Post combustion capture of CO2

Nick Otter

International Workshop on “Power Generation with CCS in India”

Ashok Hotel, New Delhi, India

22nd January 2008

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 2

CO2 capture solutionsZero emission technology pathways

Main goal: Cost of CO2 avoided: < 20 €/t CO2

Source: VattenfallSource: Vattenfall Source: Vattenfall

FOCUS OF ALSTOM

Post- combustion(New + retrofit)

Oxy- combustion(New + retrofit)

Pre-combustion(New plants only)

Power Plant with CO2 Capture

Source: Vattenfall

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 3

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) suppliesin worldwide power plants

……..importance of addressing existing base, especially recently/to be installed

OEM supplied at least the Turbine, the Generator, or the Steam Generator

Source: UDI - ALSTOM

GW

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Alstom GE Siemens MHI

Nuclear Plant

Conventional SteamPlant

Hydro Plant

Gas Turbine Plant (InclST for CC)

Total World end 2005~ 4100 GW

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 4

CO2 capture solutions :Post-Combustion opportunities and challenges

−Large industrial experience

−Partial capture

−Adaptable to all boilers

−Retrofitable

−Operation flexibility

−Potential in other industries

−Advanced technologies in

pipeline

Opportunities

Innovation

Challenges

CostCost

−Solvent regeneration −Solvent consumption−CO2 compression−Integration

TechnologyTechnology

−Adapt to low pressure−New solvents−Advanced process−Scale-up validation−Corrosion issues−Adaptation to installed base

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Hea

t o

f R

eact

ion

(B

TU

/lb

)

Going down the experience curve : Post Combustion CO2 Capture

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Parsons-

Study (Fluor)

ABB Lummu

s

ProcessOptimisation

AdvancedAmines

ProcessInnovations

Chillled Ammoni

a Process

Data of current project

s

1,350 BTU/lb3150 kJ/kg

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Hea

t o

f R

eact

ion

[kJ

/kg

]

Process Optimisation

CO2 €/T 45-35 35-25 25-15 (not including transport and storage)

Advanced Amines

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 6

Development Plan of Chilled Ammonia Process

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Main Steps

Laboratory Scale

• First technical hypotheses

Large Bench Scale (0,25 MWt)

• Optimize absorber design

• Establish absorber removal rate

• Demonstrate limited ammonia emissions

Field Pilot Scale (5 MWt)

• Validate key performance parameters

1

3

Demonstration Scale (30-40 MWt)

• System reliability4

2 for coal and gas fired power plants

demonstration in North America and Europe

Utility Scale (+200 MWt)

• Integration5

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 7

Chilled ammonia process

A promising technology for post combustion carbon capture

Principle

• Ammonia (NH3) reacts with CO2 and water. It forms ammonia carbonate or bicarbonate

• Moderately raising the temperatures reverses the above reactions – releasing CO2

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 8

Chilled ammonia technology validated at large bench scale

Results

• 90% Capture demonstrated

• On CO2 concentrations as low as 3-4%

• Bicarbonate solids are easy to handle

• Low NH3 emissions obtained

• Regeneration validated

• Results used to design field pilot systems at We Energies and E.ON

0.25 MW Large Bench scale

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 9

5 MWt Pilot Plant (USA)

Start-up end 2007

Advantages

• High efficiency capture of CO2 and low heat of reaction

• Low cost reagent

• No degradation during absorption-regeneration

• Tolerance to oxygen and contaminations in flue gas

Chilled ammonia technology being addressed at field pilot scale : coal

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 10

Mongstad 40 MWth

Start-up 2010 – 100 kt/yr CO2 shipped to Snøvit in North Sea

Chilled ammonia technology being addressed at demonstration scale : gas

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 11

CO2 capture solutions :Oxy-combustion opportunities and challenges

−Lowest technological risk option

−Same power gen size possible

−Repowering and Retrofit

−All boiler technologies adaptable

−Potential boiler size reduction

−Fuel flexibility

−Rupture technology in pipeline

−Gasification

Opportunities

Innovation

Challenges

CostCost

−Cryogenic oxygen −CO2 compression−Heat flow optimisation−Integration

TimeTime

−On time Development

TechnologyTechnology

−Scale-up validation−Adaptation to installed base−Innovation

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 12

• Hea

t o

f R

eac

tio

n (

BT

U/lb

)

Going down the experience curve : Oxy Combustion CO2 Capture

2000 2010 2020 2030

Process Optimisation

Integration & Process Improvt

Process Innovation

400

375

300

250

200

150

En

erg

y re

qu

irem

ents

[K

Wh

/ T

CO

2]

LargeDemos

Large ASU

Chemical looping

ENCAP studies

Scale economy

Non cryo O2 production

CO2 €/T 40-25 30-15 25-10 (not including transport and storage)

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 13

Oxy-combustion: 30 MWth oxyfuel demonstration

Test of CO2 capture at Vattenfall Site „Schwarze Pumpe“

Source: Vattenfall

Main parameters

• 5,2 t/h Solid Fuel, 10 t/h Oxygen

• 40 t/h Steam,9 t/h Carbon Dioxide

• Goal: validation and improvement of oxyfuel process starting 2008

Alstom supplies the oxy-boiler (as well as steam generator and electrostatic precipitator)

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 14

Chemical Looping Gasification

Advanced Capture Processes

• Oxygen Fired CFB

• Chemical Looping

Combustion

Gasification

Chemical Looping Combustion

OxidizerReducer

CaS

CaSO4

CO2 & H2O

Coal,Limestone Air

Depleted Air, Ash,

CaSO4

OxidizerReducer

CaS

CaSO4

CO2 & H2O

Coal,Limestone Air

Depleted Air, Ash,

CaSO4

OxidizerReducer

Calciner

Cold Solids

CaCO3 CaO

CaS

CaSO4

Coal,Steam

CO2

Air

CaCO3

Depleted Air, Ash,CaSO4

Hot Solids

H2

CONDENSATE

GASRECIRCULATION

FAN

FLUIDIZINGGAS

BLOWER

COMBUSTOR

Cyc

lon

e

BA

CK

PA

SS

HE

AT

E

XC

HA

NG

ER

S

CFB Steam Generator Unit

ASHCOOLER

ExternalHeat

Exchanger

NITROGENAIR

INDUCED DRAFTFAN

AIRSEPARATION

UNIT

GasCooler

PARTICULATEREMOVALSYSTEM

OX

YG

EN

HE

AT

ER

PFWH

CO2-RICH PRODUCT

TO GAS PROCESSINGSYSTEM

LIMESTONE

COAL

OXYGEN

AIRINFILTRATION

O2 fired CFB

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 15

Oxy-fired PC, Oxy-fired CFB andChemical Looping

2010 2016 - 202004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Commercialization

Oxy-fired PC

Lab scale tests (500kWt)

Demonstration scale tests (30MWt)

Utility scale tests (250MWe)

Oxy-fired CFB

Chemical Looping

1

2

3

4

Pilot scale (3MWt)

Demonstration Scale tests (10-40MWe)

Utility scale tests (>150MWe)

Commercialization4

2

3

1

1 Bench tests (10-100 kWt)

Pilot scale (1-3 MWt)

Demonstration scale tests 10-20 MWe

2

3

Com5

Source : ALSTOM analysis

Utility scale 50-100MWe4

© ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 16

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

CoE

($

/ M

Wh

net)

IGCC with Capture

SCPC with Ammonia Capture

Oxy PC SCPC without Capture

IGCC without Capture

SCPC with Advanced Amine

Capture

Oxy CFB

Cost discovery zone

Carbon capture technology comparison

A portfolio of technologies must be validated at large scale

** Based on a 400 MWnet design, versus 650 Mwnet for other technologies

www.alstom.com