post occupation iraq the brittleness of political institutions

8/2/2019 Post Occupation Iraq the Brittleness of Political Institutions

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IKDDCJ JG]T ^VHAVGIHMMG]KHLGC ^G^JV ]JVKJ] ]^VKLA 6>76

7

Tbj qkltj ho

Ggf dk}mhltjlt#

qbkmb fjagl qktb

hlj igmgfj gmt ho

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dh kl Djmjifj

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kpjd f{ ig}}kvj gld qkdj}~jgd djihl}tg)

tkhl}# ~htj}t}# gld kht} gagkl}t jltjlmbjd

Ggf gztbhktgkgl jakij}, F{ tbj }~kla

ho 6>76# tbj}j z~k}kla} bgd }zmmjjdjd klekmekla hzt ho hookmj tbj dkmtgth} ho Tzlk}kg#

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bgd gig}}jd lh cj}} tbgl 76? {jg} ho gzth)

mgtkm zcj, Glhtbj dkmtgth# tbgt ho ]{kg#

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tbj ~jh~cj qjj ho hlj vhkmj# djigldkla gl

jld th tbj }jjiklac{ jldcj}} Ggf gztbhktg)

kgl igcgk}j gld tbj kl}tktztkhl ho djihmgtkm

}tzmtzj}# th fj }~jgbjgdjd f{ jcjmtkhl} tbgt

oh tbj ok}t tkij kl djmgdj} qhzcd fj ojj

gld ogk,

G} kl htbj Ggf mhzltkj}# ig}} djihl)

}tgtkhl} dkd igej gl g~~jgglmj kl Kgw# fzt

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}bjd, Qbgt dk}tklazk}bjd tbj ~htj}t} kl Kgw

qg} tbj lgtzj ho tbjk djmcgjd ahgc}# kl

qbkmb tbj djigld} oh ojj jcjmtkhl} gld oj}bogmj} tbgt bgd djokljd tbj z~k}kla} kl htbj

Ggf mhzltkj} qjj gcih}t gf}jlt, Gld tbk}

qg} bgdc{ }z~k}kla5 tbj Kgwk ahvjlijlt

ho ^kij Iklk}tj Lzk gc)Igckek bgd fjjl kl

~hqj oh cj}} tbgl }kr {jg}# bgvkla fjjl ~zt

tbjj f{ tbj Kgwk} tbji}jcvj} kl tqh ojj gld

ogk jcjmtkhl} kl Djmjifj 6>>: gld Igmb

6>7>, Ko tbj ~htj}th} qjj djihl}tgtkla

gfhzt gl{tbkla# kt qg} tbj gf{}igc ~joh)

iglmj ho tbj ojjc{ jcjmtjd Igckek ahvjlijlt

IKDDCJ JG]T

^VHAVGI

^h}t Hmmz~gtkhl Kvgw0Tbj Fvkttcjlj}} ho ^hcktkmgc Kl}tktztkhl}

]^VKLA6>76

HMMG]KHLGC ^G^JV ]JVKJ]

Gdjjd Dgqk}bg# ^zfckm ^hckm{]mbhcg# Qhhdhq Qkc}hl Mjltj gld

Dk}tklazk}bjd ^hoj}}h ho ^hcktkmgc

]mkjlmj# Ikgik Zlkvj}kt{# Hbkh


2/16


6

Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t ^vhavgi qg} cgzlmbjd kl Ojfvzgv{ 7;;2 kl ckabt hoklmvjg}jd Z,], jlagajijlt kl tbj vjakhl gld tbj ~vhohzld mbglaj}}qjj~kla gmvh}} igl{ Ikddcj Jg}tjvl }tgtj}, Kl gddktkhl th }~htckabtkla

dg{)th)dg{ k}}zj}# tbj ^vhavgi mhlmjltvgtj} hl chla)tjvi jmhlhikm# }hmkgc#gld ~hcktkmgc djjch~ijlt}# g} qjcc g} vjcgtkhl} qktb tbj Zlktjd ]tgtj},

Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t vhavgi dvgq} hl dhij}tkm gld ohvjkal vjakhlgc jr~jvt}ohv kt} ijjtkla}# mhlojvjlmj}# gld hmmg}khlgc ~g~jv}, Mhlojvjlmj} gldijjtkla} g}}j}} tbj ~hckm{ ki~ckmgtkhl} ho gcc g}~jmt} ho djjch~ijlt}qktbkl tbj vjakhl gld kldkkdzgc }tgtj}5 tbj Ikddcj Jg}t} vhcj kl tbj kltjvlg)tkhlgc gvjlg5 Gijvkmgl kltjvj}t} kl tbj vjakhl5 tbj tbvjgt ho tjvvhvk}i5 gvi}~vhckojvgtkhl5 gld }tvgtjakm tbvjgt} th gld ovhi tbj vjakhlgc }tgtj},

Tbj ^vhavgi ~g{} }~jmkgc gttjltkhl th tbj vhcj ho qhijl# {hztb# mkkc}hmkjt{ kl}tktztkhl}# K}cgi# gld djihmvgtkm gld gzthmvgtkm tjldjlmkj}, Klgddktkhl# tbj Ikddcj Jg}t ^vhavgi bh}t} ijjtkla} hl mzctzvgc k}}zj}# klmczd)kla mhltji~hvgv{ gvt gld cktjvgtzvj kl tbj vjakhl,

Mzjlt Googk}0 Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t ^vhavgi ji~bg}kpj} glgc{}k} ho mzv)vjlt k}}zj} gld tbjkv ki~ckmgtkhl} ohv chla)tjvi djjch~ijlt} kl tbj vjakhl#klmczdkla0 tbj jjlt} }zvvhzldkla tbj z~vk}kla} ho 6>77 kl tbj IkddcjJg}t gld kt} joojmt hl jmhlhikm# ~hcktkmgc gld }hmkgc ckoj kl mhzltvkj} kl tbjvjakhl# tbj klmvjg}jd z}j ho }hmkgc ijdkg# tbj vhcj ho {hztb# ^gcj}tklkgl)K}vgjck dk~chigm{# Kvgl} ~hcktkmgc gld lzmcjgv gifktkhl}# tbj dvgqdhqlho Gijvkmgl tvhh~} kl Goabglk}tgl gld Kvgw gld tbjkv joojmt hl tbj vjakhl#bzigl vkabt} khcgtkhl}# achfgckpgtkhl# jmhlhikm gld ~hcktkmgc ~gvtljv}bk~}#gld Z,], ohvjkal ~hckm{ kl tbj vjakhl,

Ajldj K}}zj}0 Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t ^vhavgi djhtj} mhl}kdjvgfcj gttjl)tkhl th tbj vhcj ho qhijl kl gdglmkla mkkc }hmkjt{ gld th tbj gttktzdj}ho ahjvlijlt} gld tbj mcjvkmgc mhiizlkt{ thqgvd qhijl} vkabt} kl tbjogikc{ gld }hmkjt{ gt cgvaj, Tbj ^vhavgi jrgiklj} ji~ch{ijlt ~gttjvl}#jdzmgtkhl# cjagc vkabt}# gld ~hcktkmgc ~gvtkmk~gtkhl ho qhijl kl tbj vjakhl,Tbj ^vhavgi gc}h bg} g ejjl kltjvj}t kl jr~chvkla qhijl} klmvjg}kla vhcj}kl mhlockmt ~vjjltkhl gld ~h}t)mhlockmt vjmhl}tvzmtkhl gmtkktkj},

K}cgi# Djihmgm{ gld Mkvkc ]hmkjt{0 Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t vhavgi ihlkthv}tbj avhqkla djigld ho ~jh~cj kl tbj vjakhl ohv tbj tvgl}ktkhl th djihm)vgtkpgtkhl# ~hcktkmgc ~gvtkmk~gtkhl# gmmhzltgfcj ahjvlijlt# tbj vzcj ho cgq#gld gdbjvjlmj f{ tbjkv ahjvlijlt} th kltjvlgtkhlgc mhljltkhl}# bzigl

vkabt}# gld qhijl} vkabt}, Kt mhltklzj} th jrgiklj tbj vhcj ho K}cgikmihjijlt} gld tbj vhcj ho K}cgikm ~gvtkj} kl }bg~kla ~hcktkmgc gld }hmkgcdjjch~ijlt} gld tbj gvkjt{ ho ogmthv} tbgt oghv hv hf}tvzmt tbj jr~gl}khlho mkkc }hmkjt{,

DkvjmthvDv, Bgcjb J}ogldkgvk

G}}k}tglt}Ejldvg Bjkdjigl

Ihlg [hz}}jo

]~jmkgc tbgle}]~jmkgc tbgle} th Ejldvg

Bjkdjigl gld Ihlg[hz}}jo ohv mhhvdklgtkla

gld jdktkla tbk} ~zfckmgtkhl5@hgllg Gfdgccgb ohv

jdktkla g}}k}tglmj5 Dkglg

Ikmbjck ohv dj}kalkla tbjHmmg}khlgc ^g~jv ]jvkj}5gld Dgkd Bgqrbzv}t ohv

tgekla tbj ~bhthavg~b,

Tbj ohcchqkla ~g~jv k} fg}jd hl tbj gztbhv} ~vj}jltgtkhl gt tbj

Qhhdvhq Qkc}hl Kltjvlgtkhlgc Mjltjv ohv ]mbhcgv} hl Ojfvzgv{ 7:#

6>76, Tbj h~klkhl} jr~vj}}jd bjvjkl gvj tbh}j ho tbj gztbhv gld dh

lht vjocjmt tbh}j ho tbj Qhhdvhq Qkc}hl Mjltjv,


3/16=

kl ~hvkdkla fg}km }jvkmj}# ~gtkmzcgc{ g jazcg }z~~c{ ho

jcjmtkmkt{, Kl gddktkhl# ~htj}tj} djmkjd tbj }jjikla ki~h)

tjlmj ho ~gckgijlt kl dk}mbgakla kt} djihmgtkm ozlmtkhl}#

th }g{ lhtbkla ho tbj ~jvg}kvj mhz~tkhl kl qbkmb ahvjl)

ijltgc gld jcjmtjd hookmkgc} }jjijd th fj ikjd,

Lht tbgt tbj Igckek ahvjlijlt qhzcd fj mbggmtj)kpjd g} tbj }tgldgd fjgj ho djihmgtkm ~gmtkmj} oh tbj

j}t ho tbj Ggf}# lh qg} Igckek bki}jco g ~ggahl ho

djihmgtkm vktzj, Fzt tbj ~hklt bjj k} tbgt ~htj}th} kl

Ja{~t# Tzlk}kg# gld jc}jqbjj qjj ~zttkla tbjk ckvj} hl tbj

cklj th ajt tbj vj{ kabt} tbgt Kgwk} bgd gcjgd{ hftgkljd

gotj tbj hz}tj ho ]gddgi Bz}}jkl gld bgd z}jd kl ojjc{

mbhh}kla tbjk ~hcktkmgc j~j}jltgtkvj}, Qbjl g}ejd gfhzt

tbj djihl}tgtkhl} kl Kgw# g ojigcj mhccjaj }tzdjlt ohi

tbj ]zllk ~hvklmj ho gc)Glfg# qbh qg} lht ~gtkmzcgc{

jlgihjd qktb tbj ]bkktj)dhiklgtjd Igckek ahvjlijlt#

azdaklac{ mhlmjdjd tbgt tbj ~htj}t} dkd ~hvj tbj jrk})

tjlmj ho g }igcc ~gt ho djihmgm{, Gotj gcc# }bj qhzcd

gdikt# qbjl ]gddgi qg} bjj# lht jvjl hlj Kgwk mhzcd ah

hzt kl ~htj}t fjmgz}j bj qhzcd fj ekccjd,7 ]tkcc# g }igcc

~gt ho djihmgm{ k} bgdc{ g klakla jldh}jijlt ho Kgw}

~hcktkmgc }{}tji,

Qbkcj tbj ~jh~cj ho Kgw bgd lh gazijlt qktb tbj mhl)

dzmt ho tbj jcjmthgc ~hmj}}# kt qg} mcjg tbgt f{ tbj }~kla

gld }ziij ho 6>77 tbj{ bgd fjmhij cj}} }glazklj gfhzt

tbjk cjgdj} jifgmj ho djihmgtkm vgczj} gld ~gmtkmj},

Qbgt Kgwk} dk}mhvjjd qg} tbgt ~zttkla }hijhlj kl hookmjdjihmgtkmgcc{ k} hlj tbkla5 ajttkla bki th fjbgvj djihmgtk)

mgcc{ qg} glhtbj tbkla gcthajtbj, Tbj okdjckt{ ho tbj ~kij

iklk}tj th djihmgm{# gld th tbj lhtkhl} ho mhi~hik}j gld

mhlmj}}khl tbgt gj j}}jltkgc jcjijlt} ho djihmgtkm ~gmtkmj}#

}jjijd okmecj gt fj}t, Tkij gld tkij gagkl# Igckek }jjijd th

mhl}kdj tbj }{}tji ho mbjme} gld fgcglmj} lht g} gl j}}jltkgc

jcjijlt ho djihmgm{# fzt g} gl kktglt ~hcktkmgc ki~h}ktkhl

tbgt bj qhzcd acgdc{ dk}mgd h mkmzivjlt, Gld tbk} gttktzdj

}bhzcd lht bgvj mhij g} g }z~k}j, Kgw} ~kij iklk}tj

mhzcd bgdc{ fj }gkd th bgvj fjjl kiij}jd kl tbj ekld ho

~hcktkmgc mzctzj tbgt qhzcd ~j~gj bki th fj g tzj djih)mgtkm cjgdj, Kldjjd bk} ~hcktkmgc ckoj ~hklt} th tbj mhltg{0

bj jgmbjd ~hcktkmgc igtzgtkhl zldj tbj }bgdhq ho ]gddgi

Bz}}jkl} ~hmz}tjgl gzthmgm{# fjmgij g ijifj ho g mcgl)

dj}tklj gld bkjgmbkmgc K}cgik}t ]bkktj ~gt{# gld tbjl }~jlt

g ckoj ho jrkcj qktb tbj izccgb} ho Kgl gld kl ]{kg zldj tbj

G}}gd t{gllkmgc d{lg}t{g eljj)`je djihmgt# Kgw} ~kij

iklk}tj qg} lht,

Tbj Kvgwk Jcjmtkhl}

Igckek} gtbj qg~jd vkjq ho djihmgm{ fjmgij jvkdjlt

kiijdkgtjc{ gotj tbj j}zct} ho tbj 6>7> ajljgc jcjmtkhl}

qjj gllhzlmjd, Tbj 6>7> jcjmtkhl} gld kt} j{j)h~jlkla

j}zct} mgllht fj zldj}thhd qktbhzt gl g~~jmkgtkhl hotbj ~hcktkmgc djvjch~ijlt} kl Kgw }klmj tbj ohmkfcj hz}tj

ho ]gddgi Bz}}jkl, Tbhzabhzt tbj mhzlt{} bk}th{# g

]zllk Ggf iklhkt{ "gfhzt 6> ~jmjlt ho tbj ~h~zcgtkhl+

bgd ihlh~hckpjd ~hcktkmgc ~hqj hvj g ]bkktj Ggf ig`hkt{

"ghzld ?> ~jmjlt+ gld g lhl)Ggf Ezdk}b mhiizlkt{

tbgt klbgfktjd tbj ihzltgklhz} lhtb gld mhl}tktztjd }hij

71 ~jmjlt ho tbj ~h~zcgtkhl, Tbj dhiklglmj ho tbj ]zllk}

gttgkljd gl ji~bgtkm gld vkhcjlt mbggmtj zldj ]gddgi

Bz}}jkl} jakij tbgt klmczdjd ajlhmkdgc g}}gzct} gagkl}t tbj

Ezd} gld ]bkktj}, G} g j}zct ho tbj h~jlkla ho tbj ~hcktk)

mgc }~gmj gotj ]gddgi} hz}tj gld tbj jz~tkhl ho jtblh)

}jmtgkgl tjl}khl} gld vkhcjlmj# tbj ok}t ajljgc jcjmtkhl tbgt

hmmzjd kl Djmjifj 6>>: ~hdzmjd g wzkltj}}jltkgcc{ }jm)

tgkgl vhtj, ]bkktj} vhtjd oh ]bkktj ~gtkj}# ]zllk} vhtjd oh

]zllk ~gtkj}# gld Ezd} vhtjd oh Ezdk}b ~gtkj}, Tbj hlc{

~gt{ tbgt j}~hz}jd lhl)}jmtgkgl gld lhl)jtblkm gttktzdj}#

gc)Kgwk{g zldj tbj cjgdj}bk~ ho tbj okjmjc{ }jmzcg G{gd

Gccgqk# qg} bgldjd g dzffkla kl tbj jcjmtkhl}# jmjkvkla lh

ihj tbgl jkabt ~jmjlt ho tbj Lgtkhlgc G}}jifc{ }jgt},

Igckek# qbh fjchlajd th tbj Dgqg ~gt{# g ijifj ho

tbj ]bkktj mhgcktkhl tbgt qhl gcih}t bgco ho tbj ~gckgijltg{}jgt}# fjmgij ~kij iklk}tj gld }~jlt tbj ok}t tqh {jg} ho

bk} tjlzj fjbhcdjl th tbj htbj ~hqjozc okazj} kl tbj ]bkktj

mhgcktkhl,6 Gotj g tjhk}t fhifkla ho hlj ho ]bkktj K}cgi}

bhckj}t ih}wzj} kl Ojfzg{ 6>>?# g mkvkc qg fjtqjjl ]zllk}

gld ]bkktj} jz~tjd# tzlkla tbj mhzlt{ klth g fchhd{ gld

cgqcj}} cgld qbjj tbj ahvjlijlt mhzcd dh ckttcj th ~htjmt

mktkpjl}, F{ tbj jld ho 6>>1# Igckek bgd fjmhij tbj fztt ho

mktkmk}i} dhij}tkmgcc{ gld ohi gfhgd, Bj qg} fjckttcjd oh

fjkla qjge gld kljoojmtzgc# gld oh fjkla thtgcc{ fjbhcdjl th

vgkhz} ]bkktj ahz~} gld tbjk agldjj}, Fzt tbkla} qhzcd

mbglaj }tgtkla kl tbj }~kla ho 6>>2,

Bgvkla qktlj}}jd tbj }zmmj}} ho tbj Gijkmgl} kl }zfdz)

kla tbj ]zllk kl}zajlm{ tbhzab hvjqbjcikla ohmj gld f{

mhgrkla tbj ]zllk tkfj} gqg{ ohi gc)Wgjdg# Igckek djmkdjd

th tgej hl tbj ]bkktj Igbdk Gi{ gld kt} cjgdj# tbj {hzla

okjfgld mcjkm# Ihwtgdg gc)]gd, Tbj Igbdk Gi{ bgd

j}tgfck}bjd ~hcktkmgc gld }jmzkt{ mhlthc hvj g cgaj }qgtb ho

]bkktj gjg}# klmczdkla tbj ~ht mkt{ ho Fg}g# Kgw} tbkd cga)


4/16


4

j}t mkt{# gld tbj Fgabdgd ljkabfhbhhd# ho ]gd Mkt{# bhij

th hvj tqh ikcckhl ]bkktj}, Kl Igmb# Kgwk }jmzkt{ ohmj}#

fgmejd f{ Gijkmgl gld Fktk}b gk ~hqj gld chak}tkmgc }z~)

~ht# cgzlmbjd g ig}}kvj gttgme hl tbj Igbdk Gi{ kl Fg}g#

gld f{ Ig{ tbj{ bgd tgejl mhlthc ho tbj mkt{ gld j}tgfck}bjd

g ijg}zj ho lhigcm{, Fjohj chla tbj ~gttjl qg} j~jgtkla

kt}jco kl htbj ]bkktj} thql} gld gjg} kl tbj }hztb, Fzt ~j)

bg~} Igckek} fkaaj}t }zmmj}} qg} djojgtkla tbj Igbdk Gi{

kl ]gd Mkt{# qbjl hvj 7>#>>> ahvjlijlt thh~} qhzcd

jltj tbj ]bkktj ljkabfhbhhd# fklakla g mgci lht }jjl oh

g lzifj ho {jg},

Tbj }tgtj} vkmth{ hvj cgqcj}} ~ggikcktg{ ahz~}

fhzabt Igckek izmb ezdh} gihla tbj ~h~zcgtkhl, Tgekla

bjgt ohi tbj qkdj}~jgd ~h~zcgkt{ tbgt mgij hl tbj bjjc}

ho tbj ljqc{)ohzld g}}jtkvjlj}} ho tbj }tgtj gld kt} kl}tktz)

tkhl}# Igckek ohijd bk} hql ~gt{# mgcckla kt tbj ]tgtj hotbj Cgq "]HC+, Bj djlhzlmjd }jmtgkglk}i gld gdvhmgtjd

g vkahhz} j}~hz}gc ho Kgwk lgtkhlgck}i, Igckek} dgigtkm

tgl}ohigtkhl ohi }jmtgkgl th lgtkhlgck}t# ohi qjge th

}thla# qhzcd fjg ozkt} kl tbj 6>>; chmgc jcjmtkhl}, ]jjl g}

tbj ~j}hl j}~hl}kfcj oh fklakla fgme tbj gztbhkt{ ho tbj

}tgtj# tbj vhtj} qhzcd vhtj bjgvkc{ oh tbj ]HC# ~gtkmzcgc{

kl ]bkktj gjg}, Tbj j}zct} }bhqjd tbgt tbj ]HC agljjd

ihj vhtj} tbgl gl{ htbj jcjmthgc jltkt{ kl lh ojqj tbgl

; ho tbj 74 ~hvklmj} tbgt bjcd jcjmtkhl} "tbj tbjj Ezdk}b

~hvklmj} ho Kfkc# ]zcg{iglk{gb# gld Dzbhe# g} qjcc g} tbj

dk}~ztjd ~hvklmj ho Ekeze# dkd lht bhcd chmgc jcjmtkhl}+,

Lh qhldj tbgt Igckek gld bk} ~gt{ qhzcd ah klth tbj

Igmb 1# 6>7> ajljgc jcjmtkhl} mhlokdjlt ho vkmth{, Bj

jr~jmtjd th ajt jlhzab vhtj} th fj gfcj th dkmtgtj mhgcktkhl

tji} h jvjl# qktb g fkt ho czme# th }wzjjpj tbhzab qktb

gl hztkabt ig`hkt{, Fzt th bk} }z~k}j "gld th tbj }z~k}j

ho htbj}+# kt }hhl fjmgij mcjg tbgt tbj oklgc hztmhij qg}

ajlzkljc{ kl dhzft, Kl igl{ qg{}# tbk} zlmjtgklt{ gookijd

tbj }tj~} Kgw bgd tgejl hl tbj ~gtb th djihmgm{, Gdgi

^pjqh}ek jikld} z}0 tbj ~hmj}} ho j}tgfck}bkla djihm)

gm{ k} g ~hmj}} ho kl}tktztkhlgckpkla zlmjtgklt{ kt k}

qktbkl tbj lgtzj ho djihmgm{ tbgt lh hlj} kltjj}t} mgl fj

azggltjjd,= Tbj zlmjtgkl j}zct mgkjd hl tbhzabhzt tbj

jcjmtkhl gld tbj vhtj mhzltkla# oklgcc{ ~hdzmkla gl hztmhij

tbgt qhzcd mhij th bgzlt Igckek gld g}thzld igl{ hf}jv)

j} "}jj tgfcj 7+,

Tbj qkllj tbk} tkij ghzld qg} tbj }jmzcg gc)Kgwk{g#

qbkmb bgd fjjl thzlmjd ohz {jg} jgckj# fzt qbkmb tbk}

tkij qg} gfcj th iz}tj 6: ~jmjlt ho tbj vhtj, Igckek gld

bk} ]tgtj ho Cgq ^gt{ oklk}bjd g mch}j }jmhld# gld tbj ljq

]bkktj ahz~kla# tbj Kgwk Lgtkhlgc Gcckglmj "KLG+# ~cgmjd

tbkd# agljkla cj}} tbgl bgco ho qbgt kt} jgckj klmglgtkhl

bgd jmjkvjd kl tbj 6>>: jcjmtkhl, Lht hlc{ tbj ~hcktkmgc cjgd)j}# fzt tbj ljg 2> ~jmjlt ho }kttkla ~gckgijltgkgl} qbhi

tbj vhtj} }jlt ~gmekla# bgd cjgljd tbjk ok}t bgd cj}}hl kl

qbgt djihmgm{ mgl jgcc{ ijgl, Tbj vhtj} qjj igekla g

~hklt tbgt tbj{ lh chlaj qhzcd fckldc{ ohcchq tbjk }jmtgkgl

kl}tklmt}# tbgt tbj{ qhzcd mbhh}j j~j}jltgtkvj} qbhi tbj{

tbhzabt qjj tbj fj}t wzgckokjd oh tbj `hf# gld tbgt tbj{

kltjldjd th bhcd tbjk cjgdj} gmmhzltgfcj, GLjq [hve Tkij}

bjgdcklj# Tbj Kgwk vhtj jqktj} tbj zcjfhhe#4 }ziijd

z~ tbj ljq }jltkijlt,

Qbkcj tbj Kgwk vhtj} }bhqjd g ~hcktkmgc igtzkt{ tbgt

gzazjd qjcc oh tbj mhzlt{} ~haj}} thqgd djihmgm{#

tbj gotjigtb qhzcd }bhq tbgt }jkhz} djokmkt} }tkcc jigkljd,

Kiijdkgtjc{ gotj tbj j}zct} qjj gllhzlmjd# kt fjmgij mcjg

tbgt tbj klmjg}klac{ dk}mkiklgtkla Kgwk vhtj} qhzcd fj

tbqgtjd f{ tbj }jco)kltjj}tjd igmbklgtkhl} ho ~hcktkmkgl},

Vjagdcj}} ho tbj j}zct}# ~hcktkmgc cjgdj} agvj tbj ki~j})

}khl tbgt tbjk mhiiktijlt th djihmgm{ qg} mhltklajlt

^gvt{(Mhgcktkhl- ho htj}

6>7>(6>>:

* ho thtgc

6>7>(6>>:

]jgt}

6>7>

Kvgwk{g 6#24;#?76(;11#=6: 64,16(2,> ;7

]HC 6#1;6#>2= 64,66 2;

]bkktj Gcckglmj} 6#>;6#>??(:#7??#7?: 72,7:(46,: 1>

]zllk gvtkj} ?>4#21=(6#=4>#6>; :,6:(7;,6 7>

Ezvdk}b gvtkj} 6#::4#446(6#1;;#2?> 66,7?(6=,> :1

Tgfcj 70 Vj}zct} ho tbj 6>7> ^gvckgijltgv{ Jcjmtkhl}


5/16:

hl djihmgm{ }jvkla tbjk hql kltjj}t}, Th igl{ ho tbj}j

cjgdj}# kt }jjijd tbgt tbj hlc{ gmmj~tgfcj hoo}~kla ho tbj

jcjmthgc ~hmj}} qg} tbj hookmj ho tbj ~kij iklk}tj# lht tbgt

ho tbj h~~h}ktkhl cjgdj,

Igckek} Gztbhvktgvkgl ^vhmckktkj}

Ohjih}t gihla tbh}j cjgdj} qbh tbhzabt ho h~~h}ktkhl

g} glhtbj tji oh ogkczj qg} tbj }kttkla ~kij iklk}tj

bki}jco, Qktb bk} gztbhktgkgl hht} mhikla th tbj ohj#

Igckek }ki~c{ qhzcd lht gmmj~t tbj oklgc j}zct ho tbj jcjmtkhl

tbgt ~cgmjd bki }jmhld th Gccgqk gld bk} }jmzcg gc)Kgwk{g,

Bj dk}ik}}jd tbj j}zct}# vhqkla th }zj gld gkkla bk} ~cgl}

th ohi g ljq ahvjlijlt g} tbj jgc qkllj, Kl j}~hl}j

th tbj}j b{}tjkm}# tbj jcjmthgc mhiikttjj gld kldj~jldjlt

hf}jvj} vhzmbjd oh tbj ogklj}} ho tbj ~hmj}}, Fzt Igckek

qhzcd lht cjt kt ah5 bj vj{ qjcc eljq tbgt gmmhdkla th tbj

mhl}tktztkhl# tbj ~j}kdjlt ho tbj Vj~zfckm qg} hfckajd th g}e

tbj qkllj ho tbj jcjmtkhl} th ohi g ahvjlijlt, ]h# bj fcg)

tgltc{ z}jd tbj ~hqj ho bk} hookmj th mg`hcj tbj mhzt} th mhij

z~ qktb g djmk}khl hdjkla g iglzgc jmhzlt, @z}t kl mg}j tbj

jmhzlt ~ch{ dkd lht qhe# Igckek z}jd tbj }gij }thla gi

tgmtkm} th ~j}}zj tbj }z~jij ojdjgc mhzt th mhij z~ qktb

g mhl}tktztkhlgc kltj~jtgtkhl ogvhgfcj th Igckek, Fg}kmgcc{#

tbj `zdaj} djmjjd tbgt jvjl tbhzab gc)Kgwk{g mgij hzt ok}t#

kt qhzcd ohojkt kt} kabt th ohi g ahvjlijlt ko htbj ~gtkj}ohijd tbji}jcvj} klth gl gcckglmj qktb g cgaj mhifkljd

thtgc ho }jgt},

Gc)Kgwk{g# ho mhz}j# mkjd ohzc# mbgccjlakla tbj kltj)

~jtgtkhl gld jvjl tbj `zk}dkmtkhl ho tbj mhzt, Fzt G{gd

Gccgqk# gc)Kgwk{g} cjgdj# bgd fjjl bhhdqklejd gld mhi)

~cjtjc{ hztigljzvjjd f{ tbj jcjltcj}} Igckek, Tbj ~kij

iklk}tj }mzkjd ghzld t{kla th okld ~gtlj}# igekla

gcc ekld} ho h~~htzlk}tkm ~hik}j} gld mhlmj}}khl}, Qbkcj

zih} ocjq ho ki~jldkla ijaj} qktb ]zllk} gld ]bkktj}#

gld qktb cgaj gld }igcc ahz~}# tbj ih}t hfvkhz} ~gtlj

jigkljd tbj KLG, Qktb gcc bk} tgce ho Kgwk lgtkhlgck}i#

Igckek jigkljd g mch}jt }jmtgkgl gt bjgt# ihtkvgtjd ok}t

gld ohjih}t f{ bk} ]bkktj kdjltkt{, Kldjjd# kt qg} Ihwtgdg

gc)]gd# qbh mhzcd lht ohajt Igckek} dk}igltckla ho tbj

Igbdk Gi{# qbh klktkgcc{ fchmejd tbj ijaj, Gotj ihj

tbgl tbjj ihltb} ho ljahtkgtkhl} gld mhlmj}}khl} f{ Igckek#

gc)]gd jcjltjd gld g ljq ]bkktj gcckglmj zldj Igckek}

cjgdj}bk~ qg} ohijd,

Lhq g} tbj bjgd ho tbj cgaj}t fchm# qbkmb qg} hlc{ g ojq

}jgt} }bht ho gl hvjgcc ig`hkt{# Igckek qg} }jt th ohi g

ahvjlijlt, Bhqjvj# kl hdj th ahvjl# Igckek eljq tbgt

bj ljjdjd g cgaj mhgcktkhl tbgt bgd th klmczdj tbj Ezd},

Tbj tqh ~kvhtgc Ezdk}b cjgdj}# @gcgc Tgcgfglk# Kgw} ~j}k)

djlt# gld Ig}hzd Fggpglk# tbj ~j}kdjlt ho tbj gzthlhihz}Kgwk jakhl ho Ezdk}tgl# kl}k}tjd hl g lgtkhlgc zlkt{ ahvjl)

ijlt ho gcc ~hcktkmgc ~cg{j}# klmczdkla gc)Kgwk{g gld kt} cjgdj

Gccgqk, Kl hdj th fjge tbj djgdchme# Igckek qhzcd jvjltz)

gcc{ gmmj~t g ~h~h}gc mjgtkla g ~ggccjc jrjmztkvj }tzmtzj th

fj bjgdjd f{ Gccgqk, Mgccjd tbj Mhzlmkc oh ]tgtjakm ^hckmkj}

"M]^+# tbj }tzmtzj bgd vgazj gld zldjtjikljd ~hqj}#

qbkmb k} ~hfgfc{ qb{ gotj chla ljahtkgtkhl} Igckek djmkdjd

th gmmjdj th kt, Kl cgtj Djmjifj 6>7># Igckek oklgcc{ ohijd

g ahvjlijlt# ihj tbgl lklj ihltb} gotj tbj jcjmtkhl}

ihltb} ho ~hcktkmgc gld ahvjlijltgc ~ggc{}k} tbgt ikabt

bgvj ~hvjd Igckek} }z~jkh kl}tklmt oh ~hcktkmgc dzdaj{#

fzt qhzcd cjgvj tbj Kgwk ~h~zcgtkhl qhldjkla gfhzt lht

`z}t tbj vgczj ho tbjk jcjmthgc vhtj# fzt tbj qhtb ho djih)

mgtkm ~gmtkmj} kl ajljgc,

Tbj Kgwk} klmjg}kla }ej~tkmk}i ho djihmgtkm ~gmtkmj}

gld ho Igckek} mhiiktijlt th djihmgtkm kdjgc} dkd lht

}jji th tji~j tbj ~kij iklk}tj} }jjiklac{ klagkljd

~jlmbglt oh mjltgckpkla ~hqj klth bk} hookmj, Kiijdkgtjc{

z~hl tgekla hookmj# bj qjlt th qhe hl tbj bg~cj}} }z~jij

ojdjgc mhzt# qbkmb# oh gcc kltjlt} gld ~z~h}j}# Igckek bgd

tzljd klth gl gi ho tbj ~kij iklk}tjkgc hookmj# th fklag lzifj ho kl}tktztkhl} zldj bk} mhlthc, Kl @glzg{ 6>77#

tbj mhzt zcjd tbgt tbj mjltgc fgle gld vgkhz} kldj~jldjlt

mhiikttjj} gld mhiik}}khl} tbgt qjj tg}ejd qktb hvj}jj)

kla jcjmtkhl}# ~htjmtkla bzigl kabt}# gld okabtkla mhz~)

tkhl fj fhzabt zldj tbj mhlthc ho tbj ~kij iklk}tj, Tbj

ih}t jajakhz} ho tbj mhzt} zckla} mhlmjljd tbj Bkabj

Kldj~jldjlt Jcjmthgc Mhiik}}khl "BKJM+# qbkmb bgd

ohzabt thhtb gld lgkc th ~j}jvj tbj kltjakt{ ho tbj jcjm)

tkhl}# gld th }gfhtgaj Igckek} vgkhz} }mbjij} th fj djmcgjd

tbj qkllj ho tbj jcjmtkhl}, Tbj dgotj} ho tbj mhl}tktztkhl

kl 6>>: qjj zlgifkazhz} kl ~cgmkla tbj BKJM zldj tbj

}z~jvk}khl ho ~gckgijlt# fzt tbk} tkij tbj gccjajdc{ kldj)

~jldjlt `zdaj}# og}t fjmhikla Igckek} iklkhl}# hztdkd

tbji}jcvj}, Vjvjtkla th qbgt mgl hlc{ fj dj}mkfjd g} cjagc

gmhfgtkm}# tbj{ mgij z~ qktb g mhlvhcztjd gazijlt tbgt

ohzld gttgmbkla tbj BKJM th tbj cjak}cgtkvj fglmb ho ahvjl)

ijlt th fj g vkhcgtkhl ho tbj }j~ggtkhl ho ~hqj}# gld tbz}

djmjjd tbgt bjlmjohtb# tbj BKJM qhzcd fj gttgmbjd th tbj


6/16


?

jrjmztkvj#: qbjj lh dhzft kt qhzcd fj jg}kj oh Igckek th

}tgoo tbj}j mktkmgc kl}tktztkhl}# ~gtkmzcgc{ tbj kldj~jldjlt

jcjmthgc mhiik}}khl qktb bk} hql mhlkj},

Igckek dkd lht mhloklj bk} pj}t oh gztbhktgkglk}i th

fjbkld tbj }mjlj} ~hcktkmgc kltkazj, Bj qg} kl lh qg{ gvj}j

th ahkla ~zfckm qktb bk} }jjiklac{ klagkljd gztbhktgkgl~hmckvktkj}, Qbjl kl @glzg{# g oz}tgtjd dj~zt{ ~kij

iklk}tj# tbj ]zllk ]gcjb Iztcgw# mgccjd Igckek g dkmtgth#

tbj ~kij iklk}tj }zhzldjd bk} dj~zt{} bhz}j qktb tgle}

gld djigldjd tbgt ~gckgijlt okj bki oh cgmekla ogktb kl

tbj ~hcktkmgc ~hmj}},? Oh Igckek th tgej qbgt j}}jltkgcc{

qg} lh ihj tbgl gl zlmhi~ckijltg{ mhiijlt gfhzt bk}

~hcktkmgc gttktzdj gld ~gmtkmj}# gld tzl kt klth }hij ekld

ho g tjg}hlhz} }cgldj gagkl}t tbj mhzlt{} ~hcktkmgc ~h)

mj}} tbgt ljmj}}ktgtjd tbj dk}~gtmb ho gihjd tgle}# qhzcd

fkla fgme zlmhiohtgfcj ijihkj} ho dg{} ahlj f{ qbjl

]gddgi Bz}}jkl qhzcd jwzgtj# g} g igttj ho mhz}j# tbj

Kgwk }tgtj qktb bk} hql ~j}hl, Iztcgw} hztfz}t bgd mhij

gotj ~j}k}tjlt mhi~cgklt} f{ gc)Kgwk{g tbgt bzldjd} ho kt}

}z~~htj} bgd fjjl gfktgkc{ gj}tjd f{ Igckek} }jmzkt{

ohmj}# djtgklkla tbji kl }jmjt chmgtkhl}# gld thtzkla tbji

th hftgkl mhloj}}khl} ijglt th ki~ckmgtj ~gt{ cjgdj} kl

tjhk}t gmtkvktkj} gld(h ~cgllkla ikcktg{ mhz~},1 Kldjjd#

hlj }zmb mhloj}}khl} j~k}hdj cjd th tbj k}}zkla ho gl gj}t

qgglt hl tjhk}i mbgaj} gagkl}t Kgw} ih}t }jlkh ]zllk

~hcktkmkgl# tbj mhzlt{} vkmj ~j}kdjlt# Tgjw gc)Bg}bjik,

Gc)Bg}bjik kiijdkgtjc{ ocjd th tbj Ezdk}b lhtb glddjmcgjd tbgt bj qg} qkcckla th ogmj `z}tkmj gl{qbjj fzt kl

Fgabdgd, Igckek qhzcd j}~hld qktb tbj ekld ho mhi~gk}hl

mgcmzcgtjd th ~j}zgdj Kgwk}# ~gtkmzcgc{ tbj ig`hkt{ ]bkktj}#

th ~jmjkvj ]zllk cjgdj} g} ~hcktkmgc ~gkgb}, Qj agvj

]gddgi g ogk tkgc# Igckek }gkd, Gld qjcc akvj Bg}bjik

g ogk tkgc thh,2 Tbj ogmt tbgt fhtb Iztcgw gld gc)Bg}bjik

qjj lht `z}t }mkhl} ho tbj ]zllk mhiizlkt{# fzt }jlkh

ijifj} ho gc)Kgwk{g dkd lht akvj Igckek ~gz}j th ~hldj5

hl tbj mhltg{# bj fjbgvjd g} tbhzab bj zlbj}ktgtklac{

fjckjvjd tbj{ qjj }ki~c{ ajttkla tbjk `z}t dj}}jt},

Ahjvlijlt} ho Lgtkhlgc Dk}zlkt{

Fj{hld bk} hql ~j}hlgc ~hmckvktkj}# Igckek} ~jlmbglt oh

~hcktkmgc mhlthc k} gc}h g ~hdzmt ho tbj mhzlt{} dkvkdjd

~hcktkmgc }tzmtzj gld dkvk}kvj ~hcktkmgc mzctzj, Ohi kt} vj{

fjakllkla# Kgw bgd fjjl gl zljg}{ ikrtzj ho ]bkktj}# ]zllk}#

gld Ezd}, Qbgtjvj }tj~} bgd fjjl tgejl th jg}j tbj}j mzc)

tzgc }mbk}i} kl tbj jgc{ dg{} ho tbj mhzlt{} }tgtjbhhd qjj

ljagtjd f{ ]gddgi} vkzcjltc{ jtblh)}jmtgkgl zcj# kl qbkmb

]zllk} qjj ogvhjd gld tbj j}t ih}tc{ h~~j}}jd, Tbj}j

jrk}tjltkgc }mbk}i} qjj jrgmjfgtjd f{ ~hcktkmgc djmk}khl}

tgejl dzkla tbj Gijkmgl hmmz~gtkhl# qbkmb tkjd th j}thjmhiizlgc fgcglmj# fzt jldjd z~ bjkabtjlkla jtblh)}jmtg)

kgl mhl}mkhz}lj}}, Gl ki~htglt ojgtzj ho tbk} gglajijlt

qg} tbj ~gmtkmj ho mjgtkla ahvjlijlt} ho lgtkhlgc zlkt{

tbgt kl jth}~jmt qhzcd bgvj fjjl fjttj mgccjd ahvjlijlt}

ho lgtkhlgc dk}zlkt{, Kl hdj th gmmhiihdgtj jvj{ ~hcktkmgc

~cg{j# qktb tbj bh~j tbgt jvj{hlj qhzcd bgvj g }tgej kl tbj

~hcktkmgc ~hmj}}# mgfkljt ~htohckh}# zldj gmtkvj Gijkmgl

jlmhzgajijlt# qjj dk}bjd hzt th vgkhz} ahz~} tbgt bgd

ckttcj kl mhiihl fj{hld g bzlaj oh ~hqj gld tbj cgaj}}

tbgt mhij} qktb kt, Iklk}tkj} fjmgij gzthlhihz} okjodhi}

dhkla tbj fkddkla ho jtblh)}jmtgkgl fh}}j} gld qgchd}#

qbkmb tbj{ dkd fgpjlc{ qktbhzt t{kla th mhvj tbjk tgme},

^jh~cj thhe th kdjltko{kla iklk}tkj} f{ tbjk jtblh)}jmtgkgl

gookckgtkhl}Ohjkal Googk} qg} Ezdk}b# Djojl}j qg} ]zllk#

Kltjkh qg} ]bkktj# gld }h hl, Qbjl g {hzla ]bkktj# qbh bgd

ckljd z~ kl ohlt ho tbj Iklk}t{ ho tbj Kltjkh th `hkl tbj

~hckmj ohmj fzt bgd jr~j}}jd g ~jojjlmj oh }hcdkjkla# qg}

g}ejd qb{ bj qg} lht g~~c{kla th tbj Iklk}t{ ho Djojl}j# bk}

kiijdkgtj gl}qj qg}0 kt dhj} lht fjchla th z},;

Ho mhz}j tbj bh~j qg} tbgt tbj 6>7> jcjmtkhl}# qbh}j

j}zct} }bhqjd tbj klmjg}kla dk}dgkl oh }jmtgkglk}i gihlavhtj}# qhzcd ~hdzmj g }thla gld mhbjjlt ahvjlijlt tbgt

qhzcd fj mbgccjlajd f{ gl jwzgcc{ g}}jtkvj h~~h}ktkhl, Fzt

tbgt qhzcd lht mhij th ~g}}, Tbj thtzhz} ~hmj}} ho ohikla

g ahvjlijlt# qbkmb klvhcvjd }zld{ ~hik}j} gld mhlmj})

}khl} f{ Igckek# ~hdzmjd g ahvjlijlt kl lh qg{ dk}}kikcg

ohi tbj dk}g}thz} hlj} tbgt ~jmjdjd kt, Tbk} tkij jgmb ~gt{

qg} gcchmgtjd g lzifj ho mgfkljt ~htohckh}# gld tbj ~gt{

cjgdj}bk~ lgijd tbj jvjltzgc hmmz~glt, Tbjj qjj }h igl{

mbk~} th fj mg}bjd tbgt Igckek jldjd z~ qktb g }~gqckla

4:)ijifj mgfkljt' Tbj izctk~cj ch{gctkj} tbgt ochqjd ohi

}zmb g }{}tji cjd th g ogmtkhz} mgfkljt tbgt qg} zlgfcj thjgmb djmk}khl} gld ohizcgtj ~hckm{, Kt k} klmhi~jbjl}kfcj

th igl{ Kgwk} "gld th htbj} hzt}kdj tbj mhzlt{+ tbgt jkabt

{jg} gotj tbj djik}j ho ]gddgi} zcj# kl g mhzlt{ qbh}j

lgtkhlgc gllzgc fzdajt} bgvj th~~jd $2> fkcckhl# zlji~ch{)

ijlt }tgld} gt ihj tbgl 6: ~jmjlt oh tbh}j zldj =>5 }jq)

gaj ochq} ojjc{ kl tbj }tjjt} gld klth kvj} gld cgej}# }h tbgt#

gmmhdkla th tbj Kltjlgtkhlgc Mhiikttjj ho tbj Vjd Mh}}#


7/161

gmmj}} th qgtj ho }zookmkjlt wzgckt{ Uk}Y g ig`h mbgccjlaj oh

cgaj ~gt} ho tbj ~h~zcgtkhl57> gld jcjmtkm akd} gld ~cglt}

mhltklzj th }z~~c{ `z}t gfhzt bgco ho tbj djigld# gld jvjl

cj}} dzkla tbj bkab djigld }ziij }jg}hl,

]h qbgt tbj Kgwk} aht qg} g ogmtzjd ahvjlijlt tbgt

ihj hotjl tbgl lht mhzcd lht jgmb mhccjmtkvj djmk}khl} gt gtkij qbjl tbj mhzlt{# qktb kt} izctktzdj ho }jvjj jmhlhikm#

}jmzkt{# gld }hmkgc ~hfcji}# qg} kl dkj ljjd ho gl gmtkvk}t

gld g mgl)dh ahvjlijlt, Ahvjlijltgc djgdchme gld ~ggc)

{}k} ig{ bgvj fjjl fgd oh tbj mhzlt{ fzt lht ljmj}}gkc{ oh

Igckek5 kt h~jljd tbj dhh oh Igckek th tgej ~hcktkmgc ijg)

}zj} gld igej ~hckm{ kldj~jldjltc{ ho tbj mgfkljt# g ~gmtkmj

tbgt okt kl qjcc qktb bk} kllgtj ~gtkgckt{ th tbj mjltgckpkla ho

~hqj kl bk} hql bgld}, G {jg klth Igckek} ~jikj}bk~#

hlj jrg}~jgtjd }jlkh iklk}tj# tbj qjcc)ckejd gld bkabc{

j}~jmtjd ]zllk Iklk}tj ho Oklglmj# Vgok gc)K}}gqk# thcd tbj

Ljq [hve Tkij}tbgt Igckek} fjbgvkh kl ahvjlijlt }h og

}thlac{ ~hkltjd th bk} kltjltkhl th mhl}hckdgtj ~hqj ihj

gld ihj, Bj tbjl gddjd# ]hijhlj jc}j }bhzcd fj ~kij

iklk}tj,77 Gc)K}}gqk} gllh{glmj qg} kalktjd f{ Igckek}

}jjikla mgvgckj gttktzdj th mhl}tktztkhlgc k}}zj}# ~gtkmzcgc{

hlj} tbgt djokljd bk} jcgtkhl}bk~ qktb tbj mgfkljt,

Igckek ihj hotjl tbgl lht qhzcd ajt bk} qg{ fjmgz}j ho

tbj mgfkljt} cgme ho kl}tktztkhlgc mhbjjlmj# igekla kt jg}{

oh tbj ~kij iklk}tj th fchme h dk}jagd ~hckmkj} tbgt bj

djjijd th fj gagkl}t bk} hql kltjj}t}# h tbgt ikabt ~cgmj

}hij j}tgklt hl bk} zlkcgtjgck}i, Tbz}# oh jrgi~cj# jvjltbhzab gc)Kgwk{g gld tbj Ezd} gaktgtjd ohi cgtj 6>77

hlqgd oh g lgtkhlgc mhlojjlmj ho gcc ~gtkj} th dk}mz}} klk)

tkgtkvj} ijglt th mztgkc tbj ~hqj} ho tbj ~kij iklk}tj# gld

jvjl tbhzab fjtqjjl tbji tbj{ bgd lh cj}} tbgl 7; mgfkljt

}jgt}# ahvjlijltgc ogaijltgtkhl qg} }zmb tbgt Igckek qg}

}tkcc gfcj th iglk~zcgtj dkvk}khl} qktbkl tbj mgfkljt th }gfh)

tgaj tbj kdjg# djcg{kla kt qktb ~hmjdzgc lkt)~kmekla kl tbj

bh~j tbgt kt qhzcd ch}j kt} ~htjlm{ gld jld z~ ahkla lhqbjj,

Tbj k}}zj} th fj dk}mz}}jd kl tbj jlvk}gajd lgtkhlgc mhl)

ojjlmj qjj lht hlj} tbgt Igckek qhzcd qglt th jvjl ~zt

hl tbj tgfcj# cjt gchlj dk}mz}}, Tbj tbhlkj}t k}}zj qg} tbjmjgtkhl ho tbj M]^# qbkmb# g} qj bgvj }jjl# bgd fjjl gajjd

z~hl kl tbj }h)mgccjd Kfkc Gajjijlt tbgt jvjltzgcc{ fhej

tbj djgdchme hvj tbj ohigtkhl ho tbj mgfkljt kl Djmjifj

6>77, Th fj bjgdjd f{ Gccgqk# tbj M]^ qg} }z~~h}jd th bgvj

}hij zl}~jmkokjd hvj}kabt hvj mgfkljt djmk}khl}# bgdc{

gl k}}zj tbgt Igckek qhzcd okld ~gcgtgfcj, Glhtbj ktji th

fj dk}mz}}jd kl tbj lgtkhlgc mhlojjlmj qg} oh gcc ~gtkj} th

gajj hl g }jt ho f{)cgq} tbgt qhzcd jazcgtj mgfkljt djmk}khl)

igekla, Hlj qhzcd jr~jmt gl{ mgfkljt th ~z}b oh tbk}# gld

ig{fj iklk}tj} dkd5 Igckek# bhqjvj# qhzcd }jj tbk} hlc{ g}

gl kloklajijlt hl bk} hql ~hqj, Ihjhvj# gc)Kgwk{g gld

tbj Ezd} qgltjd th dk}mz}} tbj mhltklzjd gf}jlmj ho iklk})

tj} bjgdkla tbj iklk}tkj} ho Djojl}j# Kltjkh# gld Lgtkhlgc]jmzkt{ ihj tbgl 7= ihltb} gotj tbj ohigtkhl ho ahvjl)

ijlt kl Djmjifj 6>7>, Tbk} gf}zd }ktzgtkhl k} g ojgtzj ho

ahvjlijlt} ho lgtkhlgc zlkt{# qbjj mgfkljt ~htohckh} gj

dk}bjd hzt th vgkhz} ahz~}, Bgvkla gajjd th tbj}j }~jmkokm

g~~htkhlijlt}# klmczdkla agltkla tbj Djojl}j ~htohckh th

gc)Kgwk{g# g} g mhldktkhl oh tbj ohigtkhl ho bk} mgfkljt# bj

}~jlt tbj ohcchqkla ihltb} }gfhtgakla tbj kdjg# f{ joz}kla

gcc lgij} }zfikttjd th bki# qktb bgdc{ gl{ kl~zt ohi bk}

mgfkljt, Tbj j}zct bg} fjjl tbgt tbj iklk}tkj} gj bjgdjd f{

gmtkla iklk}tj}# hlj ho tbji fjkla Igckek bki}jco oh tbj

Kltjkh Iklk}t{, Tbj htbj tqh gmtkla iklk}tj} oh Djojl}j

gld Lgtkhlgc ]jmzkt{ gj ijl qbhi Igckek k} elhql th jg})

kc{ mhlthc, Igckek gld bk} mhlkj} tbz} bgvj z}jd jvj{ }klacj

tkme kl tbj fhhe th }gfhtgaj tbj kdjg ho g lgtkhlgc mhlojjlmj#

gld kl tbk} jooht# tbj mgfkljt g} g djmk}khl)igekla kl}tktztkhl

bg} fjjl gcih}t klvk}kfcj,

Hlj jg}hl oh tbj qjgelj}} ho tbj mgfkljt "gld f{

djoklktkhl tbj }tjlatb ho Igckek+ qg} kt} dk}~j}j gld cgaj

ijifj}bk~4: iklk}tj} kl gcc' Kt qg} lht tbgt Igckek

~cglljd tbk}5 kt qg} ihj g ozlmtkhl ho t{kla th ohi gl

gcc)klmcz}kvj lgtkhlgc zlkt{ ahvjlijlt, Fzt qktb }h igl{iklk}tj}# fjchlakla th fkmejkla ~gtkj} gld ahz~}# tbj

mgfkljt lgtzgcc{ qhzcd ohzld kt dkookmzct th gmt g} g mhbj}kvj

jltkt{# gld tbk} ~cg{jd klth tbj bgld} ho Igckek, Jvjl }h# tbj

zlqkjcd{ }kpj ho tbj mgfkljt ~hvjd }h zltjlgfcj tbgt# kl @zc{

6>77# Igckek djmkdjd th dk}~jl}j qktb gfhzt g dhpjl `zlkh

iklk}tj}, Fzt tbj bh~j tbgt tbk} ihvj qhzcd igej oh ihj

joojmtkvj ahvjlglmj dkd lht igtjkgckpj, Tbj lgtkhlgc zlkt{

ahvjlijlt qhzcd mhltklzj hl tbj }gij mhz}j ho dk}zlkt{#

~h~zcgtjd g} kt qg} f{ ogmtkhz} ~gtkj}# tbji}jcvj} }zoojkla

ohi kltjlgc tjl}khl} gld dk}mhd},

^hcktkmgc ^gvtkj} hv Klmhbjvjlt Avhz~kla8

Ko Igckek} ~jlmbglt oh gztbhktgkglk}i k} hlj kldkmgth ho

tbj fkttcjlj}} ho Kgw} djihmgtkm tgl}ktkhl# tbj qjgelj}}

ho tbj ~gt{ }{}tji k} glhtbj, G hfz}t tgl}ktkhl ljjd} g

}tgfcj ~gt{ }{}tji tbgt k} djckljgtjd f{ mhi~jtkla ~gtkj}#


8/16


2

qbh}j kdjltktkj} gj djokljd f{ mcjgc{ kdjltkokgfcj kdjhchakj}

h ~hcktkmgc ~cgtohi}, Qbkcj ~j}hlgcktkj} gj ki~htglt gld

~cg{ g hcj kl }hckdko{kla tbj ~gt{} kdjltkt{# tbjk kloczjlmj k}

mhl}tgkljd f{ tbj ~gt{} kdjhcha{# kt} }tzmtzj# gld kt} kl}tk)

tztkhlgc zcj}, Kgw} ~hfcji k} tbgt tbjj k} lht g }klacj ~gt{

h ~hcktkmgc ahz~ h mhgcktkhl kl ~h}t)hmmz~gtkhl Kgw tbgt okt}tbj fkcc, Th }tgt qktb# tbj zckla mhgcktkhl bjgdjd f{ Igckek k}

kt}jco bkabc{ ogmtzjd, Kt bg} bgd }hij }tglaj fjdojcchq}, Kl

gddktkhl th bk} hql Dgqg ^gt{# tbk} ]bkktj gcckglmj fhzabt

zldj kt} zifjccg tbj ohcchqj} ho tqh {hzla mcjkm}# qbh

lht hlc{ fjchlajd th kvgc mcjkmgc ogikckj}# fzt ~j}hlgcc{

bjcd jgmb htbj kl mhltji~t, Lh dkd jktbj ho tbji j}~jmt

Igckek} cjgdj}bk~ ho tbj mhgcktkhl, Ckej kl igkgaj} ho

mhlvjlkjlmj# tbj }tgkljd jcgtkhl}bk~ bg} fjjl ~jvgcjlt gld

~jkhdkmgcc{ bg} fz}t hzt kl tbj h~jl, Kt qg} lht zlmhiihl

oh hlj ho tbj mcjkm}# Giig gc)Bgeki# th ~zfckmc{ tgej tbj

}kdj ho gc)Kgwk{g cjgdj} kl }hij dk}~ztj qktb Igckek, Tbj

htbj mcjkm# tbj {hzla okjfgld Ihwtgdg gc)]gd# }jji} th

bgvj lh wzgci} gfhzt mhldzmtkla bk} hql ljahtkgtkhl} qktb

~gtkj} hzt}kdj tbj mhgcktkhl gld igekla ~hckm{ }tgtjijlt}

qktbhzt jvjl fhtbjkla th mhl}zct Igckek, Qbjl Igckek

}jjijd h~jl th g jljahtkgtjd gajjijlt qktb tbj Hfgig

gdiklk}tgtkhl gfhzt g ~hchlajd Gijkmgl ~j}jlmj kl Kgw#

kt qg} gc)]gd qbh ~zt ~gkd th gl{ }zmb ~h}}kfkckt{ f{ tbjgt)

jlkla th qgaj g azjkccg qg gagkl}t tbj hmmz~kj}, Gld

qbjl }jmtgkgl ekcckla klmjg}jd gld ahvjlijlt djgdchmejd

kl cgtj 6>77# gc)]gd ~zfckmc{ ihmejd tbj ahvjlijlt}"gld f{ ki~ckmgtkhl# Igckek}+ ~johiglmj, Ijifj} ho bk}

~gt{ }hhl ohcchqjd qktb mgcc} oh ljq jcjmtkhl}, Tbj}j qjj

kiijdkgtjc{ jfzejd lht hlc{ f{ Igckek# fzt gc}h f{ }z~)

~htj} ho tbj htbj mcjkm# Giig gc)Bgeki,76 ]zmb ~hcktkmgc

fkleigl}bk~ gld ~zfckm jmkiklgtkhl} tbgt bgvj hmmzjd#

gld mhltklzj th hmmz# qktbkl tbj zckla mhgcktkhl mgl bgdc{

kl}~kj mhlokdjlmj kl tbj gfkckt{ ho tbj ahvjlijlt th gmt g} g

~hfcji }hcvkla mh~hgtj jltkt{,

Lh k} tbj }jmzcg gc)Kgwk{g g ihj mhbj}kvj h mhbjjlt

jltkt{, Kt k} gtbj g mhgcktkhl ho dk}~ggtj ahz~} zlktjd f{

tbj hvjgmbkla ~z~h}j ho ckiktkla tbj ~hqj ho ~gtkj}fgldk}bkla g ]bkktj kdjltkt{, Tbk} k} qb{ ijifj} ho tbj

]zllk Kgwk K}cgikm ^gt{# g chh}j hoo}bhht ho tbj Iz}cki

Fhtbjbhhd# ohzld mhiihl mgz}j qktb G{gd Gccgqk} }jmz)

cg Qkogw Ihvjijlt# djmkdkla th okabt tbj 6>7> jcjmtkhl}

zldj gc)Kgwk{g fgllj, Ihjhvj# tbj vgkhz} ~gtkj} tbgt

mgij thajtbj th ohi gc)Kgwk{g zldj Gccgqk} cjgdj}bk~

tbji}jcvj} bgdc{ bgd mcjgc{ jlzlmkgtjd ~hcktkmgc ~hagi}

h kdjhchakj}, _j{ izmb ckej tbj ]bkktj ~gtkj}# qbgt djokljd

tbj mhl}tktzjlt ahz~} tbgt igdj z~ gc)Kgwk{g qjj tbj

cjgdj} ghzld qbhi tbj{ mhgcj}mjd, Gccgqk tbjjohj qg}

lht tbj gmelhqcjdajd bjgd ho g mhbjjlt ~hcktkmgc ~gt{5

gtbj# bj qg} ihj ckej tbj tktzcg mbkjo ho g chh}j mhlojd)

jgtkhl ho vgkhz} tkfj} jgmb qktb kt} hql cjgdj, Tbjjohj#kt dkd lht tgej chla gotj tbj jcjmtkhl} oh tbj fhld tbgt bgd

tkjd tbj}j ahz~} thajtbj dzkla tbj jcjmthgc mgi~gkal gld

tbj jl}zkla ljahtkgtkhl} hvj tbj ohigtkhl ho ahvjlijlt

th chh}jl, ]hij ahz~} jrtgmtjd tbji}jcvj} mhi~cjtjc{,

Igklc{ ]bkktj gc)Kgwk{g ijifj} ohi tbj }hztb ho Kgw cjot

tbj mhgcktkhl gld ohijd g ljq jltkt{ qktb tbj lgij Qbktj

Kgwk{g, Htbj} jigkljd qktbkl gc)Kgwk{g# fzt h~jgtjd

kl g ckifh cgld# mhltklzkla th }qjg okdjckt{ th tbj hag)

lkpgtkhl# fzt gmtkla kldj~jldjltc{# gld }hijtkij} gagkl}t

tbj dkmtgtj} ho tbj cjgdj}bk~, Tbk} fjmgij hfvkhz} kl cgtj

6>77 gld jgc{ 6>76 qbjl kl j}~hl}j th tbj ahvjlijlt}

gj}t qgglt gagkl}t Tgkw gc)Bg}bkik# tbj mhzlt{} vkmj

~j}kdjlt gld cjgdj ho tbj Tg`dkd "Vjljqgc+ ahz~ qktbkl

gc)Kgwk{g# tbj mhgcktkhl gllhzlmjd tbgt kt k} fh{mhttkla

~gckgijlt gld tbj mgfkljt, Klktkgcc{# gcc tbj mhl}tktzjlt

jcjijlt} ho tbj mhgcktkhl thhe bjjd ho tbj cjgdj}bk~ djmk)

}khl, Fzt }hhl gotj# tbk} zlkt{ ho ~z~h}j igdj qg{ oh gl

g}}jtkhl ho ~j}hlgc kltjj}t, ^gckgijltg{ ijifj} ho gc)

Kgwk{g fjchlakla th tbj ogmtkhl cjd f{ ~gckgijlt} }~jgej

Z}gig gc)Lz`gkok fjagl th fj }jjl kl tbj mhkdh} ho ~gckg)

ijlt, Htbj} qhzcd }hhl `hkl# ~gtkmzcgc{ tbh}j ohi tbjgc)Bgcc "]hcztkhl+ fchm, Lh qg} tbjj zlglkihz} }z~~ht

oh fh{mhttkla tbj mgfkljt, Hlj h tqh iklk}tj} dkd kldjjd

fjge tbj fh{mhtt gld gttjldjd mgfkljt ijjtkla},7= Kl tbj

ogmj ho g }~ckltjkla mhgcktkhl# gld bgvkla gmbkjvjd ljrt th

lhtbkla# gc)Kgwk{g oklgcc{ djmkdjd kl cgtj @glzg{ 6>76 th

mgcc hoo kt} fh{mhtt,

G Dh)Ckttcj ^gvckgijlt

Lht tbgt gc)Kgwk{g} fh{mhtt ki~gmtjd tbj ~johiglmj hojktbj tbj mgfkljt h tbj ~gckgijlt, G} ijltkhljd jgckj# tbj

mgfkljt ho lgtkhlgc zlkt{ z}zgcc{ ~johijd kl }jaijltjd ~gt)

tjl} qbjj tbjj qg} ckttcj qbhcj th tbj ~gt}, ]h tbj ogkczj

th gttjld mgfkljt ijjtkla} f{ g mhz~cj h }h iklk}tj} qhzcd

bgvj ckttcj ki~gmt hl tbj ~hmj}} ho ~hckm{ igekla# jrmj~t oh

gcchqkla Igckek th gvhkd mhccjmtkvj djmk}khl)igekla# gld th

akvj bki g fhgdj vk}tg oh tbj kldkvkdzgc jrjmk}j ho ~hcktkmgc


9/16;

~hqj, Ljktbj qg} ~gckgijlt g }bklkla jrgi~cj ho djih)

mgtkm gmtkvk}i,

Kl tbj Igmb 6>7> jcjmtkhl}# tbj ~jh~cj ho Kgw djckvjjd

qbgt djihmgt} kl Kgw gld gfhgd bgd bh~jd oh, Ljq ogmj}

mhl}tktztjd ihj tbgl 2> ~jmjlt ho tbj ijifj}bk~ ho tbj

ljq ~gckgijlt5 igl{ ho tbji jcjmtjd hl ijkt gtbj tbglhl fckld }jmtgkglk}i# gld gcih}t gcc ~hik}jd th }jvj tbj

Kgwk lgtkhl# j}mbjqkla tbj lghq ~gtkmzcgk}tkm kltjj}t}

tbgt bgd ~ggc{pjd tbj qhe ho tbjk ~jdjmj}}h}, Kt dkd

lht tgej chla oh tbj Kgwk ~jh~cj th jmhalkpj qbgt g ~k~j

djgi tbgt qg}, Hl tbj hlj bgld# ~gckgijltgkgl} ohi

Igckek} gc)Dgqg# fjbgvjd g} tbhzab tbjk hlc{ hcj qg} th

tbqgt gl{ ~gckgijltg{ klktkgtkvj zldjtgejl f{ gc)Kgwk{g,

Hl tbj htbj bgld# gc)Kgwk{g ijifj} }~jlt izmb ho tbjk

tkij mhi~cgklkla gld fh{mhttkla }j}}khl}5 tbjk igkl cgijlt

fjkla Igckek} zlqkccklalj}} th djckvj hl tbj Mhzlmkc oh

]tgtjakm ^hckmkj} "M]^+# tbj ~ggccjc kl}tktztkhl th tbj mgfkljt

tbgt bgd fjjl ~hik}jd th G{gd Gccgqk kl tbj ljahtkgtkhl}

hvj tbj ohigtkhl ho ahvjlijlt tbgt thhe ~cgmj kl tbj

Ezdk}b mkt{ ho Kfkc kl tbj ogcc ho 6>7>, Kt }jjijd tbgt th

gc)Kgwk{g# ~ggc{pkla tbj qhe ho ~gckgijlt qg} lht thh

bkab g ~kmj th ~g{ oh tbj bkabj ~z~h}j ho ajttkla tbj M]^

~h}ktkhl oh kt} cjgdj, Gld kl tbj ikd}t ho tbj}j gltgahlk}i}#

tbj Ezdk}b ~gtkj} jmjkvjd tbj g~~cgz}j ho tbj izctktzdj oh

g}}zikla tbj hcj ho ijdkgth t{kla th ~j}jvj Kgw# fzt# kl

ogmt# tbj{ dkd tbk} hlc{ th igkltgkl tbj }~jmkgc tjgtijlt gld

tbj qjgctb ho ~hcktkmgc gld jmhlhikm ~kvkcjaj} tbgt bgvj mhijtbjk qg{ }klmj 6>>=,

^gckgijlt dkd hl hmmg}khl} j}mbjq ~jtt{ dkoojjlmj}

gld g}}jt kt} mhl}tktztkhlgc ~hqj} vk}))vk} tbj jrjmztkvj,

Oh jrgi~cj# kt dkd lht mhi~c{ qktb Igckek} jwzj}t kl cgtj

6>77 th bgvj bk} dj~zt{ ~kij iklk}tj# ]gcjb gc)Iztcgw

okjd# lh dkd kt gmmjdj th Igckek} kltjl}j ~j}}zj th bgvj

tbj g~~hkltijlt ho tbj bjgd ho tbj kltjakt{ mhiik}}khl

ihvjd ohi ~gckgijlt th tbj ~kij iklk}tj} hookmj, Fzt

}zmb gmt} ho ~gckgijltg{ kldj~jldjlmj gld g}}jtkvjlj}}

qjj ojq gld og kl fjtqjjl, Ajljgcc{# tbj kl}tktztkhl

gmbkjvjd ckttcj ~kigkc{ fjmgz}j ~hcktkmgc djgdchme goockmtjdkt} kltjlgc qhekla}, Lh qhldj# tbjjohj# tbgt cjtb)

ga{ qhzcd jl}zj# gld g ~gckgijlt tbgt igl{ bgd bh~jd

qhzcd fj mbggmtjkpjd f{ vkahhz} djfgtj} gld g vkfglt

cjak}cgtkvj gajldg# jldjd z~# gotj tbj ~g}}kla ho lht igl{

ihltb}# qktb ckttcj th }bhq oh kt} jrjtkhl}# gljikm g} tbj{

qjj, Gotj gcc# tkij gotj tkij# tbj tqh)tbkd} wzhzi

qg} fgjc{ gttgkljd# gld }hijtkij} lht jgmbjd gt gcc# gld

ijifj} qjlt hl jrtjldjd fjge} qbkcj ki~htglt cjak}cg)

tkhl qg} }bjcvjd,

G Mzctzvj ho Mhvvz~tkhl

Tbj ~hcktkmgc djgdchme tbgt ~jvgdjd tbj kl}tktztkhl} ho ahvj)

lglmj gt tbj iklk}tjkgc gld ~gckgijltg{ cjvjc} qhzcd kljvk)

tgfc{ klojmt tbj fzjgzmgm{, Qktb ckttcj h lh dkjmtkhl ohi

djmk}khl)igekla gztbhktkj}# tbj fzjgzmgm{ mhzcd bgdc{

ki~cjijlt ~hckmkj} tbgt dkd lht jrk}t, ]h gtbj tbgl fj tbj

vkahhz} gdiklk}tgth} ho g {hzla gld vkfglt djihmgtkm

}tgtj# Kgwk fzjgzmgt} qhzcd fjbgvj lh dkoojjltc{ ohi

htbj Ggf fzjgzmgt} ogijd oh tbjk kldhcjlmj# klmhi)

~jtjlmj# gld mhz~tkhl, Kldjjd# mhz~tkhl qhzcd fjmhij

jldjikm gt jvj{ cjvjc ho Kgw} ahvjlijlt, Kl kt} 6>77 gle)

kla}# Tgl}~gjlm{ Kltjlgtkhlgc# g mkvkc }hmkjt{ haglkpgtkhl

fg}jd kl Fjckl tbgt ~zfck}bj} gl gllzgc kldjr ho achfgc mh)

z~tkhl# jldhqjd Kgw qktb tbj dzfkhz} dk}tklmtkhl ho fjkla

~cgmjd kl tbj bkabc{ mhz~t mgtjah{# glekla kt 71: tb hzt

ho 72= mhzltkj},74

]klmj tbhz}gld} ho tbj ~j}jlt mh~ ho Kgwk hookmkgc} }jji

th bgvj z}jd ohajd jdzmgtkhlgc dhmzijlt} gld mjtkokmgtj}

th hftgkl tbjk ~j}jlt ~h}ktkhl}#7: kt bgdc{ mhzcd bgvj mhij

g} g }z~k}j tbgt tbj{ qhzcd }cht ljgtc{ gld joohtcj}}c{ klth

ihlj{)igekla gld kloczjlmj ~jddckla ~gmtkmj}, Vjagdcj}}

ho qbjj j}~hl}kfkckt{ cg{ oh tbk} }gd gld thzfckla djvjch~)ijlt kl Kgw} ohtzlj}# qbgt tbj mhzlt{ jldjd z~ qktb qg}

g dhzfcj)qbgii{ ho hookmkgc igcjvhcjlmj, Qbjtbj kl bkab

h chq ~h}ktkhl}# tbj}j hookmkgc} lht hlc{ qhzcd lht mhltkfztj

izmb th tbj fzkcdkla ho hfz}t gld ~z~h}jozc kl}tktztkhl}#

tbj{ kl ogmt fjbgvjd ckej ~gg}ktkm jltktkj}# tjgtkla ~zfckm

}jvkmj ijjc{ g} gl h~~htzlkt{ th ikce tbj }{}tji oh qbgt

kt k} qhtb,

Tbj Mv{}tgcckpgtkhl ho ]jmtgvkgl Dk}mhvd

Tbk} mzctzj ho h~~htzlk}i gld vjlgckt{# ho ajttkla qbgt {hz

mgl oh {hz}jco gld {hz mhlkj} qbkcj {hz gj kl g ~h}ktkhl

ho kloczjlmj# lh igttj bhq }bht)ckvjd# qhzcd ojjd klth#

gld kl igl{ qg{} }hckdko{# tbj agtbjkla ogaijltgtkhl gld

kiihfkckt{ ho ahvjlijlt, Tbj jl}zkla ~hcktkmgc djgdchme#

kifzjd qktb fkttj djlzlmkgtkhl} gld jmkiklgtkhl}# qg}

fgd jlhzab, Qbgt igdj kt qh}j qg} tbgt kt qg} ~cg{jd


10/16


7>

gagkl}t tbj fgmedh~ ho ihzltkla vkhcjlmj, G} tbj dgtj oh

tbj dj~gtzj ho Gijkmgl thh~}# }mbjdzcjd oh tbj jld ho

6>77# g~~hgmbjd# tbj }jmzkt{ }ktzgtkhl fjagl th djtjkhgtj,

G} tbhzab kltjlt hl tj}tkla tbj mg~gfkckt{ ho Kgw} }jmz)

kt{ ohmj}# lhq klmjg}klac{ h~jgtkla hl tbjk hql# qktb

Gijkmgl} ih}tc{ kl ~jk~bjgc }z~~htkla mg~gmkt{# gc)Wgjdgh~jgtkvj} fjagl th j}mgcgtj tbjk fhifkla mgi~gkal, Kt qg}

hfvkhz} tbgt th gc)Wgjdg ikcktglt}# tbj ]bkktj ~hcktkmgc hdj

qg} g} dj}~kmgfcj gld zlgmmj~tgfcj g} tbj Gijkmgl hmmz~{)

kla ohmj}, Gotj g bkgtz} ho }hij }jvjl ihltb} kl tbj }~kla

gld }ziij ho 6>77# gc)Wgjdg cgzlmbjd g }jkj} ho fhifkla

mgi~gkal} kl mjltgc gld }hztbjl Kgw, Kl g ohz)ihltb

~jkhd }~gllkla Gzaz}t 6>77 th @glzg{ 6>76# g qgvj ho }zk)

mkdj fhifkla} ekccjd }hij =:> Kgwk} gld qhzldjd hvj 1>>,

Qbkcj ih}t ho tbj gttgme} tgajtjd }hztbjl ]bkktj mktkj}

gld dk}tkmt} kl Fgabdgd tbgt qjj ~jdhiklgltc{ ]bkktj#

gc)Wgjdg gc}h }gvjd }hij ho kt} vjlhi oh ]zllk gjg} gld

mktkj}# qbkmb gotj 6>>1 bgd djmkdjd th lh chlaj qgaj `kbgd

gagkl}t Kgw} mjltgc gztbhktkj}, Kldjjd# hlj ho tbj }zkmkdj

gttgmej} fcjq bki}jco z~ kl tbj igkl bgcc ho tbj Zii gc)

Wzg ih}wzj# hlj ho tbj ih}t ki~htglt ]zllk jckakhz}

}ktj} kl Fgabdgd, Kt qg} }z}~jmtjd tbgt bj qg} tgajtkla g

]zllk `zdaj elhql oh bk} gltk)ikcktglt vkjq}, Tbj cgq)

igej }zvkvjd# fzt =6 kllhmjlt qh}bk~~j} qjj ekccjd gld

glhtbj =; }jkhz}c{ qhzldjd, Vjagdcj}} ho tbj ihtkvj}#

tbj ekcckla} kl ]bkktj gld ]zllk gjg} kltjl}kokjd tbj }jl}j

ho ojg gld ik}tz}t gihla fhtb mhiizlktkj}# cjgdkla thj~ht} ho ]zllk gld ]bkktj ogikckj} cjgvkla tbjk bhij} th

}jttcj kl }jajagtjd dk}tkmt},7? Tbk} qg} g dk}tzfkla djvjc)

h~ijlt tbgt kljvktgfc{ fhzabt fgme ijihkj} ho tbj dge

dg{} ho 6>>?)6>>1 qbjl }hij tqh gld g bgco ikcckhl ~jh~cj

cjot tbjk bhij}# ljkabfhbhhd}# gld mktkj}# }jjekla }jmzkt{

gihla tbjk mh)jckakhlk}t}# kl cgaj qgvj} ho mh}} ikagtkhl,

Kltjlgc dk}~cgmjijlt cjot g mkt{ }zmb g} Fgabdgd# ogijd oh

kt} izctk)mzctzgc jtbh}# qbjj ~jh~cj kltjiklacjd ojjc{ gld

jg}kc{# dkvkdjd gchla jtblh)}jmtgkgl cklj},

]jmtgkgl vkhcjlmj gld ihzltkla }z}~kmkhl} gld ik})

tz}t hl tbj }tjjt cjvjc ojd klth gl gtih}~bjj ho agtbj)kla ~gglhkg gt tbj ~hcktkmgc jcktj cjvjc# qbkmb qg} ~j~~jjd

f{ mcgki} ho ~cht}# mhl}~kgmkj}# gld kltkazj, Tbj ]zllk}#

j}kdkla kl tbj ikddcj ho Kgw gld ojjckla bkabc{ }jl}ktkvj

gfhzt tbjk iklhkt{ }tgtz}# th qbkmb tbj{ qjj }tkcc zlgm)

mz}thijd# mhltklzjd th igej }bkcc# fzt hl tbj qbhcj lht

~gtkmzcgc{ }zf}tgltkgtjd# qglkla} gfhzt Kgl} kjdjltk}t

dj}kal} hl Kgw, Tbj gmmz}gtkhl} vgkjd ohi }kabtkla} ho

Kglkgl Vjvhcztkhlg{ Azgd} gdvk}kla gld tgklkla Iklk}t{

ho Kltjkh ~j}hlljc# th Igckek bki}jco gccjajdc{ dhkla tbj

fkddkla ho bk} }z~~h}jd Kglkgl bgldcj},71 Bgdc{ gl{ jvk)

djlmj qg} ~j}jltjd# fzt# tbjl kl g ~hcktkmgc ikckjz# qbjj gl

gfzldglmj ho }z}~kmkhl gld ik}tz}t ~jvgkc}# }zmb }kcc{ tbkla}

g} jvkdjlmj bgdc{ mhij th ikld,]zllk ljzh}k} gfhzt Kgl} ~hcktkmgc ~hqj kl Kgw qg}

ihj tbgl j~ckmgtjd f{ ]bkktj ojg ho j}kdzgc Fggtbk}t ~j})

jlmj kl Kgw, Igckek bki}jco }zooj} ohi qbgt mgl hlc{ fj

dj}mkfjd g} Fggtbk}t ~bhfkg, Bj bg} }~hejl gcgiklac{

ihj tbgl hlmj ho Fggtbk}t "gld f{ ki~ckmgtkhl ]zllk+ ~cht}

gagkl}t bki ~j}hlgcc{ gld tbj ]bkktj ~hcktkmgc hdj ajljgcc{,

Kl Hmthfj 6>77# Igckek} ahvjlijlt g~~gjltc{ jmjkvjd

klohigtkhl ohi tbj ljq# ~h}t)Wgdbgok# Ckf{gl cjgdj} tbgt

ohij Fggtbk}t} gld ijifj} ho ]gddgi Bz}}jkl ikcktg{

qjj ~chttkla g ikcktg{ mhz~ gagkl}t tbj Igckek ahvjlijlt,

Qktbkl dg{}# ihj tbgl 6>> ~jh~cj qjj gj}tjd# gld f{

Lhvjifj tbj okazj bgd ahlj z~ th hvj ?>>, Th }g{ tbgt

dzj ~hmj}} qg} cgmekla k} gl zldj}tgtjijlt# qktb igl{

qbh bgd tbj }ckabtj}t mhlljmtkhl qktb tbj Fggtb ^gt{ fjkla

~zccjd hzt ho tbjk fjd} kl tbj ikddcj ho tbj lkabt, Qbgt qg}

ihj jajakhz} qg} tbgt kl gddktkhl th tbj ig}} gj}t} oh tbk}

gccjajd mhl}~kgm{# Igckek} ahvjlijlt qjlt hl g qktmb bzlt

gagkl}t ohij Fggtbk}t} lhq tjgmbkla kl Kgwk zlkvj}ktkj}# ok)

kla ghzld 7:> zlkvj}kt{ ~hoj}}h}, Qbkcj bhqc} ho ~htj}t

jz~tjd ohi ]zllk ~hcktkmkgl}# Igckek} ]bkktj mhgcktkhl ~gt)

lj} jldh}jd tbj ahvjlijlt gmtkhl# gld gt tbj ohjohlt hotbj}j qg} Ihwtgdg gc)]gd# qbh jr~cgkljd tbgt tbj dk}ik}}gc

ho tbj ~hoj}}h} qg} ahhd oh z} gld ahhd oh tbji,72 Hlj

dkd lht bgvj th qhldj qbh mhl}tktztjd tbj z} gld tbji,

Gld tbk} mgij ohi g igl qbh# ho gcc tbj ]bkktj cjgdj}# bgd

tkjcj}}c{ ~htg{jd bki}jco g} g ~ggahl ho lhl)}jmtgkgl

lgtkhlgck}i# }z~~h}jdc{ okabtkla Gijkmgl} oh tbj }gej ho gcc

Kgwk}# gld hl igl{ hmmg}khl} }kdkla qktb ]zllk ~hcktkmkgl}

gagkl}t tbj ]bkktj ~kij iklk}tj, Fzt ~hcktkmgc ~h}tzkla gld

h~~htzlk}i g}kdj# qbjl ~kihdkgc kl}tklmt mgij th tbj ohj#

gc)]gd qhzcd jvjt th tbj ]bkktj z}# qbkmb qhzcd ogij

tbj gttktzdklgc dk}tklmtkhl ohi tbji# tbj ]zllk}, ]zmb qg}tbj djj~jlkla }jmtgkgl ikld}jt gihla Kgw} zckla jcktj},

Ljq Mgcc} ohv Jtblh}jmtgvkgl Ojdjvgck}i

Tbj j}zct ho tbj ahqkla dk}tglmj fjtqjjl mhiizlktkj}# gld

tbj ~hmckvkt{ ho tbj}j mhiizlktkj} th fj jltjlmbjd kl }ja)


11/1677

jagtjd gjg}# bg} akvjl k}j th klmjg}kla mgcc} ohi jrk}tkla

~hvklmj} gld jvjl dk}tkmt} qktbkl tbj}j ~hvklmj} oh }bkot)

kla ~hqj gqg{ ohi Fgabdgd th tbj jakhl}# tbz} mjgtkla g

ojdjgc }tzmtzj tbgt jrtjld} fj{hld tbj Ezdk}b dhigkl th

tbj j}t ho tbj mhzlt{, Kldjjd# ohi tbj vj{ fjakllkla ho tbj

jooht th fzkcd g djihmgtkm Kgw# tbjj qg} gcih}t zlkvj}gcmhl}jl}z} tbgt tgl}ohikla Kgw} mhiizlgc dkvj}kt{ klth

gl gajlt ho ~h}ktkvj mbglaj qhzcd fj gmbkjvjd fj}t tbhzab

ojdjgck}i,7; Tbk} ~hcktkmgc gld gdiklk}tgtkvj }{}tji k} kdjgc

oh ogmtzjd }hmkjtkj} g} kt mzt} gmh}} mcjgvgaj}# akvkla gcc

ahz~} g }tgej kl tbj }{}tji, Tbj ojdjgck}i tbgt bgd fjjl

jlvk}gajd oh Kgw gotj tbj ogcc ho ]gddgi qg} hlj tbgt

qhzcd fj djmjltgckpjd hl tbj fg}k} ho tjkth{# lht jtblkmkt{

h }jmt# qbjj chmgc ahvjlijlt} qhzcd bgvj j}~hl}kfkckt{

oh gcc mktkpjl} kl tbjk gjg}# lht `z}t oh jtblkm h }jmtgkgl

mh)lgtkhlgc},6> Tbj jmhiijldgtkhl qg} th igkltgkl Kgw}

gdiklk}tgtkvj }tzmtzj zldj ]gddgi# kl qbkmb tbj mhzl)

t{ qg} dkvkdjd klth 72 zlkt}# fzt th akvj tbj}j 72 zlkt} og

ajgtj ~hqj} vk}))vk} tbj mjltj,

Qbgt tgl}~kjd# bhqjvj# qg} g tza ho qg fjtqjjl

ahz~} tbgt kl}k}tjd hl tbj klvkhcgfkckt{ ho jrk}tkla }tgtj }tzm)

tzj}# qbkmb ijglt tbj ~j}jvgtkhl ho mjltgckpjd zcj# gld

htbj ahz~} tbgt gdvhmgtjd g ojdjgck}i tbgt k} fg}jd lht

hl tjkthkgckt{ fzt hl jtblh}jmtgkglk}i, Tbj Ezd}# qbh

ho gcc Kgw} dkvj}j ahz~} bgd tbj ih}t }bg~jljd }jl}j ho

lgtkhlgc kdjltkt{# gld bgd }zoojjd kiijg}zgfc{ gt tbj bgld}

ho vgkhz} Kgwk ahvjlijlt}# qjj tbj ih}t vhmgc }z~~htj}ho tbj cgttj h~tkhl, Kiijdkgtjc{ gotj th~~ckla ]gddgi gld

tbj Fggtbk}t} kl 6>>=# tbj Ezd} jifgejd hl g jcjltcj}} gld

zctkigtjc{ }zmmj}}ozc lgtkhlgc gld kltjlgtkhlgc mgi~gkal th

mjgtj gl gzthlhihz} Ezdk}tgl# mhl}tktztkvj ho tbjj hvj)

qbjciklac{ Ezdk}b)}~jgekla ahvjlhgtj}, Gt tbj htbj

~hcj qjj tbj ]zllk} qbh qjj gdgiglt gfhzt ~j}jvkla tbj

~hcktkmgc gld gdiklk}tgtkvj zlkt{ ho Kgw f{ ejj~kla ~hqj

kl tbj mjltj, Kl fjtqjjl tbj}j ~hcj} j}kdjd tbj ]bkktj}# ih}t

~jojkla g zlktjd mjltgckpjd Kgw# fzt }hij# qktb tkij#

mg}tkla jlvkhz} acglmj} gt tbj }zmmj}}ozc Ezdk}b jr~jkijlt,

Tbj }jjikla jltjlmbijlt# kldjjd bjkabtjlkla# ho }jmtg)kgl gttktzdj}# ~cz} tbj gzthmgtkm ~jdk}~h}ktkhl} ho Igckek

gld bk} }jmtgkgl ki~zc}j} cjd th g ~hckojgtkhl ho Kgwk

dk}tkmt} jwzj}tkla "gld }hij djigldkla+ ojdjgc }tgtz},

Tbj mhl}tktztkhl gt tbj kl}k}tjlmj ho tbj Ezd} bgd igdj kt

jg}{ oh ~hvklmj} th }jje gzthlhihz} }tgtz} oh tbji}jcvj}

qktbkl Kgw# h th ijaj qktb htbj ~hvklmj} th ohi ojdjgc

jakhl}, Tbj jwzkjijlt k} }ki~c{ oh hlj)tbkd ho tbj ~h)

vklmkgc mhzlmkc th }zfikt g jwzj}t th tbj mjltgc ahvjlijlt

kl Fgabdgd th bhcd g jojjldzi hl tbj k}}zj kl tbj ~hvklmj,

Kldjjd# tbj }hztbjl ]bkktj ~hvklmj ho Fg}g# qktb kt} bzaj

j}jvj} ho ~jthcjzi# bgd gcjgd{ }zfikttjd }zmb g jwzj}t

tbgt qg} wzkjtc{ }bjcvjd f{ tbj Igckek ahvjlijlt, Tbjj

qg} jgcc{ lh ~hcktkmgc h kdjhchakmgc ~z~h}j th tbj jwzj}tho tbj ]bkktj ~hvklmj5 kt qg} ihtkvgtjd }ki~c{ f{ jmhlhikm

gld oklglmkgc mhl}kdjgtkhl}# }klmj Fg}g ojct tbgt kt qg} lht

ajttkla g ogk }bgj ho tbj oklglmkgc jtzl} ohi tbj hkc zldj

kt} hql }hkc, Tbj ~hvklmj jmjkvjd g }~jmkgc dk}~jl}gtkhl ho

$7 ~j fgjc oh tbj hkc ~hdzmjd ohi kt} hql ~hvklmj gt g

tkij qbjl g fgjc ho ~jthcjzi qg} fjkla }hcd hl tbj kltj)

lgtkhlgc igejt oh ghzld $7>>,

Fg}g} gmtkhl# mhikla ohi g ]bkktj ~hvklmj kl g mhzlt{#

qbkmb gotj mjltzkj} qg} lhq zcjd f{ g ]bkktj ig`hkt{# dkd

~hdzmj }hij gk}jd j{jfhq}, Fzt kl cgtj 6>77# mgcc} oh

gzthlhihz} ojdjgc }tgtz} mgij ohi gl jvjl ihj zlckejc{

}hzmj, Tbj ~hvklmkgc mhzlmkc} ho tbj ]zllk ~hvklmj} ho

Glfg gld ]gcgb gc)Dkl igdj ~zfckm tbjk kltjltkhl th

fjmhij gzthlhihz} dk}tkmt}, Tbj }z~k}j bjj qg} tbgt tbj

]zllk} bgd fjjl tbj ih}t vkzcjlt gld vhmkojhz} h~~hljlt}

ho ojdjgck}i# kl}k}tkla hl igkltgklkla tbj ~hcktkmgc kltja)

kt{ ho g zlkokjd Kgw ahvjljd f{ g }thla mjltgc gztbhkt{,

Ihjhvj# zlckej ]bkktj Fg}g# tbj tqh ]zllk ~hvklmj} bgdc{

qjj gqg}b qktb jmhlhikm j}hzmj}, Hfvkhz}c{# tbj ~z~h}j

bjj qg} ~kigkc{ ~hcktkmgc# }~zjd f{ g }jl}j ho ~hcktkmgc

igaklgckpgtkhl gld g fjckjo tbgt ]zllk} qjj fjkla bgg}}jdgld tjgtjd zlogkc{# gld tbgt tbk} }tgtj ho googk} qg} ckejc{ th

qh}jl kl tbj oztzj, Lht chla gotj# Dk{gcg# glhtbj ]zllk)

ig`hkt{ ~hvklmj `hkljd kl qktb kt} hql jwzj}t th fjmhij

gl gzthlhihz} dk}tkmt, Qbkcj tbj mhl}tktztkhl jl`hkl} tbj

mjltgc ahvjlijlt th j}~hld wzkmec{# qktbkl 7: dg{}# th

}zmb ~hvklmkgc jwzj}t}# tbj Igckek ahvjlijlt bg} dgaajd

kt} ojjt hl tbj k}}zj# gcih}t mbgccjlakla tbj ~hvklmj} th tgej

tbj igttj th tbj ]z~jij Mhzt# qbkmb# g} tbj ~hvklmj}

qjcc eljq# bgd fjjl gmtkla g} gl gi ho Igckek} ahvjlijlt,

Kldjjd# g}ejd kl g ~j}} kltjvkjq gfhzt tbj jwzj}t} f{ ]bkktj

gld ]zllk ahvjlhgtj} oh ojdjgc }tgtz}# Igckek j}~hldjd0Qj qkcc lht gcchq tbj mjgtkhl ho ojdjgc jakhl},67 Akvjl

tbgt tbk} }tgtjijlt qg} kl mhi~cjtj mhltgdkmtkhl ho tbj

mhl}tktztkhl# kt qg} lht mcjg qbkmb# gld bhq igl{# ~hcktkmgc

kl}tktztkhl} qjj klmczdjd kl tbj Qj dj}kalgtkhl# h ig{fj

kt qg} tbj h{gc QJ,

Ko tbj fkttcjlj}} ho Kgw} ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl} qg} iglk)

oj}t kl tbj mhzlt{} }jmtgkgl dkvk}khl} fjtqjjl Ggf ]zllk}


12/16


76

gld Ggf ]bkktj}# tbj tjl}khl fjtqjjl tbj mjltgc ahvjlijlt

gld tbj jtblkmgcc{ dk}tklmt Ezd} th tbj lhtb# fhzabt gfhzt

f{ tbj ~hcktkmgc gld jmhlhikm gglajijlt} qhl f{ tbj

Ezd} kl tbj jgc{ {jg} gotj ]gddgi} djik}j# qg} lh cj}}

~gc~gfcj, Kl gddktkhl th tbjk ogk }bgj ho ~hcktkmgc kloczjlmj

kl Kgw} ahvjlijlt# qbkmb klmczdjd }zmb mbhkmj ~h}ktkhl}g} tbj ~j}kdjlm{ ho tbj j~zfckm gld tbj iklk}tkj} ho ohjkal

googk}# tgdj# gld bjgctb# gihla htbj}# tbj Ezd}# gchlj

gihla tbj vgkhz} mhiizlktkj}# bgd tbjk hql gzthlhihz}

jakhl ho Ezdk}tgl# qktb tbj mkt{ ho Kfkc g} tbj mg~ktgc gld

}jgt ho ahvjlijlt, Tbj jakhl fhg}tjd gl jcjmtjd ~j}kdjlt

gld ~gckgijlt# g} qjcc g} gl gi{ ho kt} hql tbgt lzifjjd

ihj tbgl 7>>#>>> ijl, Kl gddktkhl# Ezdk}tgl ohizcgtjd

kt} hql mhl}tktztkhl# qbkmb# kl mg}j ho g mhl}tktztkhlgc dk})

~ztj# qhzcd tgej ~jmjdjlmj hvj Kgw} ojdjgc mhl}tktztkhl,

Tbk} mhl}tktztkhlgc kl`zlmtkhl qg} ~gtkmzcgc{ qhk)

}hij th Ggf Kgwk}# }klmj tbj Ezdk}b mhl}tktztkhl djokljd

Ezdk}tgl g} mhltgklkla lht hlc{ tbj gajjd z~hl tbjj

~hvklmj} ho Kfkc# ]zcg{iglk{gb# gld Dzbhe# fzt gc}h ~gc)

~gfcj mbzle} ho jgc j}tgtj kl tbj lhl)Ezdk}b ~hvklmj} ho

Lkljvjb# Dk{gcg# ]gcgb gc)Dkl# gld ih}t mktkmgcc{ tbj hkc)kmb

mkt{ ho Ekeze kl tbj ~hvklmj ho Tgiki, Vjcgtkhl} fjtqjjl

Fgabdgd gld tbj Ezd} bgvj fjjl ~gtkmzcgc{ }tgkljd hvj

Ekeze# qbjj tbhz}gld} ho Kgwk gld Ezdk}b thh~} ogmj

jgmb htbj gchla tbj fhzldg{ tbgt }j~ggtj} Ezdk}tgl ohi

Ggf Kgw, Kldjjd# hmmg}khlgc mcg}bj} bgd jz~tjd kl tbj ~g}t

fzt qjj ~jvjltjd ohi j}mgcgtkla klth cgaj)}mgcj okabtkla f{tbj ~j}jlmj ho Gijkmgl thh~}, Qktb tbgt }tgfkckpkla ohmj

lh chlaj tbjj# Ekeze mhzcd vj{ qjcc fjmhij jvjl ihj ho

gl klmjldkg{ k}}zj kl Kgwk)Ezdk}b jcgtkhl},

Ekeze} ki~htglmj tgl}mjld} tbj k}}zj ho ajhag~bkm

kjdjltk}i5 kt k} tbj ohmgc ~hklt ho g izmb cgaj dk}~ztj hvj

hkc ~hdzmtkhl gld igejtkla tbgt jcgtj} th tbj mhi~jtkla

kabt} ho jakhl} vk}))vk} tbj mjltgc ahvjlijlt, Tbj k}}zj

k} qbjtbj tbj ahvjlijlt ho Ezdk}tgl mgl jltj klth jr~ch)

gtkhl gajjijlt} ho hkc qktb ohjkal mhi~glkj} kldj~jl)

djltc{ ho Fgabdgd, Lht tbgt tbj Ezd} bgvj qgktjd oh g cjagc

j}hcztkhl ho tbj ~hfcji, Tbj{ bgvj ahlj gbjgd gld }kaljdmhltgmt} qktb hvj 4> ohjkal mhi~glkj}# tzlkla g fckld

j{j th okjmj Kgwk hf`jmtkhl} gld djlzlmkgtkhl}, Fgabdgd bg}

mhl}k}tjltc{ gazjd tbgt gcc mhltgmt} }kaljd qktb tbj Ezdk}b

ahvjlijlt qktbhzt tbj g~~hvgc ho tbj mjltgc ahvjlijlt

qjj kccjagc, Fgabdgd dhj} }tgld hl tbkl ahzld# bhqjvj#

fjmgz}j g b{dhmgfhl cgq ijglt th j}hcvj mhl}tktztkhlgc

gifkazktkj} tbgt bgd cjd th tbj Kgwk Ezdk}b hkc dk}~ztj}

jigkl} fhaajd dhql kl Kgw} ogmtkhz} ~gckgijlt, Kl tbj

ijgltkij# Fgabdgd mhltklzjd th tbjgtjl tbj hkc mhi~glkj}

~h}~jmtkla kl Ezdk}tgl qktb jrmcz}khl ohi mhi~jtkla oh

mhltgmt} oh tbj izmb cgaj hkc okjcd} kl tbj }hztb, Kl jgckt{#

tbj}j qjj gcc bhcchq tbjgt}5 tbj mhi~glkj} ~h}~jmtkla kl

Ezdk}tgl qjj thh }igcc th ah gagkl}t tbj fka bkttj} ho tbjhkc igejt# }zmb g} ]bjcc# F^# gld JrrhlIhfkc# qbh qjj tbj

igkl mhltjldj} kl tbj }hztb# gld qbh bgd lht jltjjd tbj

Ezdk}tgl igejt oh ojg ho Kgwk jtgckgtkhl,

Tbj fka fhif}bjcc tbgt qhzcd igej tbk} ogzabt jcgtkhl)

}bk~ fjtqjjl Fgabdgd gld Kfkc jvjl ihj ~jmgkhz} mgij kl

Lhvjifj 6>77# qbjl gl gdvk}h th tbj Ezdk}b ahvjlijlt

}gkd tbgt gotj ihltb} ho ljahtkgtkhl}# g djgc qg} }tzme qktb

JrrhlIhfkc th jr~chj }kr fchme} ho hkc okjcd} kl Ezdk}tgl,

Oh Jrrhl# Ezdk}tgl ~j}jltjd gl h~~htzlkt{ oh g vj{

czmgtkvj oztzj, Qbkcj gt ~j}jlt# tbj Ezdk}b okjcd} gmmhzlt

oh cj}} tbgl 7> ~jmjlt ho Kgw} hkc ~hdzmtkhl# tbj jakhl}

j}jvj} gj jlhihz}# j}tkigtjd gt gfhzt 4: fkcckhl fgjc}

ho hkc gld fjtqjjl tbjj gld }kr tkcckhl mzfkm ojjt ho ag},

Ihjhvj# tbj ~jthcjzi k} mch}j th tbj ahzld gld tbjjohj

kljr~jl}kvj th ~hdzmj# g} qjcc g} fjkla ho bkab wzgckt{# gld

g} }zmb mbjg~ th joklj, Gld ajttkla kl gt tbj fjakllkla# tbj

mhi~gl{ qg} gfcj th }jmzj ohi tbj Ezdk}b ahvjlijlt

g ajljhz} ~hokt }bgkla gajjijlt# kl mhltg}t th tbj Kgwk

ahvjlijlt qbh ~gkd ~h}~jmtkla mhi~glkj} g }jvkmj ojj ho

cj}} tbgl $6 ~j fgjc# tbj chqj}t kl tbj qhcd,66

Hl tbjk ~gt# tbj Kgwk} ozijd gfhzt tbj djgc# fzt klk)tkgcc{ k}}zjd g }hijqbgt vgazj j}~hl}j, G }tgtjijlt mhikla

ohi Bz}}jkl gc)]bgbk}tglk# tbj Dj~zt{ ^kij Iklk}tj oh

Jlja{# kl mbgaj ho tbj ~jthcjzi kldz}t{# }gkd# Tbj Kgwk

ahvjlijlt qkcc djgc qktb gl{ mhi~gl{ tbgt vkhcgtj} tbj

cgq tbj }gij qg{ kt djgct qktb }kikcg mhi~glkj} fjohj,6=

Kt qg} lht mcjg qbkmb cgq gc)]bgbk}tglk qg} jojkla th#

}klmj ~gckgijlt bgd lht dk}mz}}jd# cjt gchlj vhtjd hl# g

b{dhmgfhl cgq, Ihjhvj# JrrhlIhfkc bgd gcjgd{ gajjd

th klvj}t }hij $:> fkcckhl kl tbj }hztbjl hkc okjcd ho Qj}t

Wzlg)7 tbgt qhzcd ihj tbgl tk~cj kt} ~j}jlt ~hdzmtkhl

cjvjc ho 6 ikcckhl fgjc ~j dg{ f{ 6>7:, Gld Jrrhl qg}~jtt{ mhlokdjlt tbgt Kgwk} qjcc eljq tbgt tbjj gj vj{ ojq

mhi~glkj} tbgt mhzcd ~zt hl tbj tgfcj tbgt ekld ho mg~ktgc#

th }g{ lhtbkla ho Jrrhl} zlkvgcjd tjmblkmgc jr~jtk}j, ]tkcc#

Fgabdgd mhltklzjd qktb kt} zctkigtzi oh Jrrhl th qktb)

dgq ohi Ezdk}tgl,

Fgabdgd dkd ~h}}j}} g ~hqjozc tzi~ mgd tbgt gcchqjd kt

th ~j}k}t kl tbjgtjlkla tbj Gijkmgl izctklgtkhlgc, Jrrhl


13/167=

ogmjd okjmj mhi~jtktkhl oh Kgw} hkc# fzt tbgt dkd lht mhij

ohi tbj z}zgc }z}~jmt}# tbj fka hkc gld ag} izctklgtkhlgc}, Kt

mgij ohi }tgtj)hqljd mhi~glkj} kl Mbklg# Vz}}kg# ]hztb

Ehjg# Lhqg{# Tzej{# gld Igcg{}kg# jtm, Tbj}j mhi~g)

lkj}# ~gtkmzcgc{ Mbklg} Lgtkhlgc ^jthcjzi Mh~hgtkhl

"ML^M+# qjj lht ahkla th fj dk}}zgdjd f{ tbj ~gct{jtzl hl klvj}tijlt tbgt Fgabdgd qg} hoojkla, Zlckej tbj

izctklgtkhlgc}# ~hokt qg} lht tbjk hlc{ ahgc5 tbj{ qjj `z}t

g}# ko lht ihj# kltjj}tjd kl chla)tji gmmj}} th Kgwk hkc,

Oh jrgi~cj# ML^M} gaaj}}kvj fkddkla kl Kgw qg} ihtk)

vgtjd g} izmb f{ chla)tji jmhlhikm }jmzkt{ mhlmjl} g}

f{ oklglmkgc ~hokt}, Tbj Kgwk} tbjjohj qjj gfcj th djckvj

hl tbjk tbjgt qbjl tbj{ gllhzlmjd hl Ojfzg{ 7=# 6>76

tbgt Jrrhl qhzcd fj fgjd ohi oztzj fkddkla hl ljq Kgwk

}hztbjl okjcd},

Kgw ikabt fj gfcj th dk}}zgdj mhi~glkj} gld ajt tbji

th thq tbj Kgwk cklj# fzt gl{ }zmmj}} gagkl}t tbj mhi~g)

lkj} bgd ckttcj mbglmj ho fjkla j~ckmgtjd kl tbj mg}j ho tbj

gzthlhihz} Ezdk}b ahvjlijlt, Tbgt }j~ggtj Ezdk}b

djgc} qktb ohjkal hkc mhi~glkj} qhzcd mhltklzj gld jr~gld

qg} igdj vj{ mcjg f{ Fgbgi ]gcjb# tbj ~kij iklk}tj ho

tbj Ezdk}b ahvjlijlt, Bj djojldjd Ezdk}tgl} kabt th

}tkej }zmb djgc}# kldj~jldjltc{ ho Fgabdgd# g} g lgtkhlgc

ljmj}}kt{ oh }zvkvgc, Tbjj k} lh qg{ tbgt qj qkcc fj

dk}}zgdjd ohi hz mhl}tktztkhlgc kabt th djvjch~kla hz

j}hzmj} gld gcchq hz}jcvj} th fj bh}tgaj} th tbj qbki} ho

}hij fzjgzmgt} kl Fgabdgd# ]gcjb }gkd djokgltc{, Qjvjfjjl tbjj fjohj, Hkc qg} z}jd th }tglacj hz ~jh~cj# th

mhiikt ajlhmkdj,64 Tbjj k} lh }thlaj }tgtjijlt tbgl

tbk} hlj th kccz}tgtj tbj dk}tglmj gcjgd{ tgejl f{ tbj Ezd}

kl tbjk wzj}t oh ~hcktkmgc gzthlhi{ tbgt gt tkij} }jji} th

fj ihvkla }chqc{# {jt qktb }zj j}hcvj# gchla tbj ~gtb ho

lgtkhlgc kldj~jldjlmj,

Kl tbj dg{} kiijdkgtjc{ gotj tbj th~~ckla ho ]gddgi}

dkmtgth}bk~# ojdjgck}i qg} thztjd g} tbj gdiklk}tgtkvj

}tzmtzj fj}t }zktjd th g }tgfcj# ~jgmjozc# gld ~h}~jhz} Kgw,

Fzt tbgt qg} g ojdjgc ihdjc tbgt gvhkdjd klhdklgtj ji~bg)

}k} hl jtblkm gld }jmtgkgl }hckdgktkj} tbgt tjld th ajljgtjmhlockmt, Qbgt bg} tgl}~kjd k} g dkoojjlt# gcih}t ~hcg# ekld

ho ojdjgck}i, Tbj ~j}jlt mhlmj~tkhl ho ojdjgck}i tbgt k}

kltjccjmtzgcc{ gld h~jgtkhlgcc{ ~kttjd gagkl}t tbj lhtkhl ho g

~hcktkmgcc{ mjltgckpjd Kgw k} hlj tbgt k} }tkjd f{ }bg~jljd

gqgjlj}} ho ok}}k~ghz} jtblkm gld }jmtgkgl kdjltkt{# gld

ojd kl ih}t mg}j} f{ tbj ~hik}j ho klmjg}jd kmbj} oh tbj

jakhl gt tbj jr~jl}j ho tbj j}t ho tbj mhzlt{, Tbk} ekld ho

jrmcz}kvj gld mjltkozagc ojdjgck}i mgl hlc{ fzt gdd th tbj

fkttcjlj}} ho Kgw} ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl},

Jmck~}j ho tbj Djihmvgtkm Kdjg8

Tbk} fkttcjlj}}# iglkoj}tjd kl tbj ~kij iklk}tj} klmjg}kla

gfktgklj}}# kl g qjge gld dkvkdjd mgfkljt# kl tbj ogaijltg)

tkhl ho tbj ~gt{ }{}tji# kl ~gckgijlt} cgme ho ~z~h}j gld

dkjmtkhl# kl ihzltkla jtblh}jmtgkgl mhlockmt} gld }mbk}i}

tbgt bgvj fjjl jocjmtjd kl ~jtt{ dk}~ztj} gld `jgchz}kj} gt tbj

jcktj cjvjc# tbj j}zct ho qbkmb bg} fjjl g qbhcj}gcj ~ggc{}k}

kl djmk}khl)igeklagcc tbj}j djokmkt} gld d{}ozlmtkhl} bgvj

kljvktgfc{ gld }gdc{ igdj ~jh~cj wzj}tkhl tbj ztkckt{ ho

djihmgm{, Kgwk mktkpjl} dkd# gotj gcc# ah th tbj ~hcc} kl 6>7>

gld djckvj g vjdkmt tbgt j}mbjqjd }jmtgkglk}i gld ~zlk}bjd

klmhi~jtjlmj, Tbj{ fhzabt kl ljq ogmj} gld ~j}hlgcktkj}

qbh qjj }z~~h}jd th z}bj kl g ljq gld vkahhz} }tgaj kl

tbj mhzlt{} `hzlj{ thqgd tbj ekld ho djihmgtkm ahvj)

lglmj tbgt qhzcd fj gcc klmcz}kvj# gld tbgt qhzcd djckvj hl

tbj }ht ho jookmkjlm{ gld mhi~jtjlmj tbgt k} }hjc{ ik}}jd#

{jt ~hohzldc{ ljjdjd# kl ~j}jlt dg{ Kgw, [jt# tqh {jg}

cgtjtqh {jg} ho fgd gld ojjfcj ahvjlglmj# igjd f{

mjj~kla gztbhktgkgl ~hmckvktkj}# qkdj}~jgd mhz~tkhl#

klgfkckt{ th djgc qktb ihzltkla }tjjt vkhcjlmj# gcc ho qbkmb

bg} j}zctjd kl tbj ogmtzkla ho tbj mhzlt{tbj ~jh~cj ho

Kgw mgl fj ohakvjl oh fjakllkla th wzj}tkhl# gld jvjl akvjz~ hl# tbj kdjg ho djihmgm{,

Gld tbgt# ko kt mhij} th ~g}}# k} tbj ih}t ~jkchz} f{)

~hdzmt ho tbj qjgejlkla ho Kgw} ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl}, Fzkct

kl tbj ~h}t)]gddgi jg hl tbj ohzldgtkhl} ho j~j}jltgtkvj

ahvjlijlt tbgt }jvj} tbj ~jh~cj gld k} gl}qjgfcj th tbji#

Kgw} ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl} gj wzkmec{ ch}kla cjaktkigm{

fjmgz}j# th Kgwk}# tbj{ }ki~c{ bgvj lht djckvjjd hl tbgt

djihmgtkm ~hik}j, Tbgt k} tbj jogkl bjgd lhq gcih}t

mhl}tgltc{ ohi Kgwk} qbh gj kltjvkjqjd hl tjcjvk}khl gld

kl tbj ~j}}, Tbj{ mhi~cgkl tbgt ~gt{ cjgdj}# ~gckgijltg)

kgl}# gld hookmkgc}# klmczdkla Igckek gld htbj bkab hookmkgc}#jktbj bgvj lh kdjg qbgt djihmgm{ ijgl}# h z}j kt th ajt

klth ~h}ktkhl} ho ~hqj kl hdj th }jvj tbjk hql ~j}hlgc

kltjj}t}, Tbj{ chhe gt ahvjlijltgc akdchme qktb klmjg}kla

dk}ig{ gld glaj# gld jld z~ fcgikla kt hl tbj kl}tktztkhl}

tbji}jcvj}, Gt tkij}# tbj oz}tgtkhl k} }zmb tbgt jvjl tbj

dg{} ho dkmtgth}bk~ qhzcd fj jijifjjd g} bgvkla }hij

vktzj5 gt cjg}t ahvjlijlt }jjijd th qhe, Kt k} kltjj}tkla


14/16


74

tbgt hl tbj 42tb gllkvj}g{ ho tbj vkhcjlt djgtb kl Ojfzg{

7;?= ho Ajljgc Gfd gc)Egki Wg}}ji# ~jh~cj kltjvkjqjd

hl tbj }tjjt} ho Fgabdgd jr~j}}jd gcih}t zlglkihz}

lh}tgcakg oh tbk} igl} zcj# jijifjjd oh g lzifj ho

}hmkh)jmhlhikm gmbkjvjijlt}, Tbj ogmt tbgt bk} okvj){jg zcj

qg} gl zlgfg}bjd dkmtgth}bk~# mjltjjd hl g ~j}hlgckt{ mzcttbgt achkokjd tbj gc)Pgki gc)Gqbgd# tbj }hcj cjgdj# gt tbj

jr~jl}j ho ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl}# dkd lht }jji th jvjl ijkt

ijltkhl, Tbk} }jji} th fj g }{i~thi ho gl klmjg}kla dk}kc)

cz}khlijlt qktb djihmgtkm kl}tktztkhl}, Qbjl g igl }kttkla

gl hzt}kdj mgo kl Fgabdgd qg} g}ejd qbgt gdvkmj bj bgd oh

tbj ~h}t)Wgdbgok Ckf{gl jakij# bj dkd lht tbkle tqkmj gfhzt

bk} gl}qj0 tbj{ }bhzcd bgvj g ~j}kdjlt qbh mgl igej gcc

tbj djmk}khl}# gld lht bgvj gcc tbj}j U~gckgijltg{Y fchm}

ckej qj bgvj lhq, Qbjl jikldjd tbgt gt cjg}t bj lhq

mhzcd jr~j}} bk} h~klkhl ojjc{# bj gld bk} okjld} }ziigkc{

dk}ik}}jd tbk} kabt g} zttjc{ z}jcj}}# }klmj tbj ahvjlijlt k}

lht j}~hl}kvj th tbj ~zfckm, Lhfhd{ ck}tjl} th tbj ~jh~cj#6:

qg} tbj zlkvj}gc cgijlt,

]tkcc# qktb htbj ~gtkj} klmjg}klac{ gmmz}kla bki kl

~zfckm ho mjj~kla gztbhktgkglk}i# Igckek ~jkhdkmgcc{ bg}

tkjd th gccg{ tbj mhlmjl ho tbj ~jh~cj f{ jktjgtkla bk}

ogktb kl gld mhiiktijlt th tbj djihmgtkm ~hmj}}, Tbz}#

qbkcj bk} ahvjlijlt mhltklzjd th }z~~ht tbj ajlhmkdgc

jakij ho Fg}bg gc)G}}gd kl ]{kg# bj qhzcd tji~j tbgt

}z~~ht qktb tbj hmmg}khlgc gdihlk}bijlt tbgt tbj hlc{

cjaktkigtj ahvjlijlt} gj tbh}j tbgt gj g~~hkltjd f{ tbj~jh~cj# lht tbh}j g~~hkltjd fjbkld mch}jd dhh},6? Gld kl

g mjjihl{ igekla tbj jld ho tbj Gijkmgl ~j}jlmj kl

Kgw# bj }hzabt th mgci ojg} gfhzt bk} }jmtgkgl tjldjlmkj}

gld ~jmjkvjd gztbhktgkglk}i f{ g}}zkla tbj ~zfckm tbgt

bj j}~jmt} ~hcktkmgc# kltjccjmtzgc gld jckakhz} dkvj}kt{ kl

Kgw,61 Bhqjvj# tbk} }tgtjijlt iz}t bgvj ~hvkdjd ihj

tbgl g }igcc akaacj# }klmj ]zllk gld Ezdk}b cjgdj} bgd

~hkltjdc{ fh{mhttjd tbj mjjihl{# klmjl}jd g} tbj{ qjj f{

Igckek} tjgtijlt ho ]gcjb Iztcgw gld Tgkw gc)Bg}bkik,

Qbgt tbk} tjcc} z} k} tbgt qhd} gj mbjg~# th fj fjckjvjd hlc{

ko vgckdgtjd f{ g~~h~kgtj fjbgvkh# gld kt k} hl tbk} }mhjtbgt tbj ~kij iklk}tj tjld} th mhij hzt qhjozcc{ }bht, Lh

bgvj tbj htbj ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl}# }zmb g} ~gckgijlt gld

tbj ~hcktkmgc ~gtkj}# ijg}zjd z~ th izmb kl tji} ho tbjk

djihmgtkm ~jdkcjmtkhl},

Kt k} tzj tbgt ~hcktkm} k} }tkcc mhldzmtjd qktbkl tbj mhkdh}

ho djihmgtkm ~hcktkmgc kl}tktztkhl}# gld qbkcj vkhcjlmj ~j)

}k}t}# th dgtj kt bg} lht j~cgmjd dkgchazj gld dk}mz}}khl g} tbj

gvjlzj} ho }jttckla dkoojjlmj} gld dk}~ztj}, Kl}tktztkhl} }tkcc

bgvj g hcj# gld g ~kij iklk}tj qktb ~gc~gfcj gztbhktgkgl

ki~zc}j} }tkcc ojjc} mhl}tgkljd f{ tbj mhl}tktztkhlgc ~hqj}

ho ~gckgijlt, Tbz}# oh jrgi~cj# qbkcj Igckek dj}~jgtjc{

qgltjd th okj ]gcjb Iztcgw# bj kl ogmt mhzcd lht fjmgz}j

gmmhdkla th tbj mhl}tktztkhl bj ljjdjd tbj g~~hvgc ho ~g)ckgijlt, Igckek dkd igej tbj jwzj}t# fzt kt qg} lht agltjd,

Tbgt qg} kldjjd ahhd ljq}, [jt hl tbj jvj}j }kdj# Igckek

thhe tbj zlkcgtjgc djmk}khl ho ~jvjltkla Iztcgw ohi

gttjldkla iklk}tjkgc ijjtkla},

Tbj tztb k} tbgt gotj ihj tbgl g djmgdj ho djihmgtkm

tgl}ktkhl# Kgw k} }tkcc igekla }igcc gld zlmjtgkl }tj~} hl

tbj ~gtb thqgd tbj ahgc ho djihmgtkm mhl}hckdgtkhl, Tbj

ojg k} tbgt g} oz}tgtkhl# ki~gtkjlmj# jvjl igcgk}j# }jt kl gld

fjakl th j}bg~j ~jh~cj} gttktzdj} thqgd tbj kdjg ho djihm)

gm{# tbj}j }tj~} ikabt mhij th g }th~# h qh}j# jvjl fjakl

th jvj}j dkjmtkhl, Qbkcj tbk} jvjltzgckt{ k} g ~h}}kfkckt{# kt k}

lht kljvktgfcj5 kt mhzcd fj jijdkjd ko Kgw} ~hcktkmkgl} qhzcd

djmkdj th oklgcc{ ~zt tbj lgtkhlgc kltjj}t gbjgd ho ~jtt{ ~j)

}hlgc kltjj}t}# ko tbj{ mhzcd ~zt thajtbj gl joojmtkvj ahvjl)

ijlt tbgt gmt} g} g mhbjjlt mhccjmtkvkt{# {jt k} j}~hl}kvj th

vkahhz} ~gckgijltg{ gld `zdkmkgc hvj}kabtg tgcc hdj

kldjjd# akvjl tbj ~johiglmj }h og ho tbj ~j}jlt mh~ ho

Kgwk ~hcktkmkgl},

Lhtj}

7 Tki Gglah# Kgwk [hztb} hcktkmgc Vk}j k} ]tzltjd f{ Jcktj}# Ljq

[hve Tkij}# G~kc 7=# 6>77# qqq,l{tkij},mhi(6>77(>4(74(qhcd(

ikddcjjg}t(74kgw,btic,

6 Tbj ohcchqkla ~ggag~b} mhldjl}j g ihj djtgkcjd glgc{}k} ho

tbj ~jkhd# th fj ohzld kl Gdjjd Dgqk}bg# Kgw0 G _htj Gagkl}t

]jmtgkglk}i#@hzvlgc ho Djihmvgm{# @zc{ 6>7># ~, 6?)4>,

= ]jj Gdgi ^pjqh}ek# ]hij ~hfcji} kl tbj ]tzd{ ho tbj

Tgl}ktkhl th Djihmgm{# kl Azkccjih HDhlljcc# bkck~~j

M, ]mbikttj# gld Cgzjlmj Qbktjbjgd# jd},# Tvgl}ktkhl} ovhi

Gztbhvktgvkgl Vzcj"Fgctkihj0 @hbl} Bh~ekl} Zlkvj}kt{ j}}#

7;2?+# ~, :2):;,

4 Vhd Lhdcgld# Tbj Kgwk _htj Vjqktj} tbj Vzcjfhhe# Ljq

[hve Tkij}# G~kc 4# 6>7># ~, G7,

: ]jj tbj Vjkdg _k}}j} jrmjccjlt glgc{}k} kl Bk}thkgj,Ha# @glz)

g{ 67# 6>77# btt~0((azcoglgc{}k},qhjd~j}},mhi(6>77(>7(67(

tbj)ok}t)~hckmkj})ho)tbj)ljq)igckek)ahvjlijlt, ]jj gc}h Tbj

Jmhlhik}t# Igmb :# 6>77# ~, :4,

? Gc)Gbvgi Qjjec{# @glzg{ :)77# 6>76# btt~0((qjjec{,gbgi,ha,

ja(6>77(7>1;(j1,bti,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14iraq.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14iraq.htmlhttp://gulfanalysis.woedpress.com/2011/01/21/the-first-policies-of-the-new-maliki-governmenthttp://gulfanalysis.woedpress.com/2011/01/21/the-first-policies-of-the-new-maliki-governmenthttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1079/re7.htmhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1079/re7.htmhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1079/re7.htmhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1079/re7.htmhttp://gulfanalysis.woedpress.com/2011/01/21/the-first-policies-of-the-new-maliki-governmenthttp://gulfanalysis.woedpress.com/2011/01/21/the-first-policies-of-the-new-maliki-governmenthttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14iraq.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14iraq.html


15/167:

1 Vh{ Aztigl# jt gc,# Kgw} Igckek gmmz}jd ho djtgklkla bzldjd}

ho ~hcktkmgc h~~hljlt}#ImMcgtmb{ Ljq}~g~jv}#@glzg{ 7;# 6>76#

btt~0((qqq,immcgtmb{dm,mhi(6>76(>7(7;(7=?=2?(kgw})igckek)

gmmz}jd)ho)djtgklkla,btic,

2 FFM Ljq}# Djmjifj 67# 6>77# qqq,ffm,mh,ze(ljq}(qhcd)

ikddcj)jg}t)7?62=:?6,

; Wzhtjd kl Gdjjd Dgqk}bg# Tbj Zlgvjckla ho Kgw0 Jtblh}jmtg)kgl ^jojjlmj} gld ]tgtj ^johiglmj kl Bk}thkmgc ^j}~jmtkvj#

Tbj Ikddcj Jg}t @hzvlgc# ]~kla 6>>2# ~, 666,

7> ]jj qqq,jl},ljq}qkj,mhi(jl}(ig{6>7>(6>6>)>:)74)>7,btic,

77 Ljq [hve Tkij}# Djmjifj =7# 6>77# ~, G1,

76 Ikmbgjc ], ]mbikdt gld @gme Bjgc{# ]gd Ohcchqj} Mgcc oh Ljq

Jcjmtkhl} g Fchq th Ahvjlijlt# Ljq [hve Tkij}# Djmjifj

61# 6>77# ~, G2,

7= Vkjdj _k}}j# Tbj Gfkc Gajjijlt vj}z} Dggqg Gztbhk)

tgkglk}i# Djmjifj 62# 6>77# btt~0((azcoglgc{}k},qhd~j}},

mhi(6>77(76(62(tbj)gfkc)gajjijlt)vj}z})dggqg)gztbhktgk)

glk}i

74 Tgl}~gjlm{ Kltjlgtkhlgc# Mhvvz~tkhl ^jvmj~tkhl Kldjr 6>77"Fjckl# Ajigl{0 Tgl}~gjlm{ Kltjlgtkhlgc# 6>77+,

7: Ikmbgjc ], ]mbikdt gld Hig gc)@gqh}b{# Mhvjtjd @hf} kl Kgw

Fjjd Dk~chig Ogzd# Ljq [hve Tkij}# Hmthfj 77# 6>77# ~,

G7>,

7? Gc)Gbvgi Qjjec{# @glzg{ :)77# 6>76# btt~0((qjjec{,gbgi,ha,

ja(6>77(7>1;(j1,bti,

71 Gc)@gpjjvg ]gtjccktj Tjcjk}khl# Lhvjifj 76# 6>77,

72 Gldjq J, Egij# Kgw Gj}t} Ihj kl Qgej ho Tk~ Gfhzt

Mhz~# Ljq [hve Tkij}# Lhvjifj 77# 6>77# ~, G7>,

7; Tbk} }jmtkhl dgq} hl Gdjjd Dgqk}bg# Tbj Zlgvjckla ho Kgw0

Jtblh}jmtgkgl jojjlmj} gld ]tgtj johiglmj kl Bk}thkmgc

^j}~jmtkvj#Ikddcj Jg}t @hzvlgc# ]~kla 6>>2# ~, 662)6=>,

6> Oh g ihj djtgkcjd jr~h}ktkhl# }jj Gdjjd Dgqk}bg gld Egjl

Dgqk}bg# Bhq th Fzkcd g Djihmgtkm Kgw# Ohvjkal Googkv}#Ig{(@zlj 6>>=# ~, =1)=;,

67 ]gqt gc)Kvgw# Lhvjifj 6# 6>77# wzhtjd kl g mhiijlt kl btt~0((

azcoglgc{}k},qhd~j}},mhi(6>76(>6(>1(hlj){jg)hl)}tkcc)lh)

kgwk)}~kla)kl)}kabt,

66 ^gzc Qbktokjcd# Jrrhl Ihfkc gkvj} kl Ezdk}tgl0 G Agij

Mbglaj8 Tbj Djgc Igagpklj# Lhvjifj 62# 6>77# btt~0((qqq,

tbjdjgc,mhi(igagpklj(KD(>4=>6?(6>77(lhv)62)6>77(jrrhl)

ihfkc)gkvj})kl)ezdk}tgl)g)agij)mbglaj,~b~,

6= Gldjq J, Egij# Kgw Mktkmkpj} Jrrhl Ihfkc hl Ezdk}tgl

Hkc ^z}zkt}# Ljq [hve Tkij}# Lhvjifj 7=# 6>77# ~, G76,

64 Gqg Dgihl# Hkc ^hqj ]tzaacj g} Z,], cjgvj} Kgw# MLL

Ljq}# Djmjifj 76# 6>77# qqq,mll,mhi(6>77(76(76(qhcd(

ijg}t(kgw)hkc(kldjr,btic,

6: Ikmbgjc ], ]mbikdt# Ohi g Ojq Kgwk}# g Qhd th Ckf{gl} hl

Ckfjgtkhl# Ljq [hve Tkij}# Gzaz}t =># 6>77# ~, G?,

6? Dhiklkm Jvgl}# Mcg}bj} ekcc =7 kl ]{kg# JZ bgkc} h~~h}ktkhl

fhd{# btt~0((qqq,jztj},mhi(gtkmcj(6>77(7>(7>(z})}{kg)

kdZ]C:J1C16>?6>777>7>,

61 Gc)Gbvgi Qjjec{# @glzg{ :)77# 6>76# btt~0((qjjec{,gbgi,ha,

ja(6>77(7>1;(j1,bti,
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post occupation iraq the brittleness of political institutions

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