironments, augmented atmospheres, embedded technologies,

smart materials, and articial environments have become our

nomenclature for describing systems which operate on levels

that do more than act as a shell for the body. As political and

economic values dominate the current landscape of human set-

tlement and subsequent architecture, visionary architectural

projects and art installations offers a look into a more intercon-

nected relationship between the human habitat (i.e. architecture)

and the human body (and mind).


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Epidermal Hyperplasia is a project en-

visioned in Marc Fornes and Francois

Roches 2010 Columbia Studio that

looks at architecture through a boom-

up approach, beginning with culture of

cells. In this case, a scaolding system

is created out of collagen bers, allow-

and medical processes inltrang into

architectural design. The epidermal

layer, like human skin, ages over me

and eventually withers and dies - further

looking at architecture through growth

and decay analagous to the human body

and biological systems.

ing injected skin cells to adhere and

culvate. Overme the cells aggre-

gate around the scaolding system

creang a new epidermal layer. The

project looks at architectural design

through a boom up approach, as

well as the integraon of biological


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033 Jon Bailey

Looking at innovaons

in rapid prototyping and

stereolithographic prinng

, Francois Roche envisions

an architecture that is

autonomously printed

by robots, excreted the

material to construct a

sort of scaolding system

as is grows and decaysthroughout the city.

Contrary to tradional city

building, no one planner

or group of planners

controls the outcome of

the city, but rather the

inhabitants of the city

themselves eect the

growth of the structure.

The images shown

represent the growth as it

is printed and clumped to-

gether to form this spaal

scaolding system.

The movement away from architecture as a shell and toward one of an intercon -

nected system can be seen in multiple instances from varying degrees of visionary

architectural projects and interactive installations where feedback loops between

human physiology and their ecological environment become interconnected at

some level. In addition to the aspiration of a responsive architecture is the goal of

transience and growth, where architecture like its inhabitants is not a static entity,

but is seen as processes of morphological growth and adaptation over time. In

his project entitled Ive Heard About, Francois Roche of R&sie(n) represents

an architecture through a mutation of contextual parameters. Scenarios of hy-

bridization, grafting, cloning, morphing give rise to perpetual transformation of

architecture which strives to break down the antinomies of object/subject of ob-

ject/territory. The architectural construct is designed from the bottom-up through

molecular processes, looking at the design of the individual cell as the creation for

the materiality. Through a system of stereolithographic printing, robots secreting a

printable material creating the structure for the architecture:

Rumours

Ive heard about something that builds up only through multiple, heterogeneous

and contradictory scenarios, something that rejects even the idea of a possible pre-

diction about its form of growth or future typology.

Something shapeless grafted onto existing tissue, something that needs no vanish-

ing point to justify itself but instead welcomes a quivering existence immersed in a

real-time vibratory state, here and now.

Tangled, intertwined, it seems to be a city, or rather a fragment of a city.

Its inhabitants are immunized because they are both vectors and protectors of this

complexity.

The multiplicity of its interwoven experiences and forms is matched by the appar-

ent simplicity of its mechanisms.

The urban form no longer depends on the arbitrary decisions or control over its

emergence exercised by a few, but rather the ensemble of its individual contin-

gencies. It simultaneously subsumes premises, consequences and the ensemble of

induced perturbations, in a ceaseless interaction. Its laws are consubstantial with

the place itself, with no work of memory.


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Many different stimuli have contributed to the emergence of Ive heard about,

and they are continually reloaded. Its existence is inextricably linked to the end of

the grand narratives, the objective recognition of climatic changes, a suspicion of

all morality (even ecological), to the vibration of social phenomena and the urgent

need to renew the democratic mechanisms. Fiction is its reality principle: What

you have before your eyes conforms to the truth of the urban condition of Ive

heard about.

What moral law or social contract could extract us from this reality, prevent us

from living there or protect us from it? No, the residence protocol of Ive heard

about cannot cancel the risk of being in this world. The inhabitants draw sus-

tenance from the present, with no time lag. The form of the territorial structure

draws its sustenance directly from the present time..

Ive heard about also arises from anguishes and anxieties. Its not a shelter against

threats or an insulated, isolated place, but remains open to all transactions. It is a

zone of emancipation, produced so that we can keep the origins of its founding act

eternally alive, so that we can always live with and re-experience that beginning.

Made of invaginations and knotted geometries, life forms are embedded within it.

Its growth is articial and synthetic, owing nothing to chaos and the formlessness

of nature. It is based on very real processes that generate the raw materials and

operating modes of its evolution.

The public sphere is everywhere, like a pulsating organism driven by postulates

that are mutually contradictory and nonetheless true. The rumours and scenarios

that carry the seeds of its future mutations negotiate with the vibratory time of new

territories.

It is impossible to name all the elements Ive heard about comprises or to per-

ceive it in its totality, because it belongs to the many, the multitude. Only fragments

can be extracted from it.

The world is terrifying when its intelligible, when it clings to some semblance of

predictability, when it seeks to preserve a false coherence. In Ive heard about,

it is what is not there that denes it, that guarantees its readability, its social and

territorial fragility and its indetermination.


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For the 12th Internaonal Archi-

tecture Exhibion Hylozoic Groundtransforms the Canada Pavilion with

an immersive, interacve environ-

ment made of tens of thousands

of lightweight digitally-fabricated

components ed with meshed

microprocessors and sensors. The

glass-like fragility of this arcial

forest is built of an intricate lace of

small transparent acrylic meshwork

links, covered with a network of

interacve mechanical fronds, ltersand whiskers. The environment is

similar to a coral reef, following cycles

of opening, clamping, ltering and

digesng. Arrays of touch sensors

create waves of diuse breathing

moon, luring visitors into the shim-

mering depths of a forest of light. The

project is designed by Philip Beesley,

Associate Professor of Architecture

at the University of Waterloo, with

engineering director Rob Gorbet, ex-

perimental chemist Rachel Armstrong,

and many collaborators.


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The projects tle refers to

hylozoism, the ancient belief thatall maer has life. Hylozoic Ground

oers a vision for a new generaon

of responsive architecture. The

Hylozoic Ground environment can be

described as a suspended geotexle

that gradually accumulates hybrid

soil from ingredients drawn from its

surroundings. Akin to the func-

ons of a living system, embedded

machine intelligence allows human

interacon to trigger breathing,caressing, and swallowing moons

and hybrid metabolic exchanges.

These empathic moons ripple out

from hives of kinec valves and pores

in peristalc waves, creang a diuse

pumping that pulls air, moisture and

stray organic maer through the

ltering Hylozoic membranes. Living

chemical exchanges are conceived

as the rst stages of self-renewing

funcons that might take root withinthis architecture.


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039 Jon Bailey

The work of Phillip Beesley begins to work at the smaller scale of a geotextile,

where responsive systems begin to interact to both environmental and physiologi-

cal stimuli. With the Hylozoic Ground project, Phillip Beesley is demonstrating

how buildings in the future might move, and even feel and think. This project

begins to speak to an Posthuman existence where the architecture becomes empa-

thetic, responding to not just physiology, but emotions, as it too begins to care and

respond toward inhabitants. For the construction of the project, tens of thousands

of lightweight digitally-fabricated components are tted with microprocessors and

proximity sensors that react to human presence. This responsive environment

functions like a giant lung that breathes in and out around its occupants. Arrays

of touch sensors and shape-memory alloy actuators create waves of empathetic

motion, luring visitors into the eerie shimmering depths of a mythical landscape, a

fragile forest of light. The terminology surrounding this project exudes biological

processes, where we are now discussing architecture not as an industrial machine,

but as a biological system as it becomes interconnected with the human biological

system and ecological context. Beesleys visionary architecture affects people

on an emotional and poetic level, linking the animate and the inanimate. The so-

phisticated technologies used in the work are also being directly translated into

architecture envelopes that include manufactured ltering and shading systems.

As architecture begins to integrate more biological terminologies we may begin to

see architecture more like Phillip Beesleys work where textiles and surfaces re-

spond to our presence and physiological vitals. And like Ive Heard About, archi-

tecture may begin to react to environmental stimuli and human aggregations across

the city, as opposed to top-down processes where a group of designers dictates

urban form. This becomes an architecture created from the bottom-up, but also

one that is interconnected with our individual physiology and also our assemblages

of human aggregations at the scale of a city. These precedents lay the groundwork

for what I refer to as an Ecophysiological Landscape, where ecology and physiol-

ogy become interconnected, interacting in a continuous cybernetic feedback loop,

where stimuli transmitted from one in turn signals responses in the other.


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Meteorological

Architecture : Phillip Rahm

Architecture as gastrono-

my. We then propose to

add two culinary prepara-

ons to the two plates that

directly smulate the sen-

sory receptors of hot and

cold at the cerebral level

and that can be eaten or

applied to the body. The

rst preparaon, on the

upper cold plate, contains

mint, which has moleculesof crystalline origin known

as menthol that cause the

same sensaon in the

brain as the coolness per-

cepble at a temperature

of 15*C. The menthol ac-

vates the TRPM8 molecu-

lar sensory receptors on

the skin and in the mouth

that smulate the group

of peripheral sensorial

neurons known as cold-

sensive units. The sec-

ond composion, on thelower hot plate, contains

chilli, in which one of the

molecules, capsaicin, ac-

vates the neuro-receptor

TRPV1, which is sensive

to temperatures of 44*C.


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041 Jon Bailey

The work of Phillip Beesley and Francois Roche begin to imitate biological sys-

tems as they grow and breathe life into the construct at distinctly different scales.

The work of Phillip Rahm in his project, Digestible Gulf Stream, begins to discuss

how architecture works at two other scales, affecting two different systems; human

physiology and atmospheric conditions. The architecture of the Posthuman be-

comes integrated into both the human body and ecology, seeing all of these systems

as an interconnected relationship at some level. Rahm argues that architecture

should no longer build spaces, but rather create temperatures and atmospheres.

The Digestible Gulf Stream is the prototype for architecture that works between the

neurologic and the atmospheric, developing like a landscape that is simultaneously

gastronomic and thermal (Rahm, 2008). Two metal plates are constructed at dif-

ferent heights, the lower plate heated to 82.4* F and the upper at 52.6* F, where

their position creates a movement of air using natural phenomenon of convection

as rising hot air cools on contact with the upper cool sheet. The result creates a

constant thermal ow likened to an invisible landscape. Architecture in this

instance, becomes not a building, but the design of the atmospheric conditions,

the envelope between ecology and human skin. Plants and herbs, which can be

Vatnsmyri Urban PlanningSean Laller, Weathers

In much the same way that

the exisng thermal pools

on the site mix ocean wa-

ter with recycled heated

water from geo-thermal

resources to create a

unique condion for swim-

ming all year round, the

project looks to use these

same thermal resources

to aect the local climaccondions on land, in-

cluding air temperature

and soil temperature for

vegetave growth. Each

of the programmed land-

forms proposed around

the site is ed to the oth-

ers by a climac wash

that extends the seasonal

acvies, controls winds,

and permits an extended

period of usable me out-

doors during the course

of the year. The washpermeates the public

parks yet extends beyond

to surround and engage

the new building masses

so as to produce arcial

microclimates - extending

seasonal opportunies

and outdoor acvity.


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e eaten or topically applied, are heated on the hot plate, activating the aroma of the

plants which interact with human gastric system. Architecture becomes a ther-

modynamic mediation between the body and space, between the visible and the

invisible, between meteorological and physical function (Rahm, 2008).

As architects and designers continue to envision an interconnected existence be-

tween body and ecology, atmospheres open up within the realm of possibility to

be design and augmented, what Sean Lally refers to as thick atmospheres. In

his project highlighted in Softspace, he envisions a Reykjavik Botanical Garden

taps into the citys geothermal energy to create a microclimate for varied plant

growth. Zones of heat radiate out from the pipes, creating a new climate layer

with variable conditions based on their number and proximity to each other. These

exterior plantings are mostly native to Iceland, but the amplied environment al-

lows a wider range of growth than would normally be possible, informng the role

and opportunity of this particular botanical garden. Visitors experience growth

never before possible in Iceland, and travel through new climates throughout the

site (AD, Energies).

Weathers is a design ocethat approaches design by

embacing the potenal

overlap between the dis-

ciplines of architecture,

landscape architecture

and urban design. Its

important that as we

pursue new opportunies

associated with materials

tradionally relegated to

either condioning our

interiors or believed to be

beyond our reach of con-trol on the exterior, that

we dont default to pre-

conceived noons of their

roles, responsibilies and

limitaons. Instead, this is

the me for extreme spec-

ulaon! Today begins an

opportunity to build new

environments, climates

and contexts peppered

with potenals for social

interacon, acvies, and

spaal organizaons. This

should be the creaon ofcontexts and sites previ-

ously unseen and tested.

The intenon is to fore-

shadow and draw out the

spaal and organizaonal

implicaons that stem

from these endeavors.


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043 Jon Bailey

Ecophysiology, or environmental physiology, by denition is the study of adap-

tation of an organisms physiology to environmental conditions, mainly in plant

physiology. Ecophysiologists address ecological questions about the controls over

the growth, reproduction, survival, abundance, and geographical distribution of

plants, as these processes are affected by interactions between plants with their

physical, chemical, and biotic environment. These changes in plants can occur

through environmental stimuli such as temperature, wind, water and carbon diox-

ide concentration. In addition to plant life, this eld of study may also be applied to

animals, as environmental conditions lead to conditions of animal life. Ted Ngai,

of atelier nGai, works to create architecture under the same principals of ecophysi-

ology, where architecture, often conceptualized as the third skin, can learn much

from such physiological approaches, particularly in the face of global climate

change and energy crisis. Unlike conventional architectural practice, organisms

do not deal with heliotropism separately from thermoregulation, nor would they

handle water economy separately from energy conservation and metabolism. To

maintain a stable internal environment, organisms must rely on everything at their

disposal as part of their survival strategy. Therefore, ecophysiological architecture

posits the same fundamental basis and asks a simple question: what if buildings

have to develop heating, cooling, lighting, daylight, and ventilation strategies as

part of its morphology (Ngai, 2010)?

Within these ve precedents in visionary architectural projects, the inuence of

biological systems into architecture is palpable. Architecture, the body, and bio-

logical ecology are beginning to become interwoven, both in their terminologies

and in their practice of design processes. As our technologies evolve to integrate

more biological systems so too is the human habitat and the culture which inhabits

it. I would argue that this is the forefront of the Posthuman architecture, where

mental and physical processes of human physiology are integrated into the archi-

tectural construct and where atmospheric and geological conditions are modied

and augmented to satisfy the human condition. The result becomes an intercon-

nected mesh of systems, where neither biological or technological nature may be

separated from other either, either physically or ideologically.

Photoperiodic Envelope

Lauren Thomsen

Plants are able to sustain

themselves using only

sunlight and water. Im-

agine if all buildings wereself sustaining as well. The

amount of energy a build-

ing consumes is largely

conngent on its envelope

condion. The building

facade provides an oppor-

tunity to migate the exte-

rior climate and reduce the

energy necessary to condi-

on the interior to a com-

fortable, habitable space.

The Alpine Buercup uses

phototropism to trace the

sun to create more en-

ergy and to moderate the

temperature within the

ower bowl. Similarly to

the alpine buercup, the

proposed building facade

converts, distributes and

employs the energy of the

sun. Rather than mimic

the mechanism to create

movement in a literal, me-

chanical way, this facade

uses modular variaons

to control levels of lightintercepons and to mod-

erate thermal variance.

Apertures not only provide

light, but control air tem-

perature and therefore air

movement to create pas-

sive venlaon through

modules in the facade.

Module density varies ac-

cording to solar aspect to

control interior heat gain

and loss, and vary in opac-

ity to control interior light

levels.


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Jon Bailey


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InterconnectedBodies :


3

Inocculate Weep; Francois

Roche + Marc Fornes 2010

Columbia School of Architec-

ture Studio.

Why should our bodies end at the skin, or include at best other beings

incapsulated by skin? - Donna Haraway


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047 Jon Bailey

Biological processes have increasingly inltrated architectural praxis, fueled by

modernitys interest in scientic research following World War II and exacerbated

through humans innate biophilia. The Industrial Revolution, in addition, fueled

our appetite for technological apparatuses, where a sort of technophilia has set into

our culture. As our technology evolves biological processes increasingly become

integrated, where biology is now manipulated at the molecular scale. This has led

to visionary architects to look at architecture through bottom-up processes, even

going so far as to look at architecture through the creation of actual biological

matter.

This thesis, Biophilia : Technophilia, refers to the deep connections humans share

with the rest of biology and our increasing infatuations with technology. As our

knowledge of the biological realm increases, the inherent properties become in-

terwoven into our technologies, eventually ltering into the human habitat. The

ecophysiological landscape implies a human habitat that is grown, designed and

manipulated at the level of the genomic sequence and molecular structure, infused

with a meshwork of technological apparatus, connecting human physiological sys-

tems to ecological environments the architecture becomes a palpable interface

through which human physiological processes are connected to the ecology. The

constructed landscape becomes the arena where mental and physical feedback

loops and responses are exchanged between humans and their ecology. Atmos-

pheres come into play as they are augmented, manipulated and controlled, where

visual projections are overlaid on top of reality and the spatial void is now de -

signed. A dense mesh of genetically engineered plant species and technological

mesh of sensors and projectors creates a diverse landscape which empathizes with

the inhabitants, responds to emotions, physiological changes, and presence.

Through the enthusiastic optimism of modernism in technology (the coevolution of

science and technology since the decline of the Industrial Revolution) has created

a technology more biological, where operations within the architecture are able to

sense and regulate themselves. The ability gained through the use of computational

processing power allows for complex relationships found within an ecosystem to

be algorithmically modeled whereby interconnected relationships are found link-

The me line depicts the

evoluon of biological

discoveries and techno-

logical innovaon as they

have occurred since the

1600s. Connecons are

drawn between biological

discoveries and techno-

logical innovaon as theya discovery in one led to

the advancement in the

other. Posioned within

this meline are notable

visionary projects as they

envisioned a machinaon

between biology and tech-

nology in architectural de-

sign. As me progress to

our current condion, the

interconnecons between

biology and technology

increase. Projecng be-

yond our present meusing the BT Technologies

Projecons, technolo-

gies are ancipated that

further blend the disnc-

on between biology and

technology, where biology

(including human biology)

is augmented and interwo-

ven with biology. In fact,

technology at this point

cannot be clearly disn-

guished from biological

nature, as biological aug-mentaon and materiality

becomes the technology.


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laser surgery(1987)

050

dna model(1953)ecology(1953)

cloned frog(1967)human-mouse cell(1967)

gene synthesis(1971)rapid dna sequencing(1977)

gene cloning patent(1980)plant cell transform(1982)biotech plant(1983)

biodiversity(1986)

human genome draft(2001

stem cells(2005)

animal gene sequenced(1998)

cloned sheep(1996)

industrial robot(1956)solar cell(1953)

integrated circuit(1958)

mini-computer(1965)moores law(1965)interactive computing(1968)

microprocessor(1970)ethernet(1973)supercomputer(1976)

cellphone(1979)personal computer(1983)lithium ion battery(1983)

sterolithography(1986)

emotionally responsive

toys(2005)

allomorphic morphs, novak

smart skin(2007)holographic images(2007)

tv jewelry(2005)super-human computer(2005)totally automated factories(2006)

electronic prescription(2008)shape changing fabric(2008)

active skin(2008)

computer enhanced dreaming(2010)smart paint(2010)

responsive environments(2010)dual architecture(2010)

personal black boxes(2010)3d air display(2010)

medical nanobots(2011)

plastic bones(2011)augmented reality(2011)

industrial andoird robots(2012)synthetic viruses(2012)

continuous holographic display(2012)computer controlled suppresents(2012)robotic guidance(2012)

dual appearance(2012)

robotic insects(2013)3d tv(2013)nanotechnology toys(2013)

printable skin/organs(2013)chips:10bil transistors(2013)bacterial supercomputer(2013)emotion control devices(2014)self-aware machine intelligence(2015)self-repairing robots(2015)smart bacteria(2015)shape shifting materials(2015)

human muscle actuators(2016)nanotech organism colonies(2016)electronic life form given basic rights(2016)

computational thought input(2016)

smart skin(2020)

android gladiators(2025)

human-simulation(2030)

smart make-up(2016)1-petabyte chip(2018)chips:100bil transistors(2018)

dna listing(2018)computer organ link(2018)

molecular machines(2020)bionic olympics(2020)nanotech plants(2020)suspended human animation(2020)electronic memory enhancement(2020)

computer to human virus(2024)bacteria circuitry(2025)full direct brain link(2025)

brain add-ons(2030)

fully sensory internet(2040)

brain downloads(2048)nuclear fusion(2050)human embedded digital cash(2050)cosmetic brain surgery(2050)spray-on surgical gloves(2050)dna repair(2050)

space solar power(2050)

genetically enhaned pets(2035)

genetically engineered teddy bear(2038)

augmented reality contacts(2035)

video wallpaper(2020)

synthetic biology(2015)

home 3d printers(2020)

retina displays(2011)

tooth regeneration(2010)

video tattoos(2009)

wireless internet common(2010)pc-voice interaction(2010)

dna storage device(2009)

holographic television(2020)

medicine delivered via fruit(2008)

smelly television(2008)

genetic engineering(1985)

dna computing(1994)nanoimprint lithography(1995)

nanotech fabrics(2001)gps(1995)

smog eating cement(2010)

virtual reality(1968)

biofeedback(1961)

soft contact lens(1971)cochlear implant(1954)

full face transplant(2008)

bionioc lense(2010)

eye transplant(2008)

biotech pet(2003)

bionic arm(2006)robotic surgery(2006)

bionic hand on market(2007)

lung transplant(1963)heart transplant(1964)

information age

bionic age

postermodern style

blobitecture

sustainable architecture

bionic architecture

8.9bil

6bil

vietnamwar

gulfwarmiddle-eastinvasion

koreanwar

interactive architecture

biomimetic architecturedigital fabrication

scattered seeds, puttick

universal constructor, pask

stereoscopic, chard

plug-in city, cook

new babylon, constantfun palace, price

suitaloon, webb

continuous, superstudio

moving arrows, eisenman

peanut house, future systemssan fransisco bay, woods

vision machine, noxvirtual gallery, asymptote

des stools, spiller

nbots, yeadonmaterialecology, oxmon

implant matrix, beesleyhyposurface, aegis

ive heard about, roche

biophliia + technophilia, bailey

embyological house, lynnnew city, lynn

fullerene(1985)

mouse genome sequenced(200horse genome sequenced(2009)

nanotechnology(1959)

nanotube(2006)

nueral pattern recognition(2011)

prosthetic hand(1960)

smart pill(1992)

viagra(1998)

pacemaker(1959)

chips: 2.3bil transistors(2010)

network telepathy(2025)

ubiquitous intelligence(2020)

emotion control devices(2025)nanotech plants(2025)

autonomous military aircraft(2047)

biorector(1985)


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049 Jon Bailey

invention discovery prediction major occurance

spectrum of innovation

interchangeable parts(1797)

microorganisms

discovered(1675)

plant physiology(1682)brain anatomy(1689)

inverted retinal image(160

plant oxygen release

observed(1772)

animal electricity(1786)

capillaries

overserved(1661)

sheep-to-man

blood transfusion(1661)

evolution(1809)

thermodynamics(1843)

atomic theory(1808)

antiseptic(1846)

molecular biology(1953)

darwin evolution(1858)

cellular fussion(1858)

cell theory(1858)

spontaneaous generation

(1864)

mitosis(1875)

meiosis(1885)

antibiotics(1887)antitoxin(1890)mitochondia(1897)electron(1897)

primitive cell theory(1805)

genetics(1905)atom(1911)

photosynthesis(1946)

four blood types(1902)

dialysis machine(1943)genetic recombination(1946)

electric motor(1821)

wet cell battery(1800)

electro magnet(1823)portland cement(1824)

reinforced concrete(1849)

wrench(1835)

automatic calculator(1623)steam turbine(1629)

spinning wheel(1600)

eyeglasses(1621)

adding machine(1643)

universal joint(1676)

electric capacitor(1745)

steam car(1672)

steam piston engine(1712)

watt steam engine(1776)

lightning rod(1752)electroconvulsive therapy(1755)

internal combustion engine(1850)steam turbine(1854)

industrial revolution

heat pump(1855)

petrol machine(1885)

television(1925)

electron microscope(1931)

photovoltaic cell(1883)

electrostatic memory(1946)transistor(1947)random access memory(1948) cybernetics(1948)

heart-lung machine(1953)

assembly line production(1901)

air conditioning(1902)

false teeth(1845)

respirator(1927)

bifocal lense(1780)

anaesthesia(1842)

hearing aid(1880)

iron lung(1928)

contact lens(1948)

penecillin(1928)

insulin(1922)

heart valve(1951)

early modern

international stylefutirist style

2

bil

wwii

k

american

revolution

warof

1812

civilwar

wwi

1bil

0.8bil

.0.6bil

population

technophilia biophiliayear

organic architecture

victorian architecture

architectural event evolution arch. project

deodesic dome, fuller

sagrada familia, gaudi

towers, santelia

psfs building, lescaze

nuclear energy(1945)

cast iron perfectedl(1500)

iron structure(1735)crucible steel(1740)

thermoplastic(1869)

thermoset polymers(1889)

vulcanization(1839)

aluminum(1855)steel structure(1860)

vacuum diode(1904)sonar device(1906)

stainless steel(1912)polethylene(1920)

ecstasy(1913)

lsd(1938)

gas mask(1912)

lie detector(1921)

oxygen furnace(1952)bar code(1953)

atomic bomb(1945)

portable timepeice (1504) prosthetic limb (1536)

prosthetic foot (1843)


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0505o5

ing them to a particular context. This information can be utilized in dening the

relationship between the architectural construct and the site in which it is located

within the geosphere and biosphere (and possible the noosphere). Most recently

sensors, and not only thermostats (which are the quintessential negative feedback

mechanism), have been added to a multiplicity of advanced building components,

creating negative feedback loops where components within the building have the

ability to sense alterations in light, temperature, and occupancy which then inform

the building systems of their operability, and likewise the operability informs the

sensors in a continuous feedback loop. Thus, the system is self-optimizing. In the

context of this project, as the organism is able to sense acuities within the environ-

ment, it is able to respond by adaptation of morphological variation to the chang-

ing conditions as it interprets data being injected into the site. Adding to these

sensory mechanisms, what I shall call sensory organs, designers and architects now

have the capabilities of analyzing conceptual structures before their construction

and in addition the ability to optimize their internal and external conditions after

construction. In the time of Posthuman design, the process whereby an analysis

or optimization of anything will be a complete computation or mechanic process,

where the building itself is given the technology and ability to control, adapt, regu-

late, and respond to uctuating conditions within the environment. These sensorial

technologies, coupled with responsive building systems within the architectural

design allow for an organism (the building) to develop within its embryonic stages

(the virtual) whereby it is genetically manipulated through cues in the environ-

ment (the physical), and through the coarse of its life, continually seeking levels of

optimization through uctuating tness criteria within an ever-changing dynamic

environment, where the optimal goal is to reach a level of internal homeostasis for

its internal organs (the inhabitants) and the larger context of the world wide urban

hive. Environmental, political, and sociological trends may all be quantied and

therefore analyzed and responded to quantitatively through both virtual and real-

time environments. In an analogous relationship, our cities are like ecosystems,

and as no system or network within our ecosystem is static, no organism may be

fully developed within its embryonic stages and therefore must continuously search

for its homeostatic state outside of the womb by involuntarily sensing the environ-

ment and responding to its continuous changes through out the course of its life,

As the meline progresses

toward 2050, the stage be-

comes set for the Biophilia

: Technophilia thesis

project, where technologi-

cal and biological innova-

ons and discoveries are at

their most interconnected

- what I would refer to asthe point at which we are

considered posthuman.


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051 Jon Bailey

whether through formal or molecular morphological adaptations. Therefore, the

site, specic to its geodetic address and cultural signicance in society, becomes an

attractor for ows of human matter-energy, data, and information where the edge

condition within which this site exists, confronts its neighboring entity, becoming a

matrix in which more specialized structures are embedded and as it passes through

its bounds transferring external data into usable information directly inuencing

the organisms within. What historically was a mineralized exoskeletal system

bounding and controlling the eshy matter that resided within, now becomes a con-

nective gelatinous soft-body, as organism, site and context amalgamate, extending

outwards into the distributed network of disparate entities creating a heterogeneous

urban fabric as it responds to highly specic contextual information.

As physical labor is further traded off for mental capacities to perform tasks, au-

tonomous robots secreting a calcium-carbonate substrate print the scaffolding for

which genetically modied biological growth will adhere. Like biological cogni-

tive processes and engineered/synthetic organs, scaffolds are constructed allowing

the biological matter to adhere and cultivate. Site is perceived as a datascape as

ows of information, such as environmental and human stimuli are processed with-

in the existing context of proposed growth. Agent-based simulations, projected

and simulated in real-time into the atmosphere, react to these ows of information

as they determine spatial organization and structural trajectories. Following ows

of information the robots ock around these paths, pulling minerals from the water

to biomineralize the structure, encapsulating space for the programmatic organs

to ensue. Using synthetically designed cell cultures injected into the scaffolding,

a biological growth adheres to the scaffolding, as thick root-like networks begin

to grow out of the printed scaffolding as the organism searches for contact with

disparate scaffolding systems, creating a network of web-like-growth. Bacterial

computers become an integral part of the mature growth, processing data within

the context to both simulate the datascape and perform the necessary functions

allowing the scaffolding system to respond to environmental stimuli through elec-

trical impulses sent through the microstructure of the scaffolding. Together the

ber-optic-like rooting network, bacterial computers, and bionic mesh act as a lit-

eral network computing information. Just as in animal species, the skeletal system


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0525o5

remains homogeneous through-out, while environmental stimuli and geographic

isolation lead to a diverse heterogeneous epidermis. As the biological growth

responds to environmental pressures a heterogeneous fabric is created exhibiting

geographic speciation, environmental variation, and morphological mutations.

The dense layers of roots and matured growth interwoven within the scaffolding

system yields a stable surface as it grows into the lake, creating a landscape suit-

able for programmatic functions.

The project unfolds within a Posthuman context, creating the epicenter for a

company that augments and breeds bodies, while simultaneously growing its own

epidermis as it stretches throughout the city. Through the combination of bacte-

rial computers and technological matrices the organism creates a literal network

for processing information as it augments atmospheres and responds to stimuli

within the context. Programmatically the architecture begins to grow vertically

as its interior columns ll with bacterial computers hovering above atrium-like

spaces where peoples receive mindware upgrades, prosthetic limbs and organs, and

genetic modications. The company both generates and augments bodies while

simultaneously creating the ecological infrastructure that responds and interacts

with the augmented body. Thus, the architecture/organism coalesces as a computer

processing network, urban infrastructure, post-human factory, and ecophysiologi-

cal interface.

Biophilia : Technophilia begins to challenge the ways in which we view our rela-

tionship to the body, growth of architecture, infrastructure within a city, and our re-

lationship to technology. Set within this posthuman context, building/body, body/

ecology, and city/building collapse as they become an interconnected cybernetic

network. Architecture becomes a scaffolding system both literally and metaphori-

cally as architecture becomes an interface through which we view the world; con-

necting human bodies through physical and mental processes to ecology as we

further create an increasingly interconnected existence.


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059 Jon Bailey

Neil Spiller

Francois Roche

Phillip Beesley

Phillip Rahm

Kevin Kelly

Ted Ngai

Sean Lally

David Gissen

Steve Nichols

Andy Clark

Neil Spiller

Dougal Dixon

Donna Haraway

Cary Wole

Stelarc

Marcos Cruz

Peoples Literature Film Projects

The Technium

Out of Control

Evolutaonary Arch

Cyborg Manifesto

Posthuman Manifesto

Natural Born Cyborgs

Theory of Architecture

Biophilia : Technophilia

Sospace

Subnatures

What Technology Wants

BLDG BLOG BOOK

AD: Energies

AD: Territories

AD: Neoplasmac

AD: 4d Space

iRobot

Terminator

A.I.

Bicentennial Man

Tron

Avatar

Gamer

Minority Report

Vanilla Sky

Digesble Gulf Stream

Ive Heard About

Hylozoic Soil

Weathers

Ecophysiological Arch

Epidermal Hyperplasia

Neoplasmac Arch


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References

1. Bailey, Jon. Biophilia + Technophilia: Project Manual. Digital Mania Thesis Seminar.

2010.

2. Clark, Andy. Natural-Born Cyborgs. 2001

3. Haraway, Donna. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in

the Late Tweneth Century. 1976

4. Wolfe, Cary. What is Posthumanism? Lost The Building. 2010.

5. Kelly, Kevin. Out of Control.

6. Kelly, Kevin. What Technology Wants. 2010

7. Nichols, Steve. The Posthuman Manifesto. 1988.

8. Dixon, Dougal. Man Aer Man: An Anthropology of the Future. 1990.

9. AD, Neoplasmac. 2009

10. AD, Energies

11. Ted Ngai. Atelier nGai.

12. Lally, Sean. Sospace.

12. Gissen, David. Subnature: Architectures Other Environments.


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posthumanism cyborgs and interconnected bodies by jon bailey

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