post traumatic stress disorder
DESCRIPTION
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event
or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Anxiety, re-
experiencing of the event, and avoidance of stimuli related to the event are symptoms of PTSD. These symptoms must last for more a
month.
PTSD affects about 7.7 million American adults
More common in women than men
Most common in veterans
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Diagnostic Criteria
1. Exposed to a traumatic event
2. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced
3. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
4. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
Symptoms last fore more than
4 weeks.
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ExampleTraumatic event
Reoccurring thoughts
avoidance
Insomnia
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Cognitive Approach
certain personality profiles, attitudes, and coping styles are
more likely to develop stress disorders.
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Exposure therapy
Cognitive restructuring
Stress inoculation training
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• Teach about trauma and its effects.
• Focus on changing how people react to their PTSD symptoms.
• Usually 6 weeks long, but can be longer
• Can be one-on-one or in group
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Behavioral Approach
• Emotions/behaviors are acquired through conditioning
• Reinforcement maintains fear and anxiety
• People with a weak support system are more likely to develop a stress disorder after a traumatic event.
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• undesirable behavior can be unlearned or changed
• identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier actions.
Behavioral Therapy
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Humans problems are due to social and emotional immaturity.
Humanistic ApproachHumanistic Approach
Immaturity causes them to be in pain and inflict pain upon others.
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Humanistic Treatment• Hopeful view of human beings and
individual’s ability to reach self-actualization & self- empowerment
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Psychoanalytic Approach the unconscious influences conscious behavior
The client with the therapist help will make repressed conflicts conscious, making the unconscious conscious.
•Dream analysis•Free association
Psychoanalytic Treatment
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Physiological Causes
• While the brain is storing these traumatic memories information processing may be incomplete (because strong negative feelings or dissociation) and they interfere with information processing.
• This prevents the forging of connections with more adaptive information that is held in other memory networks.
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Physiological Treatment: Information Processing Treatment
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)– move eyes in a rhythmic manner from side
to side– information processing, new learning,
elimination of emotional distress, and development of cognitive insights.
• Tapas Acupressure Technique (TAT). – placing hands on a few key points near your
eyes and at the back of your head– designed to rewire the brain
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Physiological Treatment: Information Processing Treatment
• Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT)– release negative
emotions surrounding an incident or issue
• Thought Field Therapy (TFT)– moving the body’s
energies in specific ways
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• Genetic predisposition to high anxiety and fear
• Psychological disorders run in family
• Experiencing frequent fearful events can create fear circuits in the amygdala
• traumatic events trigger physical chances in the brain.– Abnormal activity of
the cortisol and the norepinephrine in the urine and blood people with PTSD.
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Biological Treatment: Medication
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• These can help you feel less sad and worried.
• citalopram (Celexa), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft).
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Group Therapy
Helps to talk about issues with people who have had a similar experience
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Works Cited• "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." PSYweb complete
mental health site. Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://psyweb.com/Mdisord/AnxietyDis/posttraumatic.jsp>.
• "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Tests and diagnosis - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living - MayoClinic.com. Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/DS00246/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis>.
• Psychological Disorders. Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://psychological-disorders.blogspot.com/>.
• "PTSD Treatment Programs." PTSD Support and Information. Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://www.ptsdsupport.net/ptsd_treatments.html>.
• "Treatment of PTSD - National Center for PTSD." National Center for PTSD Home. Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/treatment-ptsd.asp>.
• "Treatment of PTSD - (National Center for PTSD)." Web. 27 Dec. 2009. <http://ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_treatmentforptsd.html>.
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Panic DisorderJulia Solecki
January 6, 2009AP Psychology- 3rd Hour
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Panic Disorder• Panic attacks
usually produce a sense of unreality, a fear of impending doom, or a fear of losing control.
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Diagnostic Criteria• A. Both (1) and (2):
– (1) recurrent unexpected panic attacks– (2) at least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or
more) of one (or more) of the following: – (a) persistent concern about having additional attacks
(b) worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy") (c) a significant change in behavior related to the attacks
• B. Absence of Agoraphobia. • C. The Panic Attacks are not due to the direct
physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
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Causes• Psychoanalytic:
– The generation of panic attacks goes back to infancy and childhood
– attacks occur in response to cues associated with long past psychological and biological threats to one's existence
• Both conscious and unconscious panic triggers as representations of intense early life wishes and fears
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Causes• Behavioral/ Learning: • Example: if one gets positively
reinforced, or loved, they feel comforted and have a panic attack to get attention
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Causes• Cognitive:
– A panic attack is a manifestation of an intense feeling of helplessness in the face of intense danger
– The vicious cycle of panic is generated by combining the terror of vulnerability with one's traditional distorted thought and feeling responses
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Causes• Biological/Somatic:
– Irregularities in the synthesis and release of norepinephrine (NE)
– Stimulants (cocaine) that alter NE can precipitate panic attacks
– Genetic pre-disposition to panic
– Brain region: amygdala
About 25 percent of people with panic have close relatives with panic disorder
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Treatment• Exposure:
– Exposed to the physical sensations of panic in a safe environment,giving you the opportunity to learn healthier ways of coping
• Bio Medical: – Medication can be used to control or reduce some
of the symptoms of panic disorder – Antidepressants– Benzodiazepines
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Treatments• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:
– Most effective method of treatment– Focuses on thinking patterns and behaviors
sustaining or triggering the attacks– 1. Identifying and changing the distorted
thinking patterns that maintain anxiety (cognitive therapy)
– 2. Desensitizing anxiety through exposure to feared situations (behavioral therapy)
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Bibliography • "NIMH." NIMH. Web. 03 Jan. 2010. <http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/panic-disorder/index.shtml>.
• "Panic disorder -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 03 Jan. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder>.
• "Panic disorder, an anxiety disorder associated with agoraphobia, panic attacks." Anxiety Disorders Association of America, ADAA, Triumph Over Anxiety, Find a Therapist. Web. 03 Jan. 2010. http://www.adaa.org/gettingHelp/AnxietyDisorders/Panicattack.asp
• "Panic Attacks (Panic Disorders) Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Types on MedicineNet.com." Web. 03 Jan. 2010. <http://www.medicinenet.com/panic_disorder/article.htm>.
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Katharine Schmidt, 3rd hour
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Diagnosis (DSM-IV)
Obsessions
• Reoccurring and intrusive thoughts, impulses or images that cause distress
• Person tries to ignore thoughts
• Recognition that obsessive thoughts, are a product of their own mind (unrealistic)
Compulsions
• Repetitive behaviors (washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (praying, counting) that one feels driven to perform.
• Behaviors are aimed to prevent anxiety or a dreaded situation
• Not realistically connected to the feared outcome
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Diagnosis (DSM-IV)• The person has recognized that their
obsessions or compulsions are excessive and unreasonable (does not apply to children)
• Obsessions/compulsions take more than 1 hour a day & interfere with normal daily functioning. (work, school, social, relationships)
• If another disorder present (anorexia), obsessions are not limited to that disease.
• Not due to the direct effects of a substance (drug abuse)
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Obsessive Hand washing
Fear of contamination Counting Steps
No stepping on cracks
Obsessive sexual thoughts
Constant checking of locks, doors and appliances
Touching specific objects
Turning lights on and off hoarding
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Obsessions (repetitive thoughts):
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40%
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 24%
Symmetry, order, exactness 17%
Compulsions (repetitive behavior)
Excessive hand washing, bathing, grooming 85%
Repeating rituals (in/out of door, up/down from chair) 51%
Checking locks, doors, appliances 46%
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• Imbalance/ abnormalities with neurotransmitter serotonin - receptors under stimulated
• Genetic Mutation
• Abnormal brain development-miscommunicated between orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus and thalamus
• Genetic (runs in families)
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Behavioral/ LearningCauses:• modeling parents that
have obsessive tendencies
Cognitive Causes:• Stressful or abusive
environments may lead to the development of O.C.D
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Strep Throat & OCD• Some kids develop OCD
symptoms after a strep throat infection (must be genetically predisposed)
• PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropychiatric Disorders Associated with a Strep Infection)
• 1 in 1,000 (very rare)• Cause by antibodies
created to fight strep
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1. Psychoanalysis Therapy-helps gain insight to problems
2. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)-most effective-1 in 4 refuse to participate- Informed about disease- Exposure and Response Prevention
*face fears in a safe way little by little without compulsions.
3. Family/ Group Therapy
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• Selective Serotonin inhibitors (SSRI)
(paraoxetine, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressants)
• Antidepressants (prozac, zoloft, paxil)
• Tranquilizers
• Brain Surgery
• Deep Brain Stimulation
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• Affects 2-3% of population.• In U.S about 3.3 million
people have OCD. • Found equally in all ethnic
groups and genders (in children, boy are more common)
• Males develop disease around 6- 15years old.
• Onset for females: 20- 29 years
• Symptoms worsen with fatigue, stress and illness.
• Symptoms progress throughout adulthood.
• People with OCD often develop depression, panic disorder, general anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder and eating disorders.
• No specific cure.
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Fear of Contamination Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn1OYlYzgm8
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Bibliography Black, Donald W. "Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder." World book. 2000. Print Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Symptoms - MayoClinic.com." Mayo
Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living - MayoClinic.com. Web. 06 Jan. 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/DS00189/DSECTION=symptoms>.
"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment." Helpguide.org: Understand, Prevent and Resolve Life's Challenges. Web. 05 Jan. 2010. <http://www.helpguide.org/mental/obsessive_compulsive_disorder_ocd.htm>.
"OCD: Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Online Therapy, Counselling & Mental Health Resources. Web. 07 Jan. 2010. <http://counsellingresource.com/distress/anxiety-disorders/obsessive-compulsive.html>.
Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. 26 Nov. 2007. Web. 05 Jan. 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com>.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
By Amanda Rapacchietta
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder• Excessive worrying and anxiety that is intense enough to
interfere with his/her daily life
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Diagnostic Criteria
• Patients suffer from excessive feelings of anxiety and worrying that occur most days for at least a six month period of time.
• The patients have a hard time controlling their worrying.
• Anxiety/worrying interferes with daily life and distresses you
• There are at least three of the following symptoms reported: fatigue, trouble sleeping, irritability, restlessness etc.
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Symptoms
• Excessive and unrelenting worrying
• Sweating• Irritability• Headaches• Problems paying attention• Problems falling/staying
asleep• Nausea• “Edginess”• Muscle tension
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Risk Factors For GAD
• The following are some variables that could increase your risk for developing GAD.– Having a bad childhood – ex. Neglectful parents, drugs etc.– Stress – obviously– Genetics – GAD may be in your family genetics– Being a Female – twice as many women are diagnosed with
GAD than men– Substance Abuse – Nicotine and Caffeine have a negative
effect on anxiety. Drugs can make GAD worse.
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How Common?• Around 4 million adults suffer from GAD in the U.S. currently• More commonly seen in women than men• Typically begins from childhood
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Behavioral/Learning Causes
• Low self esteem + Poor coping skills=more prone to GAD
Parenting styles – overly demanding/critical (Authoritarian)
Child “can’t measure up”, can bring about anxious feelings
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Cognitive Causes• Environmental
– Stress – loosing a job or loved one, moving, divorce etc.– Trauma – violence, natural disasters, attacks: often
triggering flashbacks
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Biological/Somatic Causes
• Heredity – can be genetically linked
• Chemical imbalances in the brain– Neurotransmitters
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy• Therapy for GAD helps people
change their thinking patterns that help support their fears
• teaches the patient learn to change the way they react to situations that trigger anxiety.
• If you have an appointment it is recommended to:– Write down a list of all
medications you are taking and medical problems you are experiencing.
– Any symptoms you are or have experienced
– What in particular is causing you stress
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Bio Medical Therapy
• Drugs used to combat GAD:– Antidepressants – influence
neurotransmitters that are associated with anxiety disorders.
• Prozac• Paxil• Lexapro• Zoloft
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Bio Medical Therapy Cont.• Buspirone – an anti-anxiety medication that
can be used on a regular basis• Benzodiazepines – sedatives, typically not
prescribed because they are short term relief, and can be habit forming.– Valium– Xanax– Klonopin– Librium
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Group/Family Therapy• Talking about problems with
groups can benefit patients who are suffering from an anxiety disorder
• Family should support a family member with an anxiety disorder, and try not to aggravate their symptoms
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The End
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Bibliography• DeviantArt.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.deviantart.com/#>.
• Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ generalized-anxiety-disorder/DS00502/DSECTION=causes>.
• Helpguide.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://helpguide.org/mental/ generalized_anxiety_disorder.htm>.
• University of Maryland Medical Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.umm.edu/ mentalhealth/ancauses.htm>.
• National Institute of Mental Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/ topics/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad/index.shtml>.
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Phobias
• By: Matt Hughes
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Diagnostic CriteriaExcessive or unreasonable fear of a place, thing, or situation(s).
Recognize this fear is excessive or unreasonable, children may not recognize this.
Exposure to this phobic stimulus ( place, thing, or situation(s) ) can lead to embarrassment and a anxiety response in the form of a situationally bound or a situationally predisposed Panic Attack. In children the anxiety may be expressed it the form of crying, tantrums, freezing up, or clinging.
The phobic situation(s) may be avoid or endured with intense distress and interferes significantly with a persons normal daily routine. ( E.g., school, work, social activities, relationships )
If under 18 symptoms present of at least 6 months.
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Definition & SymptomsSymptomsA lasting, irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that one feels compelled to avoid. Phobias tend to interfere with one’s ability to work, socialize, and execute a daily routine.Feelings of panic, dread, or terror.Feelings of panic, dread, or terror.Recognition that the fear goes beyond the realistic threat of danger.Recognition that the fear goes beyond the realistic threat of danger.Reactions are automatic and uncontrollable, most likely taking over the person’s Reactions are automatic and uncontrollable, most likely taking over the person’s thoughts.thoughts.
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CAUSES
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Behavioral Causes
People can be classically conditioned, either naturally or purposefully, to be afraid of stimulants. If pushed to far, the fear can escalate into a phobia.It is possible to gain phobias through observational learning. This usually would happen at a young age. (12 & younger)Learned helplessness is a strong factor in developing phobias of stimulants that we cannot control.
Fictional Character Fictional Character Indiana Jones had Indiana Jones had Ophidiophobia, or an Ophidiophobia, or an extreme fear of snakes.extreme fear of snakes.
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Biological Causes
Neurotransmitter-receptor abnormalities in the brain are suspected to play a major roll in the development of phobias.
Specifically, the deficiency of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, among others, seem to have a significant influence.
These abnormalities in the brain are believed to be caused by genetic predispositions, which have the most prominent influence on the development of phobias.
As proof, research with identical twins has been conducted. Although separated at birth, identical twins in the experiment often had the same phobias.
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Cognitive Causes
Traumatic events can easily lead to the development of phobias.Examples: fires, car accidents, etc. Actor and film director Actor and film director
Woody Allen is supposedly Woody Allen is supposedly afraid of insects, sunshine, afraid of insects, sunshine, dogs, deer, bright colors, dogs, deer, bright colors, children, heights, small children, heights, small rooms, crowds, cancer and rooms, crowds, cancer and anywhere except anywhere except Manhattan.Manhattan.
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Evolutionary Causes
Over time, humans have had to become fearful of certain things in order to survive. Thus, certain phobias could be caused and triggered randomly by our instincts, according to the evolutionary perspective.
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Treatments
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Psychodynamic Therapy
In mild cases, posthypnotic suggestions can help to control reactions to stimulants (breathing, heart rate, etc.) and achieve a relaxed state of mind. This permits them to deal with the problem in a rational manner and possibly extinguish the fear.In more severe cases, if the phobia is a result of a traumatic event, hypnotherapists will utilize age regression to guide the person back in time, and help them reexamine the event that initially triggered the fear from an objective point of view. Once the cause is identified, the fear of losing control is often eliminated.
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Behavioral Therapy
Exposure Treatment- Slowly forcing the patient to be exposed to the phobic stimulus using classical conditioning techniques in a safe way in order to eventually extinguish the phobia.
Flooding- The patient is exposed to the stimulus in a safe way for as long as it takes for them to realize there is no danger and the phobia is extinguished
Desensitization- Training the patient to relax, establishing an anxiety hierarchy, then conditioning the patient to respond with relaxation instead of fear when presented with stimuli on their anxiety hierarchy.
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Bio Medical Treatment
Medication is used to help with the symptoms, not for curing phobias. No medications can cure phobias.
Anti-anxiety- Xanax and Valium
Beta-blockers for high blood pressure- Inderal and Tenormin
Anti-depressants- Nardil, Parnate, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, and Luvox.
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Bibliography
Culbertson, Fredd. The Phobia List. 17 July 1995. Web. 05 Jan. 2010. <http://www.phobialist.com>.
Fritscher, Lisa. "Mental Health Research - Mental Health Research on the Genetics of Phobias." Phobias - An In-Depth Guide to Managing Phobias. 10 July 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2010. <http://phobias.about.com/od/research/a/geneticsphobias.htm>.
Gersley, Erin. "Phobias: Causes and Treatment in AllPsych Journal." Psychology Classroom at AllPsych Online. 17 Nov. 2001. Web. 06 Jan. 2010. <http://allpsych.com/journal/phobias.html>.
"Specific Phobia." PSYweb complete mental health site. Web. 06 Jan. 2010. <http://psyweb.com/Mdisord/AnxietyDis/specphobia.jsp>.