possible catchment scale solutions to contaminated sediments in the elbe river ulrich förstner...
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Possible catchment scale solutions to contaminated sediments in the Elbe River
Ulrich Förstner
Department of Environmental Science and TechnologyUniverstiy of Technology, Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Sediment Problem Solutions at Catchment Scale: Overview
Location of In-Place Pollutants in a River Basin (Förstner et al. 2004))
Air emissions
MineWet or dry fallout
City
Sewage treat- ment plant
Old chemical dump site
Floodplain soils and sediments
Landfill
Farm
Sm
all
Ha
rbo
rs –
e.g
. H
itza
cke
rS
ub
aq
ueo
us
De
po
t &
Ca
pp
ing
Min
e F
loo
din
g/W
aste
In-S
itu
Tre
atm
ent
Flo
od
pla
ins
– e
.g.
Sp
itte
lwas
ser
In-S
itu
Sta
bil
izat
ion
(P
lan
ts,
NA
)
Location of in-place pollutants
Lake
Siltation in reservoir
Dam
Confined dis-posal area for dredged spoils
Open dredge spoil disposal area
Mine drainage
Riv
er
Dam
– e
.g.
Mu
lde
Tem
po
ral
Ret
enti
on I
III
IV
IIHarbor basins
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Substances and Areas of Concern in the Elbe River Catchment
Substance of Concern Historical Sources Areas of Concern
arsenic (As) browncoal mining Mulde
cadmium (Cd) browncoal mining, smelting processes,metal processing
Mulde (Havel)(Elbe downstream of Magdeburg)
copper (Cu) artificial silk productioncopper-processing industry
ElbeSaale
mercury (Hg) chlor-alkali electrolysis Saale, Mulde downstream of Bitterfeld
lead (Pb) mining, smelters Saale, Freiberger Mulde
zinc (Zn) industrial and municipal waste-water, mining industry, smelters
Saale, Mulde, Weiße Elster, Havel (Elbe downstream of Magdeburg)
haloginated organic compounds (AOX)
pulp and paper mills Mulde, Saale
insecticids, DDT, γ-HCH production facilities Bilina (CR), Mulde
hexachlorobenzene chemical industry Karlsberg & Luznice (disposal sites), Bilina (CR)
PCB chemical industry Bilina (CR), Mulde, Saale, Weiße Elster
PAH incomplete incineration Schwarze Elster, Mulde
Table 1 Examples of Historical Contamination (S. Heise after Spott & Becker, Prange et al. 2000)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Elbe River
Acid NeutralizingCapacity
SpecificSurface Area
Fly Ash 29 mMole/g 10,3 m2/g
Red Mud 3,25 mMole/g 27,8 m2/g
CalciumBentonite
0,56 mMole/g 55,1 m2/g
Zeolite 0,005 mMole/g 15,0 m2/g
Mulde-Reservoir
First Phase Second Phase
In-Situ Treatment of Mine Effluents with Reactive Materials
Upper Elbe Basin – Metal Mobilization from Mine Flooding (Zoumis et al., 2000)
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Flooding ofDyke Foreshores
Mining Accidents
Usual MeasuresAnalysis of pollution load in soils, sediments and groundwater; temporal restrictions to use the sites for agriculture etc.
Flood Events
Guadiamar 1998, Baia Mare 2000
Floodplains and marshy lands as sinks for contaminated sediments
Rhine 1992, Odra 1997, Elbe 2002
Floodplain Soils and Sediments: Examples and Usual Measures
Spittelwasser Creek und Mulde River
Dioxins/Furans [ng PCDD/F / kg]
Village Greppin up to 5.590 ng/kg
Village Jessnitz up to 2.540 ng/kg
Mulde Floodplain up to 57.700 ng/kg
River Bank up to 27.600 ng/kg
Spittelwasser Floodplain (Chemical Triangle) –
Dioxins in Soils and Sediments
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Proposed ProjectEstimatedCosts/Time
01 Monitoring System
Detection of the flood-dependent pollutant transport behaviour shall be monitored by hydromechanical methods and air-based systems
400,000 EURO1st – 48th month
02 Regulation Project
(1) Implementation of models for sediment and pollutant transport
(2) Installation and use of sediment traps; point excavation of soil
(3) Utilization of „natural attenuation“; promotion of plant growth
Projects (1) + (3) 530,000 EURO
12th – 30th month
03 Testing This refers notably to the functionality and the effects of sediment traps. The results shall be used for predicting the pollutant output
250,000 EURO
30th – 40th month
04 Permanent Operation
(a) Efficiency control of the complete implementation, e.g. by GIS
(b) Establishment of citizens‘ advice bureau (children, hunter, etc.)
770,000 EURO
24th – 48th month
05 Efficiency Control
The after-case shall be carried out continuously and long-term according to the example of other permanently observed areas
225,000 EURO
(15,000 EURO/a~ 15 years)
Floodplain Soils and Sediments: Interdisciplinary Approach
Table 2 Combination of Monitoring Systems, Mearures, Testing and Control (Anon., 2000)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Cause (Example) Effect
Compaction Reduction of Matrix.. .
Consolidation - Erodibility
Phytostabilization (Plant Roots) - Permeability
Penetration into Dead-End Pores - Reactivity
Interlayer Collapse of Clay Minerals Reduced Pollutant...
Coprecipitation (High-Energy Sites) - Mobility
Occlusion and Overcoating - Availability
Absorption/Diffusion - Toxicity
”Diagenesis“ ”Natural Attenuation“
Floodplain Soils and Sediments: Natural Attenuation Processes
Table 3 Demobilization of Pollutants in Solid Matrices by Natural Factors (Förstner, 2003)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Aqueous phase concentration (mg/L)
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1,000
10.000
100,000
1,000,000
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 100 1000 100000,0001 10
Water quality criterion of1,4-dichlorobenzene(FCV*1000)
Predicted SQC withirreversible model
Predicted SQC withequilibrium model
So
lid p
ha
se c
on
cen
tra
tion
(µ
g/g
)
1.10-51.10-6
Natural Attenuation of Organic Pollutants – Example: 1,4-DCB
Implication of Irreversible Adsorption on Sediment Quality Criteria (Chen e al., 2000)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Implementing remedial actions: Contractors
Authorities:
Stakeholders:
Federal
Federal Environmental AgencyFed. Agency Nature Protection
BiosphereAdministration
EnvironmentalGroups (NGOs)
Communities
External Experts
County
Ministry of Environment
District Administration
Landowner
RegionalOrganisations
Organisations represented in a remediation working group
Large Scale Sediment Remediation: Organisational Aspects
Organisations Involved in the Bitterfeld Case (German Legislation; Anon., 2000)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
Types and Characteristics of Subaqueous Depots (NL)
Type of depot Advantages Disadvantages
Excavation (pit)
type of depot
• reduced conditions
• not visible
• simple fill up
• less maintenance
• cost intensive dig off
• superfluous sand (?)
• contamination of surfacewaters
• special filling equipment
• no regulation of water level
Dike (ring wall)
type of depot
• reduced conditions
• less cost-intensive dig off
• less contamination ofsurface waters
• easy regulation of waterlevels
• easy management and control of emissions
• visible
• obstacles for navigation and fisheries
• more difficult fill up(compared with pit depot)
Table 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Subaqueous Depots (after DEPOTEC, 2002)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
contaminant mobilisation
chemical isolation layer
stabilisation layer
Sediment Capping Techniques: Active Barrier System
Combination of
Physical and chemical
Stabilisation Layers
on Sediment (Jacobs,
2003)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
10 30 50m harbour
river E lbe
p iezom ete r
m u lti-level w e ll
tensiom eter
m obile gas sam p ler
test fie ld/enclosures
water leve lequalisation
sediment disposal
area
dam
sheetpiling
Active Barrier System – Demonstration Project Hitzacker (I)
Subaqueous Depot and Active Barrier System (Design: Josef Möbius, Hamburg)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
gas emissionmonitoring
tensiometer
piezometer
test field/enclosuresclimatic
monitoring
sheet piling
deposit
bridge
relocatedsediment
sediment
meanwater level
Active Barrier System – Demonstration Project Hitzacker (II)
Subaqueous Depot and Active Barrier System (Testing Devices: Jacobs, 2003)
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005