portugese beekeeping and the new challenges in varroa control
TRANSCRIPT
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CESAM - FCUL
Portuguese
beekeeping reality and the new
challenges in Varroa control
A. S. Lima, M. Vilas-Boas, A. C. Figueiredo
Talvipäivät29th January 2017, Hämeenlinna
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Portugal
Azores
Madeira
- Population: 10 millions
- Area: 92 000 Km2
- 5th largest E.E.Z. in EU (1 727 408 km2)
- Mediterranean - Atlantic climate
average 13-18ºC winter/ 28-35ºC summer
- Sea surface 13-23ºC
- Hours of sunshine: 4-6h W/ 10-12h S
- Very rich biodiversity (fauna and flora)
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Beekeeping in Portugal
- National Federation of Portuguese Beekeeping, since 1996
40 local beekeeping associations
16 cooperatives and honey producers organizations
pay annual fee of 125€
2017-2019 budget: 2 598 517€
- Beekeepers need to:
do registration on the Portuguese National Authority for Animal Health
register, and update every year, the nº of colonies in apiary
follow some rules to establish the apiary
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Legislation DL 203/2005:
- one apiary can’t have more than 100 hives in one place
- must be establish 50m far from the road and 100m far from houses
- if more than one apiary in the same place:
100 m
up to 10 hives
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Legislation DL 203/2005:
- one apiary can’t have more than 100 hives in one place
- must be establish 50m far from the road and 100m far from houses
- if more than one apiary in the same place:
400 m
from 11 up to 30 hives
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Legislation DL 203/2005:
- one apiary can’t have more than 100 hives in one place
- must be establish 50m far from the road and 100m far from houses
- if more than one apiary in the same place:
800 m
from 31 up to 100 hives
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Balance
2007 2010 2013 2016 (nº and %)
Nº of beekeepers 15 267 17 291 16 774 10 698 -4 569 -30%
Nº of apiaries 32 685 38 203 40 176 33 876 1 191 4%
Nº of colonies 555 049 562 557 566 793 626 339 71 290 13%
Total of apiaries/ beekeeper 2,1 2,2 2,4 3,2
Total of colonies/ beekeeper 36 33 34 59 In: FNAP Reports
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Beekeeping in Portugal
8% beekeepers
Average 9 apiaries/ beekeeper
139 colonies/ beekeeper
34% beekeepers
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Beekeeping in Portugal
1 063
Beekeepers Apiaries Colonies
367 608
13 602
In: FNAP Report 2015
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Hobbyist beekeepers
Apiaries
Colonies
Beekeepers
In: FNAP Report 2015
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11
5%
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Beekeeping in Portugal
- Apis mellifera iberiensis
- Mixture of clonal variation of African (A) and west European (M) lineages
- Same body size as European subspecies
- Very vigorous and active
- Supports long and cold winters
- Great collectors of propolis
- High propensity to swarm
- Very defensive stings a lot
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Beekeeping in Portugal
- 9 Protected Denomination of Origin for honey (EC 509/2006)
- honey is the main product of Portuguese beekeeping
in 2007: ± 7 000 ton in 2015: ± 11 500 ton (average 16-22 Kg/ hive)
export 2 000 ton (17% of national production)
import 1 321 ton
average price wholesale
3,30 €/Kg (multifloral)
4,10 €/Kg (monofloral)
5,50 €/Kg (organic)
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Hive products
Foundations10-20€/Kg
70-100€/Kg8-12€/Kg
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Controlled zones
- established since 2005 (DL 203/2005)
- systematic disease control is done
- prior authorization of all type of beekeeping material to be used
- constant vigilance and epidemiological prevention
- 2016 18 controlled zones (32% of mainland is under surveillance)
43%
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Mandatory to declare:
Tracheal mite
A. woodis
VirusDWV
Varroa mite
V. destructor
American foulbrood
P. larvae
NosemaN. cerana
N. apis
European foulbroodM. plutonius
chalkbroodA. apis
Tropilaelaps mites
SHBA. tumidaAFB EFB Nosema Tracheal mite Varroa Chalkbrood
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2011201220132014
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Beekeeping in Portugal
Emerging pest (invasive)
A. mellifera
Vespa crabro
Vespa velutina nigrithorax
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Beekeeping in Portugal
- Varroa destructor:
- 1st time detected in 1986
- is the greatest threat to Portuguese beekeeping
- sanitary treatments of the colonies represents at least 35% of costs
- Since 1997, there is a National Beekeeping Program promoting varroa control
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Fluvalinate
ThymolAmitraz
Formic acid
ThymolMenthol1,8-cineoleCamphor
± 30% Varroa resistance
Varroa authorized treatments
Flumethrin
Oxalic acid
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Plants as alternative
- Phytochemicals as an alternative and natural resource of acaricidal compounds
- comproved biological activity of plants
- Several advantages: biodegradable, low cost harvest, short environmental persistence, minimum risk for pest resistance development
- Essential oils, - plant extracts, - deccoction waters, - hydrolates…
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Essential oils
A.S. Lima (2013)
CBV/FCUL (2007)
- secondary metabolites are produced by specialised plant structures (trichomes)
- highly complex mixtures of volatile compounds (terpenoids)
- different modes of action (neurotoxic, respiratory chain)
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≈4000 taxa
385 endemic150
157
78 33141006
1233
A.S. Lima (2013)
CBV/FCUL (2007)
Portuguese flora
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Impact and challenges
- Negative impact in Apiculture worldwide
- CCD- Hive environment is shared by honeybees and Varroa
- Acaricides are costly, ineffective and harmful for the ecosystem
- Understand the mechanism of Varroa host finding
- Find a new, sustainable and effective way of mite control
- Understand the mechanism of Varroa host finding (1)
- Find a new, sustainable and effective way of mite control (2)
Main goals of the work
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Research Institutions
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Research Institutions
550Km
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Isolation of the EOs
A.S. Lima (2013)
EOs isolated by hidrodistillation using a Clevenger-type
apparatus
Chemical analysis performed by GC e GC-MS
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Sampling beesFr
om th
e fie
ld…
…to
the
lab
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Bioassays with EOs
Complete exposure method:- acetone as solvent- EOs solutions (v/v): 0.25%, 0.5%,
1%, 2.5%, 5%- glass Petri dishes (100 x 15mm)- 5 emergent or adult bees naturally
infested/ Petri dish- 5 replicates/ EO concentration- Blank, positive and negative controls- 30±1ºC, 70% RH
- results after 6, 12, 24 and 48h
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Bioassays with EOs
- Emergent bees are more sensible than the adult ones
- Overall, the 2,5%concentration test,was the better one
toxicity bees vs acaricidal activity
EO time effect
- Low Varroa mortality on the blank and negative controls ( 3% and 7%), suggesting that EO are responsible for the real mortality
- Statistics analysis (model Probit, SPSS): LC50 e LC90
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EO4899 EO4899
EO4891 EO4891
EO5068 EO5068
Bioassays
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Bioassays
EO5714
EO5663
EO5714
EO5663
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EO5763
EO5749
EO4309
EO4444
EO5763
EO5749
EO4309
EO4444
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Varroa sensing chemical cues
pupae larvae food
forager bees
nurse bees
5th instar larvae
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Sensory organs of Varroa
A. Wild (2010)
http
://w
ww
.ala
.org
.au/
wp-
cont
ent/
uplo
ads/
2011
/03/
varr
oa.jp
g
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Dillier, F.X. et al. (2006)
Sensory organs of Varroa
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Electrotarsography (EAG)
Prof. Doctor Victoria Soroker
Institute of Plant Protection
The Volcani Center
(Israel)
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10x
Electrotarsography (EAG)
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Time (5 s)
Resp
onse
am
p.
(0,2
mV)
-0,421 -0,439 -0,506
Pulse flow 1000 mL/min
Adapted from Eliash, N. et al. (2014)
at least 10 replicates measurements
Electrotarsography (EAG)EOs dose-response (v/v):0.1% 0.5% 2.5%0.25% 1% 5%
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Electrotarsography (EAG)
Lima, A.S. et al., Understanding the chemosensing response of Varroa destructor to volatile compounds of Portuguese aromatic plants. (in preparation)
acet 0,1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20
40
60
80
100
120
EO4309
Concentration(%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
acet 0,1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20406080
100120140
EO4899
Concentration (%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
acet 0.1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
EO5068
Concentration (%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
acet 0,1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20406080
100120140160
EO5714
Concentration (%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
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the EOs activated the mite chemosensory sensilla eliciting a positive-dose dependent effect in Varroa chemoreceptors.
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Electrotarsography (EAG)
Lima, A.S. et al., Understanding the chemosensing response of Varroa destructor to volatile compounds of Portuguese aromatic plants. (in preparation)
acet 0,1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
EO4444
Concentration (%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
acet 0,1 0,25 0,5 1 2,5 5 acet0
20406080
100120140160
EO5749
Concentration (%) (v/v)
Resp
onse
am
plitu
de (%
)
40
Interestingly two other EOs elicited negative‑dose dependent response.
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Behaviour bioassays
100 mm
HB + EOHB Varroa
- 6 conc. EOs- 3 replicates (30
Varroas)- 33ºC, 70% RH- Obs. 1h, 2h e 3h
Lima, A.S. et al., Understanding the chemosensing response of Varroa destructor to volatile compounds of Portuguese aromatic plants. (in preparation)
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Lima, A.S. et al., Understanding the chemosensing response of Varroa destructor to volatile compounds of Portuguese aromatic plants. (in preparation)
Behaviour bioassays
Correlation between Varroa behaviour and EAG dose –response effect of
EO’s
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Lima, A.S. et al., Understanding the chemosensing response of Varroa destructor to volatile compounds of Portuguese aromatic plants. (in preparation)
Behaviour bioassays
Other mechanisms of action may be evolved in
Varroa behaviour
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Have we already found a solution for Varroa control?
- Acaricidal formulations with promising EOs- Trap devices (seeking for possible collaboration with some Veterinary Pharmaceutical Companies)
- Upgrade scale: field tests
Not yet…
…but we are still working and we are getting closer!
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Acknowledgements
A. S. Lima is grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for PhD grant SFRH/BD/76091/2011. This study was partially funded by FCT, under PTDC/CVT-EPI/2473/2012, Pest OE/AGR/UI0690/2011 and UID/AMB/50017/2013.
Prof. Doctor Ana Cristina Figueiredo
CESAM – FCUL
Prof. Doctor Miguel Vilas-Boas
Prof. Doctor Victoria Soroker
MSc. Nurit EliashDoctor Nitin Singh
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Thank you for your
attention.
Kiitos huomiostasi.