Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports & Response-to-Intervention

George SugaiOSEP Center on PBIS

Center for Behavioral Education & ResearchUniversity of Connecticut

June 27 2011 George.sugai@uconn.edu

www.pbis.org www.scalingup.org www.cber.org

PURPOSE

Examination of current SWPBS

data practices, systems, &

outcomes in context of

“responsiveness-to-

intervention”• Brief History & Rationale• PBIS Foundations• RtI

• Data

Problem Statement

“We give schools strategies & systems for improving practice & outcomes, but implementation is not accurate, consistent, or durable, & desired outcomes aren’t realized. School personnel & teams need more than exposure, practice, & enthusiasm.”

Brief PBIS History &

Rationale

Context Matters! Examples

Individual Studentvs.

School-wide

Assessments indicate that Reiko performs in average to above average range in most academic areas. However, in last 4 weeks her teacher has noticed Reiko’s frequent talking & asking & answering questions without raising her hand has become an annoying problem to other students & to teacher.

Reiko

What would you do?

Kiyoshi is a highly competent student, but has long history of antisocial behavior. He is quick to anger, & minor events quickly escalate to major confrontations. He has few friends, & most of his conflicts occur with peers in hallways & cafeteria & on bus. In last 2 months, he has been given 8 days of in school detention & 6 days of out of school suspension. In a recent event, he broke glasses of another student.

Kiyoshi

What would you do?

Mitch displays a number of stereotypic (e.g., light filtering with his fingers, head rolling) & self-injurious behaviors (e.g., face slapping, arm biting), & his communications are limited to a verbal vocabulary of about 25 words. When his usual routines are changed or items are not in their usual places, his rates of stereotypic & self-injurious behavior increase quickly.

Mitch

What would you do?

Rachel dresses in black every day, rarely interacts with teachers or other students, & writes & distributes poems & stories about witchcraft, alien nations, gundams, & other science fiction topics. When approached or confronted by teachers, she pulls hood of her black sweatshirt or coat over her head & walks away. Mystified by Rachel’s behavior, teachers usually shake their heads & let her walk away. Recently, Rachel carefully wrapped a dead squirrel in black cloth & placed it on her desk. Other students became frightened when she began talking to it.

Rachel

What would you do?

Fortunately, we have a science that guides us to…

ASSESS these situations

Develop behavior intervention PLANS based on our assessment

MONITOR student progress & make enhancements

All in ways that can be culturally & contextually APPROPRIATE

Crone & Horner, 2003; Horner, Sugai, & Anderson, 2007

Context Matters!

Intermediate/senior high school with 880

students reported over 5,100 office discipline

referrals in one academic year. Nearly 2/3 of students have received at least one

office discipline referral.

“159 Days”

Reiko is in this school!

5,100 referrals =

76,500 min @15 min =

1,275 hrs =

159 days @ 8 hrs

During 4th period, in-school detention room has so many students

that the overflow is sent to the counselor’s office.

Most students have been assigned for being in the hallways after the

late bell.

“Da place to be”

Kiyoshi is in this school!

During Advisory Class, the “sportsters” sit in the back

of the room, & “goths” sit at the front. Most class

activities result in out of seat, yelling arguments

between the two groups.

“Cliques”

Mitch is in this school!

Three rival gangs are competing for “four

corners.” Teachers actively avoid the area.

Because of daily conflicts, vice principal has moved her desk to

four corners.

“4 Corners”

Rachel is in this school!

1980s SW

Discipline Problem

Reactive

Non-constructive

Emphasis on punishment

Poor implementation

fidelity

Limited effects

“Big Ideas” from Early Years

Teach & recognize behavior directly, school-wide

• Colvin & Sugai (1992)

Focus adult behavior in team-based SW action planning

• Colvin, Kame’enui, & Sugai (1993)

Consider ALL as foundation for some by establishing local behavioral expertise• Sugai & Horner (1994)

Integrate evidence-based practices in 3-tiered prevention logic• Walker, Horner, Sugai, Bullis, Sprague, Bricker, & Kaufman (1996)

“Early Triangle”

(p. 201)Walker, Knitzer,

Reid, et al., CDC

Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for

All Students,Staff, & Settings

Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group

Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior

Tertiary Prevention:Specialized

IndividualizedSystems for Students

with High-Risk Behavior

~80% of Students

~15%

~5%

CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE

INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR

SUPPORT

ALL

SOME

FEW

Prevention Logic for AllBiglan, 1995; Mayer, 1995; Walker et al., 1996

Decrease development

of new problem

behaviors

Prevent worsening &

reduce intensity of

existing problem

behaviors

Eliminate triggers &

maintainers of problem

behaviors

Teach, monitor, &

acknowledge prosocial behavior

Redesign of teaching environments…not students

SWPBS (aka PBIS/RtI) is for enhancing adoption & implementation of

Continuum of evidence-based interventions to achieve

Academically & behaviorally important outcomes for

All students

Framework

Changing Adult Behavior

1.“Change is slow, difficult, gradual process

for teachers

2.“Teachers need to receive regular

feedback on student

learning outcomes”

3.“Continued support & follow-up are

necessary after initial training”

Guskey, 1986, p. 59

SYST

EMSPRACTICES

DATASupportingStaff Behavior

SupportingStudent Behavior

OUTCOMES

Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement

SupportingDecisionMaking

IntegratedElements

Universal

Targeted

Intensive

All

Some

FewContinuum of Support for

ALL

Dec 7, 2007

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of

Support for ALL“Theora”

Dec 7, 2007

Science

Soc Studies

Reading

Math

Soc skills

Basketball

Spanish

Label behavior…not people

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of Support for

ALL:“Molcom”

Dec 7, 2007

Prob Sol.

Coop play

Adult rel.

Anger man.

Attend.

Peer interac

Ind. play

Label behavior…not people

Self-assess

“Response-to-Intervention”

Need for

betterData-based

decision making

Early & timely

decision making

Comprehensive screening

Support for non-

responders

Implementation Fidelity

Instructional accountability & justification

Assessment-instruction alignment

Resource & time

use

IMPLEMENTATION W/ FIDELITY

CONTINUUM OF EVIDENCE-BASEDINTERVENTIONS

CONTENT EXPERTISE &

FLUENCY

TEAM-BASED IMPLEMENTATION

CONTINUOUSPROGRESS

MONITORING

UNIVERSAL SCREENING

DATA-BASEDDECISION MAKING

& PROBLEM SOLVING

RtI

EARLY INFLUENCES

CBMEarly

Screening & Intervention

Prereferral Interventions

Teacher Assistance TeamingDiagnostic

Prescriptive Teaching

Behavioral & Instructional Consultation

Applied Behavior Analysis

Precision Teaching

Sep-06 Feb-07 Sep-07 Feb-080

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

44

57

65

90

36

3026

9

19

139

1

LRSRAR

Month

Perc

ent

2006-2008 K-1 (same): Phonemic Segmentation Fluency

Etc.Literacy & WritingNumeracy & SciencesSWPBSSpecialsSocial Sciences

Responsiveness to Intervention

Implementation

Framework

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Thornton, L.A., & Leaf, P.J. (2009). Altering school climate through school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Findings from a group-randomized effectiveness trial. Prevention Science, 10(2), 100-115

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Bevans, K.B., Ialongo, N., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). The impact of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) on the organizational health of elementary schools. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 462-473.

Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133-148.

Bradshaw, C.P., Reinke, W. M., Brown, L. D., Bevans, K.B., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). Implementation of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in elementary schools: Observations from a randomized trial. Education & Treatment of Children, 31, 1-26.

Horner, R., Sugai, G., Smolkowski, K., Eber, L., Nakasato, J., Todd, A., & Esperanza, J., (2009). A randomized, wait-list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11, 133-145.

Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., & Anderson, C. M. (2010). Examining the evidence base for school-wide positive behavior support. Focus on Exceptionality, 42(8), 1-14.

RCT & Group Design PBIS Studies

• Reduced major disciplinary infractions• Improvements in academic achievement

• Enhanced perception of organizational health

& safety• Improved school climate• Reductions in teacher reported bullying

behavior

“Making a turn”

IMPLEMENTATION

Effective Not Effective

PRACTICE

Effective

Not Effective

Maximum Student Benefits

Fixsen & Blase, 2009

Detrich, Keyworth, & States (2007). J. Evid.-based Prac. in Sch.

Startw/

What Works

Focus on Fidelity

Funding Visibility PolicyPoliticalSupport

Training Coaching Behavioral ExpertiseEvaluation

LEADERSHIP TEAM(Coordination)

Local School/District Implementation Demonstrations

SWPBS Implementation

Blueprint

www.pbis.org

SYST

EMSPRACTICES

DATASupportingStaff Behavior

SupportingStudent Behavior

OUTCOMES

Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement

SupportingDecisionMaking

IntegratedElements

Classroom

SWPBSPractices

Non-classroom Family

Student

School-w

ide

• Smallest #• Evidence-based

• Biggest, durable effect

SCHOOL-WIDE1.1. Leadership team

2.Behavior purpose statement

3.Set of positive expectations & behaviors

4.Procedures for teaching SW & classroom-wide expected behavior

5.Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior

6.Continuum of procedures for discouraging rule violations

7.Procedures for on-going data-based monitoring & evaluation

EVIDENCE-BASED

INTERVENTIONPRACTICES

CLASSROOM1.All school-wide2.Maximum structure & predictability in routines & environment3.Positively stated expectations posted, taught, reviewed, prompted, & supervised.4.Maximum engagement through high rates of opportunities to respond, delivery of evidence-based instructional curriculum & practices5.Continuum of strategies to acknowledge displays of appropriate behavior.6.Continuum of strategies for responding to inappropriate behavior.

INDIVIDUAL STUDENT1.Behavioral competence at school & district levels

2.Function-based behavior support planning

3.Team- & data-based decision making

4.Comprehensive person-centered planning & wraparound processes

5.Targeted social skills & self-management instruction

6. Individualized instructional & curricular accommodations

NONCLASSROOM1.Positive expectations & routines taught & encouraged

2.Active supervision by all staff (Scan, move, interact)

3.Precorrections & reminders

4.Positive reinforcement

FAMILY ENGAGEMENT1.Continuum of positive behavior support for all families

2.Frequent, regular positive contacts, communications, & acknowledgements

3.Formal & active participation & involvement as equal partner

4.Access to system of integrated school & community resources

1-5% 1-5%

5-10% 5-10%

80-90% 80-90%

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• High Intensity

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• Intense, durable proceduresTargeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Targeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Universal Interventions• All students

• Preventive, proactive

Universal Interventions• All settings, all students• Preventive, proactive

Responsiveness to Intervention

Academic Systems Behavioral Systems

Circa 1996

~80% of Students

~5%

ESTABLISHING CONTINUUM of SWPBS

SECONDARY PREVENTION• Check in/out• Targeted social skills

instruction• Peer-based supports• Social skills club•

TERTIARY PREVENTION• Function-based support• Wraparound• Person-centered planning• •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• Teach SW expectations• Proactive SW discipline• Positive reinforcement• Effective instruction• Parent engagement•

SECONDARY PREVENTION• • • • •

TERTIARY PREVENTION• • • • •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• • • • • •

~15%