Post World War I

Nationalism Around the

World

Mexican Revolution

Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 years

Welcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economically, however only an elite few benefited

Most people lived in poverty working on haciendas

Francisco Madero, demanding free elections, lead a rebellion that forced the resignation of Diaz in 1911

Revolution Leads to Change President Carranza approved a new constitution (still used today) in 1917 that addressed land, religion, and labor.

Carranza was overthrown in 1920, and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took control of government in 1929 and accommodated many groups in society (business, military, peasants, and workers)

Under the PRI Mexico’s government stabilized and many positive reforms were made (land distribution, schools)

Nationalism at Work in Latin

America Mexico wanted to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors

Economic- emphasis on home control of the economy

Political- Stronger authoritarian governments rose in Latin America amid the economic crisis

Cultural- pride in one’s own culture was reflected in mural paintings (Diego Rivera)

Good Neighbor Policy- US pledge to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations

Africa

Africa Resists Colonial Rule During WWI more that 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities.

As European countries wanted to maintain their profits from cash crops, many Africans were impoverished and living in famine as not enough food was being grown.

Instead the situation stayed the same or was worse

Opposing Imperialism

Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of colonial rule, however most good jobs went to Europeans

As in other parts of the world, the ideas of socialism found growing audiences

Racial Segregation and

Nationalism in South Africa From 1910 to 1940 whites strengthened their grip on S.A., imposing a system of racial segregation (economic , political and social white supremacy)

1948- Apartheid (policy of rigid segregation) became a law

Nationalism and an Africa for

Africans Pan-Africanism- unity of Africans and people of African decent worldwide

“Africa for Africans”- Marcus Garvey

Pan-African Congress Forges Ties A. American scholar W.E.B. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress in 1919

Delegates from US, African colonies, and the West Indies called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans (demands ignored, but it established cooperation)

The Negritude Movement Shows

Pride French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule- The Negritude Movement

Egypt Gains Independence

1922- after the war, riots, protests, and strikes forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence (GB still controlled the monarchy)

The Middle East

Turkey and Persia Modernizes

The Armenian Genocide

The first genocide of the 20th Century

The Ottoman Empire, 1914

Background of Armenia

Armenia was a part of the Ottoman Empire. While the empire was Muslim, Armenians remained Christians. They were tolerated, but did not experience full equality under Islamic law. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, came to power and attempted to stop the many revolutions within his empire. He did this mainly by encouraging Muslim groups to settle in Armenian lands.

Armenian Background Cont…

This caused wide spread conflict and in 1894, Hamid falsely charged the Armenians for rebelling without authority. The Muslims, backed by the Ottoman Empire, were allowed to attack the Armenians. Over the course of the next 2 years, 200,000 Armenians died from attack and/or starvation.

The Young Turks

In 1908, a group of young intellectuals over threw the sultan-called The Young Turks. This new leadership sought to make the Ottoman Empire exclusively Turkish and Muslims.

In 1910, the Armenians were labeled enemies of Muslim Turkey (due to not fitting the above description)

The Genocide Begins In 1914, Turkey entered WWI. A military offensive against Russia ended in disaster and Turkey accused the Armenians of aiding Russia.

On April 24, 1915-Turkish authorities arrested and executed Armenian leaders in Constantinople. This date would be forever remembered as the beginning of the Armenian genocide.

The Genocide Continues…

In June 1915, the Armenian population was deported to the desserts of Syria and Iraq. Prior to deportation, all able-bodied males were shot.

25% of those that left Turkey would eventually arrive in Syria and Iraq. The majority of people were either murdered or died of thirst and starvation along the way.

The Genocide Ends In 1919, the Young Turks were put on trial for war crimes and were found guilty for the destruction of the Armenian people.

In 1923, a war hero Mustafa Ataturk came to power, formed the Republic of Turkey, and released all prisoners found guilty of war crimes (including the Young Turks).

The Future of the Armenians?

In the end, the Soviet Union carved out territory for the Armenians.

Over 1 million Armenians died during the genocide.

Today, the country of Turkey still formally denies that any premeditated genocide took place.

Ataturk Sets Goals

Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman sultan, defeated the Greeks (who claimed the lands after WWI), and declared Turkey a republic (Greeks leave Turkey, 1.3 million)

Kemal took the name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)

Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government

Westernization Transform Turkey

Government built railroads, factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent

Ruled with an iron hand…many questioned his dictatorial powers and his rejection of religion in law

Nationalism and Reform at Work

in Persia Ataturks success inspired the neighboring Persians

Reza Khan overthrew the shah, and rushed to modernize Persia (factories, roads, railroads and strengthened the army)

Forced Persians to wear western clothes and set up modern secular schools

Persuaded the Brits to give Persian a larger share of the oil profits

Now recognized as Iran

Arab Nationalism in the Middle

East Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East as gas powered vehicles in WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the future

Foreign companies began to move in the Middle East to exploit its large oil reserves

Pan-Arabism Grows

Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to to North America (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco)

Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state

Betrayal at the Peace Conference Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the war

Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations

Arabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western Imperialism

Center of turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine

Promises in Palestine During WWI the Allies made two conflicting promises to the Arabs

1-Promised Arabs their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands, including Palestine

2-Balfour Declaration (attempting to win support of European Jews) advocating the idea of setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

A Bitter Struggle Begins 1919-1940- thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in Europe

Jews worked to modernize and also established farming communities

Some Arabs welcomed the new money, however tensions between the two groups rose

Even today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine

Nationalism

India After WWII

Self-Determination

Means to allow people, nations, countries to decide

what government they want and how they want to

be ruled.

This was a challenge to the colonial system.

Countries like Britain did not want self

determination after World War One because it

meant that they would have to give up rule in places

like India.

World War One During World War One

about 1 million Indians

fought for Britain.

Britain had promised

India self rule after the

war however Britain

failed to keep their

promise.

Indian Nationalism India had wanted

independence since the

mid-1800’s.

Indians wanted both

democracy and

nationalism.

Well educated Indians

began to bring back

these ideas from Europe.

National Movements Indian National Congress 1885

A Hindu group wanted Hindu representation in government.

Well educated

Wanted a democratic India

Muslim League 1906 Muslim educated class wanted representation in government

Based their ideas of democracy on the ideals of the Enlightenment.

While both groups were very different and disliked each other they both wanted a democratic representative government.

Rowlatt Act

In 1918 Indian soldiers and the the Indian public wanted Britain to uphold it’s promise of self-determination.

Indians began to protest.

In 1919 to stop protesting the British passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed them to jail protestors for up to two years with no trial!

To educated Indians this was a violation of

• Denial of trial by a jury.

The Amritsar Massacre In 1919 Indians began a

system of violent protest

to the British rule.

Hindus and Muslims

went to Amritsar to

protest the Rowlatt Act.

Amritsar Massacre

At the festival at Amritsar Indians gathered to

celebrate and make speeches. The event was

non-violent.

Hindu and Muslim nationalist began to arrive

at the festival.

British citizens were attacked.

The British banned public meetings.

Amritsar Massacre

On April 13, 1919 to British believed that the Indians were defying to order not to meet in public.

British soldiers were ordered out to stop the people.

The soldiers are ordered to open fire on the crowd.

Indian Nationalism

400 Indians are killed.

1,200 are wounded.

Indians across India are outraged.

Indians demanded independence from

Britain.

Civil Disobedience

Civil Disobedience

• Refusing to obey laws or the government

without using violence and in some cases

enduring violence directed towards you.

Gandhi

Indian Independence

Civil Disobedience

Civil Disobedience

In the 1920’s Gandhi began his system of

civil disobedience.

Gandhi wanted to weaken the control of the

British government over the Indian people.

Gandhi called for the following measures.

Civil Disobedience Called for Indians to boycott British goods.

Gandhi called for Indians to make their own clothing.

Gandhi spent one hour a day at the spinning wheel making his own thread.

The spinning wheel becomes the symbol of Indian Nationalism.

Civil Disobedience

The clothing boycott was a success.

Indians burned their British clothing and

made their own clothing.

The sale of British clothing dropped and hurt

the British economy

Civil Disobedience

Gandhi asked Indians to

Boycott British schools.

Not hold positions in the British government in India.

Refuse to pay British taxes.

Not vote in elections.

Salt Marches

One of his most striking actions was the Salt

March that started on March 12, 1930 and ended

on April 5, when he led thousands of people to the

sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the

salt tax.

On May 8, 1933 Gandhi began a fast that would last

21 days to protest British oppression in India.

Indian Act of 1935

Under the success of the various civil disobedience tactics used by Gandhi the British government began to give into the demands of the Indians.

In 1935 under the Indian Act of 1935 Indians were allowed local self-government.

Some democratic elections were held.

Indians in Conflict

The Muslims and Hindu come into conflict during these elections.

Both want independence but both want control of the government.

The Hindu National Congress which outnumbers the Muslim League wins and controls the government.

This causes more problems between Hindus and Muslims.

Gandhi

Gandhi became known as a Mahatma or

“Great Soul” of the Indian Independence

movement.

Violence in India

With India feeling independence so close

many Hindus and Muslims took up violence

to protest British rule with mass arrests and

violence on an unprecedented scale.

This went against the teachings of Gandhi.

Indian Independence

In August 1946 Britain gave India its

independence.

Britain gave India to the Hindus and newly

formed Pakistan to the Muslims.

Soon both the Hindu and the Muslims while

free of British rule now turned their violence

towards one another.

Gandhi

On Jan. 30, 1948, while holding a prayer and

pacification meeting at New Delhi, he was fatally

shot by a Hindu fanatic who was angered by

Gandhi's support for the Muslims.

Gandhi was dead, India was free and now Muslims

and Hindus were killing one another.

Nationalism in China

The Chinese Republic

Established in 1911

Sun Yatsen Served as president

Established the Kuomindang or Nationalist Party.

Formation of the Chinese Republic

The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644

The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded:

“Nationalism” The end of foreign domination & influence

“Democracy” Formation of a representative government

“People’s Livelihood” A modernized & industrialized economy to provide security for the people of China

Formation of the Chinese Republic

Sun Yixian (Yatsen) Leader of the Kuomintang

Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party

Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…

– Sun could not unite China

– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms

– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

World War I & The Treaty of

Versailles

In 1917, China declares war on Germany China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China

Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

Three Principles of the Republic

Nationalism

Democracy

Livelihood

Chiang Kai-shek & the Nationalists

After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang

Jiang Feared communism

Supported by bankers and businessmen

Over saw a corrupt government

Chaing Kai-Shek

Emerged as the leader of the Nationalist Party after the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925.

By 1928 Chaing Kai-Shek brought China under his control.

The Communist Party in China Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China

Communist Party

Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong

Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

The Chinese Communist Party

Established in 1921

Challenged the authority of the Nationalists.

Mao Zedong

Emerged as the communist leader in China.

Mao believed that communist success depended on gaining the support of the peasants.

Chinese Civil War

Chaing Kai Shek starts a campaign against communists

Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai

Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party

In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China

The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

Chinese Civil War The Long March

Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them

100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March)

Tens of thousands die due to – Starvation

– Battle wounds

– Exposure to the cold

Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

Mao on the Long March Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains

Chinese Civil War Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants

Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China

Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union

Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

The Manchurian Incident

The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931.

• Japan was in the need of natural resources.

• The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of their own stations.

• Then, they blamed this attack on China.

• In response, the Japanese took control of Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they needed.

Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo .

Japanese Invasion

In 1937 the Japanese launched an all-out war against China.

The Nationalists and Communists joined together to battle the Japanese.

Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion Time Out!!!

The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended

JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931

By 1937 Japan invades all of China

Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion

TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…

Japanese troops entering Shenyang