PostPost--Earthquake Building Assessment Earthquake Building Assessment

John OsteraasJohn OsteraasJoan Joan MacQuarrieMacQuarrie

ZanZan TurnerTurnerJon Jon HeintzHeintz

100100thth Anniversary Earthquake ConferenceAnniversary Earthquake ConferenceThe The MosconeMoscone CenterCenter

San Francisco CASan Francisco CAApril 18, 2006April 18, 2006

Tutorial OverviewTutorial Overview

Assessment Stages: • Search & Rescue: focus on safety of buildings for

extraction of entombed victims and safety of rescuers

• Safety: focus on the safety of a building for continued occupancy, without regard to the extent of non-structural damage

•ATC-20•BORP

• Damage: focus on the determination of the nature, extent, and appropriate repair of earthquake damage

Tutorial ScheduleTutorial Schedule2:00 Introduction 2:00 Introduction 2:05 Urban Search & Rescue 2:05 Urban Search & Rescue 2:30 ATC2:30 ATC--20 Post20 Post--Earthquake Safety Assessment of Earthquake Safety Assessment of

BuildingsBuildings3:00 Break3:00 Break3:15 Mobile Post3:15 Mobile Post--Earthquake Building Safety Evaluation Earthquake Building Safety Evaluation

Data Acquisition System ATCData Acquisition System ATC--20i20i3:45 City of San Francisco Building Occupancy 3:45 City of San Francisco Building Occupancy

Resumption Program BORP Resumption Program BORP 4:15 Break4:15 Break4:30 Post4:30 Post--Earthquake Building Damage Assessment Earthquake Building Damage Assessment 4:55 Summary & Closing4:55 Summary & Closing5:00 Q&A5:00 Q&A5:30 Adjourn5:30 Adjourn

Urban Search & RescueUrban Search & Rescue&&

Rescue EngineeringRescue Engineering

John Osteraas, PhD, PEJohn Osteraas, PhD, PEExponent Failure Analysis AssociatesExponent Failure Analysis Associates

US&R Agenda US&R Agenda

••US&R Background US&R Background ••US&R CapabilitiesUS&R Capabilities••Rescue EngineeringRescue Engineering••US&R Marking SystemsUS&R Marking Systems

UUrban rban SSearch earch && RRescue: escue: Location, Rescue (Extrication), & Location, Rescue (Extrication), &

Initial Medical Stabilization ofInitial Medical Stabilization ofVictims Trapped / Entombed in Victims Trapped / Entombed in

Confined Spaces of Confined Spaces of Collapsed Urban StructuresCollapsed Urban Structures

due todue toEarthquakes, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Earthquakes, Hurricanes, Tornadoes,

Explosions, Terrorist Acts, and other Life Explosions, Terrorist Acts, and other Life Threatening DisastersThreatening Disasters

US&R BackgroundUS&R Background

Impetus for US&R SystemImpetus for US&R System•• Many heavily populated areas of the U.S. are at high Many heavily populated areas of the U.S. are at high

risk for a major earthquake or hurricane. risk for a major earthquake or hurricane.

•• Earthquakes in Mexico City (1985), El Salvador (1986), Earthquakes in Mexico City (1985), El Salvador (1986), and Armenia (1988) indicated that a catastrophic and Armenia (1988) indicated that a catastrophic event in the U.S. would overwhelm state and local event in the U.S. would overwhelm state and local resources and that Urban Search and Rescue resources and that Urban Search and Rescue capabilities would be inadequate.capabilities would be inadequate.

•• 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and Hurricane Hugo 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and Hurricane Hugo highlighted the Earthquake and Hurricane threats in highlighted the Earthquake and Hurricane threats in the U.S. and underscored the need for a National the U.S. and underscored the need for a National Urban Search and Rescue capability.Urban Search and Rescue capability.

US&R BackgroundUS&R Background

Phases of Large Urban EarthquakePhases of Large Urban Earthquake

5 to 10%

15%

30%

50% SpontaneousCivilians Nearby

CommunityResponse Teams

Lt. RescueTeams

TFUS&R

LightlyTrapped

Non-StructureEntrapment

Injured and NotTrapped

Tra-pped

CONDITION of VICTIMS EMERGENCY RESPONSE

US&R BackgroundUS&R Background

Survival Rates of Trapped Survival Rates of Trapped Earthquake Victims Earthquake Victims

30 minutes30 minutes 90% survive90% survive1 day1 day 80% survive80% survive2 days2 days 37% survive37% survive3 days3 days 30% survive30% survive4 days4 days 20% survive20% survive5 days5 days 10% survive10% survive

US&R BackgroundUS&R Background

28 FEMA Task Forces Nationwide28 FEMA Task Forces Nationwide8 FEMA Task Forces in California8 FEMA Task Forces in CaliforniaVarious other nonVarious other non--FEMA US&R TeamsFEMA US&R Teams

Beverly, MA

New York City, NY

Montgomery County, MDFairfax County, VA

Virginia Beach, VA

Puget Sound, WA

Oakland, CA

Orange County, CA

Riverside, CA

San Diego, CA

Utah

Colorado

Phoenix, AZNew Mexico

Lincoln, NE

Memphis, TN

Marion County, IN

Pennsylvania

Metro Dade, FLMiami, FL

Clark County, NV

Sacramento, CA

Los Angeles City, CALos Angeles County, CA

Menlo Park, CA Boone County, MO

Miami Valley, OH

Texas

US&R CapabilitiesUS&R Capabilities

US&R CapabilitiesUS&R Capabilities•• Task Force = 70 positions, 24Task Force = 70 positions, 24--hour ops, 3 deephour ops, 3 deep

–– Physical, K9, and electronic searchesPhysical, K9, and electronic searches–– Advanced life support medicine: crush syndrome / Advanced life support medicine: crush syndrome /

confined space medicine confined space medicine –– Structural integrity assessment & mitigationStructural integrity assessment & mitigation–– Heavy rigging, shoring, bracing, debris miningHeavy rigging, shoring, bracing, debris mining–– HAZMAT, safety, communications, logisticsHAZMAT, safety, communications, logistics–– Planning, documentation, public informationPlanning, documentation, public information

•• $2+ million gear & equipment:$2+ million gear & equipment:–– Search, rigging, breeching, cutting, shoringSearch, rigging, breeching, cutting, shoring–– SelfSelf--sufficient for 72 hourssufficient for 72 hours

•• Operate under Incident Command System (ICS)Operate under Incident Command System (ICS)–– IC is designated by Local AuthorityIC is designated by Local Authority

It’s always good to know It’s always good to know where you are in the systemwhere you are in the system

70 Person 70 Person –– Type 1 Task ForceType 1 Task Force

Safety(2)

K9 Search(2)

K9 Search(2)

Tech Search(2)

Search Tm Mgr(2)

Rescue Sqd 11 Off + 5 Spec

Rescue Sqd 11 Off + 5 Spec

Rescue Sqd 11 Off + 5 Spec

Rescue Sqd 11 Off + 5 Spec

HERS(2)

Rescue Tm Mgr(2)

Hazmat Spec(4)

Hazmat Spec(4)

Hazmat Tm Mgr(2)

Med Spec(2)

Med Spec(2)

Medical Mgr(2)

Log Spec(4)

Comm Spec(2)

Support Spec(10)

Logistics Mgr(2)

Struct S(2)

Tech Info(2)

Planning Tm Mgr(2)

Task Force Leader(2)

70 Positions70 Positions24 hour Operations24 hour Operations(Each TF has Dbl Cache)(Each TF has Dbl Cache)

Incident Support Team Incident Support Team -- AA

IST Safety Off(1)

Operations Sect Ch(2)

IST Struct S(1)

IST US&R S(2)

IST SituationUnit Ldr (1)

Planning Sect Ch(2)

IST CommUnit Ldr (2)

IST MedicalUnit Ldr (1)

IST POA/MOBCenter S (1)

IST TransportUnit Ldr(1)

Logistics Sect Ch(2)

IST Commander(2)

ESF-9 Leader(2)

20 Positions 20 Positions 24 Hour Ops24 Hour Ops(may add 6 for (may add 6 for full 24 hr ops)full 24 hr ops)

Federal, State Local PartnershipFederal, State Local Partnership

•• All FEMA TFs are Local Assets FirstAll FEMA TFs are Local Assets First•• CA has Robust Mutual Aid SystemCA has Robust Mutual Aid System

–– 8 FEMA Type 1 TFs8 FEMA Type 1 TFs–– ? State TFs? State TFs–– ? State Strike Teams? State Strike Teams–– All CA Teams are categorized by TypeAll CA Teams are categorized by Type

•• All Types are Uniform Configuration thruAll Types are Uniform Configuration thru--out Stateout State

•• Local Team responded to 2003 Paso Robles Local Team responded to 2003 Paso Robles EarthquakeEarthquake

•• The Most Effective Response is Local ResponseThe Most Effective Response is Local Response•• FEMA US&R teams serve only at request of and FEMA US&R teams serve only at request of and

under command of local authority under command of local authority

Hurricane Andrew, 1992Hurricane Andrew, 1992Hurricane Hurricane InikiIniki, 1992, 1992Typhoon Brian, 1992Typhoon Brian, 1992Hurricane Emily, 1993Hurricane Emily, 1993Northridge Earthquake, 1994Northridge Earthquake, 1994Oklahoma City Bombing, Oklahoma City Bombing, 19951995Hurricanes Luis, Marilyn, & Hurricanes Luis, Marilyn, & Opal, 1995Opal, 1995Hurricane Fran, 1996Hurricane Fran, 1996Kansas Grain Elevator Explosion, 1998

Puerto Rico Gas Explosion, 1998World Trade Ctr, 2001Pentagon, 2001SLC Olympics 2002SLC Olympics 2002Nat. Sec. Events 2004Nat. Sec. Events 2004Hurricanes Charley, Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan & Jeanne, Francis, Ivan & Jeanne, 20042004Hurricanes Katrina & Rita, Hurricanes Katrina & Rita, 20052005

FEMA US&R ResponsesFEMA US&R Responses

Basic Approach to US&RBasic Approach to US&R

•• Identify the ProblemIdentify the Problem–– PrioritizePrioritize

•• Find VictimsFind Victims–– ReRe--prioritizeprioritize

•• Mitigate HazardsMitigate Hazards–– Risk vs RewardRisk vs Reward

•• Remove VictimsRemove Victims–– Medically stabilizeMedically stabilize

•• CREATE NO NEW VICTIMSCREATE NO NEW VICTIMS

Rescue EngineeringRescue Engineering

•• Rapid assessment of severely damaged Rapid assessment of severely damaged hazardous structures for US&Rhazardous structures for US&R–– Hazard assessmentHazard assessment–– Hazard mitigationHazard mitigation–– Collapse patterns & void locationsCollapse patterns & void locations–– Risk/reward analysisRisk/reward analysis

•• Difficult engineering judgments Difficult engineering judgments -- under pressure under pressure -- at disorderly disaster site at disorderly disaster site –– with incomplete with incomplete informationinformation

•• Getting dirty to get the job doneGetting dirty to get the job done•• Very different from “Normal” EngineeringVery different from “Normal” Engineering

–– NOW Engineering NOW Engineering

Structures Specialist’s RoleStructures Specialist’s Role

To Promote Safe Rescue PracticesTo Promote Safe Rescue Practices

Not to Impede Rescue OperationsNot to Impede Rescue Operations

US&R FocusUS&R Focus

•• FEMA US&R ObjectivesFEMA US&R Objectives–– Locate, Rescue & Medically Stabilize VictimsLocate, Rescue & Medically Stabilize Victims–– FOCUS on VICTIMSFOCUS on VICTIMS

•• Structures Spec. ResponsibilitiesStructures Spec. Responsibilities–– Support the Above US&R ObjectivesSupport the Above US&R Objectives–– FOCUS on RESCUERSFOCUS on RESCUERS

Structures SpecialistStructures Specialist

•• Works with all Aspects of US&R OperationsWorks with all Aspects of US&R Operations–– Initial Triage of BuildingsInitial Triage of Buildings–– Support of Search OperationsSupport of Search Operations–– Support of Rescue OperationsSupport of Rescue Operations–– Longer Term Building MonitoringLonger Term Building Monitoring–– Shoring and Hazard MitigationShoring and Hazard Mitigation–– Breaching, Breaking & RiggingBreaching, Breaking & Rigging

•• Risk/Reward AnalysisRisk/Reward Analysis

Field Operations Guide Field Operations Guide -- FOGFOG

Field Operations GuideField Operations Guide

Structure relatively safe for S&R ops. Structure relatively safe for S&R ops. There is little chance of further There is little chance of further Collapse. Collapse.

Structure is significantly damaged. Structure is significantly damaged. may need shoring, bracing, may need shoring, bracing, removal, and/or monitoring of removal, and/or monitoring of hazards.hazards.

Structure is NOT SAFE for Rescue Structure is NOT SAFE for Rescue Ops and may be subject to Ops and may be subject to Sudden Collapse.Sudden Collapse.

US&R Structure / Hazard MarkingUS&R Structure / Hazard Marking

15JUN9215JUN92HM NATURAL GASHM NATURAL GASOROR--11

US&R Structure / Hazard MarkingUS&R Structure / Hazard Marking

2’ x 2’ X near each entry

OR-12-10-041100

TF indicator date & time of entry

First slash is made when entering

RATS1-L3-D

Crossing slash is made as TF exitsand then other info is added

2-10-041400

Date & time of exit

US&R Search MarkingUS&R Search Marking

Incomplete SearchIncomplete SearchIf TF exits w/o completing search, crossing slash is not made, but filled circle is added

2-10-041400

OR-12-10-041100

RATS

3-DF 1 - 4

Indicates Floors or Quadrants CompletedF = Floors Q = Quads

No Entryor

If Only an Exterior Search is done as in Hurricanes

US&R Search MarkingUS&R Search Marking

US&R Hazard & Search MarkingsUS&R Hazard & Search Markings

Photo Credits FEMA

More InformationMore Information

US&R Structures Specialist Field Operations US&R Structures Specialist Field Operations Guide: Guide: http://www.disasterengineer.org/library/FOG4ehttp://www.disasterengineer.org/library/FOG4e--1005.pdf1005.pdf

More information regarding US&R:More information regarding US&R:David Hammond David Hammond djhammonddjhammond@@sbcglobalsbcglobal.net.netJohn Osteraas John Osteraas osteraas@exponent.comosteraas@exponent.com

Questions?Questions?

Search Marking Search Marking --> Safety Tagging> Safety Tagging

Photo Credits: Exponent