positivism & constructivism
TRANSCRIPT
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Connie and Mary Ann
EDIT 451:CSULA
Positivism & ConstructivismEpistemology and the Design of Learning Environments
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•positivism•constructivism
Philosophy of
Knowing
•Objectivist design•Constructivist design
Grounded Design
•Instructional Design Practices
•Constructional Design •Practices
Systems Approach’
&Design
Practices
Conceptual Map of Ideas in Chapter 6
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Which one?
• Different views, but both perspectives are valid if they ground their practices on theory
• Depends on client needs and context of IDT.
Validity Of
Claims
• Think and analyze first before accepting and rejecting designers’ claims based on our own beliefs and values
• Designs and procedures must optimize differences based on epistemology
Emerging Design
Landscape
• Instructional designers need to address and respond to client needs, contextual factors & different views
• Growth and learning
Questions posed and future approaches
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POSITIVISM
A philosophical and epistemological approach
which holds that knowledge is acquired through actual
experiencehttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positvsm.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism
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WordAssociation
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Scientific Method
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Weber
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Rationalism
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Durkheim
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Science
•
Logical
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Sensory
•
Concrete
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Social Research
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Sociology
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Simmel
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Logic
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Analytical
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Skinner
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Facts
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Testable
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Behaviorism
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Social Positivism
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AUGUSTE COMTE
French philosopher who founded sociology and positivism
http://www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/comte.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130750/Auguste-Comte
http://membres.multimania.fr/clotilde/etexts/index.htm
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Positivism & Design Framework
Knowledge exists independent of the learner. There is an absolute truth.
Design frameworks are based on objectivism. Knowledge is transferred
from outside to inside the learner. Conditions are arranged to promote goals.
Knowledge is engineered externally.
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Positivism & Design Practices
Knowledge exists independent of the learner. There is an absolute truth.
Classroom Directed
Teacher-centered Goal predetermined Objectives defined
Activities, materials, assessment teacher driven
Products given to teacher for assessment.
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Analyze
Design
Develop
ImplementEvaluate
Instructional Design Process
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Analyze• Content• Setting• Learner
Identify• Instructional
needs
Establish• Instructional
goals
Objectivist Design & Analysis
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Definition of Instructional
objectives
Arrangement of objectives into sequences and hierarchies
denoting what needs to occur to obtain the objective
Use each objective to establish specifications for criterion-referenced assessments of
relevant content
Objectivist Design
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Dev
elopment
Impl
ementation
The unit is implemented, the learning environment will convey the information and guide students in accomplishing the prescribed objectives by having them read the instructional materials, engage in instructional activities, produce responses, and receive feedback
Eval
uation
Objectivist Development, Implementation & Evaluation
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Technologizing School SystemsRobotics in Medical and Dental Instruction, JapanGo to the next slide to watch Simroid
Current Trends: Positivism in IDT
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eLearning (positivist approach)http://www.webbasedtraining.com/home.aspxGo to the next slide to watch the video
Current Trends: Positivism in IDT
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Jonassen, D.H. et al. (1997). “ Certainty, Determinism, and Predictability in Theories of Instructional Design: Lessons from Science”. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, VOL 37; NUMBER 1, pages 27-33 ( found on ERIC)
http://www.ifets.info/journals/3_2/morrison_book_review.html http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/SEAL/Reports_Papers/methods_papers/On%20the%20Science%20of%20Ed
%20Design%20Studies_ER.pdf
Books available at http://www.amazon.com
Further reading: Positivism & Instructional Design Application
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CONSTRUCTIVISM
A philosophical and epistemological approach
which holds that reality is not directly knowable, and can
only be inferred or assigned by convention or consensus
http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.htmlhttp://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/constructivism.html
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WordAssociation
Construction
Multiple meanings
Interpretation
Representation
Piaget
Vico
Constructionism
Social Learning
Thought
Language
Culture
Race
Gender
ZPD
Schema
Prior knowledge
Collaboration
Dewey
Progressive
Scaffolding
Active learning
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LEV VYGOTSKY
Belarusian psychologist who wrote extensively on
developmental psychology, child development and education
http://tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html
http://www.kolar.org/vygotsky/
.
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Constructivism & Design Framework
Knowledge is constructed by the learner. Truth is contextual.
Design frameworks are based on constructivism/relativism. Guide the learner in constructing knowledge.
Provide a rich context for negotiation and meaning construction. Knowledge
constructed internally.
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Constructivism & Design Practices
Knowledge is constructed by the learner. Truth is contextual.
Environment Learner-centered
Teacher facilitating; learner controlling Learning goals negotiated
Learning problems and contexts authentic Activities, materials, assessment context
driven and individually constructed Artifacts shared and reflected on, collectively
and individually.
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Analyze
Design
Develop
ImplementEvaluate
Instructional Design Process
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Visualize•Learning environment
•Learner•Problem•Key concepts
Set•Learner goals
•Learning styles
Evaluate•Context-dependent
Constructivist Design & Analysis
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Learner establishes individual learning goals and decides how to learn
Learner locates and evaluates potential resources
Learner chooses methods to assess their solution to the
problem posed.
Constructivist Design
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Dev
elopment
Impl
ementation
Learners decide what to do, when to do it, and whom to consult as they engage in problem solving and artifact construction. The designer or other facilitators will serve as consultants as learners manage their own learning needs.
Eval
uation
Constructivist Development, Implementation & Evaluation
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Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action
eLearning (constructivist approach)University of LeicesterGo to the next slide to watch the video
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Twitter & World SimulationKansas State University
Visit Michael Wesch’s Digital Ethnography sitehttp://mediatedcultures.net/ksudigg/
Go to the next slide to watch the video
Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action
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Virtual Worlds: Second LifeCalifornia State University, Los Angeles
Current Trends in IDT: Constructivism in Action
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http://gionas.webfactional.com/web/portfolio/pdf/Design_Research.pdf http://www.ifets.info/journals/3_2/tam.html http://www.dirkdavis.net/cbu/edu524/resources/Problem%20based%20learning%20An%20instructional%20model
%20and%20its%20constructivist%20framework.pdf http://doc.utwente.nl/26780/1/00650010.pdf Books on http://www.amazon.com
Further reading: Constructivism & Constructional Design Practices
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How do you think our EDIT classes are in terms of epistemological perspectives, instructional design and design practices?
What kind of educational technologist or instructional designer will you be?
Thank you for going through our slides
Questions