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  • 8/2/2019 Positivism Postmodernism, Or Critical Theory

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    Rozmtmymza# Roztaode~lmza# o~ J~mtmjhc Tfeo~}?

    H Jhze Ztud} oi Joaaulmjhtmolz Ztudeltz Ulde~zthldml`z oiJ~mtmjmza

    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc ZhldoyhcUlmye~zmt} oi Zhc{nu~`# Huzt~mh

    Hnzt~hjt

    Leocmne~hcmza fhz ~ezucted ml h ch~`e!zjhce ejoloam{htmol hldjhrmthcm{htmol oi zojmet} tfht fhz hczo re~aehted tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea,Tfe rhre~ ht fhld r~oymdez tfe ~ezuct oi h jhze ztud} tfht hlhc}{ed fopztudeltz# pfo h~e todh} i~exueltc} joli~olted n} tfe joanmlhtmol oiztud}ml` hld r~ejh~mouz chnou~ hld mlzeju~e kon re~zrejtmyez# hzzezz tfe

    maro~thlje oi j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`, Hz h tfeo~etmjhc iouldhtmol# h dmztmljtmolnetpeel rozmtmymztmj# roztaode~l# hld Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue mz d~hpl hlddmzjuzzed, Ztudeltz oi joaaulmjhtmol zjmelje ht tfe Ulmye~zmt} oiZhc{nu~` pe~e hzged to ~ehd h iojuz tevt n} Fe~ne~t Ah~juze tfht dehczpmtf tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue hld to p~mte zfo~t ezzh}z hite~ph~dz# ml o~de~to ~eicejt ol tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue tfht mz leeded todh}, 5> hlzpe~ tevtzpe~e hlhc}{ed n} tfe aetfod oi xuhltmi}ml` xuhcmthtmye joltelt hlhc}zmz,Tfe ~ezuctz zfop tfe r~edoamlhlje oi h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oij~mtmxue hld r~oymde marcmjhtmolz io~ ju~~mjuch dezm`l hld redh`o`mjhchjtmol,

    Ge}po~dz; j~mtmjhc tfeo~}# j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`# rozmtmymza# roztaode~lmza# ztudeltz'jolzjmouzlezz

    8, Mlt~odujtmol

    42 }eh~z h`o# ml 8=96# ztudelt r~oteztz ~ehjfed tfem~ jcmahv# ezrejmhcc} ml I~hlje#@e~ahl}# hld tfe Ulmted Zthtez, Tormjz tfht pe~e xueztmoled n} tfe r~otezte~z mljcudedmare~mhcmza hld tfe ph~ ml Ymetlha# h chjg oi deaoj~hj} ml ulmye~zmtmez# jhrmthcmzt jolzuae~juctu~e# zthldh~dm{ed Io~dmzt cmie zt}cez# jolze~yhtmye yhcuez# hld rozt!ihzjmztz zt~ujtu~ez,Tfe ztudeltz aoyeaelt hld tfe Lep Ceit dmd lot ~ehjf tfe zm{e oi h ~eyocutmolh~}aoyeaelt7 loletfecezz tfem~ hjtmymtmez jhl ne mlte~r~eted hz hltm!jhrmthcmzt ~eneccmol,Fe~ne~t Ah~juze &8=9=; v- h~`ued ml tfmz joltevt tfht tfe} fhye thgel tfe mdeh oi~eyocutmol out oi tfe joltmluua oi ~er~ezzmol hld rchjed mt mlto mtz hutfeltmj dmaelzmol;tfht oi cmne~htmol, Io~t} }eh~z fhye rhzzed# jhrmthcmzt zojmet} fhz jfhl`ed# leocmne~hcmzafhz ~ezucted ml h ch~`e!zjhce ejoloam{htmol hld jhrmthcm{htmol oi zojmet} tfht fhz hczore~aehted ulmye~zmtmez hld tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea, @myel tfeze jm~juazthljez# fopmaro~thlt mz j~mtmjhc rocmtmjhc tfmlgml` io~ ztudeltz todh}? Do tfe} jolzmde~ tfe Ah~vmhlj~mtmxue oi zojmet} ~htfe~ maro~thlt hld tormjhc o~ ~htfe~ ulmaro~thlt hld outaoded?

    Pe jhllot `mye deimlmte hlzpe~z# nut tfe hma oi tfmz rhre~ mz to joldujt h jhze ztud} tfhthdd~ezzez tfeze xueztmolz, Ou~ ztud} iojuzez ol lotmol oi j~mtmxue oi ztudeltz oijoaaulmjhtmol ~ezeh~jf ml Zhc{nu~`,

  • 8/2/2019 Positivism Postmodernism, Or Critical Theory

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 88:

    Du~ml` tfe rhzt dejhdez tfe~e fhye neel ztudeltz r~oteztz# zujf hz tfoze h`hmlzt tfemlt~odujtmol oi tumtmol iezz ml Huzt~mh ml >228 hld ml @e~ahl} zmlje >22: o~ h`hmlzt tfe~eio~az oi chnou~ ce`mzchtmol io~ elt~hltz ml I~hlje ml Ah~jf >229, Hczo tfe aoyeaelt io~deaoj~htmj `conhcm{htmol mz rh~tmjuch~c} htt~hjtmye io~ }oul` reorce hld ztudeltz, Ht tfezhae tmae# ztudeltz ml ahl} joult~mez ieec ao~e ejoloamj r~ezzu~e hld h~e ihjml` tfer~onceaz oi roteltmhc ulearco}aelt# kon cozz# hld r~ejh~mouz chnou~, @myel tfeze

    joldmtmolz# tfe xueztmol mz mi leocmne~hc ejoloam{htmol fhz ao~e ~ezucted ml hdhrthtmol o~~hdmjhcm{htmol oi rocmtmjhc jolzjmouzlezz,

    Im~zt# pe pmcc joaaelt ol tfeo~etmjhc iouldhtmolz oi tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue &zejtmol >-, Tfelpe pmcc evrchml ou~ ~ezeh~jf aetfod &zejtmol :-# r~ezelt tfe joldujted ztud}z ~ezuctz# hldpmcc imlhcc} `mye hl mlte~r~ethtmol oi d~hp zoae joljcuzmolz &zejtmol 5-,

    >, Tfe Lotmol oi J~mtmxue

    Tfe hma oi tfmz zejtmol oi tfe rhre~ mz to outcmle h joljertuhc i~haepo~g tfht zfopz foptfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue jhl ne deimled, Tfe ~ezuct pmcc ne h t}roco`} tfht jolzmztz oi tf~eedmiie~elt roteltmhc deimlmtmolz, Pe romlt out tfht pe ihyou~ ole oi tfeze tf~ee deimlmtmolz, Ml

    tfmz zejtmol# pe pmcc dmzjuzz tf~ee ph}z oi fop j~mtmxue fhz neel deimled ml tfe rhzt, Im~zt#pe pmcc iojuz ol h Ah~vmhl ulde~zthldml` hld ol J~mtmjhc Tfeo~} &>,8,-# tfel rozmtmymztmj&>,>,- hld roztaode~l &>,:,- hrr~ohjfez,

    >,8, Tfe Lotmol oi J~mtmxue ml Ah~vmzt J~mtmjhc Tfeo~}

    Mt mz ou~ jolteltmol tfht `myel tfe r~edoamlhlje oi leocmne~hc ejoloam{htmol# Ah~vmztj~mtmxue mz rh~tmjuch~c} maro~thlt todh} nejhuze mt zt~ezzez tfe doamlhlt ~oce tfht ejoloamjmlte~eztz rch} ml jhrmthcmza hld hccopz xueztmolml` tfeze mlte~eztz hld tfe ulde~c}ml`zt~ujtu~ez, Tfe~eio~e tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue tfht pe phlt to hdyhlje mz tfe Ah~vmhl ole# hzdeimled ml tfe Mlt~odujtmol to tfe J~mtmxue oi Fe`ecz Rfmcozorf} oi ^m`ft; Tfeo~} mz jhrhnce

    oi `~mrrml` tfe ahzzez hz zool hz mt deaolzt~htez hd foamlea# hld mt deaolzt~htez hdfoamlea hz zool hz mt nejoaez ~hdmjhc, To ne ~hdmjhc mz to `~hzr tfe ~oot oi tfe ahtte~,Nut# io~ ahl# tfe ~oot mz ahl fmazeci, &,,,- Tfe j~mtmjmza oi ~ecm`mol eldz pmtf tfe tehjfml`tfht ahl mz tfe fm`fezt ezzelje io~ ahl felje# pmtf tfe jhte`o~mj mare~htmye tooye~tf~op hcc ~echtmolz ml pfmjf ahl mz h denhzed# elzchyed# hnhldoled# dezrmjhnceezzelje# ~echtmolz pfmjf jhllot ne nette~ dezj~mned tfhl n} tfe j~} oi h I~eljfahl pfel mtphz rchlled to mlt~oduje h thv ol do`z; Roo~ do`z( Tfe} phlt to t~eht }ou hz fuahlneml`z( &Ah~v 8644h; :65-,

    Tfe~e h~e tf~ee maro~thlt eceaeltz oi tfmz lotmol oi j~mtmxue;

    Ermzteaoco`} Dmhcejtmjhc ^ehcmza;Tfe ahte~mhc po~cd mz zeel hz r~mah~} hld mz `~hzred# dezj~mned# hlhc}{ed# hld rh~tc}

    t~hlzio~aed n} fuahlz ml hjhdeamj po~g, Hlhc}zez h~e joldujted tfht h~e coogml` io~tfe Ezzelje oi zojmethc Evmztelje n} mdeltmi}ml` jolt~hdmjtmolz tfht cme ht tfe feh~t oideyecoraelt, Hlhc}zez h~e joldujted tfht h~e coogml` io~ tfe Ezzelje oi zojmethcEvmztelje n} mdeltmi}ml` jolt~hdmjtmolz tfht cme ht tfe feh~t oi deyecoraelt , J~mtmjhctfeo~} hlhc}{ez zojmhc rfeloaelh lot nhzed ol mlzt~uaelthc ~ehzol hld ole!dmaelzmolhc co`mj# m,e, mt ore~htez; 8, Pmtf tfe hzzuartmol tfht rfeloaelh do lot fhyecmleh~ jhuzez hld eiiejtz# nut h~e jolt~hdmjto~}# orel# d}lhamj# hld jh~~} je~thmldeyecoraelt roteltmhcz ml tfea hld felje zfoucd ne joljemyed ml joarcev io~az7 >,Nhzed ol tfe mlzm`ft tfht ~ehcmt} zfoucd ne joljemyed hz fhyml` lemtfe~ olc} orro~tulmtmez

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 884

    lo~ olc} ~mzgz# nut jolt~hdmjto~} teldeljmez tfht roze notf rozmtmye hld le`htmyeroteltmhcz ht tfe zhae tmae tfht h~e ~ehcm{ed o~ zurr~ezzed n} fuahl zojmhc r~hjtmje,Dmhcejtmj hlhc}zmz ml tfmz joltevt aehlz joarcev d}lhamj tfmlgml`# ~ehcmza hl hlhc}zmz oi~ehc rozzmnmcmtmez hld h dmhcejtmj oi rezzmamza hld ortmamza, Ml h dmhcejtmjhc hlhc}zmz#rfeloaelh h~e hlhc}{ed ml te~az oi tfe dmhcejtmjz oi h`elj} hld zt~ujtu~ez# dmzjoltmlumt}hld joltmlumt}# tfe ole hld tfe ahl}# roteltmhcmt} hld hjtuhcmt}# `conhc hld cojhc# ym~tuhc

    hld ~ehc# ortmamza hld rezzmamza# ezzelje hld evmztelje# maahlelje hldt~hlzjeldelje# etj, Oltoco`} ! Ahte~mhcmza;

    J~mtmjhc tfeo~} mz ahte~mhcmztmj ml tfe zelze tfht mt hdd~ezzez rfeloaelh hld r~onceaz lotml te~az oi hnzocute mdehz hld r~edete~amled zojmethc deyecoraelt# nut ml te~az oi~ezou~je dmzt~mnutmol hld zojmhc zt~u``cez, ^ehcmt} mz zeel ml te~az tfht hdd~ezzople~zfmr# r~myhte r~ore~t}# ~ezou~je dmzt~mnutmol# zojmhc zt~u``cez# rope~# ~ezou~jejolt~oc# evrcomthtmol# hld doamlhtmol, Ml zujf hl eldehyou~ h ~ehjtuhcm{ed lotmol oi jchzzmz oi jelt~hc maro~thlje &ji, Iujfz >226h; jfhrte~ 0,:-,To ahge h ahte~mhcmztmj hlhc}zmz hczo aehlz to joljemye zojmet} hz le`htmymt}# to mdeltmi}hlth`olmzaz aehlz to thge h coog ht jolt~hdmjto~} teldeljmez tfht ~echte to ole hld tfezhae rfeloaelol# j~ehte zojmethc r~onceaz hld ~exum~e h iuldhaelthc z}zteamj jfhl`eml o~de~ to ne dmzzocyed, To hlhc}{e zojmet} hz jolt~hdmjto~} hczo aehlz to jolzmde~ mt hzd}lhamj z}ztea nejhuze jolt~hdmjtmolz jhuze deyecoraelt hld aoyeaelt oi ahtte~,Ml o~de~ to hdd~ezz tfe le`htmymt} oi joltearo~h~} zojmet} hld mtz roteltmhc# ~ezeh~jfhczo leedz to ne o~melted ol tfe tothcmt}, Tfht dmhcejtmjz mz h rfmcozorf} oi tothcmt} ml tfmzjoltevt aehlz tfht zojmet} mz hlhc}{ed ol h ahj~o!zjhce ml o~de~ to `~hzrz mtz r~onceazhld tfht ~ehzolz io~ tfe lejezzmt} oi rozmtmye t~hlzio~ahtmolz h~e to ne `myel,

    Hvmoco`} Le`html` tfe le`htmye;Hcc j~mtmjhc hrr~ohjfez ml ole o~ tfe otfe~ ~ezrejt thge tfe zthldromlt oi orr~ezzed o~evrcomted jchzzez hld mldmymduhcz hld ahge tfe kud`eaelt tfht zt~ujtu~ez oi orr~ezzmolhld evrcomthtmol neleimt je~thml jchzzez ht tfe evrelze oi otfe~z hld felje zfoucd ne~hdmjhcc} t~hlzio~aed n} zojmhc zt~u``cez, Tfmz ymep jolztmtutez h io~a oi onkejtmymt},J~mtmjhc tfeo~} doez lot hjjert evmztml` zojmhc zt~ujtu~ez hz tfe} h~e# mt mz lot mlte~ezted mlzojmet} hz mt mz# nut ml pfht mt joucd ne hld joucd nejoae, Mt dejolzt~ujtz mdeoco`mez tfht

    jchma tfht zoaetfml` jhllot ne jfhl`ed hld zfopz roteltmhc joulte~!teldeljmez hldhcte~lhtmye aodez oi deyecoraelt, Tfht tfe le`htmye hlth`olmzaz h~e zunchted mltorozmtmye ~ezuctz mz lot hl hutoahtmza# nut dereldz ol tfe ~ehcm{htmol oi r~hjtmjhc io~jez oijfhl`e tfht fhye h roteltmhc to ~mze i~oa tfe mlzmde oi tfe z}zteaz ml xueztmol ml o~de~ tor~oduje h t~hlzjeldelthc outzmde tfht nejoaez h lep pfoce, Tfe hvmoco`mjhc dmaelzmoloi j~mtmxue mz hl mlte~ihje netpeel tfeo~} hld rocmtmjhc r~hvmz,

    Ah~juze &8=:0- evrchmlz tfht j~mtmjhc tfeo~} dmiie~z i~oa t~hdmtmolhc tfeo~} nejhuze mt mzo~melted ol ahte~mhc jfhl`ez oi zojmet} tfht r~oduje ~ehzol hld fhrrmlezz io~ hcc,T~hdmtmolhc tfeo~} poucd ne mdehcmztmj hld mldmymduhcmztmj nejhuze mt poucd joljemye i~eedoahld ~ehzol hz h zthte oi amld# lot hz h ahte~mhc zthte oi zojmet}, Nhzed ol mtz ahte~mhcmza#j~mtmjhc tfeo~} poucd ne o~melted ol zojmhc zt~u``cez oi zuno~dmlhted `~ourz, Ah~juze zetzout tfht j~mtmjhc tfeo~} mz onkejtmye hld lo~ahtmye ml tfe zelze tfht mt orrozez tfe

    zuno~dmlhtmol oi fuahlz ulde~ tfe ejoloa} &evrcomthtmol oi chnou~- hld deahldz h lep#dmiie~elt tothcmt}, Tfe joaaol eceaelt oi mdehcmzt rfmcozorf} hld j~mtmjhc tfeo~} poucd netfht tfe} notf le`hte jhrmthcmza# tfe im~zt n} tfe lotmol oi tfe i~ee tfmlgml` mldmymduhc tfht mzao~e tfhl hl ejoloamj zunkejt# tfe zejold n} tfe mlte~r~ethtmol oi i~eedoa hz h `ele~hczthte oi zojmet} tfht fuahlz fhye to zt~u``ce io~, Fo~gfemae~ &8=:0/8=02- h~`uez tfhtt~hdmtmolhc tfmlgml` mz o~melted ol mlzt~uaelthc ~ehzol, Mt poucd ne hl hlhc}zmz oi tfht pfmjfmz rozmtmyec} `myel hld poucd hiim~a doamlhtmol tf~ou`f mtz mdehc oi etfmjhc leut~hcmt}, J~mtmjhcTfeo~} ml jolt~hzt poucd ~eicejt tfe dmiie~elje netpeel rozzmnmcmt} hld evmztelje,

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 885

    Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue zfopz tfe fmzto~mjhc hld mdeoco`mjhc jfh~hjte~ oi jhrmthcmza, Hz Ah~vmhlj~mtmxue hlhc}{ez tfe mlfe~elt jolt~hdmjtmolz oi jhrmthcmza tfht r~oduje j~mzez# mt zfopz tfhtjhrmthcmza tf~ou`f tfe hlth`olmza netpeel r~odujtmye io~jez hld ~echtmolz oi r~odujtmoljolthmlz hld deyecorz mtz opl le`htmymt}, Zujf h aetfod oi j~mtmxue mz maahlelt j~mtmxue# mtzth~tz i~oa tfe joldmtmolz oi jhrmthcmza pmtfout hrrehcml` to t~hlzfmzto~mjhc yhcuez,Fopeye~# zujf hl mlte~r~ethtmol oi Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue hz ru~e maahlelt j~mtmxue fhz

    fmzto~mjhcc} ~ezucted ml dete~amlmztmj mlte~r~ethtmolz oi fmzto~} tfht fhye neel fmzto~mjhcc}ihczmimed, Tfe~eio~e mt fhz neel zt~ezzed tfht Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue hczo jolthmlz t~hlzjeldelthceceaeltz &e,`, Cugez 8=65# Zh}e~z 8==0- tfe ymzmol oi h jo!ore~htmye zojmet} hz tfe neztio~a oi fuahl evmztelje, Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue mz t~hlzjeldelthc lot ml hl mdehcmztmj o~ ~ecm`mouzzelze# tfe t~hlzjeldelje tfht mt mah`mlez mz h lot!}et evmztelt zojmet} tfht mz hltmjmrhted n}tfe evmztelje oi tfe r~oceth~mht hld tfht fhz mtz ahte~mhc r~ejoldmtmolz ml jhrmthcmzt mtzeci, Mtmz hl maahlelt t~hlzjeldelje joaml` i~oa tfe mlzmde oi zojmet} mtzeci, Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue jhlml tfmz zelze ne nezt mlte~r~eted hz dmhcejtmj oi maahlelje hld t~hlzjeldelje, Zmlje tfechte 8=02z Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue hld t~hlzjeldelthcz ml `ele~hc fhye joae ulde~ fehy} htthjgn} roztaode~l tfou`ft# pfmjf h~`ued tfht hcc lotmolz oi t~utf hld ezzelje h~e tothcmth~mhl,Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue phz mlj~ehzml`c} zure~zeded n} zt~mjtc} maahlelt j~mtmxuez &ji, e,`,Deceu{e >228# Ioujhuct 8=00# C}oth~d 8=0=- o~melted ol mdeltmt} rocmtmjz hld cojhc ~eio~az,Roztaode~lmza fhz ml ~ejelt }eh~z neel jfhccel`ed n} yh~mouz hrr~ohjfez tfht zfop h lepiojuz ol t~hlzjeldelthc lotmolz oi Ah~vmzt j~mtmxue; t~hlzihjtuhcmt} n} ^o} Nfhzgh~ &8==:-#t~hlzj~mtmxue n} Gokml Gh~hthlm &>22:-# o~ tfe t~hlzearm~mjhc hz tothcmt} oi tfe po~cd tfht mz`myel ~ehzol io~ n} dmhcejtmjhc rfmcozorf} ml tfe po~gz oi Fhlz Feml{ Foc{ &>225-,

    Iotmlm Yhgm &>225- fhz h~`ued tfht t~hlzjeldelthc eceaeltz ml Ah~vmzt tfmlgml`# ezrejmhcc}Fhne~ahz lotmol oi joaaulmjhtmye ~htmolhcmt} ml doamlhtmolcezz dmzjou~ze# h~e ulfmzto~mjhc#mdehcmztmj# ietmzfmztmj# hld nhzed ol tfe lotmol oi hl ezzeltmhc hld ru~e mdeltmt}, Hlhcte~lhtmye poucd ne h joarcete maahlelt j~mtmjhc tfeo~}, Fe zeez zujf hl maahlelje~ehcm{ed ml Hdo~loz Le`htmye Dmhcejtmjz# pfmjf mz iojuzml` ol mlte~lhc jolt~hdmjtmolz hldle`htmolz oi jhrmthcmza hld doez lot hzzuae h t~hlzjeldelthc outzmde, Fopeye~# mt jhl neh~`ued tfht ml Hdo~loz tfeo~}# lol!mdeltmt} ~ehcm{ed ml tfe rozmtmol oi tfe j~mtmjhc tfeo~mztpfo ahmlthmlz h rozmtmol outzmde oi mlzt~uaelthc ~ehzol hld hutoloaouz h~t ml fmz

    Heztfetmj Tfeo~}jolztmtute t~hlzjeldelthcz nejhuze tfe} h~e jolzmde~ed hz ~ezmztml`aoaeltz tfht xueztmol tfe ~er~ezzmye tothcmt}, Hcc Ah~vmzt tfmlgml` to h je~thml evteltjolthmlz t~hlzjeldelthc eceaeltz,

    Zoae onze~ye~z fhye h~`ued tfht Fo~gfemae~z hld Hdo~loz j~mtmjhc tfeo~} phz hlmaahlelt j~mtmxue &Jhcfoul 8==5; >:7 Folletf >220; 98# 94-, Nut io~ notf AhvFo~gfemae~ hld Tfeodo~ Hdo~lo t~hlzjeldelthc eceaeltz oi J~mtmjhc Tfeo~} h~e maro~thlt,Zo e,`, Fo~gfemae~ zrehgz oi tfe leed io~ h zojmet} pmtfout mlkuztmje o~ joldmtmolz pmtfoutevrcomthtmol hld orr~ezzmol &Fo~gfemae~ 8=:0/8=02; >:6# >50-, Ml tfe jfhrte~ ol TfeJoljert oi Elcm`ftelaeltml tfe Dmhcejtmj oi Elcm`ftelaelt# Fo~gfemae~ h~`uez tfhtt~hlzjeldelthcmza mz maro~thlt hld mz dezt~o}ed n} rozmtmymzt tfmlgml` tfht mz nhzed ol ru~emaahlelje; Tfe ru~e maahlelje oi rozmtmymza# mtz uctmahte r~odujt# mz lotfml` otfe~ tfhlh io~a oi ulmye~zhc thnoo, Lotfml` mz hccoped to ~eahml outzmde# zmlje tfe ae~e mdeh oi tfe

    outzmde mz tfe ~ehc zou~je oi ieh~, &,,,-, Elcm`fteled tfmlgml` fhz hl hlzpe~ io~ tfmz# too;imlhcc}# tfe t~hlzjeldelthc zunkejt oi glopced`e# hz tfe chzt ~eamlde~ oi zunkejtmymt}# mz mtzecizeeaml`c} hnocmzfed hld ~erchjed n} tfe ore~htmolz oi tfe hutoahtmj aejfhlmzaz oi o~de~#pfmjf tfe~eio~e ~ul hcc tfe ao~e zaootfc} &Fo~gfemae~/Hdo~lo 8=44/>22>; 88# >:-, Tfezerhzzh`ez zfop tfht Fo~gfemae~ jolzmde~ed t~hlzjeldelthcmza ye~} maro~thlt hld hz h io~aoi lol!mdeltmt} tfht leedz to ne urfecd h`hmlzt rozmtmymza,

    Maahlelje io~ Fo~gfemae~ hld Hdo~lo phz lot h rozmtmye iehtu~e oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~}# nut phzzeel hz tfe iehtu~e ml zojmet} tfht j~mtmjhc tfeo~} xueztmolz,

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    R h ` e s 889

    Eyel tfoze pfo h~`ue tfht jhrmthcmza tf~ou`f mtz mlle~ jolt~hdmjtmolz r~odujez j~mzez hldfelje mtz opl deamze# pfmjf pmcc ~ezuct ml joaaulmza# fhye tfe lotmol oi h lot!}et evmztml`outzmde, Tfe xueztmol mz olc} to pfmjf de`~ee tfmz t~hlzjeldelthcmza mz zt~ezzed hld fop mtmz ~echted to h`elj} o~ roteltmhc h`elj}, Fe~e# yh~mouz t~hdmtmolz oi Ah~vmhl tfmlgml` dmiie~,Hcc oi tfea fhye ml joaaol tfht tfe t~hlzjeldelthc eceaeltz h~e lot rozmted outzmde oizojmet}# nut h~e hljfo~ed ml tfe mlle~ jolt~hdmjtmolz oi jhrmthcmza# zujf hz tfe hlth`olmza

    netpeel tfe r~odujtmye io~jez hld tfe ~echtmolz oi r~odujtmol, Felje Ah~vmztt~hlzjeldelthcmza mz ahte~mhcmzt hld nhzed ol h zojmethc maahlelje# mt mz hl maahleltt~hlzjeldelthcmza o~ t~hlzjeldelthc maahlelje, Zt~ujtu~hc Ah~vmztz teld to h~`ue tfht tfeiutu~e oi zojmet} mz ahmlc} zfhred n} tfe mlte~lhc jolt~hdmjtmolz oi jhrmthcmza# pfmjf h~ezeel hz jolztmtutml` h roteltmhc outzmde hld/o~ h ~er~ezzmye mdeoco`mjhc hiim~ahtmol oi tfezthtuz xuo, Fuahlmzt Ah~vmztz teld to h~`ue tfht tfe roteltmhc outzmde mz jolztmtuted ahmlc}tf~ou`f jchzz zt~u``cez, H tfm~d rozmtmol t~mez to joanmle notf zt~ujtu~hc hld h`elj}!o~melted maahlelt t~hlzjeldelthcmza,

    Ml tfem~ denhte ol ^ejo`lmtmol o~ ^edmzt~mnutmol?&I~hze~/Folletf >22:-# j~mtmjhc tfeo~mztzLhlj} I~hze~ hld Hvec Folletf notf h~`ue io~ tfe rfmcozorfmjhc rozmtmol oi maahleltt~hlzjeldelje, I~hze~ jfh~hjte~m{ez tfmz rozmtmol hz zeegml` io~ h iootfocd ml tfe zojmhcpo~cd tfht zmaucthleouzc} romltz ne}old mt &I~hze~/Folletf >22:; >2>-, Folletf zrehgz oi

    tfe dmhcejtmj oi maahlelje hld t~hlzjeldelje &I~hze~/Folletf >22:; >:6-, Folletf&>220; 50!9=- dmztml`umzfez netpeel h jolzt~ujtmye# t~hlzjeldelthc j~mtmxue# h~ejolzt~ujtmye# maahlelt j~mtmxue# hld h Ioujhuctmhl `elehco`mjhc j~mtmxue, J~mtmjhc tfeo~}poucd joanmle hcc tf~ee io~az, Ml tfe denhte pmtf I~hze~# fe jfh~hjte~m{ez tfmz joanmlhtmolhz maahlelt t~hlzjeldelje, T~hlzjeldelje auzt ne htthjfed to h io~a oi r~hjtmje o~evre~melje pfmjf mz ol tfe ole fhld mldmzrelzhnce io~ zojmhc ~er~odujtmol# hld ol tfe otfe~fhld opml` to mtz lo~ahtmye zu~rcuz romltz ne}old hcc `myel io~a oi zojmhc o~`hlm{htmol,&- t~hlzjeldelje zfoucd ne h r~ore~t} oi maahlelje mtzeci# zo tfht tfe ihjtmjmt} oi zojmhc~echtmolz hcph}z jolthmlz h dmaelzmol oi t~hlzjeldml` jchmaz &I~hze~/Folletf >22:; >44-,Tfe dmiie~elje mz tfht I~hze~ zeez tfe maahlelt eceaelt oi joltearo~h~} zojmet} tfht jhlt~hlzjeld mt ml zojmhc aoyeaeltz tfht el`h`e ml rocmtmjhc zt~u``cez &I~hze~/Folletf >22:;>25-# pfe~ehz Folletf mz ye~} j~mtmjhc oi lep zojmhc aoyeaeltz &I~hze~/Folletf >22:;

    884!8>5-# jolzmde~z tfea hz ~htfe~ hiim~ahtmye# hld zeez maahlelt t~hlzjeldelje ml hlonkejtmye ao~hcmt} tfht zfoucd ne ce`hcc} marceaelted ml tfe io~a oi chpz,

    >,>, Tfe Rozmtmymztmj Lotmol oi J~mtmxue

    Tfe dmiie~elje netpeel t~hdmtmolhc tfeo~} hld j~mtmjhc tfeo~} phz hczo tfe marcmjmt jhte`o~mjhcdmiie~elje ml tfe rozmtmymza denhte ml @e~ahl zojmoco`} ml 8=98, Io~ Gh~c ^, Rorre~ &8=9>-tfe aetfod oi tfe zojmhc zjmeljez mz `hmlml` hld dmiie~eltmhtml` glopced`e n} teztml`zocutmolz to r~onceaz, Tfmz aetfod poucd ne j~mtmjhc nejhuze zjfoch~z poucd xueztmol tfepo~gz oi otfe~z ml o~de~ to mar~oye glopced`e ml t~mhc hld e~~o~ r~ojezzez, Io~ Rorre~j~mtmxue mz hl ermzteaoco`mjhc aetfod tfht zfopz co`mjhc jolt~hdmjtmolz, Tfeodo~ P, Hdo~lo&8=9>- h~`uez tfht jolt~hdmjtmolz h~e lot olc} ermzteaoco`mjhc &ml tfe ~echtmol oi zunkejt!onkejt-# nut jhl ne mlfe~elt ml onkejtz tfeazecyez zo tfht tfe} jhllot ne ~ezocyed n}hjxum~ml` lep glopced`e &Mnmd,; 558-, Hdo~lo zt~ezzez tfht Rorre~z mdehc oi yhcue!i~eezjmelje mz zfhred n} tfe nou~`eomz joljert oi yhcue hz evjfhl`e yhcue &Mnmd,; 592-, Hdo~lo&8=9=n# >=8- zt~ezzez tfht rozmtmymza mz olc} o~melted ol hrreh~hlje# pfe~ehz J~mtmjhcTfeo~} zt~ezzez tfe dmiie~elje netpeel ezzelje hld hrreh~hlje, Fe romltz out tfhtRorre~z lotmol oi j~mtmxue mz zunkejtmye hld jo`lmtmye &8=9=n# :24-,

    Rorre~ jhl ne jolzmde~ed hz h ~er~ezelthtmye oi t~hdmtmolhc tfeo~} nejhuze fe zeez j~mtmxuehld t~utf hz mldmymduhc hld zunkejtmye joljertz, Tfeze h~e mdehcmztmj lotmolz io~ fma,

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    Hdo~loz lotmolz h~e ahte~mhcmztmj nejhuze fe zeez tfea hz o~melted ol zojmet} hz tothcmt}hld mtz ahte~mhc joldmtmolz,

    Tfe~e h~e zthldh~dm{ed rz}jfoco`mjhc teztz# zujf hz tfe Jhcmio~lmh J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml`Dmzrozmtmol Mlyelto~} &JJTDM- o~ tfe Phtzol!@chze~ J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` Hrr~hmzhc &P@JTH-#hyhmchnce tfht hma ht aehzu~ml` j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`, Fopeye~# aozt oi tfeze teztz h~e nhzed ol

    h ru~ec} rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue, Hzrejtz oi xueztmolml` doamlhtmol# hz t}rmjhc io~Ah~vmhl tfmlgml`# h~e amzzml`,

    Tfe hutfo~z oi tfe JJTDM tezt deimle j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` nhzed ol tfe ~ezuctz oi h Decrfmr~okejt tfht phz joldujted n} tfe Hae~mjhl Rfmcozorfmjhc Hzzojmhtmol ml 8==2, Tfe xuhcmtmezcmzted hcc ihcc pmtfml tfe jo`lmtmye hld joaaulmjhtmye dmaelzmolz oi tfe jelt~hcjfh~hjte~mztmjz oi rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml` &ji, Ihjmole et hc, 8==5-, Tfe JJTDM mz ahde ur oi 059!romlt cmge~t zjhce mteaz hld zeyel zjhcez &ji, Ihjmole et hc, 8==5# @mhljh~co hld Ihjmole>228-;8, T~utfzeegml` &dezm~e io~ nezt glopced`e# mljcmlhtmol to hzg jfhccel`ml` xueztmolz-#>, Orelamldedlezz &toce~hlje io~ lep mdehz hld dmye~`elt ymepz-#:, Hlhc}tmjmt} &hltmjmrhtml` dmiimjuctmez# hce~tlezz io~ tfe leed to mlte~yele hld zocyml`r~onceaz-#

    4, Z}zteahtmjmt} &mljcmlhtmol to ne o~`hlm{ed-#5, J~mtmjhc tfmlgml` zeci!jolimdelje &t~uzt ml olez opl ~ehzolml`-#9, Mlxumzmtmyelezz &mlteccejtuhc ju~mozmt} io~ ceh~lml` lep tfml`z-#0, Ahtu~mt} oi kud`aelt &kudmjmouzlezz ml joarcev dejmzmol!ahgml`-,Aozt oi tfeze zeyel zjhcez jhl ne ahrred to tf~ee jelt~hc eceaeltz oi rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml`;hzzezzaelt hld ormlmol io~ahtmol &4# 5# 9-# hzgml` xueztmolz &8-# jolzt~ujtmye jfhl`e &:#0-, Tfe zejold zjhce ~eicejtz tfe roztaode~l xuhcmt} oi rcu~hcmt}, Eceaeltz oi Ah~vmhlj~mtmxue h~e amzzml`# felje pe jolzmde~ tfmz tezt hld joarh~hnce otfe~ teztz lot zumthnce hzaetfodoco`mjhc `~ould io~ ou~ ztud} o~ io~ deimlml` j~mtmxue, Hlotfe~ cmamt oi tfmz tezt mz tfhtmt mz ru~ec} xuhltmthtmye hld tfe~eio~e jhllot thge mlto hjjoult xuhcmthtmye h~`uaeltz hldormlmolz tfht jhl olc} ne onze~yed mi ~ezroldeltz h~e hzged to p~mte hlzpe~z to hzgedxueztmolz,

    Tfe~e h~e hczo ao~e xuhcmthtmyec} o~melted teztz oi j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`# zujf hz tfe Ellmz!Pem~J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` Ezzh} Tezt &Ellmz hld Pem~ 8=65-, Tfe ~ezroldeltz h~e hzged to ~ehd hcette~ to tfe edmto~ oi h lepzrhre~ hld to p~mte h ~ezrolze rh~h`~hrf io~ ehjf rh~h`~hrf oitfe cette~, Tfe tezted jfh~hjte~mztmjz oi j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` h~e h`hml emtfe~ rozmtmymztmj &zujf hzzthtml` olez romlt# zeeml` tfe ~ehzolz hld hzzuartmolz# `ettml` tfe romlt# oiie~ml``ood ~ehzolz- o~ roztaode~l &zeeml` otfe~ rozzmnmcmtmez &mljcudml` otfe~ rozzmnceevrchlhtmolz- &Ellmz hld Pem~ 8=65; 8-,

    Nu~nucez hld Ne~g &8===; 49i- romlt out tfe dmiie~elje netpeel J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml`hrr~ohjfez hld Ah~vmhl!mlzrm~ed J~mtmjhc Redh`o`} ml edujhtmol; Tfe J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml`t~hdmtmol jolje~lz mtzeci r~mah~mc} pmtf j~mte~mh oi ermzteamj hdexuhj}, &,,,- Tfe r~mae toocz oiJ~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` h~e tfe zgmccz oi io~ahc hld mlio~ahc co`mj# joljertuhc hlhc}zmz# hldermzteaoco`}, &,,,- Tfe r~mah~} r~eojjurhtmol oi J~mtmjhc Redh`o`} mz pmtf zojmhc mlkuztmjehld fop to t~hlzio~a mlexumthnce# uldeaoj~htmj o~ orr~ezzmye mlztmtutmolz hld zojmhc~echtmolz,

    Fel~} @m~ouv fhz jfh~hjte~m{ed tfe J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` hrr~ohjf hz rozmtmymztmj hld mdeoco`mjhc;Tfe aozt rope~iuc# }et cmamted# deimlmtmol oi j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` joaez out oi tfe rozmtmymztt~hdmtmol ml tfe hrrcmed zjmeljez hld zuiie~z i~oa pfht M jhcc tfe Mlte~lhc Jolzmztelj}rozmtmol, Hjjo~dml` to tfe hdfe~eltz oi tfe Mlte~lhc Jolzmztelj} rozmtmol# j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`~eie~z r~mah~mc} to tehjfml` ztudeltz fop to hlhc}{e hld deyecor ~ehdml` hld p~mtml`hzzm`laeltz i~oa tfe re~zrejtmye oi io~ahc# co`mjhc rhtte~lz oi jolzmztelj} &,,,- Pfmce hcc oi

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    tfe ceh~lml` zgmccz h~e maro~thlt# tfem~ cmamthtmolz hz h pfoce cme ml pfht mz evjcuded# hld mt mzpmtf ~ezrejt to pfht mz amzzml` tfht tfe mdeoco`} oi zujf hl hrr~ohjf mz ~eyehced &@m~ouv8==4; >22i-,

    Nhzed ol tfe mlzm`ft tfht tfe J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` hrr~ohjf doez lot hjjoult io~ hzrejtz oiorr~ezzmol# pe h~e aetfodoco`mjhcc} o~melted ol ahgml` h dmztmljtmol tfht dmiie~eltmhtez h

    n~ohde~ ~hl`e oi roteltmhc joljertz oi j~mtmxue,

    >,:, Tfe Roztaode~l Lotmol oi J~mtmxue

    Tfe ahml roztaode~l j~mtmxue oi lotmolz zujf hz ezzelje# `~ould# iouldhtmol# t~utf# ulmt}#o~ ulmye~zhcz mz tfe h~`uaelt tfht zujf jhte`o~mez jhl ne uzed io~ ce`mtmahtml` `~hldlh~~htmyez oi doamlhtmol, Roztaode~lmztz h`ue tfht ezrejmhcc} Zoymet Ah~vmza uzed zujf hzt~hte`}, Tfe~eio~e mt poucd ne nette~ to hzzuae tfht hcc zojmhc zt~ujtu~ez h~e ru~e zojmhcjolzt~ujtmolz# tfht fmzto~} mz iucc} ~echtmye hld orel to jfhlje# hld tfht tfe~e h~e lo io~azoi ulmt} hld ulmye~zhc joaaolhcmtmez oi fuahlz o~ zojmet}, Kudmtf Nutce~ ml tfmz joltevth~`uez h`hmlzt dmhcejtmjhc tfmlgml` tfht dmhcejtmjhc jhuzhtmol mlt~odujez h r~mahj} oi je~thml

    jhte`o~mez tfht zfe zeez hz mare~mhcm{ml` `eztu~e oi dmhcejtmjhc hrr~or~mhtmol &Nutce~ 8==2;8=-, Dmhcejtmjhc hrr~or~mhtmol hld zurr~ezzmol oi tfe Otfe~ mz ole thjtmj haol` ahl}#derco}ed jelt~hcc} nut lot evjcuzmyec} ml tfe ze~ymje oi evrhldml` hld ~htmolhcm{ml` tfeahzjucmlmzt doahml &Nutce~ 8==2; 8=-,

    Tfe roztzt~ujtu~hcmzt j~mtmxue oi ulmye~zhc ezzelje fhz aozt jceh~c} neel io~auchted n}Ioujhuct hld `oez nhjg to fmz mlte~r~ethtmol oi Lmet{zjfe, Tfe aetfod oi `elehco`} poucdne orrozed to tfe zeh~jf io~ o~m`mlz# tfml`z poucd fhye lo ezzelje o~ &,,,- tfem~ ezzeljephz ihn~mjhted ml h rmejeaehc ihzfmol i~oa hcmel io~az &Ioujhuct 8=00; 84>-, Fmzto~} poucdlot fhye tfe mlfe~elt roteltmhc io~ i~eedoa hld ~ehzol; Fuahlmt} doezlt `~hduhcc}r~o`~ezz i~oa joanht to joanht ultmc mt h~~myez ht ulmye~zhc ~ejmr~ojmt}# pfe~e tfe ~uce oichp imlhcc} ~erchjez ph~ih~e7 fuahlmt} mlzthccz ehjf oi mtz ymoceljez ml h z}ztea oi ~ucez hldtfuz r~ojeedz i~oa doamlhtmol to doamlhtmol &858-, @elehco`} ~eiuzez tfe je~thmlt} oi

    hnzocutez &85>-# fmzto~} poucd ne le`htmye# doamlhtmye# jfhlje# jolicmjt# cozt# hld hl e~~o~,@elehco`} poucd ne dm~ejted h`hmlzt tfe lotmol oi fmzto~} hz; 8, ^eamlmzjelje o~~ejo`lmtmol7 >, Joltmlumt} o~ ~er~ezelthtmye oi h t~hdmtmol7 :, T~utf hld glopced`e &892-,Tfml`z zfoucd ne deimled pmtfout ~eie~elje to tfe `~ould# tfe iouldhtmol oi tfml`z# nut n}~echtml` tfea to tfe nod} oi ~ucez tfht elhnce tfea to io~a hz onkejtz oi h dmzjou~ze hldtfuz jolztmtute tfe joldmtmolz oi tfem~ fmzto~mjhc hrreh~hlje &Ioujhuct >22>; 5:-,

    Zmamch~ mdehz pe~e io~auchted n} ^o~t}, Zo pe fhye joae to dmzt~uzt tfe reorce pfo tecc uztfht }ou jhllot jfhl`e fuahl lhtu~e h zco`hl tfht phz earco}ed h`hmlzt tfe edujhtmoloi poael# mlte~~hjmhc ah~~mh`e# hld `h} cmne~htmol &^o~t} 8==6-,

    Mt mz je~thmlc} maro~thlt hld t~ue tfht tfe lotmol oi ezzelje fhz neel uzed hz hl mdeoco`}tfht ce`mtmahtez orr~ezzmol, Zo e,`, Fmtce~ h~`ued tfht tfe mlle~ ezzelje oi Kepz mz

    rh~hzmtmza, Fe p~ote ml Aeml Gharitfht tfe Kep ml o~de~ to jh~~} ol fmz evmztelje hz hrh~hzmte ol otfe~ reorcez# fe mz io~jed to del} fmz mlle~ lhtu~e &Fmtce~ 8=>5; ::5-8,Fe~ne~t Ah~juze &8=48- fhz h~`ued tfht tfe Lh{m lotmol oi ezzelje mz nhzed olrh~tmjuch~mza hld mz orrozed to tfe Fe`ecmhl hld Ah~vmhl lotmol oi ezzelje# pfmjf hzzuaeztfe evmztelje oi ulmye~zhc xuhcmtmez oi fuahlz hld zojmet}, Io~ Fe`ec# ezzelje mz lot hrh~tmjuch~mztmj# nut h ulmye~zhcmztmj joljert, Fe h~`uez; Tfe Hnzocute mz tfe Ezzelje &Fe`ec86:2; 88>-, Ezzelje mz `~ould oi evmztelje, Tfe `~ould mz tfe ulmt} oi mdeltmt} hlddmiie~elje &,,,- Mt mz ezzelje rut evrcmjmtc} hz h tothcmt} &Fe`ec 86:2; 8>8-, Ml Ah~vzrfmcozorfmjhc p~mtml`z# Fe`ecmhl ezzelje mz mlte~r~eted hz zojmhcmt} hld jo!ore~htmol, Tfe

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    mldmymduhc mz tfe zojmhc neml` &Ah~v 8644n; 5:6-, Tfe marcmjhtmol oi tfmz hzzuartmol mz tfhtjo!ore~htmol mz zoaetfml` tfht hcc fuahlz zfh~e# tfht jhrmthcmza hcmelhtez tfe roteltmhcz io~jhrmthcmza# hld tfht zojmethc joldmtmolz zfoucd ne j~ehted tfht hccop hcc fuahlz torh~tmjmrhte hld to fhye exuhcc} ~ehcm{ed ~m`ftz hld to cmye ml exumt}, Mt mz tfmz zt~ezz olulmye~zhc exumt} tfht ced to tfe Lh{mzfoztmcmt} toph~dz Fe`ec hld Ah~v, Zo e,`, ml tfe ahmlpo~g n} Hci~ed ^ozelne~` &8=:2-# tfe Lh{mz r~mah~} mdeoco`mzt# Fe`ec mz orrozed nejhuze

    io~ fma tfe zthte phz h ulmye~zhc joljert, ^ozelne~` h~`uez tfht Fe`ecz hld Ah~vzp~mtml`z h~e io~em`l to tfe lotmol oi ncood &ncuti~ead- &^ozelne~` 8=:2; 5>5-# pfe~ehzLmet{zjfe mz jecen~hted hz zoaeole pfo dezt~o}ed hcc yhcuez hld ztood io~ tfe n~eedml` oi hfm`fe~ ~hje &~hzzmzjfe Fojf{ujft- &^ozelne~` 8=:2; 5>5-, Fe~ne~t Ah~juze zuaah~m{eztfe Lh{mz orrozmtmol toph~dz Fe`ecz ulmye~zhcmza; Tfe zthte hz ~ehzol tfht mz# hz h~htmolhc pfoce# `oye~led n} ulmye~zhcc} yhcmd chpz# jhcjuchnce hld cujmd ml mtz ore~htmol#r~oiezzml` to r~otejt tfe ezzeltmhc mlte~ezt oi eye~} mldmymduhc pmtfout dmzj~mamlhtmol tfmzio~a oi zthte mz r~ejmzec} pfht Lhtmolhc Zojmhcmza jhllot toce~hte &Ah~juze 8=48; 48:-,

    Tfe roztaode~lmzt elamt} toph~dz ulmye~zhcmza hld ezzelje ahgez mt marozzmnce toelymzmol h zthte oi zojmet}# ml pfmjf tfe~e mz ulmye~zhc pehctf hld pecc!neml` io~ hcc# hldmarozzmnce to hzzezz zujf joldmtmolz hz lo~ahtmyec} dezm~hnce, Roztaode~lmza doez lotfhye h rocmtmjhc ymzmol, Nutce~ &8==2- hld ^o~t} &8==6- h~`ue tfht hl eae~`ml` ulmt} mz

    hjjerthnce mi mt mz lot hr~mo~m elymzmoled# nut eae~`ez zrolthleouzc}, Ioujhuct &8=00-h~`uez tfht fuahl fmzto~} mz h zexuelje oi doamlhtmol, Fe zeez lo rozzmnmcmt} io~ tfe~ehcm{htmol oi ulmye~zhc ~ehzol hld fhrrmlezz, Tfht zoaetfml` eae~`ez zrolthleouzc} i~oanecop doez lot `uh~hltee tfht mt neleimtz hcc, Nutce~z hld ^o~t}z roztaode~l hltm!ezzeltmhcmza hld hltm!iouldhtmolhcmza mz ~echtmymztmj# mt exuhcm{ez hcc zojmethc joldmtmolz# e,`,ihzjmza hld rh~tmjmrhto~} deaoj~hj}# hld tfe~eio~e ml ou~ ormlmol t~mymhcm{ez tfe neztmhcmt} oiihzjmza nejhuze mt doez lot r~oymde jhte`o~mez tfht hccop lo~ahtmye kud`eaelt oi zujfjoldmtmolz, Ioujhuctz hltm!ezzeltmhcmza hld hltm!iouldhtmolhcmza ~ezuctz ml h le`htmyejoljert oi fmzto~}, Hctfou`f fe orrozez ulmye~zhcmza hld ezzeltmhcmza# fe ezzeltmhcm{ezfuahl fmzto~} hz lejezzh~} doamlhtmye, Ioujhuctz aetfod oi `elehco`} doez lot glop tferozzmnmcmt} oi fuahl hld zojmethc nette~aelt# pehctf hld exumt} io~ hcc,

    Tfe hcte~lhtmye io~ uz mz to hzzuae# hz Fe~ne~t Ah~juze dmd# tfht tfe~e h~e ulmye~zhc fuahljfh~hjte~mztmjz zujf hz zojmhcmt}# jo!ore~htmol# o~ tfe dezm~e io~ pehctf# fhrrmlezz# i~eedoa#~ehzol# tfht joldmtmolz zfoucd ne j~ehted tfht hccop tfe ulmye~zhc ~ehcm{htmol oi tfezexuhcmtmez# tfht zojmetmez tfht do lot `uh~hltee tfe ~ehcm{htmol oi tfeze fuahl roteltmhcz h~eihcze zojmetmez# hld tfht jolzjmouzlezz tfht phltz to re~retuhte zujf ihcze zojmethcjoldmtmolz mz ihcze jolzjmouzlezz, Zujf h io~a oi ulmye~zhcmza mz lot tothcmth~mhl# nut zfoucdne ~ehd hz h io~a oi fuahlmza tfht zt~u``cez io~ ulmye~zhc exumt}, Olc} tfe hzzuartmol tfhttfe~e mz zoaetfml` rozmtmye tfht hcc fuahlz fhye ml joaaol hccopz tfe elymzmolml` oi hzthte pfe~e hcc fuahlz h~e `uh~hlteed exuhc iuldhaelthc ~m`ftz hz dezm~hnce, Zujfezzeltmhc joldmtmolz h~e lot `myel hld elymzmoled hutoahtmjhcc}# tfe} fhye fmzto~mjhcjfh~hjte~ hld ulde~ `myel ejoloamj# rocmtmjhc# juctu~hc# hld tejfloco`mjhc joldmtmolz tfe}jhl ne ~ehjfed to h je~thml de`~ee, Fuahlz fhye tfe hnmcmt} to zt~u``ce hld to hjtjolzjmouzc} ml t~hlzio~ahtmye ph}z, Tfe~eio~e ehjf zojmethc erojf mz zfhred n} tfe xueztmol

    mi fuahlz pmcc o~ pmcc lot hjt to j~ehte hld ~ehcm{e tfe erojfz mlfe~elt hld d}lhamjhcc}deyecorml` roteltmhcz o~ lot, Tfe} zfhre hld roteltmhcc} elfhlje tfe zrhje oi rozzmnmcmtmezhld ht tfe zhae tmae hjt o~ do lot hjt to ~ehcm{e tfeze j~ehted rozzmnmcmtmez, Fuahlezzeltmhcz h~e zunzthltmhc# mi tfe} h~e hjfmeyed o~ lot hld to pfmjf evtelt tfe} jhl ne~ehcm{ed hld fop tfe} deyecor mz joarcetec} fmzto~mjhc# m,e, nhzed ol fuahl h`elj}, MlAh~vz po~gz tfe le`htmymt} oi ~ehcmt} nejoaez h fmzto~mjhc joldmtmol pfmjf jhllot nef}rozthtm{ed hz h aethrf}zmjhc zthte oi hiihm~z, &- Tfe `myel zthte oi hiihm~z mz le`htmye hldjhl ne ~elde~ed rozmtmye olc} n} cmne~html` tfe rozzmnmcmtmez maahlelt ml mt, &- T~utf# mlzfo~t# mz lot h ~ehca hrh~t i~oa fmzto~mjhc ~ehc mt}# lo~ h ~e`mol oi ete~lhcc} yhcmd mdehz, &-

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8>2

    Lot tfe zcm`ftezt lhtu~hc lejezzmt} o~ hutoahtmj mleymthnmcmt} `uh~hlteez tfe t~hlzmtmol i~oajhrmthcmza to zojmhcmza, &- Tfe ~eyocutmol ~exum~ez tfe ahtu~mt} oi ahl} io~jez# nut tfe`~ehtezt haol` tfea mz tfe zunkejtmye io~je# lhaec}# tfe ~eyocutmolh~} jchzz mtzeci, Tfe~ehcm{htmol oi i~eedoa hld ~ehzol ~exum~ez tfe i~ee ~htmolhcmt} oi tfoze pfo hjfmeye mt,Ah~vmhl tfeo~} mz# tfel# mljoarhtmnce pmtf ihthcmztmj dete~amlmza &Ah~juze 8=48; :84i#:86i-,

    Ah~juze hltmjmrhted tfe j~mtmxue oi roztaode~l ~echtmymza pfel fe h~`ued ml 8=:9 io~ hAh~vmzt lotmol oi ezzelje; H tfeo~} tfht phltz to e~hdmjhte i~oa zjmelje tfe joljert oiezzelje zujjuanz to fecrcezz ~echtmymza# tfuz r~oaotml` tfe ye~} rope~z pfoze ~ehjtmolh~}tfou`ft mt phltz to joanht &Ah~juze 8=96; 45-, Mt ahgez r~hjtmjhc rocmtmjhc zelze to h~`uetfht tfe~e mz h t~utf maahlelt ml zojmet} tfht mz lot hutoahtmjhcc} ~ehcm{ed hld tfht tfmzt~utf mz `myel ml tfe leed hld rozzmnmcmt} io~ h `ood cmie io~ hcc, Pfht ole jhl thge hz hlmaro~thlt mlzm`ft i~oa roztaode~l tfeo~} mz tfht orr~ezzmol thgez ol dmiie~elt io~az hldjoltevtz hld tfht orr~ezzed mldmymduhcz hld `~ourz i~exueltc} zthld ml jolt~hdmjto~}~echtmolz to ehjf otfe~, N~ml`ml` notf h~`uaeltz to`etfe~ hccopz to hzzuae tfht t~utf mzzundmymded mlto rh~tmhc t~utfz tfht h~e mlte~jollejted# orr~ezzed `~ourz hld mldmymduhczzfh~e joaaol mlte~eztz nejhuze tfe} h~e hcc joli~olted n} tfe zhae `conhc z}ztea oiorr~ezzmol# ht tfe zhae tmae tfe} hczo fhye dmiie~ml` zun!mlte~eztz nejhuze orr~ezzmol mz

    joltevtuhcm{ed ml ahl} io~az, Pfht mz leeded mz h dmiie~eltmhted ulmt}# h io~a oi rocmtmjztfht mz nhzed ol ulmt} ml dmye~zmt},

    Tfe~e mz h luane~ oi t}roco`mez oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~mez tfht jolzmde~z roztaode~lmza hz hcph}zj~mtmjhc hld Ah~vmhl tfeo~} olc} hz ole haol` zeye~hc t}rez oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~mez, Comz T}zoljoljemyez j~mtmjhc tfeo~} hz h aetfod oi hlhc}{ml` tevtz; pfel pe mlte~r~et h cmte~h~} tevt#pe h~e doml` cmte~h~} j~mtmjmza7 pfel pe evhamle tfe j~mte~mh urol ou~ mlte~r~ethtmol ~eztz#pe h~e doml` j~mtmjhc tfeo~} &T}zol >229; 9-, Fe dmztml`umzfez netpeel 88 t}rez oi j~mtmjhctfeo~} tfht jhl ne hrrcmed to tfe dejolzt~ujtmol oi tevtz; rz}jfohlhc}tmj j~mtmjmza# Ah~vmztj~mtmjmza# ieamlmzt j~mtmjmza# lep j~mtmjmza# ~ehde~!~ezrolze j~mtmjmza# zt~ujtu~hcmzt j~mtmjmza#dejolzt~ujtmye j~mtmjmza# lep fmzto~mjhc hld juctu~hc j~mtmjmza7 ceznmhl# `h} hld xuee~j~mtmjmza7 Hi~mjhl!Hae~mjhl j~mtmjmza# hld roztjocolmhc j~mtmjmza &T}zol >229-, Dou`chzThcchjg fhz ezthncmzfed h zmamch~ t}roco`} oi dmiie~elt io~az oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~}, Io~ fma j~mtmjhctfeo~} mz jfh~hjte~mzed n} dejolzt~ujtmye zeci!~eicevmymt}# maahlelt j~mtmxue# hld tfeevhamlhtmol oi t~utf hz tfe r~mah~} iojuz io~ hlhc}zmz &Thcchjg 8==5; :-, Thcchjgdmiie~eltmhtez netpeel imye io~az oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~}; Ah~vmza# Zt~ujtu~hcmza hld Rozt!Zt~ujtu~hcmza# Rz}jfohlhc}tmj tfeo~}# ieamlmza# rozt!iouldhtmolhc etfmjz hld rocmtmjz, DhymdFo} &Fo} >224- j~mtmjm{ez I~hlgiu~t zjfooc j~mtmjhc tfeo~} hz h tothcm{ml` aeth!lh~~htmye hldzu``eztz tfht roztaode~lmza zfoucd ne jolzmde~ed hz h lep io~a oi j~mtmjhc tfeo~}, Fezrehgz ml tfmz joltevt oi j~mtmjhc rcu~hcmza &Fo}/AjJh~tf} 8==4; >22- hld oi rozt!j~mtmxue&Fo} >224-, Rozt!j~mtmxue poucd ne jfh~hjte~m{ed n} re~ahlelt zeci!j~mtmxue# m,e, tfexueztmolml` oi mtz opl iouldhtmolz, Fo} &>224- dmzjuzzez Lmet{zjfe# Deceu{e# Ioujhuct#Nou~dmeu# Ceymlhz# De~~mdh# Chjchu# Aouiie# meg, Rozt!j~mtmxue mz h z}ltfezmz oi De~~mdhzetfmjz hld Ioujhuctz rocmtmjz tfht Fo} hczo te~az dejolzt~ujtmye `elehco`},

    T}zolz hld Thcchjgz t}roco`mez hld Fo}z lotmol oi rozt!j~mtmxue h~e mlio~aed n}roztaode~l tfmlgml`, T}zol hld Thcchjg h~`ue io~ h rcu~hcmt} oi dmiie~elt lotmolz oi j~mtmxue,Tfe ahml iojuz cmez ol tfe evhamlhtmol hld dejolzt~ujtmol oi t~utf, Hjjo~dml` to tfmz romltoi ymep# tevtz# hld tfe t~utfz tfht tfe} eanod}# jhl ne hlhc}{ed i~oa dmiie~elt re~zrejtmyezcmge ieamlmza# Zt~ujtu~hcmza# xuee~ j~mtmjmza# roztjocolmhc!j~mtmjmza# etj, Tfmz zfmit i~oarope~ hld doamlhtmol to t~utf hz tfe jelt~hc jhte`o~} oi j~mtmjhc hz j~mtmxue aehlz h ahko~jfhl`e ml tfe io~a oi j~mtmjhc hlhc}zmz, Zteyel Nezt hld Dou`chz Geccle~ fhye h~`ued ml tfmzjoltevt tfht zujf eldehyou~z cehd to ~echtmymztmj hrr~ohjfez; Roztaode~l tfeo~mez jhl neuzed to htthjg o~ deield aode~lmt}# to ~ejolzt~ujt ~hdmjhc rocmtmjz o~ to dejch~e tfem~

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8>8

    marozzmnmcmt}# to elfhlje Ah~vmhl tfeo~} o~ to deloulje mt# to noczte~ ieamlmzt j~mtmxuez o~ toulde~amle tfea, &Nezt hld Gecce~ 8==8; :59-, Nezt hld Geccle~ romlt out tfht roztaode~ltfeo~mez cmamt tfeazecyez to tfe onze~yhtmol oi dmiie~elt io~az oi orr~ezzmol pmtfout rchjml`tfea mlto h zojmethc joltevt; roztaode~l tfeo~} zrcmtz jhrmthcmzt zojmet} mlto zerh~hte hldulaedmhted ~ehcaz# hlhc}{ml` juctu~e ml mzochtmol i~oa tfe ejoloa}# o~ rocmtmjz hrh~t i~oatfe jolkuljtu~e oi nuzmlezz hld `oye~laelt &Nezt hld Geccle~ 8==8; >6=-, Hz pe cmye ml h

    jhrmthcmzt zojmet}# jolzmde~ml` tfe zojmethc joltevt hcph}z aehlz coogml` ht tfe ejoloamjdmaelzmol oi zojmethc r~onceaz, Tfmz doez lot aehl h ~edujtmol to tfe ejoloamj ~ehca# nuttfe hph~elezz tfht dmiie~elt io~az oi orr~ezzmol# nezmde oi fhyml` dmztmljtmye iehtu~ez#jhllot ne jolzmde~ed hz ulaedmhted hld h~e cmlged n} tfe zojmethc joltevt ml pfmjf tfe}thge rchje, Tfuz roztaode~l hrr~ohjfez tfht do lot thge mlto jolzmde~htmol tfe zojmethcjoltevt# hld tfe~eio~e tfe ejoloamj dmaelzmol oi je~thml zojmethc r~onceaz# jhllot neulde~ztood hz j~mtmjhc tfeo~mez, Tfmz aehlz tfht pe olc} jolzmde~ roztaode~l hrr~ohjfez hzj~mtmjhc mi tfe} jollejt tfem~ hlhc}zez to hzrejtz oi jchzz hld ejoloamj evrcomthtmol, Lot hccroztaode~l hrr~ohjfez h~e j~mtmjhc ml ou~ zelze oi tfe te~a# olc} zoae oi tfea,

    >,4, H T}roco`} oi Deimlml` J~mtmxue

    Zejtmolz >,8,# >,>,# hld >,:, fhye zfopl tfht pe ihyou~ h lo~ahtmye Ah~vmhl deimlmtmol oij~mtmxue# dejcmle tfe rozmtmymztmj deimlmtmol oi j~mtmxue hz mdeoco`mjhc# hld zee roztaode~ltfou`ft olc} hz j~mtmjhc mi mt hjglopced`ez tfe jelt~hc maro~thlje oi jchzz hlhc}zmz, Io~ tfeearm~mjhc ztud} tfht pe ulde~toog# pe leeded h t}roco`} lot oi pfht j~mtmxue jhl ne# nutfop j~mtmxue jhl roteltmhcc} ne deimled# ml o~de~ to hlhc}{e pfmjf tfeo~etmjhc hrr~ohjf tfeztudeltz ml ou~ jhze ztud} ihyou~ed, Tfe~eio~e# hctfou`f ou~ lotmol oi j~mtmxue mz Ah~vmhl#pe zee tf~ee joaretml` ahko~ ulde~zthldml`z hld deimlmtmolz oi j~mtmxue ht po~g todh};

    8,^er~ezelthtmyez oi h rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue h~`ue tfht mt mz maro~thlt tfht ehjfmldmymduhc el`h`ez ml dmzjou~ze# hzzezzez h~`uaeltz# io~az fmz/fe~ opl ormlmol# hldh~tmjuchtez fe~/fmz ymepz, Mt poucd ne p~ol` hld eyel dhl`e~ouz io~ deaoj~hj} torhzzmyec} hjjert ormlmolz, Tfe rozmtmolz h~e zt~mjtc} mldmymduhcmztmj# hz jhl ne zeel ml

    io~auchtmolz cmge; J~mtmxue aehlz to el`h`e ml h denhte# to hzzezz tfe h~`uaeltz# hldto io~a olez opl ormlmol,>,Roztaode~l j~mtmxue mz hcph}z o~melted ol jfhccel`ml` fme~h~jfmez# mt doez lot hjjert

    tfe lotmolz oi t~utf hld onkejtmymt}# hld h~`uez io~ cmne~hc rcu~hcmza, E,`, mt t}rmjhcc}h~`uez; Tfe~e mz lo uctmahte zthldh~d oi kud`ml` pfht mz t~ue nejhuze zujf zthldh~dzh~e tfeazecyez zojmhcc} jolzt~ujted hld zfhred n} rope~ ~echtmolz, Tfe~eio~e tfe~e mz loonkejtmye zthldh~d ml zojmet}# olc} h rcu~hcmt} oi dmiie~elt aehlml`z hld mdeltmtmez, Mt mztfe~eio~e maro~thlt to dejolzt~ujt t~utf jchmaz# to hjjert otfe~ ormlmolz hz rozzmnce hldce`mtmahte olez hld io~auchte olez opl hz exuhcc} ~ehzolhnce,

    :,Ah~vmzt j~mtmxue mz h zrejmimj io~a oi onkejtmye glopced`e tfht mz hjfmeyed n} neml`rh~tmhc hld lot del}ml`# nut el`h`ml` ml hld zfopml` tfe mlte~jollejtmol oi hjhdeamhhld rocmtmjz, Mt thgez tfe zthldromltz oi tfe orr~ezzed, Mt mz jfh~hjte~m{ed n} lo~ahtmye#onkejtmye# hld rocmtmjhc zthldromltz oi tfe zrehge~z# mt zrehgz io~ pfoce `~ourz# lot kuztio~ mldmymduhcz, Mt h~`uez lot kuzt tfht ole zfoucd io~a je~thml ormlmolz# nut tfht tfe~eh~e t~ue hld ihcze ormlmolz jo~~ezroldml` to t~ue hld ihcze zthtez oi zojmet}, T}rmjhcc}#te~az cmge doamlhtmol# evrcomthtmol# jchzz# rope~# o~ jhrmthcmza h~e uzed hz le`htmyete~az, Hl mdehc t}re oi zujf h rozmtmol mz tfe ioccopml` ole; J~mtmxue aehlz to zee hccio~az oi doamlhtmol hld evrcomthtmol hz ~er~ezzmye hld to zt~u``ce h`hmlzt tfezejoldmtmolz, Mt romltz toph~dz h zthte oi lol!doamlhtmol# h jchzzcezz zojmet},

    Tfe thzg oi tfe jhze ztud} tfht pe ulde~toog phz to mlyeztm`hte pfmjf oi tfeze tf~eeulde~zthldml`z mz r~edoamlhlt ulde~ joaaulmjhtmol ztudeltz ml Zhc{nu~`, Levt# pedezj~mne tfe ~ezeh~jf aetfod tfht phz earco}ed,

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8>>

    :, ^ezeh~jf Aetfod

    Pe earco}ed xuhltmi}ml` xuhcmthtmye joltelt hlhc}zmz hz ~ezeh~jf aetfod &^mt{e~t 8=0>-,Tfe zharce jolzmzted oi 5> tevtz n} ulde~`~hduhte ztudeltz oi joaaulmjhtmol zjmelje httfe Ulmye~zmt} oi Zhc{nu~`, Tfe ~ezeh~jf ulde~thgel phz cmamted to ztudeltz oijoaaulmjhtmol zjmelje nejhuze ml tfeze ztudmez ztudeltz h~e mlt~odujed to lotmolz oij~mtmxue hc~ehd} ml tfe nhzmj ztud} re~mod &zujf hz tfe @e~ahl rozmtmymza denhte# j~mtmjhcrocmtmjhc ejoloa}# juctu~hc ztudmez# `elde~ ztudmez-# pfmjf elzu~ez tfht tfe~e fhz hc~ehd}neel zoae r~eymouz el`h`eaelt pmtf tfmz mzzue, Tfe hdyhlth`e mz tfht tfeze ztudeltz h~eao~e cmgec} to ulde~zthld tfe tevtz tfe} pe~e joli~olted pmtf hld to `mye ~ecmhnce hlzpe~z,Tfe ztudeltz pe~e hzged to ~ehd tpo iojuz tevtz ol j~mtmjhc tfeo~} hld to hlzpe~ iou~xueztmolz, Tfe im~zt tevt phz Ah~juzez Rfmcozorf} hld J~mtmjhc Tfeo~}&Ah~juze 8=:0-# tfezejold h tevt n} ole oi tfe hutfo~ tfht zuaah~m{ez tfe lotmol oi dmhcejtmjhc j~mtmxue ml tfepo~gz oi Fe`ec# Ah~v# hld Ah~juze &Iujfz >225; 89!4=-, Tfe tpo tevtz romlt out tfhtAh~juzez lotmol oi j~mtmxue mz h Ah~vmzt ole tfht xueztmolz hld phltz to hnocmzf jhrmthcmza,Tfe xueztmolz rozed to tfe ztudeltz hmaed ht imldml` out fop tfe} rozmtmol tfeazecyez

    toph~dz Ah~vmhl j~mtmxue oi jhrmthcmza,

    Tfe iou~ thzgz pe~e;

    8,Zuaah~m{e fop Ah~juze ulde~zthldz j~mtmxue hld pfmjf eceaeltz oi j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` feaeltmolz ml fmz tevt Rfmcozorf} hld J~mtmjhc Tfeo~},

    >,@mye }ou~ opl deimlmtmol oi tfe jhte`o~} oi j~mtmxue hld `mye ~ehzolz io~ }ou~ deimlmtmol,H~`ue ml fop ih~ tfmz deimlmtmol joarcmez pmtf o~ dmiie~z i~oa Ah~juzez ymepz,

    :,Mz j~mtmxue oizojmet} ~htfe~ maro~thlt o~ ulmaro~thlt ml todh}z zojmethc zmtuhtmol? Pf}?Pfht h~e ml }ou~ ormlmol tfe thzgz oi zojmhc zjmelje? @mye ~ehzolz io~ }ou~ hlzpe~z,Pfmjf ~oce zfoucd ml }ou~ ormlmol zojmhc j~mtmjmza fhye ml tfe zojmhc zjmeljez? @mye h`hml~ehzolz io~ }ou~ hlzpe~z,

    4,Pfmjf thzgz hld `ohcz oi h j~mtmjhc tfeo~} oi tfe mlio~ahtmol zojmet} jhl }ou mah`mle? Tfe dhth joccejtmol phz jh~~med out ml tpo phyez# ole ml pmlte~ te~a >229/>220 &>5ztudeltz-# hlotfe~ ml pmlte~ te~a >220/>226 &>0 ztudeltz-# pfmjf ~ezucted ml h tothc oi 5>tevtz# 80 i~oa ahce ztudeltz hld :5 i~oa ieahce ztudeltz, H r~e!tezt phz jh~~med out pmtfhcc yh~mhncez oi 6 tevtz n} > jode~z, Tfe mlte~!jode~ ~ecmhnmcmt} phz =5#>%,

    Tfe tf~ee lotmolz oi j~mtmxue mlt~odujed ml zejtmol tpo jhl ne oye~chrrml` ml jolj~etehlhc}{ed ulmtz, Felje pe ore~htmolhcm{ed tfea pmtf auctmrce zerh~hte yh~mhncez ml o~de~ todete~amle pfmjf ymep mz doamlhlt ml ehjf tevt, Ore~htmolhcm{htmol oi tfe tf~ee io~az oij~mtmxue ahgez uze oi tf~ee yh~mhncez re~ t}re &ji, thnce 8-, Tfe tf~ee yh~mhncez re~ t}reio~a h t~mhd; Im~zt tfe~e mz hl mldmymduhc hzrejt dezj~mnml` pfmjf ormlmolz h~e io~aed n} hre~zol# tfel tfe~e mz hl mlte~hjtmol# tfe hjto~ joaaulmjhtez pmtf otfe~z jolje~lml` hzrejmimj xueztmol# tfm~d tfe~e mz hjtmol tfht hmaz ht t~hlzio~aml` zojmhc ~ehcmt}, Tfmz~echtmolzfmr jhl ne mlte~r~eted hz h dmhcejtmjhc Fe`ecmhl t~mhd oi mdeltmt} &neml`!ml!mtzeci-#

    neml`!io~!hlotfe~ &le`htmol-# hld neml`!ml!hld!io~!mtzeci &le`htmol oi tfe le`htmol-, Hczoehjf oi tfe tf~ee dmaelzmolz &mldmymduhc# mlte~hjtmol# t~hlzio~ahtmol- jhl ne ~ehd hz hdmhcejtmjhc t~mhd# ml pfmjf tfe Ah~vmzt rozmtmol zunchtez tfe rozmtmymztmj hld tfe roztaode~lzthldromltz,

    Rozmtmymza mz ye~} `ele~hc, Mt h~`uez tfht hl} zo~t oi ormlmol# xueztmolz# hld jfhl`e mzdezm~hnce, Roztaode~lmza mz ao~e zrejmimj# mt h~`uez io~ h rcu~hcmt} oi ormlmolz hld mdeltmtmez,Ah~vmza zunchtez tfmz jolt~hdmjtmol netpeel tfe `ele~hc hld tfe zrejmimj n} h~`uml` io~ hjolj~ete ulmt} &zrejmimj- tfht mz jolzmde~ed hz h ulmye~zhc lo~a &`ele~hc-, Mt lot kuzt h~`uez

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8>:

    io~ hl} ormlmol# xueztmol hzgml`# o~ jfhl`e# hld lot io~ h rcu~hcmt}# nut io~ h ulmt} mlrcu~hcmt} oi hcc orr~ezzed `~ourz hld mldmymduhcz tfht mz rh~tmzhl# hltm!jhrmthcmzt# lol!doamlhtmye# hld ~eyocutmolh~}, Ah~vmzt j~mtmxue mz hczo jolzmde~ed hz mlte`~htmye io~a oij~mtmxue n} Poci`hl` Nol &>22:-# pfo jolzmde~z mt hz tfe ulmt} oi earm~mjhc &rozmtmymztmj-#maahlelt# hld lo~ahtmye j~mtmxue# hld n} Hvec Folletf &>220-# pfo zeez mt hz tfe ulmt} oilo~ahtmye &jolzt~ujtmye-# maahlelt &~ejolzt~ujtmye- hld `elehco`mjhc j~mtmxue

    &dejolzt~ujtmol oi t~utfz-,

    Mldmymduhcormlmolz

    Mlte~hjtmol T~hlzio~ahtmyehjtmol

    Rozmtmymza Hzzezzaelt hldormlmol io~ahtmol

    Hzgml` xueztmolz Jolzt~ujtmye jfhl`e

    Roztaode~lmza Hjjertml` h rcu~hcmt}oi ymepz hldglopced`e hzce`mtmahte

    Xueztmolml`doamlhlt ymepz

    Cojhc ~eio~a hldmdeltmt} rocmtmjz

    Ah~vmza Rh~tmzhlzfmr io~ tfe

    orr~ezzed#doamlhted# hldevrcomted

    Hltm!jhrmthcmzt r~hvmz ^eyocutmol

    Thnce 8; H t}roco`} oi xuhcmtmez oi tf~ee lotmolz oi j~mtmxue

    Fe~e mz h dezj~mrtmol oi tfe jhte`o~mez earco}ed ml tfe t}roco`};

    Rozmtmymztmj mldmymduhc ormlmol; Tfmz yh~mhnce mz hrrcmjhnce mi hl hjto~ dezj~mnez j~mtmxue hztfe mldmymduhc eyhcuhtmol oi otfe~ zthteaeltz ml o~de~ to io~a h re~zolhc ymep hldrozmtmol fmazeci/fe~zeci,

    Rozmtmymztmj mlte~hjtmol; Tfmz yh~mhnce mz t~ue mi j~mtmxue mz dezj~mned hz hzgml` xueztmolz tootfe~z ml o~de~ to jch~mi} tfe jolzmztelj} oi zthteaeltz,

    Rozmtmymztmj t~hlzio~ahtmye hjtmol; Tfmz yh~mhnce mz rozmtmyec} `myel mi mt mz zu``ezted ml hulmt} oi hlhc}zmz tfht j~mtmxue auzt hcph}z ne rozmtmye# m,e, ahge zu``eztmolz fop tomar~oye h zmtuhtmol maahleltc}, Tfe~e mz hl o~melthtmol ol dmhco`ue# mar~oyeaeltz# hldimldml` nette~ zocutmolz,

    Roztaode~l mldmymduhc ormlmol; Rcu~hcmt} oi glopced`e hld ormlmolz mz ole jelt~hc hzrejtoi roztaode~lmzt tfou`ft, Tfmz yh~mhnce mz t~ue mi mt mz zt~ezzed tfht mt mz maro~thlt tfhtdmiie~elt ormlmolz jhl ne yomjed hld zfoucd ne ~ejo`lm{ed hz ce`mtmahte,

    Roztaode~l mlte~hjtmol; Tfmz yh~mhnce mz hrrcmjhnce mi j~mtmxue mz dezj~mned hz jfhccel`ml`hutfo~mtmez# hnzocute glopced`e# ulmye~zhcmza# tfe lotmol oi t~utf# o~ doamlhlt ormlmolz,

    Roztaode~l t~hlzio~ahtmye hjtmol; Dezm~hnce jfhl`e ml roztaode~lmzt tfou`ft mzjoljemyed hz tfe hjglopced`eaelt o~ zt~u``ce io~ hjglopced`eaelt oi tfe mdeltmt} oije~thml `~ourz o~ hz cojhc ~eio~a rocmtmjz, Mt mz h rocmtmjz oi dmiie~elje hld rcu~hcmt},

    Ah~vmzt mldmymduhc ormlmol; Tfmz yh~mhnce mz rozmtmyec} `myel mi h lo~ahtmye lotmol oij~mtmxue tfht zt~ezzez rh~tmzhlzfmr io~ orr~ezzed# dmzj~mamlhted# evrcomted# o~ doamlhted`~ourz o~ mldmymduhcz mz r~ezelt,

    Ah~vmzt mlte~hjtmol; Tfmz io~a oi mlte~hjtmol mz r~ezelt mi xueztmolml` hld r~hjtmjhcle`htmol ml te~az oi jchzz mlte~eztz# mlkuztmje# hld ihm~ zojmo!ejoloamj dmzt~mnutmol mzr~ezelt ml h tevt,

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    R h ` e s 8>4

    Ah~vmzt t~hlzio~ahtmye hjtmol; Ah~vmzt ymepz focd tfht tfe tothcmt} oi joltearo~h~}zojmet} leedz to ne iuldhaelthcc} t~hlzio~aed &zunchted- ml jchzz zt~u``cez ml o~de~ tooye~joae zojmhc r~onceaz hld ezthncmzf h kuzt# ihm~# jo!ore~htmye# rh~tmjmrhto~} zojmet},

    Tfe jfh~hjte~m{htmol oi rozmtmymza kuzt `myel mz nhzed ol tfe tfeo~etmjhc mzzuez tfht pe~e htfhld ml tfe @e~ahl rozmtmymza denhte &Hdo~lo 8=9=h-# tfe ore~htmolhcm{htmol oiroztaode~lmza mz nhzed ol tfe jfh~hjte~m{htmolz `myel n} Hcyezzol/Deet{ &>222-# Fh~ye}

    &8=6=-# hld Nezt/Geccle~ &8==0# >228-# tfe thvoloa} oi Ah~vmzt tfmlgml` mz de~myed i~oaAh~v &8644h-# Fo~gfemae~ &8=:0/8=02-# Ah~juze &8=:0-# Deam~oymj &>22:-# Folletf&>220-# Pmlte~/[mah &>220-,

    Io~ ehjf oi tfe = xuhcmtmez ml thnce 8# ole yh~mhnce phz deimled, Tfmz `uh~hlteez tfhtrozmtmymztmj# roztaode~l# hld Ah~vmzt ymepz jhl oye~chr, Iu~tfe~ao~e# tfe evharcezaeltmoled ml tfe tevtz notf io~ zojmethc r~onceaz ml `ele~hc hld mlio~ahtmol!~echted zojmethcr~onceaz pe~e `htfe~ed, Io~ notf hzrejtz mt phz hzzezzed pfmjf t}rez oi r~onceaz pe~eaeltmoled, Io~ tfmz hzzezzaelt pe uzed tfe dmiie~eltmhtmol netpeel ejoloamj# rocmtmjhc# hldjuctu~hc hzrejtz oi zojmet} &ji, Nou~dmeu 8=69# @mddelz 8=64# Fhne~ahz 8=68-# hld iu~tfe~hdded tfe ejoco`mjhc dmaelzmol &tfht joucd eyeltuhcc} ne zunzuaed ulde~ ejoloamjhzrejtz# nut phz hdded hz h zerh~hte jhte`o~} nejhuze ejoco`mjhc r~onceaz fhye nejoaedu~ml` tfe rhzt tpo dejhdez h zerh~hte doahml oi jolje~l# Nejg 8=69-, Hlotfe~ yh~mhnce

    tfht pe deimled phz ole tfht mdeltmimez mi ~er~ezzmye hzrejtz h~e r~ezelt ml tfe tevt, Tfmzyh~mhnce phz hzzezzed rozmtmyec} mi ml h tevt tfe~e pe~e eceaeltz tfht aeltmoled tormjz tfhth~e t}rmjhc io~ ~m`ft!pml` hld jolze~yhtmye tfmlgml` hz rozmtmye yhcuez oi j~mtmxue &e,`,~hjmza# r~o!jo~ro~hte o~ hltm!ulmolmza h~`uaeltz# ~ecm`mouz tfmlgml`# ihyou~ml` oi i~eeah~get cmne~hcmza# foaorfonmh# hltm!Zeamtmza# etj,-, Hlotfe~ yh~mhnce phz uzed io~aehzu~ml` tfe joarcevmt} oi tfe h~`uaeltz &joarcev# hye~h`e# t~mymhc-, H tevt phzjolzmde~ed hz joarcev mi mt el`h`ed pmtf tfe rfmcozorfmjhc h~`uaeltz ol tfe lotmol oij~mtmxue ahde ml tfe tpo ztmaucuz tevtz hld r~oymded joaaeltz ol tfea, H tevt phzjolzmde~ed hz t~mymhc mi tfe~e phz lo el`h`eaelt pmtf tfe rfmcozorfmjhc lotmol oi j~mtmxue#hld mi j~mtmxue phz dmzjuzzed nhzed ol joaaol eye~}dh} cmie ulde~zthldml`z hld lol!rfmcozorfmjhc te~az, Mi eceaeltz oi notf t}rez &joarcev# t~mymhc- pe~e r~ezelt# tfe tevt phzhzzezzed hz hye~h`e,

    Nhzed ol tfeze aetfodoco`mjhc r~eamzez# pe tezted zeye~hc f}rotfezez;

    F8; Rozmtmymztmj h~`uaeltz h~e aozt i~exueltc} earco}ed n} ztudeltz ml dezj~mnml` pfhttfe} ulde~zthld n} tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue,

    F>h; Ztudeltz# pfo earco} Ah~vmzt eceaeltz oi j~mtmxue# teld to r~oymde joarcevh~`uaeltz,F>n; Ztudeltz pfo r~oymde zmarce h~`uaeltz# teld to fhye h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml`oi j~mtmxue,

    F:h; Ztudeltz pfo fhye h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue# teld to ahmlc} zt~ezzlol!ejoloamj# juctu~hc evharcez oi zojmethc r~onceaz,F:n; Ztudeltz pfo fhye h Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue# fhye h zt~ol` earfhzmz olzojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz oi zojmet},

    F4; Ztudeltz pfo aeltmol ~er~ezzmye eceaeltz hz aoaeltz oi j~mtmxue# fhye hrozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue,

    Ml tfe levt zejtmol# pe pmcc r~ezelt tfe imldml`z oi ou~ ztud},

    4, R~ezelthtmolz oi tfe ^ezuctz

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    R h ` e s 8>5

    Tfe dhth pe~e xuhltmthtmyec} hlhc}{ed pmtf ZRZZ 8:, Tfe r~ezelthtmol oi tfe xuhltmthtmye~ezuctz mz joanmled pmtf hld zunzthltmhted n} xuhcmthtmye ~ezuctz, Tfe evharce xuothtmolzpe~e t~hlzchted i~oa @e~ahl to El`cmzf n} tfe hutfo~z,

    F8; Rozmtmymztmj h~`uaeltz h~e aozt i~exueltc} earco}ed n} ztudeltz ml dezj~mnml`pfht tfe} ulde~zthld n} tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue,

    F}rotfezmz 8 jhl ne jolim~aed n} tfe ~ezuctz oi ou~ zu~ye}, Ml deimlml` tfe lotmol oij~mtmxue# rozmtmymztmj h~`uaeltz pe~e earco}ed aozt i~exueltc} &zee thnce >-,

    Rozmtmymza Hzzezzaelt hld ormlmol io~ahtmol :9Hzgml` xueztmolz :6Jolzt~ujtmye jfhl`e :4

    Roztaode~lmza Hjjertml` h rcu~hcmt} oi ymepz hld glopced`e hz ce`mtmahte 8>

    Xueztmolml` doamlhlt ymepz 6Cojhc ~eio~a hld mdeltmt} rocmtmjz 4Ah~vmza Rh~tmzhlzfmr io~ tfe orr~ezzed# doamlhted# hld evrcomted 82

    Hltm!jhrmthcmzt r~hvmz 8>^eyocutmol 0

    Thnce >; I~exueljmez oi eceaeltz oi tfe tf~ee lotmolz oi j~mtmxue

    Rozmtmymztmj h~`uaeltz pe~e r~edoamlhlt, Fop tfmz rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxueore~htez# jhl ne zfopl n} zeye~hc evharcez; :6 oi 5> ztudeltz aeltmoled tfe hzgml` oixueztmolz hz eceaelt oi j~mtmxue, Io~ evharce ole ztudelt p~ote; Im~zt oi hcc j~mtmxue aehlzxueztmolml` &Ezzh} *>2-,

    Hzzezzaelt hld ormlmol io~ahtmol phz fm`fcm`fted :9 tmaez, Zo io~ evharce ole ztudelth~`ued; M re~zolhcc} deimle j~mtmxue ahmlc} hz hl hzzezzaelt oi ou~ ~ehcmt} &*85-, Hlotfe~ztudelt p~ote; Io~ ae j~mtmxue aehlz `myml` olez opl ormlmol hnout h zrejmimj mzzue# hlhjtmol# h zmtuhtmol# h ihjt# n} im~ztc} ~eicejtml` ol hl mzzue ml o~de~ to ne hnce to eyhcuhte tfmzmzzue &*84-,

    Tfe h~`uaelt tfht j~mtmxue hcph}z fhz to ne hjjoarhlmed n} zu``eztmolz io~ mar~oyeaelto~ jolzt~ujtmye jfhl`e phz earco}ed :4 tmaez, Ole ztudelt p~ote; H tfeo~} mz ezthncmzfedn} zjmeltmzt H hld mz tfe~eurol ~ehzzezzed hld j~mtmjm{ed n} zjmeltmzt N, Tfmz jhl cehd to tfeaodmimjhtmol/mar~oyeaelt oi tfe tfeo~} &*4-, J~mtmxue jhl ne joljemyed hz tfe d}lhamjeceaelt oi h zjmeltmimj dmzjou~ze# tfht hzzu~ez r~o`~ezz &*82-, Hz tfeze tf~ee evharcezzfop# h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue marcmez tfe jchma tfht j~mtmxue hcph}z fhz to ne

    jolzt~ujtmye; Ml a} ormlmol j~mtmxue zfoucd hcph}z ne jolzt~ujtmye &*6-,

    Hz jhl ne zeel ml thnce ># Ah~vmzt hld roztaode~l ulde~zthldml`z oi j~mtmxue pe~eearco}ed cezz i~exueltc}, Pfmce rozmtmymztmj hzze~tmolz ml deimlml` tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue pe~e`myel 826 tmaez# olc} >4 roztaode~l h~`uaeltz hld >= Ah~vmzt h~`uaeltz joucd nemdeltmimed,

    Ztudeltz pfo deimle j~mtmxue ml h roztaode~l zelze zt~ezzed tfht tfe~e mz lot olc} olezml`ce t~utf hld tfht eye~} ormlmol zfoucd ne hjjerted ml exuhc aehzu~e, Tfe} hdyojhted h

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    R h ` e s 8>9

    rcu~hcmt} oi joevmztml` mdehz hld zthldromltz, Tfe ioccopml` zthteaeltz evearcmi} tfezeroztaode~l h~`uaeltz; Ole ztudelt romlted out; J~mtmxue zfoucd hjjert eye~} pecc!ioulded hzze~tmol ml exuhc aehzu~e &*8>-, Zmamch~c} hlotfe~ ztudelt p~ote; Ole fhz tohjjert tfe ormlmol oi eye~}nod}# hz col` mt mz jofe~elt hld t~hjehnce &*>2-, Ml j~mtmjm{ml`Ah~juzez joljert oi hl onkejtmye t~utf# ole ztudelt p~ote; Ah~juze hmaz ht tfejo~~ezroldelje oi t~utf hld ~ehcmt}, Tfmz hzzuaez tfht tfe~e evmztz olc} ole zml`ce t~utf, Ml

    jolzmde~htmol oi tfe evmztml` juctu~hc dmiie~eljez ht h `conhc zjhce# tfmz hma zfoucd ne~ejolzmde~ed, Zfoucd lot tfe hma ne tfe fh~aol} netpeel dmiie~elt# joevmztml` t~utfz?&*:6-,

    Ol tfe jolt~h~} tfoze ztudeltz pfo earco}ed h Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue# toog hlo~ahtmye zthldromlt hld earfhzm{ed tfht j~mtmxue mz hcph}z o~melted ht zojmethchlth`olmzaz; J~mtmxue doez lot hrreh~ out oi lopfe~e ml hl mdehcmztmj zelze# nut h~mzezi~oa ahte~mhc# zojmethc hlth`olmzaz &*:4-, Iu~tfe~ao~e ztudeltz pfo deimled j~mtmxue ml hAh~vmzt ph} romlted ht ahte~mhc mlexuhcmtmez hld zhp mt hz hl hma to mar~oye tfe cmie oi hccfuahlz; J~mtmjhc Tfeo~} ahgez ymzmnce tfe ahte~mhc cmamtz hld oiie~z ~ejoaaeldhtmolz io~tfe evrcozmol oi tfe jhrmthcmzt joldmtmolz oi neml`, Tfe ahml iojuz mz ol tfe pecih~e oifuahlmt} &:4-, Tfe~eio~e tfe} zt~ezzed tfht h j~mtmjhc tfeo~} zfoucd jolt~mnute to jfhl`ml`zojmet} hz h pfoce; H zojmet} jhllot jfhl`e mi mt mz lot jfhccel`ed hz h pfoce, Hld ml a}

    ormlmol evhjtc} tfmz zfoucd ne ulde~thgel n} j~mtmxue, &*46-

    Tfe r~edoamlhlje oi h rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue hczo nejoaez jceh~ n} coogml` ht tfeluane~ oi rozmtmymztmj# roztaode~l hld Ah~vmztz eceaeltz oi j~mtmxue tfht pe~e earco}ed mlehjf tevt, Mi lo rozmtmymztmj eceaelt phz r~ezelt ml h tevt# mt phz hzzezzed hz neml` lol!rozmtmymztmj, Mi ole rozmtmymztmj h~`uaelt phz earco}ed# h tevt phz ulde~ztood hz fh~dc}rozmtmymztmj, Mi tpo eceaeltz oi tfe rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue pe~e joar~mzed# h tevt phzjoded hz rozmtmymztmj, Mi h tevt jolthmled tf~ee eceaeltz oi h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oij~mtmxue# mt phz zeel hz zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmj, Tfe zhae aetfod phz uzed to dmiie~eltmhtenetpeel dmiie~elt de`~eez oi roztaode~l hld h Ah~vmzt j~mtmxue, Tfe ioccopml` jfh~tz zfoptfe ~ezuctz hld tfht aozt tevtz eanodmed h rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue,

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    R h ` e s 8>0

    Im`u~e 8; De`~eez oi rozmtmymza# roztaode~lmza# hld Ah~vmza r~ezelt ml tfe tothc zharce oihlhc}{ed tevtz

    05#22% oi hcc ztudeltz earco}ed h rozmtmymztmj o~ h zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oij~mtmxue, Roztaode~l o~ zt~ol`c} roztaode~l h~`uaeltz pe~e olc} `myel n} =#98% oi tfeztudeltz, 80#:8% oi hcc tevtz jolthmled h Ah~vmzt o~ h zt~ol`c} Ah~vmzt lotmol oi j~mtmxue,Pfmce ml =>#:8% oi hcc tevtz ht cehzt ole rozmtmymztmj eceaelt phz r~ezelt# 95#:6% oi hcctevtz jolthmled lo roztaode~l hld 08#85% lo Ah~vmzt mteaz, Tfmz mccuzt~htez tfer~edoamlhlje oi tfe rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue,

    Zmlje ou~ jhte`o~mez h~e lot autuhcc} evjcuzmye# ole tevt jhl jolthml ao~e tfhl olc} olelotmol oi j~mtmxue, Tfmz aehlz tfht tfe rozmtmymztmj# tfe roztaode~l# hld tfe Ah~vmztulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue jhl ne oye~chrrml`, N} hrrc}ml` Reh~zolz jo~~echtmol joeiimjmelt totfe dhth# pe jhl zfop tfht tfe rozmtmymztmj hld tfe Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue h~e htcehzt rh~tmhcc} evjcuzmye# pfe~ehz h pehg rozmtmye jo~~echtmol netpeel tfe Ah~vmzt hld tfe

    roztaode~l lotmol oi j~mtmxue jhl ne hzze~ted &zee thnce :-,

  • 8/2/2019 Positivism Postmodernism, Or Critical Theory

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8>6

    DE@^EE OI LOTMOL OI J^MTMXUEDE@^EE OIROZMTMYMZA

    DE@^EE OIROZTAODE^LMZ

    ADE@^EE OIAH^VMZA

    DE@^EE OIROZMTMYMZA

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    8 #224 !#448&++-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #466 #228

    L 5> 5> 5>

    DE@^EE OIROZTAODE^LMZA

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol #224 8 #>92&+-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #466 #2:8

    L 5> 5> 5>

    DE@^EE OIAH^VMZA

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol !#448&++- #>92&+- 8

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #228 #2:8

    L 5> 5> 5>

    ++ Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,28 ceyec &8!thmced-,

    + Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,25 ceyec &8!thmced-,

    Thnce :; Jo~~echtmol oi tfe de`~ee oi mltelzmt} oi tfe tf~ee lotmolz oi j~mtmxue

    F>h; Ztudeltz pfo earco} Ah~vmzt eceaeltz oi j~mtmxue# teld to r~oymde joarcevh~`uaeltz,F>n; Ztudeltz pfo r~oymde zmarce h~`uaeltz# teld to fhye h Rozmtmymztmjulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue,

    Tfe rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue jo~~echtez le`htmyec} pmtf tfe earco}aelt oi joarcevh~`uaeltz ht h zm`lmimjhlje ceyec oi 2#25 &8!thmced-, Tfe~e mz h zt~ol`c} rozmtmye jo~~echtmol#zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2#28 ceyec &8!thmced-# netpeel tfe Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue hldtfe ceyec oi joarcevmt}, H roztaode~l lotmol oi j~mtmxue doez lot jo~~echte pmtf tfe ceyec oijoarcevmt} oi h tevt, Tfmz zthtmztmjhc ~ezuct jolim~az notf f}rotfezez F>h hld F>n,

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8>=

    Joarcevmt}Ceyec

    De`~ee oiRozmtmymza

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    !#:8>&+-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #28>

    L 5>

    De`~ee oiRoztaode~lmza

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    #246

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #:96

    L 5>

    De`~ee oiAh~vmza

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    #528&++-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #222

    L 5>

    ++ Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,28 ceyec &8!thmced-,

    + Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,25 ceyec &8!thmced-,

    Thnce 4; Jo~~echtmol oi tfe mltelzmt} de`~ee oi tfe tf~ee lotmolz oi j~mtmxue hld tfejoarcevmt} ceyec oi h~`uaeltz

    >8 out oi >9 ztudeltz# pfo p~ote tevtz tfht pe~e hzzezzed hz neml` nhzed ol t~mymhc

    h~`uaeltz# earco}ed h rozmtmymztmj o~ zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue, H tevtphz joded hz t~mymhc mi tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue phz olc} deimled ml te~az oi eye~}dh} cmiepmtfout uzml` rfmcozorfmjhc h~`uaeltz, Io~ evharce ole ztudelt p~ote; J~mtmxue mz hcph}zhiiejted n} h`e, Io~ evharce ml tfe h`e oi hrr~ovmahtec} 84# 85 ole hnzocutec} doez lotphlt `et j~mtmjm{ed, M tfmlg du~ml` hdocezjelje ole coogz ht olezeci ye~} j~mtmjhcc} hld mi ole`etz hddmtmolhc j~mtmxue i~oa outzmde# ole m`lo~ez mt hld zth~tz h joulte~zt~mge &*5>-, Fe~ej~mtmxue mz lot deimled n} earco}ml` rfmcozorfmjhc te~az# nut n} uzml` joccoxumhc chl`uh`e,

    Ztudeltz pfo h~`ued ao~e joarcevc} el`h`ed jcozec} pmtf Ah~juzez h~`uaeltz#joaaelted ol tfea# hld telded to zeh~jf io~ hddmtmolhc cmte~htu~e ol tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxuetfht tfe} jmted hld joaaelted ol, Zo io~ evharce ole ztudelt h~`ued; Pfht jhl ne tfethzg oi tfe zojmhc zjmeljez ~ezrejtmyec} pfht mz tfe ~oce oi j~mtmjhc zojmhc tfeo~} ml tfe zojmhczjmeljez? Kuzt cmge Ce Rch} dmd lot h`~ee pmtf Joate# mi zojmethc cmie jhl ne ahtfeahtm{ed# o~Rorre~ hld Hdo~lo# pfo pe~e mlyocyed ml tfe pecc!glopl rozmtmymza denhte hld dmd loth`~ee mi h &zmauchted- onkejtmymt} mz r~eie~hnce to jolzjmouz zunkejtmymt}# tfe xueztmol oi tfeyhcmdmt} oi zojmhc zjmelje aetfodz hld tfe zm`lmimjhlje oi hjfmeyed ~ezuctz mz ztmcc re~zmztelt&*:>-,Hlotfe~ ztudelt joaaelted ol Fhne~ahzz ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue ml o~de~ to hdd toAh~juzez h~`uaeltz tfht ml fmz/fe~ ymep zojmethc joldmtmolz h~e lejezzh~} tfht hccopdoamlhtmolcezz dmzjou~ze; Io~ Fhne~ahz# h tfeo~} tfht eljoarhzzez hlhc}zmz hld j~mtmjmza

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8:2

    oi zojmet} hld fmzto~}# mz ezrejmhcc} jfh~hjte~m{ed n} mdeltmi}ml` mtz j~mtmjhc zthldh~dz# pfmjfh~e zunzthltmhted lo~ahtmyec} &Fhne~ahz 8=68; 0- &*86-,

    Hz tfe jo~~echtmol hlhc}zmz zfopz# tfe~e phz h teldelj} tfht tfe earco}aelt oi Ah~vmzth~`uaeltz pelt hcol` pmtf hl mlj~ehze oi tfe joarcevmt} oi h~`uaeltz,

    F:h; Ztudeltz# pfo fhye h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue# teld to ahmlc}zt~ezz lol!ejoloamj evharcez oi zojmethc r~onceaz,F:n; Ztudeltz# pfo fhye h Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue# fhye h zt~ol`earfhzmz ol zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz oi zojmet},

    N} earco}ml` tfe Reh~zol jo~~echtmol joeiimjmelt# ole jhl zfop h le`htmye jo~~echtmol#zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2#25 ceyec &8!thmced-# netpeel h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue hldtfe luane~ oi ejoloamj r~onceaz aeltmoled pmtfml h tevt,

    De`~eeoi

    Rozmtmymza

    Luane~ oizojmo!

    ejoloamjr~onceaz

    De`~ee oiRozmtmymza

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    8 !#:28&+-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #285

    L 5> 5>

    Luane~ oizojmo!ejoloamjr~onceaz

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    !#:28&+- 8

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #285

    L 5> 5>

    + Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,25 ceyec &8!thmced-,

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8:8

    De`~eeoi

    Ah~vmza

    Luane~ oizojmo!

    ejoloamjr~onceaz

    De`~ee oi

    Ah~vmza

    Reh~zol

    Jo~~echtmol8 #589&++-

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #222

    L 5> 5>

    Luane~ oizojmo!ejoloamjr~onceaz

    Reh~zolJo~~echtmol

    #589&++- 8

    Zm`, &8!thmced- #222

    L 5> 5>

    ++ Jo~~echtmol mz zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2,28 ceyec &8!thmced-,

    Thncez 5 hld 9; Jo~~echtmol oi de`~ee oi rozmtmymza hld Ah~vmza hld luane~ oi zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz aeltmoled

    Out oi 8>: r~onceaz aeltmoled ml rozmtmymztmj o~ zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmj tevtz# := pe~e zojmo!ejoloamj &:8#0%-, Joarh~ed to tevtz tfht pe~e Ah~vmzt o~ zt~ol`c} Ah~vmzt# tfmz mz h copde`~ee nejhuze ml tfeze jhzez >2 out oi :9 aeltmoled r~onceaz &55#9%- pe~e zojmo!ejoloamj olez,

    Tfe ~ezuctz oi ou~ zu~ye} lot olc} jolim~a f}rotfezmz :h# nut hczo f}rotfezmz :n, Pe jhlhzze~t h zt~ol` rozmtmye jo~~echtmol# zm`lmimjhlt ht tfe 2#28 ceyec &8!thmced-# netpeel tfe

    de`~ee oi Ah~vmzt h~`uaelthtmol hld tfe luane~ oi zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz aeltmoled,Hcc ztudeltz# pfo earco}ed h Ah~vmzt o~ h zt~ol`c} Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue#aeltmoled ht cehzt ole zojmo!ejoloamj r~oncea, Hcto`etfe~ tfeze lmle ztudeltz aeltmoledole ejoco`mjhc# >2 zojmo!ejoloamj# 9 rocmtmjhc# hld = juctu~hc r~onceaz,

    Hz mz mccuzt~hted n} tfe ioccopml` evharcez# ztudeltz pmtf h Ah~vmzt ulde~zthldml` joljemyedj~mtmxue hz h aehlz to zt~u``ce h`hmlzt ejoloamj orr~ezzmol; Olc} n} aehlz oi j~mtmjhczojmhc zjmeljez mt jhl ne hyomded tfht fuahlz nejoae mlzt~uaeltz oi tfe ejoloa} &*4:-,Ejoloamj doamlhlje phz joljemyed hz tfe jelt~hc onkejt oi j~mtmxue; Tfe fuahl neml`nejoaez tfe zchye oi tfe ejoloa} hld zojmet} zrcmtz ur mlto jchzzez, To n~ehg out oi tfmzdereldelj} hld tfe evmztml` joldmtmolz mz olc} rozzmnce pmtf tfe hmd oi j~mtmxue &*42-, Pejhl hzze~t tfht io~ tfoze ztudeltz tfht focd h Ah~vmzt o~ zt~ol`c} Ah~vmzt lotmol oi j~mtmxue#tfe ejoloamj zrfe~e mz lot tfe olc}# nut h jelt~hc iouldhtmolhc tormj io~ tfe j~mtmxue oizojmethc r~onceaz,

    Jolje~lml` tfe luane~ oi evharcez oi zojmethc r~onceaz tfht zfoucd ne j~mtmjm{ed# tfe~e phzh tothc oi 880# oi pfmjf 56 &4=#9%- pe~e zojmo!ejoloamj# :0 &:8#9%- juctu~hc# >8 &80#=%-rocmtmjhc# hld 8 ejoco`mjhc &2#=%-,Tfe r~onceaz aeltmoled o~de~ed n} tfem~ i~exuelj} oi ojju~~elje pe~e;roye~t} hld ulexuhc mljoae dmzt~mnutmol &>2-#jo~ro~hte rope~ &8:-#aedmh ahlmruchtmol &=-#

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8:>

    ulde~deyecoraelt oi tfe Tfm~d po~cd &0-#r~ejh~mouz chnou~ &9-#juctu~hc mare~mhcmza &9-#ph~ hld h~ahaelt &5-#ao~hc de`~hdhtmol &5-#ulearco}aelt &4-#

    dmzj~mamlhtmol hld ~hjmza &4-#evrcomthtmol hld jchzz zojmet} &:-#jelzo~zfmr &:-#mldmymduhcm{htmol hld mzochtmol &:-#leocmne~hcmza &:-#cozz oi lhtmolhc mdeltmt} due to dejcmle ml tfe nm~tf ~hte &:-#ulexuhc edujhtmolhc orro~tulmtmez &>-#

    aedmh joljelt~htmol &>-#

    jo~~urtmol &>-#

    eh`e~lezz io~ rope~ &>-#

    rht~mh~jf} &>-#

    zt~mgez &>-#

    duanml` dopl due to ao~hc dejcmle hld tejfloco`} &>-#

    jolzuae~mza &8-#

    jcmahte jfhl`e &8-#

    tothcmth~mhlmza &8-#

    chjg oi r~oimthnmcmt} &8-#

    n~ogel ~etm~eaelt zjfeaez &8-#

    dmzeljfhltaelt pmtf rocmtmjz &8-#

    zu~yemcchlje &8-#

    te~~o~ &8-#

    ~eyocutmol &8-,

    Ml hddmtmol# hczo 44 r~onceaz jolje~lml` tfe mlio~ahtmol zojmet} pe~e aeltmoled, Oi tfeze#>4 pe~e rocmtmjhc &54#5%-# 86 juctu~hc &42#=%-# > ejoloamj &4#9%-# hld 2 ejoco`mjhc, Tfemlio~ahtmol zojmet} r~onceaz aeltmoled o~de~ed n} tfem~ i~exuelj} oi ojju~~elje pe~e;dm`mthc dmymde &89-#mlio~ahtmol oye~cohd &=-#

    zu~yemcchlje hld chjg oi r~myhj} ol tfe Mlte~let &5-#

    Mlte~let hld ahlmruchtmol &4-#

    mldmymduhcm{htmol hld Mlte~let &>-#

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8::

    Mlte~let hddmjtmol &>-#

    Mlte~let uzed io~ ahvmam{ml` r~oimtz &8-#

    joaae~jmhcm{htmol oi mlio~ahtmol &8-#

    mlteccejtuhc r~ore~t} ~m`ftz &8-#

    jelzo~zfmr oi tfe Mlte~let &8-#

    ihzjmza ol tfe Mlte~let &8-#

    chjg oi jelzo~zfmr ol tfe Mlte~let &8-,

    F4; Ztudeltz pfo aeltmol ~er~ezzmye eceaeltz hz aoaeltz oi j~mtmxue# fhye hrozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue,

    Tfe gmld oi ~er~ezzmye h~`uaeltz pe mdeltmimed ml tfe tevtz mz mccuzt~hted n} tfe ioccopml`evharcez; Ole ztudelt p~ote; I~oa a} romlt oi ymep j~mtmxue zfoucd ~eie~ to eye~}tfml`tfht dmiie~z i~oa h lo~a &*::-, Tfmz h~`uaelt phz jolzmde~ed hz neml` ~er~ezzmye nejhuzedoamlhlt lo~az pe~e fe~e zeel hz ce`mtmahte olez# pfmjf aehlz tfht tfht pfmjf mz lotjolzmde~ed hz lo~ahc fhz lo ~m`ft oi evmztelje hld zfoucd ne ecmamlhted, Tfe lotmol oij~mtmxue ml tfmz jhze mz uzed io~ deahldml` orr~ezzmol hld hllmfmchtmol, Tfe ztudelt fhd hrozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oi j~mtmxue,

    Hlotfe~ ztudelt romlted out; Tfe evr~ezzmol oi j~mtmxue zfoucd ne leut~hc hld ulnmhzed,Oitel tfmz mz dmiimjuct &- Io~ evharce io~ zoaenod} pfoze ihamc} aeane~ fhz nejoaeymjtma oi tfe Lh{mz# mt mz ao~e dmiimjuct to j~mtmjm{e rocmtmjhc rh~tmez hiimcmhted to LhtmolhcZojmhcmza ml hl ulnmhzed ph}# tfhl io~ zoaenod} pfo fhz neel el`h`ed pmtf tfmz tormjolc} io~ h zfo~t tmae hld pfo doez lot zthld ml h kon!~echted o~ zojmhc joltevt to mt &*44-,

    Tfe h~`uaelt tfht j~mtmxue hcph}z fhz to ne leut~hc hld ulnmhzed mz hiimcmhted to rozmtmymza#hz fhz neel zfopl n} tfe rozmtmymza denhte ml @e~ahl zojmoco`}, To t~hlzie~ tfmzh~`uaelt# hz mt phz dole ml tfe evharce jmted hnoye# i~oa tfe ~ehca oi zjmelje!maahleltj~mtmxue to tfe zrfe~e oi zojmhc j~mtmjmza fhz to ne jolzmde~ed hz r~onceahtmj, Lot olc} tfhthjjo~dml` to tfmz ulde~zthldml` tfoze reorce pfo h~e hiiejted n} zojmethc r~onceaz h~e locol`e~ joljemyed hz eltmtced to j~mtmjm{e tfeze r~onceaz# mt iu~tfe~ nejoaez nhzed ol zujfhl ulde~zthldml` marozzmnce to j~mtmjm{e zojmethc z}zteaz cmge Lhtmolhc Zojmhcmza, Mi j~mtmxuefhz to ne leut~hc# ole jhllot dmiie~eltmhte netpeel h dezm~hnce hld hl uldezm~hnce zojmet},Mi zoaenod} phltz to r~ofmnmt j~mtmxue oi tfe fm`fezt zthte oi te~~o~ n} ymjtmaz o~ tfe chtte~zi~meldz hld ~echtmyez# fe o~ zfe t~mymhcm{ez ~er~ezzmye z}zteaz cmge Lhtmolhc Zojmhcmza,

    Ml tpo jhzez# hltm!ulmolmza phz r~ezelted hz h io~a oi j~mtmjmza, Ole ztudelt h~`ued tfhttfe zt~mgez n} @e~ahl ~hmc~ohd po~ge~z zfoucd ne r~ofmnmted; Im~zt ole ulmol zt~mgez io~

    nette~ ph`e joldmtmolz oi tfe ~hmc~ohd po~ge~z hld zfo~tc} hite~ tfe ulmol oi tfe el`mled~mye~z zt~mgez io~ utormhl ph`e mlj~ehzez, Tfe ihjt tfht zml`uch~ `~ourz dh~e to thge zujfaehzu~ez hld n} doml` zo rh~hc}{e ahl} zejto~z oi runcmj cmie# hz e,`, h~~myml` ol tmae hthl hrromltaelt o~ ht po~g# zmarc} mz lot hl ortmol hld auzt ne ecmamlhted n} fh~d j~mtmjmzaoi tfeze `~ourz hjtmolz &*::-, Ml tfmz evharce# tfe zt~u``ce io~ nette~ po~gml` joldmtmolzmz jolzmde~ed hz uldezm~hnce hld tfe h~`uaelt earco}ed n} jolze~yhtmye rocmtmjmhlz hld tfe}eccop r~ezz tfht zt~mgez zfoucd ne r~ofmnmted nejhuze tfe} jhl n~ml` dopl runcmj cmye mzthgel ur,

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8:4

    Tf~ee fh~dc} rozmtmymztmj ztudeltz# iou~ rozmtmymztmj ztudeltz# hld iou~ zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmjztudeltz `hye ~er~ezzmye h~`uaeltz, Tfmz zfopz tfht tfe oye~hcc ahko~mt} oi ztudeltz pfoearco}ed ~er~ezzmye h~`uaeltz &0>#0%- pe~e rozmtmymztmj o~ zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmj, Hccztudeltz pfo aeltmoled ht cehzt ole Ah~vmzt eceaelt oi j~mtmxue dmd lot earco} hl}~er~ezzmye h~`uaelt, Cmgepmze hcc ztudeltz pfo dmd lot aeltmol hl} rozmtmymztmj h~`uaeltzhczo `hye lo ~er~ezzmye zthteaeltz,

    Tfeze ~ezuctz zfop tfht h rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxuez doez lot lejezzh~mc} cehd to~er~ezzmye h~`uaeltz, Nut tfe earco}aelt oi ~er~ezzmye h~`uaeltz phz ml tfeoye~pfecaml` ahko~mt} oi jhzez nhzed ol h rozmtmymztmj lotmol oi j~mtmxue, Tfe~eio~e pe jhljolim~a f}rotfezmz 4,

    Hlhc}{ml` tfe jolj~ete evharcez oi zojmhc r~onceaz tfht zfoucd ne j~mtmjm{ed# 85 ~er~ezzmyeevharcez tfht h~e t}rmjhc io~ jolze~yhtmye hld ~m`ft!pml` tfmlgml` pe~e `myel &n} 88ztudeltz-;ao~hc dejcmle &5-#tf~eht to lhtmolhc mdeltmt} due to dejcmle ml tfe nm~tf ~hte &:-#zt~mgez &>-#duanml` dopl due to ao~hc dejcmle hld tejfloco`} &>-#

    chjg oi r~oimthnmcmt} &8-#tf~eht oi iuldhaelthc zojmhc jfhl`e &8-#chjg oi jelzo~zfmr oi mlio~ahtmol &8-,

    Ml tfe joljcudml` zejtmol# pe pmcc mlte~r~et tfe ~ezuctz r~ezelted ml jfhrte~ 4,

    5, Mlte~r~ethtmol oi tfe ^ezuctz hld Joljcuzmol

    Tfe joldmtmolz io~ ztud}ml` ht ulmye~zmtmez ml >226 h~e dmiie~elt tfhl ml tfe chte 8=92z hld8=02z# pfe~e ztudelt ~hdmjhcmza phz tfe lo~a; H zu~ye} haol` }oul` reorce h`ed 84!>5ml Huzt~mh zfoped tfht 05#>% necmeye tfht eyel }oul` reorce pmtf `ood edujhtmol do lot

    fhye h kon `uh~hltee &Mlztmtut i~ Ku`eldguctu~io~zjful` >225; 8>0-, 94#=% necmeyed tfhtml tfe iutu~e tfe} poucd fhye to ihje ulearco}aelt &Mnmd,-, :9#>% oi tfoze Huzt~mhlztudeltz pfo fhye lot rhzzed evhaz pmtfml ole hjhdeamj }eh~# zh} tfht tfe ~ehzol mzearco}aelt!~echted &Ul`e~ hld P~oncepzgm >220; =4-, Earco}aelt mz tfe tor onzthjceaeltmoled, Ztudeltz ht Huzt~mhl ulmye~zmtmez ol hye~h`e zreld 88#5 fou~z re~ peeg ml rhmdearco}aelt &~hl`ml` netpeel 5#= fou~z ml aolthlmztmj ztudmez hld 8:#> fou~z ml tfe zojmhczjmeljez- &Mnmd,; 8>=-, 5=#9% oi Huzt~mhl ztudeltz fhye rhmd earco}aelt du~ml` tfezeaezte~ &Mnmd,; 8:5-, Ml Huzt~mh# 65% oi hcc ztudeltz h~e re~ahleltc} o~ ojjhzmolhcc}`hmliucc} earco}ed &NAPI >220; 98# 96i-, Ml otfe~ Eu~orehl joult~mez# tfe ~hte oi ztudeltzpmtf rhmd earco}aelt mz e,`, 9:% ml @e~ahl}# 54% ml Imlchld# 49% ml I~hlje# 90% mlM~echld# 08% ml tfe Letfe~chldz# hld 9=% ml tfe UG# pfmjf jolim~az tfe `ele~hc t~eld oitfe eae~`elje oi h po~gml` jchzz ztudeltzfmr &Eu~oztudelt >225# =>-, Tfe tor ~ehzol io~earco}aelt mz tfht 0>#=% oi Huzt~mhl ztudeltz pfo fhye rhmd earco}aelt zh} tfht tfmz mz

    lejezzh~} io~ `hmlml` tfem~ cmyml` &Ul`e~ hld P~oncepzgm; 840-, 5:#6% oi Huzt~mhl ztudeltzzh} tfht pmtfout rhmd earco}aelt tfe} joucd lot hiio~d ztud}ml` &Mnmd,; 852-, Tfe fm`f ~hteoi earco}aelt oi Huzt~mhl ztudeltz ~eicejtz tfe mlt~odujtmol oi tumtmol ieez ht Huzt~mhlulmye~zmtmez ml >228 &>226; 0>9#0> re~ hjhdeamj }eh~->, Tfmz hiio~dhnmcmt} r~onceajolje~lz ezrejmhcc} ztudeltz i~oa cope~ mljoae ihamcmez &90#6%# Mnmd,; 85:-, 5>#=% oiztudeltz i~oa cop mljoae ihamcmez zh} tfht tfem~ imlhljmhc zmtuhtmol mz nhd o~ ye~} nhd &Mnmd,;>8:-,Ml ou~ jhze ztud} oi joaaulmjhtmol ztudeltz ml Zhc{nu~`# rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml` phz pmdec}zr~ehd &05% oi hcc ztudeltz-# hltm!jhrmthcmzt tfmlgml` mz r~ezelt# nut to h aujf cezze~ de`~ee

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8:5

    &80#:%-, Ou~ mlte~r~ethtmol oi tfe ~ezuctz mz tfht tfe mlj~ehzml` relet~htmol oi tfe hjhdeamjz}ztea pmtf ejoloamj ~ehzol tfht mz n~ou`ft hnout n} leocmne~hc rocmjmez hld tfht joucd nezt~ol`c} onze~yed ml Huzt~mh du~ml` tfe rhzt dejhde# fhz jolt~mnuted to tfe zt~ol`doamlhlje oi rozmtmymztmj tfou`ft haol` ztudeltz, Aozt ztudeltz fhye to joanmle rhmdearco}aelt hld ztud}ml` hld h~e ihjml` mlzeju~e earco}aelt re~zrejtmyez hite~ imlmzfml`ztud}ml`, Tfe r~hjtmjhc evre~meljez oi ztudeltz hz r~ejh~mouz chnou~e~z hld tfe ieh~ oi lot

    imldml` h `ood kon jhl emtfe~ hdyhlje r~olelezz to rozmtmymztmj o~ ~hdmjhc tfmlgml`, @myel tfeihjt tfht ahl} jou~zez ht tfe Ulmye~zmt} oi Zhc{nu~` h~e o~`hlm{ed ml h rozmtmymztmj ph} hldh~e o~melted ol mlzt~uaelthc ~ehzol &tehjfml` ztudeltz pfht tfe} fhye to glop ml o~de~ tonejoae runcmj ~echtmolz evre~tz# kou~lhcmztz# hdye~tmzml` zrejmhcmztz# etj,-# mt joaez hz lozu~r~mze tfht tfe ahko~mt} oi ztudeltz ml ou~ jhze ztud} fhz h rozmtmymztmj ulde~zthldml` oij~mtmxue hld fhz fh~dc} mlte~ezt ml zojmo!rocmtmjhc mzzuez,Hlotfe~ ~ezuct oi ou~ jhze ztud} mz tfht ml o~de~ to h~~mye ht hl hltm!jhrmthcmzt ulde~zthldml`oi j~mtmxue# joarcev aodez oi h~`uml` h~e leeded# pfe~ehz rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml` ~eicejtzeye~}dh} ~ehzol hld mz i~exueltc} nhzed ol ~htfe~ zmarce h~`uaeltz, Ulde~ tfe `myelzojmethc joldmtmolz# pfht Fe~ne~t Ah~juze te~aed ole!dmaelzmolhc tfou`ft zeeaz torelet~hte tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea hld ztudeltz jolzjmouzlezz, Ole!dmaelzmolhc tfou`ft hldnefhymou~ mz jfh~hjte~m{ed n} tfe teldelj} tfht mdehz# hzrm~htmolz# hld onkejtmyez tfht# n}tfem~ joltelt# t~hlzjeld tfe ezthncmzfed ulmye~ze oi dmzjou~ze hld hjtmol h~e emtfe~ ~erecced

    o~ ~edujed to te~az oi tfmz ulmye~ze &Ah~juze 8==8; 8>-, Tfe~e mz h tothc earm~mjmza# hlo~melthtmol olc} ol tfht pfmjf evmtz# lot ol tfht pfmjf joucd ne o~ mz dezm~hnce, @myel tfer~edoamlhlje oi ole!dmaelzmolhc tfou`ft ml ou~ jhze ztud}# tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue phzder~myed oi mtz le`htmye iehtu~ez tfht xueztmol jhrmthcmza hld j~mtmxue n} rozmtmymztmj!o~melted ztudeltz, Tfe joljert oi j~mtmxue phz r~edoamlhltc} mlte~r~eted hz h ru~ec}rozmtmye maahlelt ermzteaoco`mjhc r~ojedu~e# n} pfmjf evmztml` glopced`e mz mar~oyed, Tfelotmol oi j~mtmxue phz lot ~erecced# mt phz `ele~hcc} jolzmde~ed hz h ye~} maro~thlt joljertn} hcc ztudeltz, Hcc oi tfea jolzmde~ed tfeazecyez hz j~mtmjhc ztudeltz, Fopeye~# rozmtmymztmjztudeltz ~edujed tfe lotmol to h te~a oi tfe evmztml` jhrmthcmzt ulmye~ze, Mt mz rh~tmjuch~c}hch~aml` tfht 88 ztudeltz# oi pfmjf 6 h~`ued rozmtmymztmj# hzzojmhted j~mtmxue pmtfjolze~yhtmye aotmyez hld tormjz cmge hltm!ulmolmza# ao~hc de`~hdhtmol# chjg oi r~oimthnmcmt}#o~ tf~ehtz to lhtmolhc mdeltmt}, Fopeye~# hczo h je~thml# hctfou`f ~htfe~ zahcc zfh~e oi

    ztudeltz &80#:%-# jolzmde~ed j~mtmxue hz ~hdmjhc j~mtmxue oi zojmet}# hld felje hz hr~ojedu~e oi le`htmol,

    Tfe dmiie~elje netpeel tfe zmtuhtmol ml tfe 8=92z tfht Ah~juze dezj~mned hld todh} mz tfhtAh~juze zroge hnout eye~}dh} cmie tfht phz mlj~ehzml`c} re~aehted n} ole!dmaelzmolhctfou`ft# pfe~ehz tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea phz jolzmde~ed hz h zrhje pfe~e j~mtmjhc tfmlgml`phz ztmcc rozzmnce hld r~ezelt, Todh}# ole!dmaelzmolhc tfou`ft zeeaz to jocolm{e hcc ~ehcazoi zojmet}# tfe chzt ~ezo~tz oi ~hdmjhc j~mtmxue ml tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea hczo nejoaemlj~ehzml`c} relet~hted n} mlzt~uaelthc ~ehzol, Tfe joaaodmimjhtmol oi edujhtmol lot olc}thgez ol tfe io~a tfht ztudeltz fhye to rh} io~ ulmye~zmt} htteldhlje ml eye~ ao~ejoult~mez hld ml ahl} jhzez tfe~eio~e fhye to thge ur rhmd earco}aelt# mt hczo aehlz tfhtulmye~zmtmez nejoae ao~e dm~ejtc} ~echted to mlduzt~}# h~e evrejted to `htfe~ tfm~d rh~t}iuldz n} jo!ore~html` pmtf jo~ro~htmolz# jhrmthcmztz o~ ~er~ezelthtmyez oi mlduzt~mhc

    iede~htmolz h~e oiie~ed zt~hte`mj rozmtmolz ml ulmye~zmt} hdamlmzt~htmol# ju~~mjuch hld jou~zeznejoae o~melted ol tfe jhrmthcmzt ejoloa}# dmzjmrcmlez tfht jhllot ne jollejted toejoloamj mlte~eztz hld joaaodmt} r~odujtmol h~e jut dopl mlztmtutmolhcc}# ztudeltz h~eio~jed to joarcete ulrhmd o~ cop rhmd mlte~lzfmrz ml jo~ro~htmol hz rh~t oi de`~eer~o`~haaez, Tfe ulmye~zmt} mz r~ezelted hz myo~} tope~ tfht mz dmzjollejted i~oa r~hjtmjeml leocmne~hc dmzjou~ze, Tfe jollejtmol to r~hjtmje thgez ol ejoloamj io~az# m,e, edujhtmolmz joaaodmimed hld jo~ro~htmolz `hml dm~ejt mlicuelje ml ulmye~zmtmez, R~hjtmje mz lotulde~ztood hz eahljmrhto~} rocmtmjhc r~hjtmje, Dhymd Fh~ye} &>22:# >225- dezj~mnez tfeco`mj oi leocmne~hcmza hz hjjuauchtmol n} dmzrozzezzmol, Ml ahl} joltearo~h~} ulmye~zmtmez#

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8:9

    edujhtmol hz runcmj `ood tfht mz rh~t oi tfe joaaolz oi zojmet} mz dmzrozzezzed hldt~hlzio~aed mlto hl mlzt~uaelthc `ood o~ h joaaodmt} tfht joaez ulde~ tfe jolt~oc oijhrmthc, N} dmzrozzezzml` edujhtmol# jhrmthc hjjuauchtmol mz hdyhljed,

    Hcc ztudeltz ml ole o~ hlotfe~ zelze oi tfe po~d jchmaed to ne j~mtmjhc, Tfmz ~eicejtz h`ele~hc teldelj} ml zjmelje hld zojmet} tfht hcc hrr~ohjfez hld zthgefocde~z phlt to ne

    zeel hz j~mtmjhc, J~mtmxue mz h te~a tfht mz ihzfmolhnce# hld n} neml` ihzfmolhnce teldz tocooze mtz ye~} ezzelje hz j~mtmxue oi doamlhtmol, Tfeze dh}z hnzocutec} eye~}tfml` mzj~mtmjhc, &- Zojmhc j~mtmjmza mz lop hz aujf h rh~t oi tfe nuzmlezz hz juctu~hc j~mtmjmzaphz ht tfe tmae tfht Hdo~lo phz p~mtml` fmz ezzh} Juctu~hc J~mtmjmza hld Zojmet} &8=4=-&Ztemle~t >22:; 894-, Feml{ Ztemle~t h~`uez ml tfmz joltevt ml tfe t~hdmtmol oi Hdo~lo hldFo~gfemae~ tfht ole zfoucd focd ol to h lotmol oi j~mtmjmza tfht doez lot ml h t~mymhceye~}dh} ahlle~ jolzmde~ mt hz lot h`~eeml` pmtf zoaetfml`# nut hz ~hdmjhc ~eicevmymt} tfhtxueztmolz doamlhtmol; J~mtmjhc ~eicevmymt} mlyocyez hlhc}zml` tfe doamlhtmol tfht mlfe~ez mlou~ joljertz hld ph}z oi tfmlgml`# hld evhamlml` tfe ~e`mae oi doamlhtmol tfht r~eyeltzzojmetmez hld mldmymduhcz i~oa ~ehcm{ml` tfem~ roteltmhc oi i~eedoa# exuhcmt} hld zocmdh~mt}&Ztemle~t >22:; 896-,

    Ztudeltz pmtf h ~hdmjhc lotmol oi j~mtmxue ml ou~ ztud} pe~e ezrejmhcc} mlte~ezted ml

    dmzjuzzml` zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz# pfe~ehz tfe~e mz h teldelj} oi rozmtmymztmj ztudeltz tole`cejt zujf r~onceaz, Ml dmzjuzzml` joltearo~h~} mzzuez zujf hz tfoze ~echted tomlio~ahtmol zojmet}# ztudeltz zfoped rh~tmjuch~ mlte~ezt ml tfe r~oncea oi tfe dm`mthc dmymde,

    Tfe oye~hcc ~ezuct oi ou~ jhze ztud} phz tfht rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml` phz tfe r~edoamlhlt ph}io~ mlte~r~etml` tfe lotmol oi j~mtmxue, Tfe dhl`e~ tfht cmez ml tfmz deyecoraelt mz tfhtztudeltz nejoae ~htfe~ ulmlte~ezted ml zojmo!rocmtmjhc mzzuez# jolzmde~ rocmtmjhc orrozmtmol hz~htfe~ ulmaro~thlt# tfht mlteccejtuhc tfou`ft nejoaez ole!dmaelzmolhc# hld tfht hjhdeamjzjolt~mnute to tfe eae~`elje oi h zojmet} pmtfout orrozmtmol, Zujf h zojmet} teldz to netothcmth~mhl hld hltmdeaoj~htmj, Ml o~de~ to hyomd zujf deyecoraeltz hld to elzu~e tfhthjhdeamh jolt~mnutez to h d}lhamj deaoj~hj} tfht mz nhzed ol j~mtmjhc jmtm{elz pfo h~e hnceto io~auchte orrozmtmolhc mdehz# pe h~~mye ht h luane~ oi redh`o`mjhc joljcuzmolz;

    Zojmhc zjmelje jou~zez zfoucd lot ne dezm`led ml ph}z tfht r~ezelt Ah~vmhl tfmlgml` hzoutdhted# nut zfoucd r~ezelt mt hz tormjhc hld jollejted to tfe eye~}dh} evre~meljez oiztudeltz hz r~ejh~mouz po~ge~z hld tfe eae~`elje oi hl mlteccejtuhc r~oceth~mht, Ah~vmhlmdehz leed to ne jollejted to ztudeltz hjtuhc evre~meljez,

    Rh~tmjuch~ earfhzmz zfoucd ne `myel to zojmhc r~onceaz ml zojmhc zjmelje jou~zez#ezrejmhcc} to joltearo~h~} zojmoejoloamj r~onceaz, Ml ou~ jhze ztud}# 92 &:0#>%- tmaezzojmo!ejoloamj# 55 &:4#>%- tmaez juctu~hc# 45 &>6#2%- tmaez rocmtmjhc# hld 8 &2#9%-tmae ejoco`mjhc r~onceaz pe~e aeltmoled, Tfe r~eyhcelje oi zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceazphz hczo zfopl n} tfe ihjt tfht roye~t} hld ulexuhc mljoae dmzt~mnutmol &>2 tmaez- phzaeltmoled hz tfe aozt i~exuelt zojmethc r~oncea, Tfe dhth zfop tfht 55#5% oi tfeAh~vmzt hld zt~ol`c} Ah~vmzt ztudeltz# :2#6% oi rozmtmymztmj hld zt~ol`c} rozmtmymztmjztudeltz# hld >2#2% oi roztaode~l hld zt~ol`c} roztaode~l ztudeltz aeltmoled tfmzr~oncea,Tormjz tfht jolje~l dmzt~mnutmye kuztmje hld evharcez oi ulexuhc dmzt~mnutmol zeea to nerh~tmjuch~c} zumted hz h iouldhtmol io~ t~}ml` to hdyhlje j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` ml zojmhc zjmeljejou~ze nejhuze tfe} pe~e jolzmde~ed hz maro~thlt n} ztudeltz ml hcc tf~ee `~ourz oitfou`ft,

    Hz ~hdmjhc tfmlgml` teldz to ne ao~e joarcev tfhl rozmtmymztmj tfmlgml`# mt zfoucd lot~hl`e hz ole oi ahl} exuhcc} ~er~ezelted tormjz ml zojmhc zjmelje jou~zez# nut zfoucdio~a tfe ahml eceaelt oi hjhdeamj ju~~mjuch# z}cchnm# hld ~ehdml` cmztz, Tfe ahmlr~oncea ml ~ehcm{ml` tfmz zu``eztmol mz tfht Ah~vmhl hld otfe~ fete~odov zjfoch~z h~eah~`mlhcm{ed hld ulde~~er~ezelted ml tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea,

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    Kou~lhc Io~ J~mtmjhc Edujhtmol Rocmj} Ztudmez# 9# &>-

    R h ` e s 8:0

    Jolje~lml` je~thml joltearo~h~} r~onceaz zujf hz tfe dm`mthc dmymde tfe~e zeeaz to ne h~ezrejthnce ztudelt mlte~ezt, Tfe dm`mthc dmymde phz aeltmoled 89 tmaez hz hl maro~thltzojmethc r~oncea hld felje phz tfe r~oncea aeltmoled zejold aozt i~exueltc}, Tfer~oncea pmtf tfe lotmol oi tfe dm`mthc dmymde mz tfht tfe joljert i~exueltc} marcmez tfhttfe r~oncea jhl ne zocyed tejfloco`mjhcc}, Tfmz am`ft hczo ne tfe ~ehzol pf} hczoztudeltz pfo nhze tfem~ tfmlgml` ol tejfloco`mjhc ~htmolhcmt} h~e mlte~ezted ml tfmz

    r~oncea, Fopeye~# hz tfmz r~oncea zeeaz to ne maro~thlt io~ ztudeltz# mt joucd ne uzedhz hl evharce tfht mz dmzjuzzed ml ~echtmol pmtf zojmo!ejoloamj r~onceaz zujf hzulexuhc mljoae dmzt~mnutmol hld jchzz hlhc}zmz &ji, Iujfz >226h# >226n-,

    H lejezzh~} r~ejoldmtmol io~ mar~oyml` ztudeltz mlteccejtuhc deyecoraelt mz to dej~ehzeejoloamj r~ezzu~ez zo tfht tfe} fhye ao~e tmae hld ele~`} io~ el`h`ml` pmtf hld mlj~mtmjhc tfou`ft, Tfe ~ezocutmol oi tfmz r~oncea jhllot ne hjfmeyed n} `ood redh`o`}#nut olc} n} rocmtmjhc jfhl`e oi tfe r~onceaz tfht tfe hjhdeamj z}ztea mz ihjml` &jourcml`oi earco}aelt hld ztud}ml`# chjg oi runcmj iuldml` io~ ulmye~zmtmez# mlt~odujtmol oi tumtmolieez# chjg oi ihjuct} aeane~z# hnocmzfaelt oi tfe hjhdeamj jh~ee~ aodec# mlzuiimjmeltearco}aelt r~oaotmol io~ }oul` zjfoch~z# o~melthtmol oi ju~~mjuch ol mlte~lzfmrz#relet~htmol oi hjhdeamh n} ejoloamj ~ehzol-,

    Ml hutual >226# h imlhljmhc j~mzmz fmt `conhc jhrmthcmza, Tfmz zfopz lot olc} tfhtleocmne~hcmza fhz ihmced# nut hczo tfht jhrmthcmza mz hl mlfe~eltc} j~mzmz!~mddel z}ztea, Hccio~az oi jhrmthcmza# lo ahtte~ mi ao~e o~ cezz ~e`uchted# zoole~ o~ chte~ elte~ j~mzmz hldtfe~eio~e eldhl`e~ tfe cmyez hld cmyml` joldmtmolz oi hcc reorce, Tfe >226 j~mzmz oi jhrmthcmzamz tfe ch~`ezt zmlje tfe @~eht Der~ezzmol tfht zth~ted ml 8=>=, Ol tfe ole fhld tfmz joucdorel ur roteltmhcz io~ h lep ~mze oi ceit!pml` rocmtmjhc j~mtmxue oi jhrmthcmza, Ml tfmz jhze#hczo edujhtmolhc mlztmtutmolz joucd ne t~hlzio~aed ml zujf h ph} tfht Ah~vmzt j~mtmxuenejoaez ao~e maro~thlt h`hml hld ztudeltz h~e joli~olted pmtf hltm!jhrmthcmzt j~mtmjmza, Oltfe otfe~ fhld tfe j~mzmz joucd hczo `mye ~mze to leo!ihzjmza# hz mt dmd ml tfe 8=:2z ml@e~ahl} pfel Fmtce~ hld tfe LZDHR jhae to rope~, Tfe ~mze oi leo!ihzjmza hz h ~ezuct oitfe ju~~elt j~mzmz poucd rozzmnc} n~ml` h iucc eld to j~mtmjhc tfmlgml` ml ulmye~zmtmez hld j~mtmjhcrocmtmjhc r~hjtmjez# fopeye~ ah~`mlhc tfe} am`ft hc~ehd} ne ulde~ tfe `myel joldmtmolz, Peam`ft elte~ h lep tmae oi zt~u``ce pmtf notf ch~`e ~mzgz hld zahcc orro~tulmtmez io~t~hlzio~aml` lot olc} edujhtmol# nut hczo zojmet} hz h pfoce,

    ^eie~eljez

    Hdo~lo# Tfeodo~ P, 8=9>, [u~ Co`mg de~ Zo{mhcpmzzelzjfhitel, Ml Zo{moco`mzjfe Zjf~mitel M#540!595, I~hlgiu~t ha Ahml; Zuf~ghar,

    Hdo~lo# Tfeodo~ P, 8=9=h, De~ Rozmtmymzauzzt~emt ml de~ deutzjfel Zo{moco`me, Leupmed;Cujfte~fhld,

    Hdo~lo# Tfeodo~ P, 8=9=n, Emlcemtul` {ua Rozmtmymzauzzt~emt ml de~ deutzjfel Zo{moco`me,Ml Zo{moco`mzjfe Zjf~mitel M# >62!:5:, I~hlgiu~t ha Ahml; Zuf~ghar,

    Hcyezzol# Ahtz hld Zthlce} Deet{, >222, Doml` J~mtmjhc Ahlh`eaelt ^ezeh~jf, Coldol;

    ZH@E,

    Nhzgh~# ^o}, 8==:, Dmhcejtmj; Tfe Rucze oi I~eedoa, Coldol; Ye~zo,

    Nejg# Uc~mjf, 8=69, ^mzmgo`ezecczjfhit; Hui dea Pe` ml emle hlde~e Aode~le , I~hlgiu~t haAhml; Zuf~ghar,

    Nezt# Zteyel hld Dou`chz Geccle~# 8==8, Roztaode~l Tfeo~}; J~mtmjhc Mlyeztm`htmolz, Lep]o~g; @umcio~d R~ezz,

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    Jf~mztmhl Iujfz hld Ah~mzoc Zhldoyhc

    R h ` e s 8:6

    Nezt# Zteyel hld Dou`chz Geccle~, 8==0, Tfe Roztaode~l Tu~l, Lep ]o~g; @umcio~d R~ezz,

    Nezt# Zteyel hld Dou`chz Geccle~, >228, Tfe Roztaode~l Hdyeltu~e, Lep ]o~g; @umcio~dR~ezz,

    Nfhzgh~# o}, 8==:, Dmhcejtmj; Tfe Rucze oi I~eedoa, Coldol; Ye~zo,

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    Nuldezamlmzte~mua i~ Pmzzelzjfhit uld Io~zjful` &NAPI-, >220, Ahte~mhcmel {u~ zo{mhcelCh`e de~ Ztudme~eldel >220, Pmel; NAPI,

    Nu~nucez# Lmjfochz J, hld ^ure~t Ne~g, 8===, J~mtmjhc Tfmlgml` hld