UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

SCHOOL of HISTORY, CLASSICS & ARCHAEOLOGY

POSTCOLONIAL SOUTH ASIA

History 3/4 MA

2010-2011 SESSION

Course Organiser: Dr. C. Bates

Room 0M.09, Doorway 4, Teviot Place

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POST-COLONIAL SOUTH ASIA

History 3/4 MA Code: HIST10040

Course Organiser: Dr. Crispin Bates

Course Outline 'Post-colonial studies' is a burgeoning subject in departments of English literature. This course aims to examine in detail, and from a historical perspective, what it really means to live in a post-colonial society, including a detailed study of the history of the largest and most populous post-colonial nation of them all: India, and the second most populous Islamic state: Pakistan. The focus of the course will be on the political, social, cultural and economic History of South Asia since 1947, paying proportionate attention to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and both the internal and external policies of each nation. Emphasis will be given to the conflicts between modernity and tradition, as well as the concepts of regional, religious and class identities which have formed the building blocks of modern nationalism in South Asia. Students will examine the struggle to affirm that conception of nationhood, together with the secessionist and centrifugal forces, including politico-religious and revolutionary movements, which have threatened, and even succeeded, in pulling these nations apart. Attention will also be paid to problems of securing balanced and equitable economic growth since the end of the colonial period, and the origins of the conflicts between the nations of the subcontinent, which have most recently acquired a thermo-nuclear dimension. Importantly, apart from the high politics of political conflict, the course will study the evolution of Indian society at a local level, including the struggle for the rights and freedoms of women and the lower castes, and the changing nature of what it means to be 'Indian', Hindu or Muslim, a Mohajir, Bengali or Tamil, or Untouchable etc., as revealed in works of literature (in translation), biography and film of the past half century. Given Scotland's historic and trading links with Asia, the course will permit an insight into aspects of modern Scottish society, as well a grounding for all those who seek to travel or work in Asia, or who otherwise might require a historical understanding of the contemporary Indian subcontinent. It is anticipated that the course will be of particular interest to students who have previously undertaken the second year History course 'Asia and Africa 2', or the interdisciplinary course 'South Asian Studies 2'.

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Course Aims This course aims to: _ enhance student understanding of important themes in modern South Asian History and

a tolerance and understanding of alternative ‘world views’ from an Asian perspective _ enhance student understanding of history as a subject that is imaginatively and

dialectically constructed through competing historiographical viewpoints _ enhance student understanding of history as a subject that can fruitfully be understood

thematically and with due attention to social subordinates rather than within the more conventional boundaries of national history and with a focus on dominant elites

_ enhance student understanding of and skills in using historical theory, historical

evidence and comparative method _ enhance student historical and transferable verbal skills in a team work situation,

through the preparation and presentation of seminar papers; and collective engagement in informed discussion and debate of seminar topics

_ enhance historical and transferable writing skills through the preparation and submission

of essays exhibiting: empirical rigour; theoretical and analytical skills; narrative and literary skills; and best practice concerning footnote and bibliographical citation

_ Given Scotland's historic and trading links with Asia, the course will endeavour to

provide an insight into aspects of modern Scottish society, as well a grounding for all those who seek to travel or work in Asia, or who might otherwise require a historical understanding of the contemporary Indian subcontinent.

University class times. For one-hour classes these are 0900-0950, 1000-1050, 1110-1200, 1210-1300, 1400-1450, 1500-1550, 1610-1700, 1710-1800, and for two-hour classes these are 0900-1050, 11.10-1300, 14.00-15.50 and 14.10-18.00. It is essential that these start and finish times are strictly adhered to. Conduct of Seminars Strict attendance at seminars is required and all absences must be accounted for. University regulations oblige the course tutor to inform your director of studies in case of repeated absence. Every sympathy and assistance, however, will be extended to students facing genuine problems. Students are encouraged to call on the course tutor during advertised office hours, to discuss work in progress or study problems. Seminars ought to exemplify 'active learning'. It is, therefore, both essential, and required that you should prepare thoroughly for them. For each seminar at which an historical topic is discussed either one student or a team of two (or more) students will produce and present a short paper introducing the topic under discussion. This presentation should not last more than twenty minutes and should be designed to open up wider discussion by identifying the intellectual problems, debates and broad issues connected with the topic. It is neither necessary nor desirable for students presenting seminar papers to attempt to say

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everything possible about their topics, but it is essential that points are raised for others to consider and discuss. Presenters of papers are encouraged to use visual aids (e.g. Powerpoint) and to distribute short handouts outlining the key points of their papers. Where equipment is needed in relation to use of visual aids please speak to the course tutor. The tutor herself will employ illustrative VIDEOS at various points in the course, depending on the time available. If you are to successfully pass the examination at the end of the year, you are strongly advised to attempt two seminar presentations in addition to your essay topic, more if the presentation and essay are on the same topic. However students are encouraged to collaborate in giving joint presentations (for example tackling the pros and cons of an issue from contrasting points of view), so that the subject matter and research can be divided and more easily accomplished. Course Staff & Communication The course was devised by Dr. Crispin Bates, who is the course convener. Dr. Bates may be consulted after class or during his office hours on Monday, 2-4pm, in Room 00M.09, Doorway 4, Teviot Place. If you are in need of assistance or advice, you are urged you make contact by e-mail: Crispin.Bates@ed.ac.uk or leave a message with the course secretary, Rosie Edwards on 650 3780. E-mail: v1redwa1@staffmail.ed.ac.uk University regulations require that students should check, read and respond to emails sent to their university address. Student Intranet The School has developed an undergraduate student intranet to provide you with information which is essential to your studies. It covers your current studies, guidance on submitting coursework, assessment regulations, essential forms, plagiarism, important news and events and more. It also has contact information for your Course Secretaries, Student Support Officers and Student Reps. Over the year, we will add information on choosing honours courses and degree results. There are also sections for the School's Student Support Office and academic guidance, library and computing services and the School's student/staff liaison. And we provide links to your subject areas and student societies. You are strongly advised to keep checking the Intranet for information or guidance throughout the year. The Intranet is at: http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/ Indian travel scholarships Edinburgh is involved in the Rajiv Gandhi Travelling Scholarship programme which enables three or four students from Edinburgh to visit India during the summer vacation each year. Application forms normally become available in mid April and must be returned within a few weeks. Edinburgh also sponsors the Rafe Bullick scholarship, which enables a student to gain hands-on experience of development work with Seva Mandir in Rajasthan. Those interested

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should contact the course organiser and/or the Director and Secretary of the University’s Centre for South Asian Studies and regularly check the News page of the Centre for South Asian Studies website at www.csas.ed.ac.uk South Asia Seminars The Centre for South Asian Studies runs a series of research seminars which may occasionally be of interest to those attending this course. Details are available online at www.csas.ed.ac.uk/events Seminars are commonly followed by drinks in a nearby pub. You are very welcome to attend any presentation that interests you.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES Items listed below and in the seminar programme may be found in the main stacks of the EUL, mostly under .9 (54) or .323 (54). Some may also be found in the Reserve section. Copies of all books published in the U.K. are also to be found in the National Library: Honours students are permitted access to this library if the book is unavailable in the EUL (applications forms are to be had from the EUL borrowing desk). Most novels and some textbooks you are likely to have to buy copies for yourself. Books for purchase can readily be ordered from Blackwell’s, South Bridge, or Wordpower in West Nicolson Street. There is a Blackwells Reading List available online at: http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/readinglists/displaylist.jsp?fm_course=23435 When there is a note saying ‘Offprint available’ or ‘Xerox in reserve’, this means that either a paper or electronic copy of the particular article has been placed in the Reserve section. You can check their availability and location by looking them up in the EUL catalogue under the author’s name (not the editor or title of the book or journal in which they were originally published). Journals can be consulted in Edinburgh University Main Library but not borrowed, however the majority of the articles cited here are available via JSTOR. Where a book is marked OO (indicating on order) it cannot be guaranteed that it will be available by the time you need it; always check on the library catalogue terminals. [NL] means the book is to be found in the National Library only. Key items, or points where it is suggested you might begin your reading, are asterisked. Library holdings are never static, so always check the bibliographies of tutorial (or essay) topics you are working on via the EUL catalogue. The bibliography commonly cites the first editions of key texts. Keep an eye out for new editions and new accessions, especially new issues of journals relevant to the course, which may contain valuable articles not published at the time this handbook was compiled. By making a subject search of the catalogue, you may identify other useful works for a tutorial (or essay) project. Despite the care taken in compilation, bibliographical information cannot be guaranteed to be 100% accurate. If you come across any error, please report it to the course organiser. Note: there is a key at the end of the handbook to listing journals on South Asia and their abbreviated titles as used in the bibliographies. GENERAL REFERENCE 1 C. Bates Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600 (London: Routledge,

2007) ** 2. S. Wolpert A New History of India (7th edn., Oxford, 2004) * 2 A. Jalal and S.

Bose Modern South Asia (2nd edition; London: Routledge 2003) *

3 Sunil Khilnani The Idea of India (London: Penguin, 1997) * 4 Ian Talbot Pakistan: a Modern History (London: Hurst & Co.1998) * 5 Sankaran

Krishna Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood (Minnesota Univ., 1999)

6 F. Robinson (ed.)

The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of India. (Cambridge, 1989)

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7 A. Jalal Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia (Cambridge, 1995) ** (an excellent comparative and historical perspective)

8 India Today (New Delhi news journal)

The Best of India Today (c. 1980-1990) [NL] See also current issues (since 1995) in EUL *

9 H.Alavi & J. Harriss (eds.)

The Sociology of Developing Societies: South Asia (London, 1989) [.3092(54) Soc]

10 Sumit Ganguly & Neil Devota

Understanding Contemporary India (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003) **

11 Ramchandran Guha

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (Pan Macmillan 2008) **

Studies on the Indian Political System 1 P. Brass The Politics of India Since Independence (New Cambridge History of

India) (Cambridge, 1990) * 2 R.L. Hardgrave

& S. Kochanek India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (New York 1986)

3 A. Vanaik The Painful Transition: bourgeois democracy in India (London, 1990) *

4 L.I. & S.H. Rudolph

In Pursuit of Lakshmi (Chicago, 1987)

5 W.H. Morris-Jones

The Government and Politics of India (revised edition) (London, 1987) [NL] - an old standard, outlines the structure of 'the Congress system' post indep.

6 P. Brass Caste, faction, and party in Indian politics (New Delhi, 1984) 7 P. Brass 'National power and local politics', MAS (1984) 8 P. Brass Language, Religion, and Politics in Northern India (London, 1974) 9 F. Frankel India's Political Economy 1947-1977: the gradual revolution

(Princeton, 1978) 10 R. Fox From Zamindar to Ballot Box: community change in a north Indian

market town (Ithaca, New York, 1969) 11 F.G. Bailey Stratagems and Spoils (Oxford, 1969) [another classic] 12 R. Kothari (ed.) Caste in Indian Politics (New Delhi, 1986, 1st pub. 1970) 13 M.Shepperdson

& C. Simmons The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985, (Aldershot, 1988), chs. 9, 11 & 12 esp.

14 S. Kochanek The Congress Party of India: the dynamics of one party democracy (Princeton, 1968)

15 T.V. Sathyamurthy

Social change and political discourse in India: structures of power, movements of resistance. Vol. 4, Class formation and political transformation in post-colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996)

16 Subrata Mitra Power, protest and participation: local elites and the politics of development in India (London: Routledge, 1992)

17 Francine Frankel, et al

Transforming India: social and political dynamics of democracy (New Delhi: OUP 2002)

18 A. Jalal & S. Bose

Nationalism, Democracy and Development: state and politics in India (New Delhi: OUP 1997)

19 Atul Kohli (ed.) The Success of India's Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2001)

20 S. Corbridge & J. Harriss

Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy (London: Polity Press, 2000)

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21 Lucia Michelutt The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India (New Delhi: Routledge 2008)

22 Csaba Nikolenyi Minority Governments in India (London: Routledge, 2009) [o.o.] 23 K. Adeney and

L. Saez Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism (London: Routledge, 2005)

NEWS & NEWSPAPERS Indian Newspapers such as The Hindu, The Times of India, The Statesman, the Indian Express and much else, can be consulted on-line at www.samachar.com/ Frontline magazine (India) carries investigative and background stories and may be consulted at: www.hinduonnet.com/fline/index.htm Economic & Political Weekly (India) carries topical academic articles and may be via the EUL’s listing of Electronic Journals. Dawn, Pakistan’s most important national daily can be found at www.dawn.com It can also be accessed along with local Indian Newspapers and Newspapers for Bangladesh, Sri Lanka at: www.mondotimes.com For general reporting of current events in South Asia, with accompanying background articles, try the BBC News Online South Asia section at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/south_asia/default.stm For South Asian Music, Film, and Cultural News consult BBC Network Asia at : www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/ For news clippings from various sources on current events in Sri Lanka see Srilankans.com at: www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/news.html Online sources relating to Dalits in India are listed at: http://samatha.freeflux.net/blog/dalit-struggles/ Reports on the contemporary struggle of India’s adivasi population are available at: www.indiatogether.org/society/adivasis.htm Other links relating to the South Asian community in Edinburgh and the Study of South Asia are to be found at http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/community/networks_and_links and via the WEBCT pages for this course. NOVELS RELATED TO THE COURSE Contemporary Sri Lanka Shyam Selvadurai, Cinnamon Gardens (London: Anchor, 1999) – an imaginative account of life in late colonial Ceylon. 389 pp. Michael Ondaatje, Running in the Family (London: Picador, 1984) – tells of life in an eccentric upper middle class family adjusting to life in newly independent Ceylon in the

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1950s. Although he grew up in the subcontinent, the author has lived in London most of his life. More famous for his WWI novel, The English Patient. 207 pp. Michael Ondaatje, Anil’s Ghost (London: Picador, 2001) - located amidst the interminable internecine civil war between government forces, separatist Tamils and antigovernment insurgents. Revolves around Anil Tissera, a young forensic anthropologist, born in Sri Lanka but educated in Europe and America, who returns to SL after 15 years on a United Nations sponsored investigation into the escalating number of politically motivated murders engulfing the island. *Shyam Selvadurai, Funny Boy (London: Vintage, 1995) – tells of a young boy growing up in Colombo in the year of the Tamil pogrom, 1983. The author lived through the terrifying events he describes but presently resides in the U.K. 314 pp. *Romesh Gunesekera, Reef (Cambridge: Granta, 1994) – tells of the impact of the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict on life in small town rural Sri Lanka as it unfolded in the ‘60s, ‘70s and ‘80s, seen through the eyes of a servant boy. The author left Sri Lanka in the 1980’s and presently lives in London. 180 pp. Romesh Gunesekera, Monkfish Moon (Cambridge: Granta, 1992) – a collection of short stories telling of the experiences of refugees like the author himself. Contemporary Bangladesh: *Taslima Nasrin, Shame: a novel (New York: Prometheus, 1997) – written after the destruction of the Babri Masjid by Hindu militants in India in 1991. Argues that Muslims can be equally intolerant towards Hindus (of whom there are some 15 million) in Bangladesh. The author was forced to flee Bangladesh following the publication of the book, rather proving her point. 300pp. Contemporary Pakistan: *Salman Rushdie, Shame (London, 1983) – hilarious satirical account of the corruption of Pakistani political elite from 1950 to 1982. The names are all changed, but Ayub Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto and General Zia-ul-Haq are all clearly identifiable. An early example of the author’s taste for controversy, this one highly successful. 287 pp. Contemporary India: Alok Bhalla (ed.), Stories about the Partition of India, Vols. 1-3 (New Delhi, 1994) Many of these short stories have been translated and published here for the first time in English. Saadat Hasan Manto, Mottled Dawn Stories and anecdotes (some apocryphal, others not) about Partition from the master story teller. *Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children (London: Vintage, 1995) – tales of the idiosyncrasies of the first post colonial generation born at the stroke of midnight 1947. Though born in Bombay, the author has lived most of his life in London. 463 pp.

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Shashi Tharoor, The Great Indian Novel (New York: Arcade, 1989) –hilarious pastiche, parodying Indian politicians before and after independence in the style of a Hindu epic. The author grew up in New Delhi but now lives and works for the U.N. in the U.S. 425pp. *V.S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness (London: Andre Deutsch 1964) – a critique of what the author regards as the depravity and spiritual deprivation of India in the decades immediately following independence. 266 pp. In India: a wounded civilization (London: Penguin 1977) the same pessimistic theme is revisited and combined with a critique of Indira Gandhi’s Emergency. Finally, in India: A Million Mutinies Now (London: Minerva 1991) the author revises his earlier views and celebrates the diversity and resilience of Indian civilisation. Born in the Caribbean of middle class Indian parents, the author has lived in the U.S. and U.K. all his life. A. Sivanandan, When Memory Dies (London: Arcadia 1996) - tells of the development of Sri Lanka, in particular the racial tensions which led to the Tamil uprising, over three generations of one family. Salman Rushdie, East, West (London: Vintage, 1994) – present day Indian expatriate life, wittily and engagingly portrayed in a series of short stories. *R.K. Narayan, The Painter of Signs (London: Vintage 1976) – Brilliantly evocative description of the world of an artisan (a sign-painter) living in small town of rural India of the 60’s, and ‘70s. A realistic account by a writer who lived in India for most of his life and is highly knowledgeable about the minutiae of Indian life. 143 pp. R.K.Narayan, The Vendor of Sweets (London, 1967) describes tensions in a family in which two generations belong to two different cultures. Ascetic Jagan belongs to an old India of family and history; his son to an India increasingly subject to the foregrounding of the commodity and a dramatic industrialisation. Narayan explores the inevitable clash of what is both a colonial and a post-colonial encounter: Jagan, a follower of Gandhi and a veteran of independence movement, must attempt a negotiation of an ethos invasive to his own definitions of nationality; Mali, without this structure, must reconcile an American capitalism with India's own sense of what constitutes a modern nation. Vikram Seth, A Suitable Boy (London: Phoenix, 1993) – Lower middle class family life in north India brilliantly evoked at epic length (a.k.a. a suitable doorstop). 1474 pp. The author has lived all his life in India. Premchand (Dhanpat Rai Srivastava, 1881-1936, a.k.a. Premacanda), Godaan (the gift of a cow) (Bombay, 1979; London: Lokayama Press, 1987, c1968.) – published posthumously in Hindi in 1955 and subsequently translated into English. A full length novel by the master of the popular Hindi short story. There have been various translations and editions of this work. For an economically priced recent edition from India, visit ‘Wordpower’ in West Nicolson Street. c.400 pp. *Premchand, Deliverance and Other Stories (D. Rubin, trans., New Delhi: Penguin 1988) – India’s most popular and proliferate Hindi writer, translated into English. His writings have sold extensively the length and breadth of India ever since the 1930s. The focus is on the rural, village lives shared by many of his readers, as well as historical drama. This collection includes the famous short story of India in 1857: ‘The Chessplayers’ as well as stories depicting life in north India in the 1920s and 1930s.

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*Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (London: Flamingo, 1997) – a middle class family growing up in post-colonial Kerala in the south-west of India. Powerful and award winning novel imaginatively based on the author’s own experiences of growing up in small town rural India. The author presently lives in Calcutta. 340 pp. *Anita Desai, In Custody (London: Vintage: 1984) – a nostalgic tale of Muslim culture in decline in post-independence north India, seen through the eyes of a harassed and under-paid Indian public school teacher. Also offers insights into urban life in Old Delhi and contrasts the roles of men and women in a traditional Muslim and modern Hindu households. Written by a proliferate author, best known for her screenplays for several successful film productions by Ismail Merchant and James Ivory. 226 pp. Salman Rushdie and Elizabeth West (eds.), The Vintage Book of Indian Writing, 1947-1997 (London: Vintage, 1997). Daft introduction, followed by extracts from several of the above and other ‘postcolonial’ novels not mentioned. Rohinton Mistry, A Fine Balance (London: Faber & Faber: 1996) A searing indictment of Mrs. Gandhi’s Emergency. Mahaswati Devi, Imaginary Maps (Routledge, 1995). Three stories by an adivasi woman telling of the experiences of marginalisation and landlessness experienced by many adivasis in postcolonial India. Translated from Bengali by Gyatri Spivak. Books by and about South Asian Women are listed on the Word Wide Web at: http://www.sawnet.org/ Poetry: (The classical South Asian literary form) R. Parthasarathy (ed.)

Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (OUP Delhi, 1989)

Kaiser Haq Contemporary Indian Poetry (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990)

There will be a number of FILMS and DOCUMENTARIES relating to the seminar programme interspersed at various points (notably weeks one and seven). Details to be announced.

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THE SEMINAR PROGRAMME WEEK ONE: Introduction to the course: enrolment, distribution of course handbooks, allocation of seminar topics WEEK TWO Discussion: Culture, Land and Population What are the main forms of differentiation in Indian society? Has Indian society become more or less sharply differentiated since Independence in 1947? 1 B.H. Farmer An Introduction to South Asia (London, 2003) 2 R.W. Stern Changing India 2nd edn. (Cambridge: CUP, 1993) 3 B.S. Cohn India: the social anthropology of a civilization (New Jersey, 1971;

repr. Delhi OUP 2003) 4 J. Bowker Problems of Suffering in the Religions of the World (London, 1975)

ch. on Hinduism 5 Encyclopaedia

Brittanica, 'Social Differentiation: Caste', Macropaedia, 27, pp 348-358

6 Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Cambridge: CUP, 1996) 7 L. Dumont Homo Hierarchicus (Paris, 1967) (see also debate in JAS, 1977) 8 Madeleine

Biardeau Hinduism – The Anthropology of a Civilisation (New Delhi: OUP, 1989) *

9 K.S. Singh Tribal Society in India (New Delhi,1985) 10 P. Hardy Muslims of British India (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 1-30 11 P. M. Jeffrey Frogs in a Well : Indian women in purdah (London, 1979) 12 J. C.

Heesterman The Inner Conflict of Tradition (Chicago, 1985), chs. 1, 12 & 13

13 B. Joshi (ed.) Untouchable: voices of the dalit liberation movement (London, 1986)

14 P. Kolenda Caste in Contemporary India (London, 1978) 15 Chris J. Fuller The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society (Princeton,

1992) 16 G.R. Madan Western Sociologists on Indian Society (London 1979) 17 C. Bates ' "Lost innocents and the loss of innocence": interpreting adivasi

movements in South Asia ', in R.H. Barnes et al (eds.), Indigenous Peoples of Asia (Michigan, 1995). [offprint available]

18 Ronald Inden, ‘Orientalist constructions of India’, in Modern Asian Studies, 20, 1986

19 Friedhelm Hardy (ed.)

The World's Religions: the Religions of Asia (The World's Religions) (London: Routledge, 1990) *

20 M. Gadgil & R. Guha

This Fissured Land: an ecological history of India (New Delhi, 1992).

21 Richard King Orientalism and Religion: Post-colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" (Routledge, 1999) *

22 Dipankar Gupta Interrogating caste: understanding hierarchy and difference in Indian society (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000)

23 Dipankar Gupta Mistaken Modernity: India between two worlds New Delhi: Harper Collins 2000)

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Postcolonialism What is ‘Postcolonialism’ in History and Literature, and what links, if any, are there between Postcolonial theory and the newer ‘Subaltern’ writings on Indian history? How useful do you find the category of the ‘subaltern’? Key Theoretical Texts (these are all a must read) G. Prakash ‘Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Critique', The American Historical

Review, 99, 5 (Dec. 1994), pp. 1475-1490.* V. Chaturvedi Mapping subaltern studies and the postcolonial (Verso, 1999) David Hardiman ‘The Indian Faction: ‘The Indian “faction” a political theory re-

examined’ in R.Guha (ed.) Subaltern Studies 1 (New Delhi: OUP, 1982).*

Ania Loomba Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Verso 1998) Bart Moore-Gilbert Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics (Verso 1998) * Partha Chatterjee Fragments of the Nation: colonial and postcolonial histories

(Princeton 1993). Ashis Nandy The Intimate Enemy: loss and recovery of self under colonialism

(New Delhi, 1988) David Ludden Reading Subaltern Studies (London: Anthem Press, 2002) General Literary & Historical Criticism Teresa Hubel Whose India? The Independence Struggle in British and Indian

History and Fiction (Leicester, 1996) * Benita Parry Problems in current theories of colonial discourse’, Oxford Literary

Review (1987), 27-58 Benita Parry Delusions and Discoveries: studies on India in the British Imagination

1880-1930, (London 1972) Tim Parnell Salman Rushdie: from colonial politics to postmodern poetics' in Bart

Moore- Gilbert (ed.), Writing India, 1757-1990: the literature of British India (Manchester, 1996)

Bart-Moore Gilbert (ed.)

Writing India, 1757-1990: the literature of British India (Manchester, 1996)

G. Spivak The Burden of English', in C. Breckenridge & P. Van der Veer (eds.), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament (Oxford, 1994)

Robert Young White Mythologies: writing History and the West (London, 1990), ch. 9 explains Spivak

Bill Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin

The Empire writes back: theory and practice in post-colonial literatures (London, 1989)

T. Eagleton and F. Jameson

Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature (Minnesota, 1990)

Viney Kirpal What is the Third World Novel?'; and Helen Tiffin. 'Postcolonial and Postmodern...' in Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 23, 1988

Graham Parry ‘Indian Fiction and Criticism', Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 23, 1 (Aug. 1988)

Salman Rushdie Imaginary Homelands (London, 1991), esp. pp. 9-36, 61-70 and 102-114. [Available in paperback]

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Ralph Russell The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: a select history (New York, 1992) (a survey of vernacular literature)

Meenakshi Mukherjee

Realism and reality: the novel and society in India (New Delhi OUP, 1985)

Elleke Boehmer Colonial and postcolonial literature: migrant metaphors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, c1995)

WEEK THREE The Legacies of Partition What are the main legacies of Partition? Why did historians take so long to start reflecting on the ‘human dimensions’ of Partition? 1 Gyan Pandey ‘The Prose of Otherness’, in D. Arnold & D. Hardiman (ed.),

Subaltern Studies VIII 2 A. Inder Singh The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936-47 (Oxford, 1987) 3 M. Hasan (ed.) India's Partition: process, strategy and mobilisation (OUP Delhi,

1993) ** 4 P. Moon Divide and Quit (London, 1969) [includes an eye-witness description

of Partition riots] 5 H.V. Hodson The Great Divide (London, 1969) [a detailed but dated account] 6 Ian Copland The princes of India in the endgame of empire, 1917-

1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997) 7 S. Ayer ‘“August Anarchy”: the Partition Massacres in Punjab, 1947’, in South

Asia, vol. XVIII, special issue on North India: Partition & Independence (1995). ** [offprint available]

8 Mushirul Hasan (ed.)

India Partitioned: the other face of freedom, vols. 1 & 2 (New Delhi: Lotus Collection, 1995).

9 Menon, Ritu Bhasin, Kamla

Borders & boundaries: women in India's partition (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998)

10 Menon, Ritu Menon and Kamla Bhasin

Witness to freedom: how women experienced the partition of India (New Delhi: Manohar, 1997)

11 U. Butalia The Other Side of Silence: voices from the Partition of India (New Delhi 1998)

12 G. Pandey Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India (Cambridge: CUP, 2001)

13 Tai Tong Tan & Gyanesh Kudaisya

The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia (London: Routledge, 2000)

14 Andrew Major ‘ "The Chief Sufferers": Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab’, in eds. Low and Brasted Freedom, trauma and Continuities: northern India and independence (New Delhi: Sage, 1998), pp. 57-73

15 S. Settar and I.. Gupta (ds.)

Pangs of Partition (New Delhi: ICHR, 2002) chs. 14, and16

16 Vazira Zamindar

The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: refugees, boundaries, histories (New Delhi: Penguin, 2007) [o.o.]

Plus select readings on Kashmir

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Relevant Novels: Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children (London: Vintage, 1995) Alok Bhalla (ed.), Stories about the Partition of India, Vols. 1-3 (New Delhi, 1994) Saadat Hasan Manto, Mottled Dawn*; Kingdom’s End and Other Stories Saros Cowasjee & K.S. Duggal (eds.), Orphans of the storm: stories on the partition of India (New Delhi: UBS, 1995) Pakistan and Bangladesh since 1947 Why have Pakistan and/or Bangladesh had such difficulties in developing effective forms of democratic rule since independence? To what extent are the dilemmas of present day Pakistan and Bangladesh a consequence of the manner of their birth? In what ways do political economy and developmental issues relate to the political dilemmas of contemporary Pakistan and Bangladesh? 1 Akbar Ahmed

(ed.) Pakistan: the social sciences perspective (Oxford, 1990)

2 Hamza Alavi 'The Post-Colonial State', in K. Gough & H.P. Sharma (eds.), Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia (New York, 1973)

3 Hamza Alavi 'The Politics of Ethnicity in India and Pakistan', in H.Alavi & J. Harriss (eds.), South Asia: The Sociology of Developing Societies (London, 1989) *

4 Aitaz Ahsan The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997)

5 M.J. Akbar India: the Siege Within (New Delhi: UBS Publishers 1996) 6 T. Ali Can Pakistan Survive? The death of a State (New York, 1983) 7 Z. A. Bhutto Great Tragedy (Karachi: Pakistani People’s Party, 1971) 8 Benazir Bhutto Daughter of the East: an autobiography (London, 1988) 9 S.J. Burki Pakistan under Bhutto, 1971-77 (London: Macmillan 1980) 10 G.W. Choudhry Last Days of United Pakistan (London: Hurst & Co. 1974) 11 Brian Cloughley A History of the Pakistan Army (Karachi: OUP Pakistan, 1999) * 12 Yunas Samad A Nation in Turmoil: nationalism and ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-58

(New Delhi: Sage, 1995) 13 A. Hyam, M.

Ghayur & N. Kaushik

Pakistan: Zia and After (London, 1988)

14 Ayesha Jalal Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective (Cambridge: CUP, 1995) **

15 Ayesha Jalal ‘Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship’, Modern Asian Studies, 19, 1 (1985), pp. 29-53.

16 Ayesha Jalal The State of Martial Rule: Pakistan's political economy of defence (Cambridge, 1990)

17 Ayub Khan Friends Not Masters: a political autobiography (London, 1967) 18 D.A. Low (ed.) The Political Inheritance of Pakistan (Basingstoke, 1991). 19 R. Nations 'The Economic Structure of Pakistan and Bangladesh', in R.

15

Blackburn (ed.), Explosion in a Sub-Continent (London, 1975) 20 Omar Noman Pakistan: economic and social history since 1947 (London, 1988) * 21 J. Rashid & H.

Dardezi Pakistan: the roots of dictatorship (London, 1983)

22 Yunas Samad In Afghanistan's Shadow (New York, 1981) 23 Ian Talbot Pakistan: a Modern History (London: Hurst & Co.1998) * 24 Ian Talbot Freedom’s Cry: the popular dimension in the Pakistan struggle and

Partition experience in north-West India (Karachi 1996) 25 Ian Talbot Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: the growth of the

Muslim League in North-West and North-East India, 1937-1947 (Karachi 1988)

26 Mohammad Waseem

Politics and the State in Pakistan (Islamabad: National Inst. of Historical & Cultural Research 1994) [oo]

27 S. Wolpert Zufi Bhutto of Pakistan (Oxford 1993) 28 Lawrence Ziring Pakistan in the 20th century: a political history (Oxford: OUP, 1999) 29 Lawrence Ziring The Ayub Khan Era: politics in Pakistan 1958-69 (Syracuse, 1975) 30 R.B. Rais State, Society and Democratic Change in Pakistan (Karachi: OUP,

1997) 31 Suranjan Das Kashmir and Sind: nation-building, ethnicity and regional politics in

South Asia (London: Anthem Press, 2002) * 32 M. Qadeer Pakistan (a study on socio-economic change) (London: Routledge,

2006) [o.o] 33 Feroz Ahmed Ethnicity and Politics in Pakistan (Karachi: OUP, 1999) [o.o.] 34 Farzana Sheikh Making Sense of Pakistan (London: Hurst, 2009) [o.o.] 35 Husain Haqqani Pakistan: between Mosque and Military (Washington: Carnegie

Foundation, 2005) [o.o,] 36 Ayaesha

Siddiqa Military Inc.: inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (London: Pluto, 2007) [o.o.]

37 Mazhar Aziz Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State (London: Routledge 2007) [o.o.]

What has been the role of Islam in the Politics of Pakistan?

What part have external factors played in the contemporary political problems of Pakistan ? 1 S.N. Kaushik Politics of Islamization in Pakistan (Delhi: South Asia, 1998) * 2 A.M. Weiss Women’s Position in Pakistan: sociocultural effects of Islamization’,

Asian Survey 25, 8 (Aug. 1985): 863-880 * 3 Iftikhar H. Malik Islam, Nationalism and the West: issues of identity in Pakistan

(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) * 4 Iftikhar H. Malik State and Civil Society in Pakistan: politics of authority, ideology and

ethnicity (Basingstoke, 1997) 5 K. Mumtaz & F.

Shaheed Women of Pakistan two steps forward, one step back? (London, 1987) *

6 A. Khan (ed.) Islam, Politics, and the State: the Pakistan experience (London, 1985)

7 Akbar Ahmed Pakistan Society: Islam, Ethnicity and Leadership in South Asia (Karachi: Oxford University Press 1986)

8 J.Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (London, 2001)

9 A.Rashid Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New York , 2001)

16

10 E.Margolis, War at the top of the World (London: Routledge, 2001) 11 M.Griffin, Reaping the Whirlwind (London, 2001) 12 M.Gohari, Taliban:Ascent to Power (Oxford, 2000) 13 Feroz Ahmed Ethnicity and Politics in Pakistan (Karachi: OUP 1999 14 Husain Haqqani Pakistan: Between Mosque And Military (Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace, 2005) 15 Oskar Verkaaik Migrants and Militants: “Fun” and Urban Violence in Pakistan

(Princeton 2004) 16 Nicola Khan Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan (London: Routledge 2010) Bangladesh 1 R. Ahmed Religion, Nationalism and Politics in Bangladesh (New Delhi, 1990) 2 M. Alamgir Famine in South Asia: the political economy of mass starvation in

Bangladesh (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) 3 Craig Baxter Bangladesh: from a nation to a state(Boulder: Westview, 1997) * 4 Ben Crow Sharing the Ganges: the politics and technology of river development

(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994) 5 Katy Gardener Global Migrants, Local Lives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). 6 A. Hartman & B.

Boyce Needless Hunger: Voices from a Bangladesh Village (New York, 1979)

7 Bosse Kramsjo, Geoffrey D. Wood, Faruque Ahmed

Breaking the Chains (London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1992) [describes new approaches to development problems in Bangladesh particularly]

8 L. Lifschultz Bangladesh: the unfinished revolution (London, 1979) 9 Talukder

Maniruzzaman The Bangladesh Revolution and its Aftermath (Dhaka: Bangladesh Books International, 1980)

10 T.M. Murshid Sacred and the Secular: Bengal Muslim Discourse, 1871-1977 (Calcutta, 1995)

11 Richard Sisson & L.E. Rose

War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1990

12 Rahman Sobhan

The Crisis of External Dependence: the political economy of foreign aid to Bangladesh (London: Zed Books, 1984)

13 Abu N.M. Wahid The Grameen Bank: poverty relief in Bangladesh (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983)

14 Sarah White Arguing with the Crocodile (London: Zed, 1992) [gender and development in contemporary Bangladesh]

15 Muhammad Ghulam Kabir

Changing Face of Nationalism: The Case of Bangladesh (2001) [oo]

16 Rounaq Jahan (ed.)

Bangladesh: Promise and Performance (London: Zed, 2000)

17 Taj I. Hashmi Women and Islam in Bangladesh: Beyond Subjection and Tyranny (London: Palgrave Macmillan 2000)

18 A.A.K. Niazi The Betrayal of East Pakistan (Karachi: OUP Pakistan, 1998) [oo] 19 David Bornstein The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank (University of

Chicago Press 1997) 20 Roedad Khan The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-

Bangladesh Documents, 1965-1973 (OUP Pakistan, 2000) 21 Habib

Mohammad Zafarullah

The Zia Episode in Bangladesh Politics (Replica Books, 2000)

22 Ali Riaz God Willing: The Politics of Islamism in Bangladesh (London:

17

Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004) 23 Ali Riaz Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Complex Web (London:

Routledge, 2007) [o.o.] 24 Ali Riaz Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (London: Routledge,

2010) [o.o.] 25 Willem Van

Schendel The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia (London: Anthem Press, 2005)

Relevant Novels: Taslima Nasrin, Shame: a novel (New York: Prometheus, 1997) Salman Rushdie, Shame (London, 1983) WEEK FOUR Jawaharlal Nehru and India's first decade of independence (1947-1965) How unique was the ideology and political practice of Jawaharlal Nehru ? In what ways did Nehru’s foreign policy objectives reflect and/or relate to India’s domestic circumstances? Was the ‘right course’ for Jawaharlal Nehru always the pragmatic one during his time in government from 1945-1964? What were the Indian government’s economic and social objectives in the first decade and a half after independence, and how and to what extent were these objectives achieved? 1 S. Gopal Jawaharlal Nehru: a biography, vols. 2 & 3 (London, 1979-84) (also

available in a condensed edition) * 2 M. Brecker Nehru: a political biography (London, 1959) 3 T. Ali The Nehrus and the Gandhis (revised edn. London, 1991) ** 4 Rajeev

Bhargawa (ed) Secularism and its Critics (New Delhi 1998) *

5 J. Nehru Selected Works vols. 1 – 12 edited by Sarvepalli Gopal (New Delhi: OUP, 1984-)

6 J. Nehru (ed. by G. Parthasarathi)

Letters to chief ministers, 1947-1964 4 vols. (New Delhi: OUP, 1985-89)

7 N. Maxwell India's China War (London, 1970) 8 S. Kochanek The Congress Party of India: the dynamics of one party democracy

(Princeton, 1968) 9 A. Jalal Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia (Cambridge, 1995) **

(an excellent comparative and historical perspective) 10 Sudha R.

Shenoy India: progress or poverty?: a review of the outcome of central planning in India 1951-69 (1971)

11 John Toye Public Expenditure and Indian Development Policy 1960-1970 (Cambridge: CUP 1981)

12 M. N. Das The Political Philosophy of Jawaharlal Nehru (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961)

13 Robert D. King Nehru and the language politics of India (New Delhi: OUP, 1997) ** 14 M.J. Akbar Nehru: the making of India (London: Viking 1988) *

18

15 Dorothy Norman (ed.)

Nehru: the first sixty years (London: Bodley Head, 1965)

16 Tibor Mende Nehru: conversations on India and world affairs (?? 1956) 17 Hiren

Mukherjee The gentle colossus: a study of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi: OUP 1992) *

18 Sheila Dikshit (ed.)

Jawaharlal Nehru: centenary volume (New Delhi: OUP 1989)

19 B.R. Nanda Jawaharlal Nehru: rebel and statesman (New Delhi: OUP 1995) * 20 Prem Shankar Kashmir, 1947: rival versions of history (Delhi: Oxford University

Press, 1996) 21 Golam Wahed

Choudhury Pakistan's relations with India, 1947-1966 (London: Pall Mall P., 1968)

22 H.C. Shukul India's foreign policy: the strategy of nonalignment (Delhi: Chanakya, 1994, c1993)

23 Manohar Lal Sarin

The case of Goa (1961) and the controversy regarding Gandhian non-violent resistance (satyagraha) and international law involved in it (1973 Ph.D. thesis) [law library]

24 Asok Mitra The new India, 1948-1955: memoirs of an Indian civil (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1991)

25 B.R. Nanda (ed.)

Indian foreign policy: the Nehru years (Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, c1976)

26 Selig Harrison India: the most dangerous decades (Madras: OUP, 1965) 27 S.K. Dey Power to the people?: a chronicle of India, 1947-67 (Bombay: Orient

Longmans, 1969) 28 Asok Mitra New India, 1948-1955: memoirs of an Indian Civil Servant (Bombay:

Popular Prakashan, 1991) 29 Judith Brown Nehru (London: Longman, 1999) 30 William Gould Bureaucracy, Community and Influence in India: Society and the

State, 1930s - 1960s (London: Routldge 2010)

Relevant novels: V.S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness (London: Andre Deutsch 1964) R.K. Narayan, The Painter of Signs (London: Vintage 1976) Premchand, Godaan (the gift of a cow) (Bombay, 1979; London: 1968 & 1987)

WEEK FIVE Indira Gandhi, the Emergency, and Regional threats to Indian unity (1966-1984) Assess the significance of the Congress split in 1969 and its subsequent impact on the development of the Indian political system. How successful, politically and economically was Indira Gandhi’s shift to the left after 1969? What caused Mrs. Gandhi to declare a state of Emergency in 1975, and with what effect? At what cost did Indira Gandhi achieve her enduring influence and control over Indian politics?

19

1 T. Ali The Nehrus and the Gandhis (revised edn. London, 1991) ** 2 Z. Masani Indira Gandhi (London, 1975) 3 D. Selbourne An Eye to India: the unmasking of a tyranny (London, 1977)

[describes the ‘Emergency’ of 1975-77] 4 K. Nayar The Judgement: inside story of the emergency in India (New Delhi,

1977) 5 Ashok Mitra Calcutta Diary (London: Cassell, 1977) 6 T.J. Byres ‘Charan Singh: an assessment’, JPS, 15, 2 (1988) 7 E. Sen Indira Gandhi: a biography (London, 1973) 8 P. Jayakar Indira Gandhi: a biography (New Delhi, 1992) 9 Mark Tully &

Satish Jacob Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s last battle (Calcutta: Rupa, 1985) *

10 A. K. Damodaran, U. S. Bajpai (eds.)

Indian foreign policy: the India Gandhi years (London: Sangam, 1990)

11 Dom Moraes Mrs. Gandhi (London: J. Cape, 1980) 12 P.C. Alexander My years with Indira Gandhi (New Delhi: Vision Books, 1991) 13 Michael Brecher Succession in India: a study in decision-making (London: OUP,

1966) 14 Jayaprakash

Narayan Swaraj for the people (Varanasi: Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, c1963)

15 Ved Mehta A Family Affair (New Delhi: OUP, 1983) 16 P.N. Dhar Indira Gandhi, the “emergency”, and Indian democracy (New Delhi:

Oxford University Press, 2000 ** 17 Katherine Frank Indira (London: Harper Collins 2002) * 18 Anser Kidwai Indira Gandhi: charisma and crisis (New Delhi: Siddhi Books, 1996) 19 Khwaja Ahmad

Abbas Indira Gandhi: the last post (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1985

20 Pupul Jayakar Indira Gandhi: a political biography (New Delhi: Viking 1992) [o.o.] – ultra sympathetic but intimate account by a close friend

21 Emma Tarlo Unsettling memories: Narratives of India’s ‘Emergency’ (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003)

22 Vernon Hewitt Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency (London: Routledge, 2007) [o.o.]

Relevant Novels: Rohinton Mistry, A Fine Balance (London: Faber & Faber: 1996) V.S. Naipaul, India: a wounded civilization (London: Penguin 1977) The Punjab Problem and other regional & separatist movements What forces lies behind the growth of regional and separatist movements in India from the 1970s onwards? Why did dissent amongst Punjabi Sikhs escalate into a violent campaign for separation from India? 1 R.L. Hardgrave India Under Pressure (Epping, 1984) 2 S. Saberwal India: the roots of crisis (New Delhi, 1986) 3 R. Jeffery What’s Happening to India ?: Punjab, ethnic conflict, Mrs. Gandhi’s

death and the test for federalism(London, 1986)

20

4 R.A. Kapur Sikh Separatism: the politics of faith (London, 1986) 5 M. Leaf ‘The Punjab Crisis’, Asian Survey, 25, 5 (1985), and 26, 3 (1986) 6 Cynthia Keppley

Mahmood Fighting for Faith and Nation: dialogues with Sikh militants (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1997)

7 Vandana Shiva The Violence of the Green Revolution: ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab (Dehra Dun: Research Inst. For Science & Ecology, 1989)

8 Paul Wallace ‘Religious and ethnic politics: political mobilization in Punjab’, pp.416-481 in Francine Frankel and M. S. A. Rao (eds) Dominance and State Power in Modern India Vol. 2 (New Delhi: OUP 1990)

9 J.T. O’Connell (ed.)

Sikh History and Religion in the 20th Century (Toronto, 1988), ch. By P. Wallace

10 M.J. Akbar India: the iege within (revised edn. Delhi, 1996) * 11 M. Weiner Sons of the Soil (New Delhi, 1988) 12 S. Mahmud Ali The Fearful State: power, people, and internal war in South Asia

(London, 1993)** 13 Paul Brass ‘The Punjab Crisis and the Unity of India’ in Atul Kohli (ed.), India’s

Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988) 14 Atul Kohli Democracy and Discontent: India’s growing crisis of governability

(Cambridge: CUP, 1990) 15 David

Washbrook ‘Caste, class and dominance in Modern Tamil Nadu’ in Francine Frankel & M.S.A. Rao Dominance and State Power in Modern India, vol. 1 (New Delhi: OUP 1989)

16 Nirmal Mukarji & Balveer Arora (eds.)

Federalism in India: origins and development (New Delhi: Vikas, c1992)

17 T.V. Sathyamurthy

Social change and political discourse in India: structures of power, movements of resistance. Vol. 3: Region, religion, caste and gender in contemporary India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996)

18 Sanjib Baruah India against Itself, Assam and the Politics of Nationality (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999) [oo]

19 Sanjib Baruah Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004) [oo]

20 Kanchan Chandra

Why Ethnic Parties succeed, Patronage and ethnic head counts in India (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2004)

21 B. Chakrabarty and R.K.Kujur

Maoism in India: Reincarnation of Ultra-Left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century (London: Routledge, 2009) [o.o.]

See also reading list on Kashmir

21

WEEK SIX The Rise and Fall of Rajiv Gandhi (1985-1991) In what ways did Rajiv Gandhi both echo and distinguish himself from the policies of his mother? Were the failures of Rajiv Gandhi’s government entirely of his own making? 1 M. Tully & Z.

Masani From Raj to Rajiv (London, 1988)

2 A. Vanaik ‘Rajiv’s Congress in search of stability’, New Left Review, 154 (1985) 3 Bhabani Sen

Gupta Rajiv Gandhi: a political study (New Delhi, 1989)

4 V. Mehta Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s Kingdom (New Haven: Yale U.P. , 1994) * 5 N. Nugent Rajiv Gandhi: son of a dynasty (London, 1990) 6 Alan J. Bullion India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international

perspective (London: Pinter, 1995) 7 B.M. Oza Bofors, the ambassador’s evidence (Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1997)

[oo] 8 Statesman,

Calcutta Bofors, the unfinished story (Calcutta: Statesman 1989) [o.o.] (Bodleian, Oxford)]

Relevant non-fiction/travel writing: V. S. Naipaul, India: a million mutinies now (London: Minerva, 1991) WEEK SEVEN The End of ‘the Congress System’ and the Rise and Fall of the BJP (1991-2004) Has there been a crisis of governability in India, and if so, why? How and why has the structure of the Indian political system changed since 1991? The Crisis of Governability 1 A. Kohli Democracy and Discontent: India’s growing crisis of governability

(Cambridge, 1991) ** 2 A. Kohli (ed.) India’s democracy: an analysis of changing state-society relations

(Princeton, 1990) * 3 Ved Marwah Uncivil wars: pathology of terrorism in India (New Delhi: Indus, 1995) 4 D. Ludden Contesting the Nation: religion, community, and the politics of

democracy in India (Philadelphia, 1996) * 5 F.R. Frankel

and M.S.A. Rao (eds.)

Dominance and State Power in Modern India (vols. 1 & 2) (New Delhi, 1989-90)

6 M. Desai ‘India: emerging contradictions of a slow economic development’, in R. Blackburn (ed.), Explosion in a Sub-Continent (London, 1975) (NL)

7 Nirmal Mukherjee &

Federalism in India: origins and development (New Delhi: Vikas, c1992)

22

Balveer Arora (eds.)

8 Upendra Baxi & Bikhu Parekh (eds.)

Crisis and Change in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Sage, 1995)

9 Ujimal Kumar Singh

Political Prisoners in India (Delhi, OUP, 1998)

10 Kalyani Shankar Gods of Power: personality cult & India democracy (New Delhi: Macmillan 2002)

11 Christophe Jaffrelot

India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes (London: Hurst 2003) *

12 K. Basu & S. Subrahmanyam

Unravelling the Nation: sectarian conflict and India’s secular identity (New Delhi: Penguin, 1996)

13 Kanchan Chandra

Why Ethnic Parties succeed: Patronage and ethnic head counts in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)

14 Pratap Bhanu Mehta

The Burden of Democracy (Delhi: Penguin, 2003)

15 Yogendra Yadav

‘The Elusive Mandate of 2004’, Economic and Political Weekly December 18, 2004: 5383-5395 ** [analysis changing political system and BJP defeat in 2004 election]

16 A. Rajagopal Politics after Television: Hindu nationalism and the reshaping of the public in India (Cambridge: CUP, 2001)

17 Csaba Nikolenyi Minority Governments in India (London: Routledge, 2009) [o.o.] 18 K. Adeney and

L. Saez Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism (London: Routledge, 2005)

The Growth of Communalism Account for the rise of the B.J.P. What is ‘communalism’ and why has it posed a threat to political stability in South Asia? 1 M.J. Akbar Riot after Riot: caste and communal violence in India (London, 1988)

** 2 R.J. Fox ‘Hindu nationalism in the making or the rise of the Hindian’ in R.J.

Fox (ed.), Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures (Michigan: AAA,1990)

3 Sarvepalli Gopal et al

Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India (New Delhi: Penguin, 1993)

4 Praful Bidwai, H. Mukhia, Achin Vanaik (ed.)

Religion, religiosity, and communalism (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 1996)

5 Triloki Madan ‘Secularism in its place’ in JAS, 46 (1987), pp. 749-59; also in R. Bhargava (ed.), Secularism and its Critics (New Delhi 1998).

6 Douglas Allen (ed.)

Religion and Political Conflict in South Asia, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (Greenwood Press, 1992)

7 R. Anderson and S. Damle

The Brotherhood in Saffron: the RSS and Hindu revivalism (New Delhi, 1987) **

8 V. Das (ed.) Mirrors of Violence: communities, riots and survivors in South Asia (Oxford, 1990) *

9 A.A. Engineer Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (London, 1984)

23

10 A.A. Engineer Communalism and communal violence in India an analytical approach to Hindu-Muslim conflict (New Delhi, 1989), intro.

11 A.A. Engineer The Shah Bano controversy (Hyderabad, 1987) 12 S. Gopal (ed.) Anatomy of a confrontation: Ayodhya and the rise of communal

politics in India (a.k.a. Anatomy of a confrontation: the Babri Masjid-RamJanmabhumi issue) (1st pub. Delhi, 1990)

13 B.D. Graham Hindu nationalism and Indian politics: the origins and development of the Bharatiya Jana Singh (Cambridge, 1990) *

14 S. Sarkar et al Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: a critique of the Hindu right (New Delhi, 1993)

15 G. Pandey (ed.) Hindus and Others: the question of identity in India today (New Delhi: Viking, 1993) *

16 Yogendra K. Malik

Hindu nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Boulder, 1994) *

17 R. Thapar ‘Imagined religious communities? Ancient history and the modern search for a Hindu identity’, MAS, 23, 2 (1989), pp. 209-239

18 P. van der Veer ‘ “God must be liberated!”: a Hindu liberation movement in Ayodhya’, MAS, 21, 2 (1987), pp. 283-301 **

19 P. van der Veer Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi, 1984) *

20 Achin Vanaik The Furies of Indian Communalism: religion, modernity, and secularization (London 1997) *

21 Rajeev Bhargawa (ed)

Secularism and its Critics (New Delhi 1998) *

22 A. Bilgrami ‘What is a Muslim? Fundamentalist Commitment and Cultural Identity’ in Gyan Pandey (ed.), Hindus and Others (New Delhi, 1993), pp. 273-99

23 T.B. Hansen & C. Jaffrelot

The BJP and The Compulsions of Politics in India (Delhi, OUP, 1998)

24 Thomas Hansen

The Saffron wave: democracy and Hindu nationalism in modern India (Princeton University press, 1999) **

25 Thomas Hansen

‘vernacularisation of Hindutva’ [RR: offprint]

26 T.R. Madan Locked Minds; Secularism and Fundamentalism in India (Delhi, OUP, 1998)

27 Ashutosh Varshney

Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi: OUP 2002) * [counter-view to Brass’s ‘Production...’]

28 K.N. Panikkar (ed.)

The Concerned Indian’s Guide to Communalism (New Delhi: Penguin 2003) **

29 Paul Brass The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (Jackson School Publications in International Studies) (University of Washington Press, 2003) *

30 S. Varadarajan (ed.)

Gujarat: the making of a tragedy (New Delhi: Penguin 2003) *

31 A.G. Noorani The RSS and the BJP (New Delhi: Left Word 2000) * 32 Arvind

Rajagopal Politics after Television: Hindu nationalism and the reshaping of the Public in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)

33 A. Jalal ‘‘Exploding Communalism’: The politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia’ in S. Bose and A. Jalal (eds.) Nationalism, Democracy and Development

34 Sudhir Kakar The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion and Conflict (University of Chicago, 1996) [controversial psychological

24

interpretation] 35 Sikata Banerjee Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism and Nationalism in India

(New York: State University of New York Press, 2005) 36 Vernon Hewitt Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency

(London: Routledge, 2007) [o.o.] WEEK EIGHT Economic & Social Change in India since 1947 What have been the main economic and social impacts of economic planning in India? How far has the condition of India’s rural poor been changed by land reforms and / or the technological innovations of the so-called ‘Green Revolution’? Overview 1 A. Sen ‘How is India Doing?’, in Iqbar Khan (ed.), Fresh Perspectives on

India and Pakistan (Oxford, 1985) [dated, but a useful summary up to this point]

2 L.I. & S.H. Rudolph

In Pursuit of Lakshmi (Chicago, 1987) [reviewed by T.J. Byres in Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 1988]

3 P. Bardhan The Political Economy of Development in India (revised edn. Oxford, 1991) [reviewed by M. Weiner in World Politics vol. 38]

4 Biplab Dasupta Structural adjustment, global trade and the new political economy of development (New Delhi : Vistaar Publications, 1998)

5 Biplab Dasupta Globalization: India’s Adjustment Experience (London, New Delhi: Sage 2005)

6 Dietmar Rothermund

India: The Rise of an Asian Giant (Stanford: Yale U.P., 2008)

Industry, Land and Agriculture 1 Jayati Ghosh ‘Development stategy in India: a political-economic perspective’, in S.

Bose and A. Jalal (eds.), Nationalism, Democracy and Devlopment (Delhi, 1997). *

2 L.C. Jain with B.V. Krishnamurthy, P.M. Tripathi

Grass without roots: rural development under government auspices (New Delhi; London: Tejeshwar Singh for Sage Publications India, 1985)

3 Vivek Chibber Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003) *

4 Jean Drèze & Amartya Sen

India: economic development and social opportunity (New Delhi: OUP , 1995) *

5 V. M. Dandekar Indian Economy, 1947-92: vol. 1 Agriculture (New Delhi: OUP, 1994) 6 A. Kohli The State and Poverty in India (Cambridge, 1987) ** 7 F. Frankel India’s Green Revolution (Princeton, 1971) 8 T. Byres ‘The new technology, class formation, and class action in the Indian

countryside’, JPS (80-81) * 9 T.J. Byres &

Ben Crow The Green Revolution in India (Milton Keynes: Open University, 1983)

10 Rita Sharma & The New Economics of India’s Green Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell

25

Thomas Poleman

University, 1993)

11 Bernhard Glaeser (ed.)

The Green Revolution Revisited: critique & alternatives (London: Allen & Unwin 1987)

12 R.J. Herring ‘Land to the Tiller’: the political economy of agrarian reform in South Asia, (London, 1983)

13 T.B. Bayliss-Smith & S. Wanmali (eds.)

Understanding Green Revolutions (Cambridge, 1984) *

14 G. Etienne Rural Development in Asia: meetings with peasants (New Delhi, 1985)

15 D. Kumar (ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1982) 16 T.J. Byres (ed.) The Indian Economy: major debates since Independence (New

Delhi, 1998) ** 17 Mukesh

Eswaran & Ashok Kotwal

Why Poverty Persists in India (New Delhi 1995) *

18 P. Bardhan & T.N. Srinivasan (eds.)

Rural Poverty in South Asia (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1988)

19 A. Agarwal The State of India’s Environment: a citizen’s report (New Delhi, 1989) 20 Robin Jeffery Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became ‘a model’

(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992). 21 M. Gadgil & R.

Guha This Fissured Land: an ecological history of India (New Delhi, 1992), part 3.

22 Peter Lanjouw & Nicholas Stern

Economic Development in Palanpur Over Five Decades (Delhi, OUP, 1998) [micro-study]

23 P. Shrivastava Bhopal: anatomy of a crisis (Cambridge, Mass., 1987) 25 Robert Wade ‘The Market for Public Office: why the Indian State is not better at

Development’, World Development, vol. XIII, no.4, pp. 467-97. 26 Akhil Gupta Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern

India (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1998) * 27 Ramachandra

Guha, Juan Martinez Alier (eds.)

Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South (London: Earthscan, 1997)

28 Kaushik Basu (Editor)

Agrarian Questions (Oxford in India Readings – Themes in Economics, Delhi: OUP 1998)

Liberalisation What have been the economic, social, and political consequences of liberalising economic reforms in India since the late 1980s? 1 D. Rothermund Liberalising India: progress and problems (New Delhi, 1996) * 2 R. Lucas & G.

Papanek (eds.) The Indian economy recent development and future prospects (London, 1988) *

3 R. Cassen & Vijay Joshi

India: the future of economic reform (New Delhi: OUP 1995) * esp. ch. 13

4 Jagdish India in Transition: freeing the economy (Oxford, 1993)

26

Bhagwati 5 C.H. Hanum-

antha Rao & H. Linnemann (eds.)

Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India (Oxford, 1996)

6 A.Vaidyanathan Indian Economy: crisis, response and prospects (New Delhi: Orient Longman 1995)

7 Ashutosh Varshney

Democracy, Development, and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; New edition, 1998) *

8 I.J. Ahluwalia & I.M.D. Little (eds.)

India’s Economic Reforms and development: essays for Manmohan Singh (New Delhi: OUP 1998) *

9 John P. Lewis India’s Political Economy: governance and reform (New Delhi: OUP, 1995)

10 J. D. Sachs, A. Varshney, N. Bajpai (Eds.)

India in the Era of Economic Reforms (New edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000) *

11 Stanley Kochanek

‘Regulation and liberalisation theology in India’, Asian Survey, 26, 12, pp. 1284-1308.

12 M.A. Oomen ‘Bhagwati-Srinivasan report on Economic reforms’, EPW vol. 28, pp. 2116-8 (1993).

13 George Rosen Contrasting Styles of Industrial Reform: China and India in the 1980s (Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press, 1992)

14 Rob Jenkins Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India (Cambridge University Press, 2000) **

15 Ashutosh Varshney

Democracy, Development, and the Countryside: urban rural struggles in India (Cambridge University Press, 1994)

16 Jos Mooji The Politics of Economic Reforms in India: a review of the literature’ in C. Bates & S.Basu (eds.), Rethinking Indian Political Institutions (London: Anthem Press 2005)

17 Stuart Corbridge and John Harriss

Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy (London: Polity Press, 2000)

18 T.J. Byres (ed.) The State, Development Planning and Liberalisation in India (SOAS Studies on South Asia, New Delhi: OUP India, 1999

19 Jos Mooji (ed.) The Politics of Economic Reforms in India (London, New Delhi: Sage, 2005)

20 Chandan Sengupta and S. Corbridge

Democracy, Development and Decentralisation in India (New Delhi: Routledge, 2010) [o.o.]

21 A. Gupta and K.Sivaramakrishnan

The State in India After Liberalization: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2010) [o.o.]

22 Pranab Bardhan Awakening Giants, Feet of Clay: Assessing the Economic Rise of China and India (Princeton: Princeton U.P., 2010) [o.o.]

Back issues of E.P.W., esp. 31 July 1993, pp. 1556-67 [on 1st stage reforms] and The Economist Annual Report **

Untouchability, Bonded Labout, and Other Minorities

27

In what ways have successive governments attempted to tackle problems of social inequality, and with what success? How and with what success have India’s ‘untouchables’ been able to exercise political influence? Have the circumstances of India’s so-called ‘backward castes’ been changed to any significant extent at all since Independence? 1 M. Mahar (ed.) The Untouchables in Contemporary India (Tuscon, Arizona, 1972) 2 B. Joshi (ed.) Untouchable !: voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement (London,

1986) 3 G. Omvedt Dalit Visions: the anti-caste movement and the construction of an

Indian identity (New Delhi, 1995) * 4 O. Mendelsohn

& M. Vicziany The Untouchables (New Delhi 1997) *

5 J. Breman Of Peasants, Migrants and Paupers (New Delhi, 1985)* 6 J. Breman Patronage and Exploitation (New Delhi, 1979) 7 J. Breman Beyond Patronage and Exploitation (New Delhi, 1993) * 8 M. Galanter Competing Equalities: law and the backward classes in India

(Berkeley, 1984) 9 M. Galanter ‘Pursuing equality in the land of hierarchy’ in M. Galanter, Law and

Society in Modern India (New Delhi: OUP, 1991), pp 185-207. 10 M. Weiner & F.

Katzenstein India’s Preferential Policies (Chicago, 1981)

11 A.A. Engineer Mandal Commission controversy (New Delhi, 1991) 12 B. K. Roy

Burman Beyond Mandal and after: backward classes in perspective (New Delhi: Mittal, 1992).

13 Hiranmay Karlekar

In the mirror of Mandal: social justice, caste, class, and the individual (New Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1992).

14 Vijay Prashad Untouchable freedom: a social history of a Dalit community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)

15 Robert Deliege The World of the Untouchable (New Delhi: OUP, 1998) 16 Zoya Hasan Quest For Power: Oppositional Movements & Post-Congress Politics

in Uttar Pradesh (Delhi: OUP, 1998) 17 Andre Beteille ‘The politics of “non-antagonistic” strata’ and ‘The future of the

backward classes’ in Society and Politics in India (London: Athlone Press, 1992)

18 Gail Omvedt ‘Twice born riot against democracy’, EPW, 29/9/90, pp. 2195-2201. 19 Christophe

Jaffrelot India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes (London: Hurst 2003) **

20 S.M. Michael (ed.)

Untouchable: dalits in modern India (Boulder: Lyyne Rienner, 1999)

21 Christophe Jaffrelot

India’s Silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes (London: C. Hurst, 1999)

22 Sudha Pai Dalits and the Unfinished Democratic Revolution: The Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh (New Delhi: Sage, 2002)

23 M. Ciotti Retro-Modern India: forging the low caste self (New Delhi: Routledge, 2010)

24 B. Narayan Fascinating Hindutva: saffron politics and dalit mobilisation (New Delhi: Sage, 2009) [o.o.]

28

Adivasis / Indigenous Peoples Why and have ethnic minorities in India been demonised and exoticised and with what consequences? Indigenous Peoples in South Asia: what justice is there, if any, in their claims to greater autonomy, and to what extent has this (recently) been achieved ? 1 C. Bates ‘”Lost innocents and the loss of innocence”: interpreting adivasi

movements in South Asia’, in R.H. Barnes et al (eds.), Indigenous Peoples of Asia (Michigan, 1993) [addresses problems of identification from an anthropo-historical perspective] *

2 C. Bates ‘Congress and the tribals’, in M. Shepperdson & C. Simmons (eds.), The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985 (Avebury: Aldershot; Gower: U.S.A., 1988) [suggests class position as one possible defn., and the problem of expropriation from the land as the key issue in so-called ‘tribal’ movements] *

3 J. Berger Report from the Frontier: the state of the world’s indigenous peoples (London, 1987)

4 Indep. Comm. On International Humanitarian Issues

Indigenous Peoples: a global quest for justice (London, 1987), intro. *

5 S. Devalle Discourses of Ethnicity: culture and protest in Jharkhand (New Delhi: Sage, 1992) *

6 S. Saha ‘The territorial dimension of India’s tribal problem’, in M. Shepperdson & C.Simmons (eds.), The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985 (Avebury, 1988) *

7 G.S. Ghurye The Scheduled Tribes of India (1963, repr. 1980) [a somewhat patronising account] *

8 Barrington Moore

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York, 1966) – sections on India (esp. ch. 6)

9 P. Brass The Politics of India Since Independence (New Cambridge History of India) (Cambridge, 1990) chs. 4 & 6.

10 K.S. Singh ‘Agrarian dimension of tribal movements’, in A.R. Desai (ed.), Agrarian Struggles in India after Independence (Oxford University Press: Delhi, 1986)

11 R. Guha The Unquiet Woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989) *

12 L.J. Calman Protest in Democratic India: authority’s response to challenge (Westview, USA, 1985) *

13 S. Corbridge ‘The ideology of tribal economy and society: politics in the Jharkhand, 1950-1980’, Modern Asian Studies, 22, 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

14 S. Corbridge ‘Agrarian policy and agrarian change in tribal India’, in S. Wanmali & T. Bayliss-Smith (eds.), Understanding Green Revolutions: agrarian change and development policy in South Asia (Cambridge University Press, 1984)

15 E. Duyker Tribal Guerrillas: the Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite movement (Delhi, 1987) *

29

16 N. Sengupta (ed.)

Fourth World Dynamics: Jharkhand (Authors Guild: New Delhi, 1982)

17 M. Galanter Competing Inequalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Oxford University Press: Delhi, 1984)

18 A.N. Das Agrarian Change from Above and Below: Bihar 1947-78’, in Subaltern Studies 2

19 K.S. Singh The Scheduled Tribes (New Delhi: OUP 1993) 20 K.S. Singh Tribal Movements in India vols. 1 & 2 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1982) 21 K.S. Singh The Tribal Situation in India (Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced

Study, 1972) 22 M. Weiner Sons of the Soil (New Delhi, 1988) 23 M.Weiner & M.

Katzenstein India’s Preferential Policies (Chicago, 1981)

24 Stuart Corbridge, Sarah Jewitt, Sanjay Kumar

Jharkhand: Environment, Development, Ethnicity (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004)

25.

B. Chakrabarty and R.K. Kujur

Maoism in India: Reincarnation of Ultra-Left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century (London: Routledge, 2009) [o.o.]

Relevant novel: Mahaswati Devi, Imaginary Maps (Routledge, 1995). Women in Contemporary South Asia How significantly has the role of women been transformed in post-independence India ? In what ways do the social and economic circumstances of women vary in the Indian subcontinent? To what extent and why are the social and political roles of South Asian women discrepant? What did the sati of Roop Kanwar in Deorala in 1987 become an issue of such political significance? 1 G. Forbes 'The politics of respectability', in D.A.Low (ed.), The Indian National

Congress (New Delhi, 1988) R. O'Hanlon 'Issues of widowhood', in G. Prakash and D. Haynes (eds.),

Resistance and Everyday Social Relations in South Asia (New Delhi, 1991)

2 Kapil Kumar in K. Sangari & S.Vaid (eds.)

Recasting Women: essays in colonial history (New Delhi, 1989)

3 Radha Kumar The History of Doing: movements for women’s rights and feminism in India 1800-1990 (New Delhi, 1993) *

4 T. Sarkar & U. Butalia (eds.)

Women and the Hindu Right (New Delhi 1995)

5 K. Jayawardena & M. de Alwis (eds.)

Embodied Violence: communalising women’s sexuality in S. Asia (New Delhi, 1996)

6 P. Jeffery & A. Basu (eds.)

Appropriating Gender: women’s activism and politicised religion in S. Asia (Routledge, 1998) *

6 G. Forbes Women in Modern India [New Cambridge History of India vol. IV.2]

30

(Cambridge, 1996) ** 7 J. Liddle & R.

Joshi Daughters of Independence: gender, caste, and class in India (London, 1986)

8 M. Kishwar & R. Vanita (eds.)

In Search of Answers: Indian women's voices (London, 1984)

9 B. Agarwal A Field of Ones’ Own: gender and land rights in South Asia (Cambridge, 1994)

10 Gail Minault The Extended Family: Women and Political Participation in India and Pakistan (New Delhi: 1990)

11 Jyoti Puri Women, Body and Desire in Post-colonial India (London: Routledge, 1999)

12 Kalima Rose Where Women are Leaders: the SEWA movement in India (London: Zed, 1992)

13 Nandita Gandhi When the Rolling Pins Hit the Streets (London: Zed, 1996) * 14 Janaki Nair Legacy of Women’s Uplift in India: contemporary women leaders in

the Arya Samaj (Delhi: 1998) 15 Zoya Patak &

R.S. Rajan ‘Shahbano’ in Signs, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 558-82

16 Zoya Hasan ‘Minority identity, Muslim Women Bill campaign and the political process’, EPW, 7 Jan., pp. 44-50

17 Amrita Chhachhi

‘Forced Identities: the State, Communalism, Fundamentalism and Women in India’, in Deniz Kandiyoti (ed.), Women, Islam and the State (Philadelphia: Temple U.P., 1991)

18 P. M. Jeffrey Frogs in a Well: Indian women in purdah (London, 1979) * On Sati: 19 Sharada Jain et

al ‘Deorala Episode: women’s protest in Rajasthan’ EPW, 7.11, pp. 1891-93 (1987)

20 Imrana Qadeer & Zoya Hasan

‘Deadly Politics of the State and its Apologists’ EPW, 14.11 (1987)

21 Nandita Gandhi ‘Impact of religion on women’s rights in Asia’ EPW, 23.1, pp. 127-9 (1988)

22 Sujata Patel & Krishna Kumar

‘Defenders of Sati’ EPW, 23.1, pp. 129-130 (1988) *

23 Ashish Nandy ‘Sati in Kaliyuga’ EPW, 17.9 (1988) * 24 John Stratton

Hawley (ed.) Sati, the blessing and the curse: the burning of wives in India (New York: OUP, 1994)

25 Evelin Hust A Million Indiras Now? Political Presence and Women's Empowerment in Rural Local Government in India (New Delhi: Manohar 2004)

See also readings on 'New social movements' Relevant Novels: Vikram Seth, A Suitable Boy (London: Phoenix, 1993). Anita Desai, In Custody (London: Vintage: 1984) Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (London: Flamingo, 1997)

31

WEEK NINE The Indian ‘Left’ Has there been, or will there ever be, a viable 'left' alternative in India ? Can Caste and Communism be reconciled? Do the Keralan and West Bengal examples present a viable alternative to federalist solutions to India’s development problems? 1 A.R. Desai (ed.) Agrarian Struggles in India after Independence (New Delhi, 1986) 2 T.J. Nossiter Marxist State Governments in India (London, 1988) * 3 T.J. Nossiter Communism in Kerala (Berkeley, 1982) 4 A. Vanaik 'Left strategies in India', New Left Review, 159 (1986), pp. 49-70 * 5 D. Mcgilvray

(ed.) Caste, Ideology and Interaction (Cambridge, 1982), ch. by Hawthorn

6 M. Franda Radical Politics in West Bengal (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) 7 P. Brass & M.

Franda (eds.) Radical Politics in South Asia (Cambridge, Mass., 1973) *

8 D.N. Dhanagare Peasant Movements in India (New Delhi, 1983), chs. 6-8 9 R. Ray The Naxalites and their ideology (New Delhi, 1988) 10 S. Bannerjee India's Simmering Revolution (London, 1984) 11 E. Duyker Tribal Guerrillas: the Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite

movement (New Delhi, 1987) 12 G.Overstreet &

M.Windmiller Communism in India (Berkeley, 1959)

13 S. Roy Communism in India unpublished documents, 1925-1934 (Calcutta, 1972)

14 K.N. Panikkar (ed.)

National and Left movements in India (New Delhi, 1980), ch. by P.C. Joshi

15 L.J. Calman Protest in Democratic India (Boulder, 1984) * 16 K. Lalita et al 'We Were Making History': Women and the Telengana Uprising

(London, 1989) 17 A. Vanaik The Painful Transition: bourgeois democracy in India (London,

1990), ch. 5 * 18 Atul Kohli ‘From elite activism to democratic consolidation: the rise of reform

communism in West Bengal’,in F. Frankel & M.S.A. Rao, Dominance and State Power in India, vol. 2 (Oxford: OUP 1989)

19 R. Mallick Indian Communism: opposition, collaboration, and institutionalization (New Delhi, 1994) o.o.

20 John Harris ‘What is happening in rural Bengal?’ EPW 12 June 1993, pp. 1237-47.

21 Ross Mallick ‘Agrarian Reform in Bengal: the end of an illusion?’ World Development, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 735-50.

22 Robin Jeffery Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became ‘a model’ (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992).

23 Kamala Visweswaran

Fictions of Feminist Ethnography (University of Minnesota, 1994)

24 Jyoti Basu et al (eds.)

People's Power in Practice: 20 years of left front in West Bengal (Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1997) **

25 B. Chakrabarty Maoism in India: Reincarnation of Ultra-Left Wing Extremism in the

32

and R.J. Kujur Twenty-First Century (London: Routledge, 2009) [o.o.] Naxalism: India’s Forgotten War: http://naxalwar.wordpress.com/

Naxal Terror Watch: http://naxalwatch.blogspot.com/History of Naxalism: www.hindustantimes.com/History-of-Naxalism/Article1-6545.aspx

Environmental and New Social Movements: Leftism without Marx? What part, if any, has globalisation played in the rise of new social movements in India? In what ways are the issues addressed by the new social movements different from those concerning their predecessors? 1 L.J. Calman 'Women and movement politics in Asia', Asian Survey (1989), pp.

940-958 2 G. Omvedt Reinventing Revolution: new social movements and the socialist

tradition in India (New Delhi, 1993) 3 Gail Omvedt ‘Analysing Capitalism, Defining Revolution; Dalits, Women and

Peasants’ EPW, 26.11,1988, pp. 2551-52 4 Dipankar Gupta Political Sociology in India: contemporary trends (Hyderabad: Orient

Longman, 1996) 5 Nandita Gupta

& Nandita Shah The Issues at Stake: theory and practice in the contemporary women’s movement in India (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1992)

6 Gail Omvedt ‘Ecology and Social Movement’ in Hamza Alavi & J. Harriss (eds.) South Asia (London, 1989)

7 Ramchandra Guha

‘Chipko: social history of an environmental movement’ [offprint: RR (technology & society)

8 L.I. & S.H. Rudolph

‘Determinants and varieties of agrarian mobilisation’ in M. Desai et al (eds.), Agrarian Power and Agricultural Productivity in South Asia (Berkely: Univ. of California, 1984)

9 D.N. Dhanagare ‘Shektari Sanghana: the farmer’s movement in Maharashtra’ Social Action, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 347-69.

10 T.J. Byres ‘Charan Singh: an assessment, JPS, 1988. 11 Thomas Weber Hugging the Trees: the story of the Chipko Movement (Delhi: Viking,

1985) 12 Govind Kelkar &

Dev Nathan Gender and Tribe: women, land and forests in Jharkhand (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1991)

13 M. Gadgil & R. Guha

‘Ecological Conflicts and the Environmental Movement in India’, Development & Change, 25, pp. 101-36.

14 R.S. Anderson & W. Huber

The Hour of the Fox: tropical forests, the world bank, and indigenous people in central India (University of Washington Press, 1988).

15 S.R. Bald ‘From Sathyartha Prakash to Manushi: an overview of the “women’s movement” in India’ in D.K. Basu & R. Sissons (eds.), Social and Economic Development in India: a reassessment (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1985)

16 Amrit Basu & AtuKohli (eds.)

Community Conflicts and the State in India (New Delhi, 1998)

17 Amrita Basu Two faces of protest: contrasting modes of women's activism in India (Berkeley; Oxford: University of California Press, 1992)

18 Patricia Jeffery ‘Agency, Activism and Agendas’ in P. Jeffery * A. Basu (eds.),

33

Appropriating Gender: women’s activism and politicised religion in South Asia (London: Routledge, 1997)

19 Amita Baviskar In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada Valley (New Delhi: 1997

20 Vanadana Shiva and J. Bandyopadhyay

Ecology and the Politics of Survival: conflicts over natural resources in India (London: Sage, 1991)

21 Arundati Roy The Algebra of Infinite Justice (New Delhi: Flamingo 2002) and Power Politics (South End Press, 2002)

22 Ghanshyam Shah (ed.)

Social Movements and the State (Readings in Indian Government & Politics) (London, New Delhi: Sage, 2001)

23 Sangeetha Purushothama

The Empowerment of Women in India: Grassroots Women's Networks and the State (London, New Delhi: Sage, 1998)

Relevant Novel: Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (London: Flamingo, 1997) WEEK TEN Foreign Relations in South Asia Was 'non-alignment' a sign of India's weakness, or diplomatically, politically and economically one of Jawaharlal Nehru's most important legacies? When and why did non-alignment cease to be a feature of Indian foreign policy? In the light of historical developments since independence, how great are the prospects for regional co-operation in South Asia? In what ways has China impinged upon regional security in South Asia since 1947? 1 H.C. Shukul India's foreign policy: the strategy of nonalignment (Delhi: Chanakya,

1994, c1993) 2 G. Rizvi South Asia in a Changing International Order (London, 1993) 3 A. Appadorai &

M.S. Rajan India's foreign policy and relations (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, c1985)

4 Apurba Kundu Militarism in India: the Army and civil society in consensus (London: I.B. Taurus, 1998)

5 Ben Crow w/ R.Greenwood & D. Wilson

Sharing the Ganges: the politics and technology of river development (New Delhi: Sage, 1995)

6 Alan J. Bullion India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (London: Pinter, 1995)

7 Abul Ahsan SAARC: a perspective (Dhaka: University Press, 1992) 8 Itty Abraham The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: science, secrecy and the

postcolonial state (London: Zed, 1998) 9 Sankaran

Krishna Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood (Minnesota U.P., 1999)

10 Stephen Cohen India: Emerging Power (Brooking Insitution, OUP, 2001) ** 11 Sumit Ganguly Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947 (Columbia

U.P. 2001) *

34

12 Sumit Ganguly The origins of war in South Asia: the Indo-Pakistani conflicts since 1947 (Boulder: Westview, 1994)

13 Praful Bidawi et al

New Nukes: India, Pakistan and Global Nuclear Disarmament (2000) *

14 Amardeep Athwa China-India Relations: Contemporary Dynamics London: Routledge 2007)

15 Robert D. Kaplan Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power (New York: Random House, 2010)

16 Bill Emmott Rivals: How the power struggle between China, India and Japan will shape our next decade (New York, London,: Penguin, 2009)

17 Kishore Mahbubani

The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East (Public Affairs, 2009)

18 S. Basu and A. Riaz

Paradise Lost? State Failure in Nepal (Lexington, 2010)

Kashmir Is Kashmir primarily an international or a domestic issue, and why have the problems in this region become worse rather than better since 1975? Why is the fate of Kashmir an issue of such importance to both India and Pakistan? 1 A.A. Engineer Secular Crown on Fire: the Kashmir Problem (New Delhi, 1991) 2 Ian Copland The princes of India in the endgame of empire, 1917-1947

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997) 3 A.

Bhattacharjea Kashmir: the wounded valley (New Delhi, 1994)

4 R.K. Jain The Kashmir question, etc.: Soviet South Asian relations, 1947-1973 (Oxford, 1979)

5 Devin T. Hagerty

The consequences of nuclear proliferation: lessons from South Asia (Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press, 1998).

6 Robert G. Wirsing

India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution (New York: St.Martins Press, c1994)

7 Prem Shankar Kashmir, 1947: rival versions of history (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996)

8 Golam Wahed Choudhury

Pakistan's relations with India, 1947-1966 (London: Pall Mall P., 1968)

9 H.C. Shukul India's foreign policy: the strategy of nonalignment (Delhi: Chanakya, 1994, c1993)

10 A. Lamb Kashmir: a disputed legacy, 1846-1990 (London, 1991) 11 Vernon Hewitt Reclaiming the past?: the search for political and cultural unity in

contemporary Jammu and Kashmir (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997) [NL]

12 Victoria Shofield Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002)

13 Robert G. Wirsing

Kashmir in the Shadow of War: Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age (London: M.E. Sharpe, 2003)

14 Robert J. McMahon

The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan (Columbia University Press, 1996) [NL]

15 Suranjan Das Kashmir and Sind: nation-building, ethnicity and regional politics in South Asia (London: Anthem Press, 2002) *

16 Victoria Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War (London:

35

Schofield I.B. Tauris, 2002) * 17 Sumit Ganguly The crisis in Kashmir: portents of war, hopes of peace (Cambridge

UP: 1999) 18 Sumantra Bose Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace (Cambridge MA: Harvard

University Press, 2003) 19 Basharat Peer Curfewed Night: A Frontline Memoir of Life, Love and War in

Kashmir (London, New York: Harper Press, 2010) http://www.vl-site.org/kashmir/indalign.html - Indian perspectives http://www.infopak.gov.pk/

http://www.vl-site.org/kashmir/pakalign.html - Pakistani perspectives http://www.vl-site.org/kashmir/index.html - Kashmir Virtual Library

(lots of other useful links inc. website of JKLF) Afghanistan How and why have the recent conflicts in Afghanistan contributed to strategic problems elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent? 1 Yunas Samad In Afghanistan's Shadow (New York, 1981) 2 S.N. Kaushik Politics of Islamization in Pakistan (Delhi: South Asia, 1998) 3 Ahmed Rashid Taliban: militant Islam, Oil and fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale

U.P.: 2001) ** [highly recommended] 4 Michael Griffin Reaping the Whirlwind: the Taliban Movement in Afghanistan (Pluto

Press, 2001) 5 M.J. Gohari The Taliban Ascent to Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) 6 Eric S.Margolis War at the Top of the World: the struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir,

and Tibet (Routledge, 2000) ** [recommended] 7 BBC S. Asia

News Online Pakistan warns of ‘destruction’(Sept. 19 2001) http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_1552000/1552827.stm

8 BBC S. Asia News Online

‘Who are the Kashmir Militants ?’ (Jan. 2, 2002) http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_1719000/179612.stm

9 Bernard Lewis The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (2004) 10 A. Rashid The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond (London: I.B.

Taurus: 2010) **

11 Kamal Matinuddin

The Taliban phenomenon: Afghanistan, 1994-1997 (Karachi; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

12 Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli (ed)

Al Qaeda in its own words (Cambridge, Mass; London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008).

13 Karen J. Greenberg (ed.)

Al Qaeda now: understanding today’s terrorists (Cambridge: CambridgUniversity Press, 2005).

See also reading above

36

Sri Lanka What part has 'history' played in the construction of ethnic politics in Sri Lanka? At what point did an all-encompassing concept of national identity cease to be a viable option in Sri Lanka, and why? 1 S. J. Tambiah Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, politics and violence in rural Sri

Lanka (Chicago, 1992) 2 S. J. Tambiah Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy

(Chicago, 1986) 3 A. J. Wilson Politics in Sri Lanka (London, 1979) 4 A. J. Wilson The Break-Up of Sri Lanka (London, 1988) 5 J. Manor 'The failure of political integration in Sri Lanka', Journal of

Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 17: 21-46 (1976) 6 J. Manor (ed.) Sri Lanka in Change and Crisis (London, 1984) (esp. chs. by Meyer

and Obeyeskere) 7 J. Manor The Expedient Utopian: Bandranaike and Ceylon (Cambridge, 1989) 8 E.Thornton& R.

Niththyananthan Island of Terror (London, 1984) *

9 K. M. de Silva Sri Lanka: a survey (Honolulu, 1977) 10 K. M. de Silva A History of Sri Lanka (London, 1981) 11 J. Jupp Sri Lanka: Third World democracy (London, 1978) 12 J. Spencer

(ed.) Sri Lanka: History and the roots of conflict (London, 1990) (intro.) *

13 J. Spencer A Sinhala Village in a Time of trouble: politics and change in rural Sri Lanka (New Delhi, 1990)

14 N. Wickrama-singhe

Ethnic Politics in Colonial Sri Lanka (New Delhi, 1995)

14 S.J. Tambiah Levelling Crowds: ethnonationalist conflicts ad collective violence in South Asia (New Delhi 1997)

16 Mohan Ram Sri Lanka: the fractured island (New Delhi, 1989) * 17 K.M. De Silva Reaping the Whirlwind: Ethnic Conflict, Ethnic Politics in Sri Lanka

(New Delhi, 1998) 18 Elizabeth

Nissan Sri Lanka: a bitter harvest (London: Minority Rights Group, 1996) – a good summary

19 A. Jeyaratnam Wilson

Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (London: Hurst, 2000)

20 Neluka Silva (Editor)

The Hybrid Island: Culture Crossings and the Invention of Identity in Sri Lanka (London: Zed, 2003)

21 H.L. Seneviratne The Work of Kings: The New Buddhism in Sri Lanka (Chicago UP, 2000)

Relevant Novels: Michael Ondaatje, Running in the Family (London: Picador, 1984) Michael Ondaatje, Anil’s Ghost (London: Picador, 2001) Shyam Selvadurai, Funny Boy (London: Vintage, 1995) Romesh Gunesekera, Reef (Cambridge: Granta, 1994)

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WEEK ELEVEN Postcolonialism (reprise) How ‘postcolonial’ is Indian society today? 1 Itty Abraham The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: science, secrecy and the

postcolonial state (London: Zed, 1998) 2 Akhil Gupta Postcolonial Developments: agriculture in the making of modern

India (Durham, N.C.: Duke University, 1998) 3 Sanjay

Srivastava Constructing Post-Colonial India: national character and the Doon School (Routledge 1998)

4 Jyotsina G. Singh

Colonial Narratives, Cultural Dialogues: “Discoveries” of India in the Language of Colonialisn (London: 1996)

5 A. Jalal and S. Bose

Modern South Asia (London, 1998)

6 Ania Loomba Colonialism/ Postcolonialism (London 1998) 7 Sankaran

Krishna Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood (Minesotta Univ., 1999)

8 Partha Chatterjee

A possible India: essays in political criticism (New Delhi: OUP 1997)

9 André Béteille Society and politics in India: essays in a comparative perspective (London: Athlone Press, 1991)

10 A. Sen 'How is India Doing?', in Iqbar Khan (ed.), Fresh Perspectives on India and Pakistan (Oxford, 1985)

11 C.Breckenridge (ed.)

Consuming Modernity (Minneapolis, 1995) *

12 Mark Tully No Full Stops in India (Penguin, 1992) 13 Sankaran

Krishna Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood (Minnesota U.P., 1999)

14 Dipankar Gupta Mistaken Modernity: India between two worlds New Delhi: Harper Collins 2000)

15 Christiane Brosius

The Indian Middle Classes

See also recent popular Hindi movies and back issues of India Today [EUL] for developments in Indian (predominantly urban) culture in recent decades.

Postcolonial Literature : Politics and identity To what extent do the ideas of ‘postcoloniality’ expressed in Indian and ex-patriot Indian novels since 1947 represent a reality, or are they merely an aspiration? How important is political criticism in the post-colonial English language literature of South Asia, or are the dilemmas of identity their main concern? What have been the principal concerns of the post-colonial novel in South Asia? - Answer with reference to the reading above and under ‘literary criticism’, and to the writings of three or more novelists described as relevant to this course.

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Summing up, questions, and discussion of the forthcoming exam. ESSAYS You will be required to write ONE essay for the course (approx. 2,500-3,000 words), which counts for one-third of your overall course mark. The remaining two-thirds of the overall course mark will be made up of a two-hour final examination at the end of the academic year (in which you will answer two questions). The essay is to be submitted by 12 noon on MONDAY 14th March 2011. Lateness will be penalized by a deduction of five percentage points for each working day, for up to five days; after that a mark of 0% will be recorded. Your essay topic must be chosen from the among weekly seminar topics. Guidance on appropriate reading will be given in class. Alternatively, you may work on an essay question of your own devising, so long as it is within the geographical and chronological boundaries of the course and you have consulted with the course tutor. Your essay should be carefully footnoted, provided with a bibliography and carefully follow the instructions and guidelines on these matters, layout, etc. in the History ‘Essay Stylesheet’ (which is pasted into this handbook). Your essays should show critical understanding of theoretical issues as well as being empirically grounded. They should also aim at good literary presentation - a well structured answer in clear grammatical English – and essays should be carefully proofed to eliminate typos and minor errors. You are urged to incorporate a critical review of the literature you have read in your essay. You are discouraged from submitting an essay on a topic on which you have presented a seminar paper, unless you have completed at least two such presentations. Provide your essays with properly constructed scholarly apparatus: footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography. Citations in footnotes or endnotes and bibliographies of works read should give all necessary information to enable a reader to identify the author and edition of the work cited, its date of publication, and the precise page/s of the passage being cited. If you are in doubt about correct footnoting or endnoting and bibliography practice, please consult the course organiser.

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KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES AS: Asian Survey CHR Calcutta Historical Review CSA Contemporary South Asia EcJ: Economic Journal EcPW: Economic & Political Weekly FEER Far Eastern Economic Review G&H Gender & History IESHR: Indian Economic & Social History Review JAS: Journal of Asian Studies JEcH: Journal of Economic History JPS: Journal of Peasant Studies MAS: Modern Asian Studies MR: The Monthly Review NLR: The New Left Review R&C: Race & Class SA South Asia (Univ. of New England) SH Studies in History (Jawaharlal Nehru University) SAR South Asia Research (SOAS) SS: Subaltern Studies

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Note: the stylesheet reproduced below, which informs you about best practice on History essay-writing, should – for methodological reasons - be carefully read and implemented’ HISTORY Essay Stylesheet 1. Format a. Essays should be written on one side only of good quality A4 paper.

The submission of machine-written work is very much preferred, but not obligatory. It is, however, essential that hand-written essays be legible. Machine-produced work should be double-spaced and in a decent quality print. Hand-written essays should be on wide-lined paper.

b. At the start of the essay there should be: i. the student's name ii. the course title iii. the essay question iv. the tutor's name c. A margin should be provided on the left hand side of every page for the

marker's comments. d. Paragraphing is a device to let the reader follow the key stages in the

argument of the essay. Paragraphs should not be too long, or the essay will appear rambling, nor too short, or it will seem disjointed. They should also be self-contained and not begin with ‘therefore’, ‘however’, ‘nonetheless’ etc. which indicates merely a continuation of the preceding sentence.

e. Paragraphs should therefore be clearly marked off, usually by starting

the line a little to the right of the left-hand margin. f. Whilst appropriate in a dissertation, it is not customary to break up an

essay into numbered sections, nor to give sub-headings within the essay. g. Pages should be clearly numbered. They should be stapled together in

the top left hand corner or put in plastic covers. 2. Punctuation a. Punctuation defines the structure of the sentence by marking off its

constituent parts. Faulty punctuation may obscure meaning and confuse the reader.

b. Full stops are used to signal the completion of a sentence. Commas

are used to distinguish parts of a sentence. Avoid over-use of dashes, exclamation marks, question marks and brackets. Use colons and semi-colons with care.

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c. When used to signify possession the apostrophe is place before the 's'

with single nouns (e.g. Walpole's) and after the 's' with plural nouns (e.g., the Liberals' prospects). With nouns and proper names ending in 's' the possessive form is James's, Robbins's etc.

d. Please remember that the possessive of it is its. It's is an abbreviated

form of it is, and should not be used. 3. Quotations a. Quotations should usually be brief, and should not be used if the

information/views are from basic textbooks. They should not be regularly used as a substitute for your own ideas and arguments, and you should conclude an essay in your own words.

b. Quotations should be contained within either single inverted commas or

double quotation marks (be consistent). Where you have a quotation within a quotation, use the opposite type of quotation marks for this. If under three lines long, quotations may be integrated into the text of the essay; if longer, they should be presented separately by starting on a fresh line. In the latter case, the essay text should resume after the quotation on a new line.

c. Put foreign words, phrases, and all book titles in italics (or underline). 4. References a. They are required to identify the source of all quotations, and also if

unusual or surprising information is contained in the text. They are not called for if fairly widely known or generally available information is being used. If in doubt, omit.

b. References should be presented in the form of consecutively numbered

footnotes, positioned ideally at the foot of the appropriate page of text, or else in sequence at the end of the text, and before the bibliography.

c. The function of the reference is to enable the reader to locate the

source used speedily and precisely. It should identify who or what is being cited, in what context, the title of the source and the exact place within the source where it will be found.

d. In setting out the footnoted information, the same rules as for

conveying bibliographical information should be observed (see section 7b below), but with the addition of the precise page number(s).

5. Stylistic Conventions a. Accurate spelling is a basic essential, not least because it makes for

easy reading and rapid comprehension. Always have a standard dictionary to hand when writing.

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b. Avoid contractions such as 'didn't', 'wasn't', 'couldn't', 'would've', 'govt' and above all 'it's. The essay is intended to be a piece of formal prose, and what is permissible in conversation or more personal writing is not acceptable.

c. Avoid slang words or phrases, and wild generalisations. d. Do not personalise the argument. Keep away from phrases like "I do

not believe', 'it is my opinion', 'it appears to me'. This approach is inappropriate to the formal nature of the essay.

5. Bibliography a. The bibliography should list all the items read in preparing the essay. It

should not contain works on the suggested reading list which were not consulted. Part of the use of the bibliography for the marker is that it enables an assessment to be made as to how successfully the student has mastered the reading. Try to avoid listing a work whose argument does not appear in the essay, but by all means list books you have found very useful as background reading.

b. The bibliography should come at the end of the essay. It should be

listed alphabetically by author's surname. For books, give: author, title (italics or underlined) and date of

publication in brackets. Thus: Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in India (New Delhi, 1983).

For articles in periodicals, give: author, article title in inverted commas,

journal title (italics or underlined), volume number, year of publication in brackets, and page numbers. Thus: Swarna Ayer,‘“August Anarchy”: the Partition Massacres in Punjab, 1947’, in South Asia, vol. XVIII, (1995), pp. 13-36. [Note: in bibliographies in this handbook, journal titles are given in shortened form. Do not adopt such abbreviations in your essays unless, as in this handbook, you provide a key to all abbreviations used].

For essays in books: Crispin Bates, 'Congress and the tribals', in C.

Simmons & M. Shepperdson (eds.), The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985 (London: Gower Press, 1988), pp. 231-252.

For further advice see the Library Guide available from the Main

Library.

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SAMPLE EXAM PAPER

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Faculty of Arts

POSTCOLONIAL SOUTH ASIA History 3/4 Hons.

May 2000 - 9.30 am to 11.30 am

Chairman of the Board of Examiners: Professor R. D. Anderson

External Examiner: Professor John MacKenzie

Answer TWO questions 1. What part have external factors played in Pakistan’s political instability? 2. Was the ‘right course’ for Nehru always the pragmatic one? 3. ‘Indira Gandhi herself was responsible for most of the problems and dilemmas of her

Premiership’. Discuss 4. What were the causes and consequences of ‘liberalisation’ in the Indian economy

after 1984? 5. Account for the resurgence of communalism in India since 1980. 6. In what ways has the status of minorities changed in India since 1947? 7. What parallels, if any, are there between ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and elsewere in

the Indian subcontinent? 8. How effectively have dilemmas of identity been addressed in the English-language

literature of post-colonial South Asia?

***

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Timetable

Week

Topic

Presenters

One

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven

Post-Colonial South Asia © Crispin Bates

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