post natal period - babyhood
TRANSCRIPT
Characteristics of
Babyhood1. Babyhood is the True Foundation
Age
Time when many behavior patterns,
attitudes, and patterns of emotional
expressions are being established.
2. Babyhood is an Age of Rapid
Growth and Change
Change not also in appearance but also in
capacities.
3. Babyhood is an Age of Decreasing DependencyRapid development of body control which
enables body to sit, stand, walk and to manipulate objects
Negativism – results when they are not permitted to try to be independent when they want to be. Protest takes the form of angry outburst and crying.
4. Babyhood is an Age of Increased Individuality
Shown in appearance and patterns of behavior.
5. Babyhood is the Beginning of Socialization
Egocentrism – the desire to become a part of the social group
Attachment behavior
6. Babyhood is the Beginning of Sex-Role Typing
7. Babyhood is an Appealing Age
Small babies tend to be more appealing because of their helplessness and dependency.
8. Babyhood is the Beginning of
Creativity
Learning to develop interests and
attitudes that will lay the foundation for
later creativity.
9. Babyhood is an Hazardous Age
Physical hazards – illness and
accidents may often lead to
permanent disability or death
Psychological hazard
Developmental Tasks of
BabyhoodThe rapid development of the nervous
system, the ossification of the bones, and the strengthening of the muscles make it possible for babies to master the developmental tasks of babyhood.
learn to walktake solid foodshave their organs of elimination under
partial controlachieve reasonable physiological stability
(hunger rhythm and sleep)learn the foundation of speechrelate emotionally to their parents and
siblings
Physical DevelopmentDuring the 1st year – increase in weight is
proportionally greater than the increase in
height
During the 2nd year – reverse is true
Weight – increase in weight comes mainly
from an increase in fat tissue.
Height
Physical Proportions – head growth slows
down in babyhood, while trunk and limb
growth increases. Thus the baby gradually
becomes less top-heavy and appears more
slender and less chunky by the end of
babyhood.
Bones – the number of bones increases
during babyhood. Fontanel closes by the age
of two years.
Muscles and fat – muscles grow slowly and
are weak while fat tissue develops rapidly.
Body builds – ectomorphic, babies tend to
be long and sender; endomorphic, babies
tend to be round and fat; mesomorphic,
babies tend to be heavy hard and rectangular.
Teeth – Average baby has four to six of the
twenty temporary teeth by the age of one and
sixteen by the age of two. The first teeth are
those in front and the last to appear are the
molars. The last four of the temporary teeth
usually erupt during the first year of early
childhood.
Nervous system – at birth, brain
weight is one-eight of the baby’s total
weight. The cerebellum plays an
important role in body balance and
postural control, triples in weight
during the first year of postnatal life.
This is true also for the cerebrum.
Sense organ development
Physiological Functions
1. Sleep patterns
2. Eating patterns
3. Patterns of elimination
Bowel control begins on the average
of 6 months
Bladder control begins on the average
of 15-16 months
Muscle Control Pattern of Motor Control
a) Head region
Eye control
Smiling
Head holding
b) Trunk region
Rolling
Sitting
c) Arm and Hand Region
d) Leg region
Babyhood Skills
developed by 3 essential skills
opportunity for practice
incentive to learn
a good model to copy with guidance to ensure
Beginning of Handedness
Handedness is learning to use one hand in preference to the other.
Ambidextrous – preference for either hand
Speech Development Foundation pf basic aspects of
communicationa) Comprehension – the speaker’s facial
expression, tone of voice, gestures and pointing to an object help babies understand what is being said to them.
b) Learning to Speak – use of pre-speech froms as substitute of communication
c) Pre-speech forms – crying (first way to communicate; most frequently used), babbling (real speech develop from this), gesturing, emotional expressions.
Tasks in Learning to SpeakLearning how to pronounce words,
building a vocabulary by associating meaning and combining words into sentences.
Emotional Behavior in
Babyhood Common emotional patterns
Anger, fear, curiosity, joy and affection
Emotional dominance
Development in Socialization The type of behavior babies’ show in
social situations affects their personal
and social adjustments.
Once established, they tend to be
persistent as children grow older
Beginning of Interest in
Play no rules or regulation
more often solitary than social
“looker play” or “parallel play”
depend on babies patterns of
development
toys are less important babies
play is much repetition and less
variation
Play Development Follows a Pattern Sensorimotor play
Exploratory play
Imitative play
Make-believe play
Games
Amusements
Value of Play Provides opportunity for many forms of
learning
Give babies information about their environment and the people and things in their environment
Gives enjoyment
Encourages creativity
Development of Understanding
Acquire through maturation and learning
Association of meanings with objects, people and situations results in the development of concepts
How Understanding Develops
through sensory exploration
handling
exploratory behavior
concept of space
concept of weight
concept of time
concept of self
sex-role concepts
social concepts
concepts of beauty
concepts of the comic
Beginning of Morality
nonmoral, not guided by moral standards
babies judge the rightness or wrongness of an act in terms of the pleasure or pain it brings them
Piaget’s “morality by constraint” automatic obedience to rules without reasoning or judgment.
Role of Discipline in Babyhood
To teach children what is regards as right or wrong and to see to it that they act in accordance with this knowledge.
Beginnings of Sex-role Typing
Emphasis on the maleness or femaleness to those who come to see and admire the new baby
Colors of blanket, furnishing of rooms, toys and treatment of parents or significant people on their lives
Family Relation
Play a dominant role in determining the future pattern of a baby’s attitudes toward and behavior in relationships with others
Evidence of Importance of Parent-Child Relationships
Emotional deprivation
Attachment behavior
Different-sized families
Changes in Family Relation
Dream-child concept
Degree of dependency
Parental anxiety
Child-training methods
Maternal overwork
Arrival of new sibling
Relationships with older
siblings
Personality Development in Babyhood
a) The Critical Period in Personality Development
Emotional deprivation has revealed that personality changes are an almost inevitable accompaniment.
Because the mother is the most constant companion, the kind of person she is and the kind of relationship they share will have a profound influence on the baby’s personality.
Something unfavorable occurs in the environment are subject to damage.
Sex differences in personality begin to appear as early as the first year of life.
Patterns established early in life remain almost unchanged as the child grows older.
b) Changes in the Personality
Pattern in Babyhood
Quantitative change – there is a
strengthening or weakening of a trait
already present
Qualitative change – socially
undesirable trait is replaced by one
that is socially more desirable
Hazards in Babyhooda) Physical HazardsMortality – During the first year of
babyhood, death is usually caused by serious illness while during the second year, death is more often due to accidents.
Crib death – occurs after a long period of sleep; due to abnormalities in breathing or who have had some abnormal condition at birth; also common to babies who had oxygen therapy during the newborn period.
Illnesses – respiratory complications, colds and digestive upsets; prolonged illnesses can interfere with the normal growth pattern.
Accidents – true when babies are on their second
year when they can move about more freely. Some
babyhood accident such as bruises and scratches,
are minor and have no permanent effects. Others,
such as blows on the head or cuts, may be serious
enough to leave permanent scars or may even be
fatal.
Malnutrition – causes stunted growth but also
leads to physical defects such as carious teeth,
bowed legs, and a tendency to suffer from more or
less constant illness; brain growth and
development may be impaired.
Foundation of Obesity – babies who are fed large
amounts of carbohydrates during this critical period
of fat-cell development are not only overweight but
are subject to diabetes and heart diseases as they
grow older. Bottle-fed babies are more likely to be
overfed than breast-fed babies.
Physiological Habits – physiological habits are established during babyhood and the common physical hazard of this period is the establishment of unfavorable attitudes. Eating habits – babies who suck for long
periods show signs of tenseness. They engage in nonnutritive sucking, have more sleep difficulties, and are more restless. Resistance of semi-solid foods if they are introduced too early.
Sleep habits – crying, strenuous play with an adult, or noise can make babies tense and keep them from falling asleep. Sleep schedules must meet the requirements to avoid tense and resistant to sleep.
Habits of elimination – trying to toilet train babies too early will make them uncooperative while delay results in habits of irregularity and lack of motivation on the baby’s part. Bed-wetting is common when training is not timed.
Psychological Hazards Hazards in Motor Development –
when delayed, babies will be at a
great disadvantage when they begin
to play with age-mates and tend to be
frustrated when they try to do things
for themselves and fail.
Speech Hazards – may affect later
development and causes are low level
of intelligence, lack of stimulation, and
multiple births. “Baby talk”, as a result,
developed an incorrect auditory
image.
Emotional Hazards Emotional deprivation - causes babies to
be backward in their motor and speech development and they don’t learn how to established social contacts or show affection.
Stress – can cause endocrine changes which upset body homeostasis; reflected in eating and sleeping difficulties, nervous mannerism (thumb-sucking and excessive crying).
Too much affection – babies expect others to show affection for them but they do no reciprocate when parents encourages them to be self-bound and selfish.
Dominant emotions
Social Hazards – lack of opportunity and motivation to learn to become social
Play Hazards – babies may come to
rely too much on toys for amusement
instead of learning to play in ways that
involve interaction with others.
Television also discourages the baby
from taking an active role in play.
Hazards in Understanding
Hazards in Morality – when babies
discover that they get more attention
when they do things to annoy and
antagonize others than when they
behave in a more socially approved
way.
Family-Relationship hazards Separation from mother – develops
insecurity
Failure to develop attachment behavior –they don’t experience the pleasures and handicaps them in establishing friendships as they grow older.
Deterioration in family relationships –they usually feel unloved and rejected
Over protectiveness – they become over dependent and afraid to do what other babies of their ages do.
Inconsistent training – provides poor guidelines
Child abuse
Hazards in Personality Development