Post Modernism of Art

Post Modernism of ArtLaura BoydSam IrwinDanny PaquetteSteve Romano

Modern ArtArtists who produced modern art tried to create art that was "pure"

This meant the artforms portrayed held stylistic integrity.

The Postmodern Era started after the 'death' of modern art in the mid-1960sUnknown. Beautiful Pure Girl. n.d.Modern artists made artworks in which styles were more conformed. It was considered a more pure artform where styles were separated and in which held their own integrity. Types of art and the different materials weren't usually mixed within one piece but when the postmodern era became defined in the 1960s, that started to change.Transformation to Postmodern ArtPostmodern art attempted to stray away from a completely pure artform.

Reacting to the modernist view on "pure" pieces of artwork, artists began to create master-pieces integrating many different materials and stylesAs written in Tim Woods' Beginning Postmodernism, Postmodern art attempted to stray away from a completely pure artform. This was a direct reaction to the modernist view on "pure" pieces of artwork. In contrast from the modern era, artists began to create masterpieces containing many different materials and styles. In the piece entitled "Fat Chair," Joseph Beuys used a very unique material, lard, in order to stimulate discussion between his viewers.Entering the Postmodern Era...- Visual Art had many different styles associated with it, including Pattern Painting and Super-Realism

- Various types of new media began to be used

- By the late 1960s, magazines had replaced modernistic artworks with the new forms of artAs part of the postmodern era, Visual Art had various styles associated with it, including Pattern Painting and Super-Realism. Pattern Painting celebrated patterns within geometric or non-geometric paintings. Super-Realism is an artform in which artist attempt to challenge the accuracy of photography in their pieces. Neo-Expressionism, Neo-Geo, and New British Sculpture are also other styles. New types of media also began to be used, such as cameras, computers, videos and the television coming later. By the late 1960s, magazines began replacing more modern artworks with the updated forms of art, including various collages and photographic images like the one shown here.Reaction vs. ResistanceHal Foster argued that many of postmodern artworks are either a reaction to past art styles that become recycled in new forms of art. Another type is resistance to some sort of political issue or other controversial topics.Daniel Durant, Unknown. 2011Hal Foster, an American art critic born in the 1950s, argued that many of postmodern artworks are either a reaction to past art styles that become recycled in new forms of art. Another type is resistance to to some sort of political issue or other controversial topics. These types of artworks have the ability to react or resist against any crucial ideas, not any specific one.Few Characteristics of Postmodern ArtSite-Specificity - the construction ofvarious environments and sites that embedworks within a defined contextImpermanence - the construction ofworks from perishable itemsAccumulation - making various fragments ofthe construction of art, having them becomepart of a seriesDiscursivity - allowing an interaction between thesensuous making the silent artwork articulate andargumentative.Hybridisation - Using two different forms of artwork tocreate singularly inclusive constructionsThe several different types of art techniques introduced through the postmodern era include Appropriation, Site-specificity, Impermanence, Accumulation, Discursivity, Hybridisation. Appropriation mainly involves using the camera to reproduce different images and art. Site-Specificity is about constructing various environments or sites in which the focus of a piece is embedded. Impermanence indicates the creation of artwork using perishable items. Just as it sounds, accumulation ties together various fragments of art to bring tehm together as a whole or series. Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe would be considered accumulation since he made a series of differently colored pictures. Discursivity allows for an interaction between the sensuous making the silent artwork articulate and argumentative. Last but not least, hybridisation uses two different forms of artwork to create one inclusive construction.Postmodern Art Styles/TrendsSome typical styles/trends of art in the postmodern era include

Bricolage (creation of a work from a collection of objects)

Collage

Appropriation (taking pre-existing objects or images and changing them in small ways)

Performance artTsevis, Charis. Steve Jobs for Fortune Magazine. Photograph. Cupertino, California, US. Flickr. 5 Mar. 2008.Collage- First beginning in 200 BC China, it made a reappearance in the 20th century by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

- The term collage comes from the French "coller" meaning "glue".

- A collage typically include newspaper clippings, color scraps, parts of other artwork, photographs, and any other object that will fit.

Schoeller, Martin. TIME's 2010 Person of the YearCollage is a style of art that dates back to 200 BC in China. The term comes from the french word Coller which means glue. A typical collages is a collection of either newspaper clippings, color scraps, parts of other artwork, and photographs that are glued to background. The intent of a collage is to produce a work that may stimulate the mind by trying to understand that different type of pieces involved in the work and find deeper meaning. The image on the left is of Mark Zuckerberg, and is created out of facebook icons.Collage TypesPhotomontage is when an artist takes parts of different photos and combine them into one.

Decoupage (craft) is the process of placing a picture into an object for decoration. Left to Right:Matisse, Henri. Blue Nude II. 1952. Photograph. Pompidou Centre, Paris.

Bearden, Romare. The Calabash. 1970. Photograph. Library of Congress

Jamie Reid:1977 "God Save the Queen"

Richard Hamilton: 1956Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?

From top left clockwise:

Hamilton, Richard. Ust What Is It That Makes Today's Homes so Different, so Appealing? 1956. Photograph. Kunsthalle Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany.

Reid, Jamie. God Save the Queen. 1977. Album Cover Art. N.p.

Wesselmann, Tom. Still Life #20. 1962. Photograph. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York.

Tom Wesselmann: 1962Still Life #20Bricolage This art is created with either mass produced material or junk items to make a three or two dimensional work.

This can also refer to the theatrical form of improvisation (Improv).

Frank Vagnone

Vagone, Frank. Photograph. Crane Art Center, Philadelphia, PA. Wikipedia. 2 June 2011. Web. 29 Mar. 2013.This art form is the collection of objects, whether it be tools and equipment, to bottles and other "junk". Bricolage can also refer to the theatrical form of improv where a cast would go on stage and act in the spur of the moment with given material or setting. Kurt SchwittersThe Merzbau1933From Left to Right:

Redemann, Wilhelm. Merzbau. 1933. Photograph. The Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

Tenenblatt, Lenore. 2007. PhotographKurt Schwitters was an artist during the modern era but his work on The Merzbau had many characteristics of the postmodern style of bricolage. His work depicted above was from the interior of his parents apartment where he transformed rooms into this bricolage type style. His work was destroyed in an allied bombing but a few photos of his work exist and parts of the house was recreated.Color Photography-William Eggleston (1939-Present)Before William, photography was a large art style but only black and white photos were an accepted form of photography.Eggleston's work was called "common" and "pedestrian" by the art world.His work eventually made color photography accepted as an art form.His work is now seen around the world and featured on many different album covers.

The Morals of Vision: 1978Plains of GeorgiaMemphis: 1968Featured on cover of Jimmy Eat World album Bleed AmericanFrom top left clockwise:Eggleston, William. The Morals of Vision. 1978. Photograph.

Eggleston, William. Memphis. 1968. Photograph.

Eggleston, William. Greenwood, Mississippi.1973 Photograph. Greenwood, MississippiGreenwood, Mississippi: 1973aka: The Red CeilingFeatured on cover of Big Bang album Radio City

Andy WarholBorn August 6, 1928He went to college atCarnegie Institute of Technology from 1945-1949Started in commercial artPop paintings based on adds and comicsThen he moved into making movies, sculptures, writing books and magazinesHe died February 1987from top to bottomAndy Warhol, Self-Portrait, 1986Andy Warhol, Self-Portrait, 1962

Andy Warhol is one of the best know postmodern artist. He was born August 6, 1928 to two immigrant parents in Pittsburg. He went on to be educated at Carnegie Institute of Technology where he got a degree in pictoral design. After college he went to New York city to work in commercial art. Working in this industry it was a very postmodern idea to be working in advertising on commercials because this was a new time where advertising was popping up everywhere with tv's becoming so popular. Here he started to get his work know it was being published in advertisements. A lot of his ideas for paintings came from adds and comic strips. A couple different series of his where the cambles tomato soup cans, portraits of celebrities, and death and desaster these will be looked at more on the next slide. His works moved into making movies, sculptures, and writings. He started to become some what a modern celberty everyone wanted to be around him. He was appearing in commercials on tv and adds in magazines he would be in peoples music videos. Then he died in February 1987. pictured on the right are two self portraits of himself. the top picture sold of 32.6 million

(I know that my notes are very length and need lots of editing but I will work on it this is just a rough outline)

title author yearFrom top left clockwiseAndy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych, 1962Andy Warhol, The Death and Disaster Series, 1962-1963 Andy Warhol, Campbells Soup Can, 1962Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes, 1970

These are some of Andy Warhol's most famous pieces one from each of his major collections. On the top right that is a painting of Marilyn Monroe this is from a series of portraits that he did of famous people from that error. To have celebrities is a very postmodern idea and the way that he painted the portiets using all the bright colors and kind of changing the way they looked to being more abstract. Below that is a sculpture that he did of a Brillo box. this was a prodoct that he took the box of and made it large and made a series of it. the idea of taking an everyday object and making it art is very postmodern. In doing this he was connecting all classes of people. he took a very low class object and made it a piece of art that high class people wanted in their homes. this is something that never would have happen before. This is the same thing that he did with his most famous work of art the series that he did with campbell's tomato soup cans. Lastly in the upper left corner there is a painting from his collection called "death and disaster" these were very realistic painting of car accidents and other disasters that happen just put into picture form. they were very realistic and made you more aware of what is happening.Peter MaxBorn in 1937, he moved all around the World as a childhe studied at several art schools in New York cityHe caused a real transformation of art in the 60'sHe has painted for six presidents, paints the statue of liberty every year, super bowl artiest, 2006 olympic artist even painted airplanes

from top to bottomPeter Max, Self-Portrait, 1988Peter Max, Self-Portrait, 2002

Peter Max is a well know postmodern artist. He was born in 1937 and then his family traveled all around the world well he was growing up. He studed in several art intestues in New York City. This would be a very postmodern idea that even artiest are educated people even thought they are still using their hands to create the art there is much more thought and idea behind the work which they are free to do with the use of cameras people are no longer painting to remeber an image or something it is more just for expression of ideas and thoughts. He has done a couple of diffrent series of art work he has pained six diffrent presdents and done a series of pictures of the statue of liberty every year. Along with diffrent sporting events he has been the head painter for the olympics and super bowl. he also did a beatles album and an airplain. He is still alive today and doing paintings. on the right those are a couple portrets of himself.top left clockwisePeter Max, Liberty Head, 2004Peter Max, Yellow Submarine, 1968Peter Max, Obama, 2009Peter Max, Continental Airlines Boeing 777-200ER, 2004

These are some examples of his art work the top left is one of his paintings of the statue of liberty. then next to that is a beatles album that he did the cover for. then there is the air plain that he painted. then there is his portret of obama. it is easy to see that with all of his work he uses bright colors and kind of uses color blotches to form the image or shape. he has a very destinct style that is esaly recognisable.Obey (Shepard Fairey)Shepard Fairey, Obey Collection, 2008

a street artist who emerged from skateboarding. he was educated at rhode island school of design. best know for his hope poster that he did for Obama's 2008 presidential campain. he is art work is really ironic and iteresting it is something that you can get a lot of meaning out of and every time you look at it you get something diffrent out of it then you did before. these are all very post modern ideas of the girl soldger and that she is holding a gun that has a rose sticking out of the top it is interetsing to join the ideas of something that is peacefull and beautiful like a rose with the violence and dark side of the gun.

Mathematics of art:Pre PostmodernismDe Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian Man. 1490Mathematics and Art have had a relationship as far back, and further, than Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Commonly known for his works of Art, like The Mona Lisa, Da Vinci worked with mechanics, along with geometry. De Vinci was also involved in hydrodynamics, anatomy, mathematics and optics. Above is an image called Vitruvian Man, Study of proportions, from Vitruvius's De Architectura Notice how Da Vinci had a purpose with this particular drawing. It exemplifies symmetry and geometry of the human body for society to know about. This has a very pre post-modern image along with characteristics of the Enlightenment era.

Image: http://www.leonardoda-vinci.org/Vitruvian-Man,-Study-of-proportions,-from-Vitruvius's-De-Architectura.htmlInformation: http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leonardo.htmlMathematics of Art:Post Modernism

i. Max Bill (1908-1994)ii. Sol LeWitt (1928-2007)iii. Anthony Hill (1930 Present)iv. Francois Morellet (1926 Present) v. Paul Nylander (Present)

ConstructivismDefinition:

A style or movement in which assorted mechanical objects are combined into abstract mobile structural forms. The movement originated in Russia in the 1920s and has influenced many aspects of modern architecture and design. - American Oxford Dictionary

Before getting into the Postmodernism of Art in relations to Mathematics it is important to understand Constructivism. Constructivism is defined as [A style or movement in which assorted mechanical objects are combined into abstract mobile structural forms. The movement originated in Russia in the 1920s and has influenced many aspects of modern architecture and design.] Constructivism will show up in the following slides as it does pertain to the Postmodernism of Art.Max Bill - 1965

Field of Thirty-Two Parts in Four Colors:

This is an oil canvas painting created by Max Bill in 1965

Bill, Max. Field of Thirty-Two Parts in Four Colors. 1965Max Bill, a Switzerland native, went into the field of architecture, with having interests in sculpting and painting. During the mid 1930s Max Bill coined the term "concrete art" in opposition to "abstract art defending and illustrating it in all phases of his multifarious activities. In 1944 he became a professor at an Art Institute. Also, Bill is credited with having been "the spark that lighted the fuse of Brazil's artistic revolution" and the country's "movement toward concrete art" with his 1951 retrospective at the Sao Paul Museum of Modern Art. In this particular piece of art above Bill took a square and divided it into 32 parts. He then added four colors, 8 sections of each color, that consists of exactly as much area as each other color. This was done with knowledge of geometry and knowledge of relationship between angles.

Information: http://www.mashpedia.com/Max_BillConcrete Art Max Bill Pg. #106

Sol LeWitt (1977/1994)

Wall Drawing #766(Below)Wall Drawing #305(Above)LeWitt, Sol. Wall Drawing #766. 1994.LeWitt, Sol. Wall Drawing #305. 1977.Sol LeWitt, born in 1928 graduated from the University of Syracuse in 1949 with a Bachelors of Fine Arts. In the 1950s and 60s Lewitt taught art in New York City while also working as a receptionist at the Museum of Modern Art. Around 1969 his work became more conceptual, and during the 1970s he participated in major exhibitions in the United States, Switzerland, Italy, and West Germany. With his distinguished work LeWitt has been identified with two latter half Twentieth Century Movements: Minimalism and Conceptualism. Minimalism emphasizes basic materials and shapes and make deliberate efforts to avoid both subject matter and the "hand of the artist. Conceptualism moves a step further by stressing the idea or concept of the work, not the object.

LeWitt is responsible for over a thousand original paintings! What sets him apart from others of his time is that he did not actually paint or draw all of his creations. Sol Lewitt would brainstorm and write a description of a piece and then sell it. Once a person purchases a piece from LeWitt's, they own it for life. Since the pieces are wall paintings/drawings the owner would inform Sol LeWitts corporation and let them know that they would like for it to be painted. This piece particular piece of Sol LeWItts is from 1994 and is located at MASS MoCA, in Western Massachusetts. In Wall Drawing 766 the description summarized to Twenty-one isometric cubes of varying sizes, each with color ink washes superimposed.

Image and Information: http://www.massmoca.org/lewitt/walldrawing.php?id=766Information: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sol_LeWitt.aspx

Anthony Hill (1958)Holt, Michael. Mathematics of Art. Page 69 - 71.Anthony Hill is an original member of the post-World War II British art movement termed the Constructionist Group. His earlier works fell into the style of Surrealism, defined as the creative potential of the unconscious mind, but quickly moved to geometric abstract idioms. In this drawing Hills theme is derivate from the pattern of primes. The middle image shows how Hill developed the painting. He drew a vertical line and divided into fifty evenly separated nodes, with each node given an odd number and ascends down. For nodes with a prime number a line is drawn to the left, while composite numbers had lines drawn to the right. After rectangles were formed, they were then shaded in. Notice how when the right side is flipped upside down that it is identical to the left side. Hill states Axial symmetry is either side of the central axis that the vertical division in the overall square format divides it into two equal areas. This is a prime example of constructivism.

Information: Mathematics of Art By Michael Holt, Pages 69 71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)Francois Morellet (1976)Points with a Space:Morellet, Francois. Points with a Space. 1976.Animation:Kemen, Maria. Unknown. n. d.

Morellet, Francois. Unknown. n.d.

Francois Morellet, a French Native, was born in 1926. Morellet interests began in geometrical abstract forms around 1950. His initial research led him to mostly two-tone surfaces and, in 1956, to the first superimposed patterns, painted or metallic, determining retinal effects of alteration. An example of this is when he takes a grid and rotates it and then applies it to the first grid (an example of this is shown above). A peculiar piece Morellet had is called Points with Space. In this piece Morellet takes a 32 by 32 grid where he plots the square value of of the integers between 1 and 32. Because the grid is 32 by 32 when a count is over 32 it moves over one row. So the first row goes from 1 to 32, the second row goes from 33 64, and so on. So here is a visual of how the piece was designed. Now, if we took the apex of the small parabola formed near the center and drag it up we can visualize a larger parabola formed. Personally, I find this thought provoking. Morellet started with values that he squared. When plotted these with his artistic technique he graphs a parabola.

Information: http://www.arasgallery.com/profile.php?id=29Paul Nylander (2008)Polynomial Roots:

"This picture shows all the roots for all possible combinations of 18th order polynomials with coefficients of plus or minus one." Nylander, Paul. Polynomial Roots. 2008.Paul Nylander majored in Mechanical Engineering, but had an interest in computer programming. His interest in computer programming came when he was enlightened to the world of computer graphics. To further himself he learned most of his programming from the internet. Nylander reflexed that he longed to learn how to color a single pixel on the computer screen but no one could explain it to me. When people tried he found that examples worked best for him. He added that it was after he learned basic computer graphics that his knowledge of it advanced rapidly. Most of his mathematical artwork is created in Mathematica, POW-Ray, and C++. This is another aspect of the mathematics of Postmodern Art because it takes the piece from being drawn by hand to being compiled by a computer. For the image above, Nylanders explains that Strange fractal patterns emerge when you plot the complex roots of high order polynomials. This picture shows all the roots for all possible combinations of 18th order polynomials with coefficients of 1.

Picture: http://nylander.wordpress.com/category/fractals/page/2/Information: http://virtualmathmuseum.org/mathart/ArtGalleryNylander/Nylanderindex.htmlKim Levin onPostmodern Art"Post-modernism is impure. It knows about shortages. It knows about inflation and devaluation. It is aware of the increased cost of objects. And so it quotes, scavenges, ransacks, recycles the past. It is style-free and free-style. Playful and full of doubt, it denies nothing. Tolerant of ambiguity, contradiction, complexity, incoherence, it is eccentrically inclusive. It mimics life, accepts awkwardness and crudity, takes an amateur stance. Structured by time rather than form, concerned with context instead of style, it uses memory, research confession, fiction - with irony whimsy and disbelief. Subjective and intimate, it blurs the boundaries between the world and self. It is about identity and behaviour."- Levin, Beyond Modernism: Essays on Art From the '70s and '80sKim Levin writes in his Beyond Modernism essay how post-modernism is an impure art-style. Anything in postmodern art is acceptable, anything can happen. I like how Levin describes postmodern art as being style-free and free-style. Subjective and intimate, it blurs the boundaries between the world and self. It is about identity and behaviour. Joseph Beuy's Fat Chair is a prime example of being free-style. Nobody had made art out of sculpting lard. It comes off as unusual and leaves you questioning, why?QuestionsBibliographyImagesAndy Warhol, Self-Portrait, 1986.Andy Warhol, Self-Portrait, 1962.Andy Warhol, Campbells Soup Can, 1962.Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych, 1962.Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes, 1970.Andy Warhol, The Death and Disaster Series, 1962-1963.Peter Max, Self-Portrait, 1988.Peter Max, Self-Portrait, 2002.Peter Max, Liberty Head, 2004.Peter Max, Yellow Submarine, 1968.Peter Max, Obama, 2009Peter Max, Continental Airlines Boeing 777-200ER, 2004.Shepard Fairey, Girl with Grenade, 2007.Shepard Fairey, Obey Collection, 2008 Websites"Andy Warhol Biography." Warhol: Biography. The Warhol, 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013."Museum Of The Street Art: Obey." Museum Of The Street Art: Obey. N.p., 03 Apr. 2011. Web. 02 Apr. 2013."Peter Max-Biography." Peter Max-Biography. American Fine Arts Editions, Inc, 2008. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.BibliographyImagesBill, Max. Field of Thirty-Two Parts in Four Colors. 1965De Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian Man. 1490.Hill, Anthony. Constructional Relief. 1958-1960.LeWitt, Sol. Wall Drawing #305. 1977.LeWitt, Sol. Wall Drawing #766. 1994.Morellet, Francois. Unknown. n.d.Nylander, Paul. Polynomial Roots. 2008.De Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian Man. 1490.Websites"Anthony Hill (artist)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013."Biography." Franois Morellet. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.Ehrlich, Eugene. Oxford American Dictionary. New York: Oxford UP, 1980. Print."Leonardo Da Vinci." Leonardo Summary. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013."Max Bill." - Mashpedia, the Real-Time Encyclopedia. Mashpedia, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.Nylander, Paul. " ." Paul Nylander. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013."Sol LeWitt Facts, Information, Pictures." Encyclopedia.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

Bibliography ImagesBearden, Romare. The Calabash. 1970. Photograph. Library of CongressEggleston, William. Greenwood, Mississippi.1973 Photograph. Greenwood, MississippiEggleston, William. Memphis. 1968. Photograph.Eggleston, William. The Morals of Vision. 1978. Photograph.Hamilton, Richard. Ust What Is It That Makes Today's Homes so Different, so Appealing? 1956. Photograph. Kunsthalle Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany.Matisse, Henri. Blue Nude II. 1952. Photograph. Pompidou Centre, Paris.Redemann, Wilhelm. Merzbau. 1933. Photograph. The Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Hannover, Germany.Reid, Jamie. God Save the Queen. 1977. Album Cover Art. N.p.Schoeller, Martin. TIME's 2010 Person of the YearTsevis, Charis. Steve Jobs for Fortune Magazine. 2008. Photograph. Cupertino, California, US. Flickr. Yahoo!, 5 Mar. 2008. Web. 28 Mar. 2013.Vagone, Frank. Photograph. Crane Art Center, Philadelphia, PA. Wikipedia. 2 June 2011. Web. 29 Mar. 2013.Wesselmann, Tom. Still Life #20. 1962. Photograph. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York.BookWoods, Tim. Beginning Postmodernism. Second Edition. Manchester, UK: ManchesterUniversity Press, 2009. Print.

BibliographyWarhol, Andy. Marilyn Monroe. Digital image. Saatchi_gallery : Happy Birthday to Marilyn Monroe Born Today in 1926. Here She Is in Warhol's Work Made Shortly after Her Death in 1962. Http://t.co/D41Z5hii. Searchles, Inc., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.

Durant, Daniel. An Exploration into Postmodern Resistance. Digital image. An Exploration into Postmodern Resistance. N.p., 5 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.

April Greiman with Jayme Odgers, Wet magazine cover, 1979. Source: Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Woods, Tim. Beginning Postmodernism. Second Edition. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2009. Print.

Beuys, Joseph. Fat Chair. 1964. National Galleries of Scotland, Scotland.