Portugal and China Portugal and China in the Indian Oceanin the Indian Ocean

THE INDIAN OCEANTHE INDIAN OCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN MONSOONSMONSOONS

JANUARY MONSOON (DRY) WINDS

JULY MONSOON (WET) WINDS

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE

1. Merchants from Muslim, Indian, Chinese worlds2. Two types of commodities: luxury, staple3. Government protected trade through entrepôts4. Commonly observed rules, stability5. Merchants frequently spread faith, culture

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONSGEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS

INDIAN INDIAN OCEANOCEAN

MING DYNASTYMING DYNASTY•Overthrew Yuan (Mongols)•Wanted to re-establish past Chinese (Tang) prominence and power•Revived old Chinese knowledge•Rebuild Chinese arts•Strengthened Neo-Confucianism

CHINESE CHINESE MOTIVATIONSMOTIVATIONS

•Emperor Zhu Di usurped throne from second emperor (nephew)

•Nephew fled abroad•Emperor sent chief eunuch and fleet

•Find him•Reestablish ancient tribute system

•Proof of Chinese superiority

PORTUGUESE PORTUGUESE MOTIVATION:MOTIVATION:GOD, GLORY, GOLDGOD, GLORY, GOLD

•Religious zeal•Crusades•Trade monopoly•Ottomans•Mansa Musa•Renaissance•Technology

TO AFRICA & THE CAPETO AFRICA & THE CAPE•West Africa=Portugal’s training ground•Local states more powerful than Portugal and wanted trade•Portuguese while pushing south learned

•Raid and trade•Better sailing knowledge

ZHENG - HEZHENG - HE •Muslim palace eunuch•Ideal to lead emperor’s fleet

•Knowledge of foreigners•Knowledge of “Western” lands

•In Nanking oversaw:•Building of fleet•Recruitment of sailors, soldiers, and guides

•Much resentment against his expeditions

PRINCE HENRY PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATORTHE NAVIGATOR

•Portugal reconquered land from Muslims

•Hemmed in by Castile•Turned to seas to make future•State backed:

•Overseas exploration•Shipbuilding•Schools to train sailors

•State rewarded success•Titles•Property

PORTUGUESE ADMIRALSPORTUGUESE ADMIRALS

•Trained sailors from all over Europe•Promotion based on experience•Taught navigation using•Arab astrolabe & compass•Ships designed for Atlantic•Fleet pushed into Atlantic•Discovered Azores, Canaries•Followed coasts of Africa

MING VOYAGESMING VOYAGES•Seven voyages called treasure fleets•Ships visited SE Asia, India, Arabia, Africa•Typical fleet had around:

•100 ships, largest about 3,000 tons•90,000 troops, sailors

PORTUGUESE PORTUGUESE VOYAGESVOYAGES

•Fleets small but heavily armed•Three phases:

•Down African coast to Cape of Good Hope

•Cape to India along East African coast

•India to China through Malacca Straits

STAR RAFTS (STAR RAFTS (DRAGON FLEETS)DRAGON FLEETS)

•Chinese fleet had 100’s of ships

•130 meter long, 9-masted, 3,000+ tons

•Crews of thousands, tons of cargo

•Watertight bulkheads, retractable rudders

CARAVEL CARAVEL & NAO& NAO

•Had to handle hazards, weather of Atlantic some of worst on globe

•Sails had to be able to turn as wind direction changed•Bow was high to cut the waves

•Ships were sailing forts•Stern, bow were castles •Armed with heavy, light guns

CHINESE TACTICSCHINESE TACTICS•“Carrot and stick”

•Sought trade and tribute•Needed little but others wanted their goods•If states refused to submit/trade, Zheng He used superior troops & weapons as diplomacy (sparingly)

PORTUGUESE TACTICSPORTUGUESE TACTICS•First, threats backed by terror tactics and military technology

•Essentially pirates•Later, from capital, Goa (now an Indian State):

•Controlled choke points (straits)•Built forts•Monopolized spice trade•Sent missionaries

THE INDIAN THE INDIAN OCEANOCEAN

•Found Muslim’s thriving trade•Sacked most Swahili city-states in East Africa•Built forts to control key points•In India, had nothing to trade with Hindus •Later, to control trade:

•Established markets, forts, missions•Wed local women

BENEFITS?BENEFITS?•China benefited little•Zheng-He never found missing prince

•Did reestablish tribute system•Little except spices found to trade

•Portugal came to control Indian Ocean spice trade, making it wealthy•Biggest gain was spread of Christianity

TIMELINESTIMELINES1405: Zheng He’s first of seven voyages leaves Nanking1406: Ptolemy’s Geography translated in West; Chinese reach India1411: Zheng He conquers Sri Lanka1415: Zheng He conquers Sumatran Kingdom, reach Hormuz1416: Henry the Navigator defeats Muslims in Morocco1417: Zheng He intervenes in Indian wars1418: Chinese armada attacks Mogadishu1420: Portuguese reach Madiera, explore African coast1427: Portuguese reach Azores1433: Zheng He dies, disgraced 1434: Portuguese fleet enters Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea1436: Ming Emperor ends overseas naval explorations1488: Portuguese reach southern tip of Africa1498: Portuguese reach west coast of India by way of East Africa

CH’I-LIN AND CH’I-LIN AND CONFUCIANSCONFUCIANS

•Chinese “unicorn” is symbol of good fortune

•Its coming symbolic of good times•Neo-Confucians taught:

•China was center of world•Had reached height of power

•Neo-Confucians:•Despised merchants•Disliked eunuchs•Favored internal development

MING ENDMING END• Northern nomads• Great Wall• A New Capital• New Emperor

• Japanese pirates• Grand Canal• Cost of fleets• Anti-eunuch• Confucianism

PORTUGUESE ENDPORTUGUESE END

•Dutch, French, and English:• Encroached on Portuguese markets & empire•Stole both for their states

•1580—last Portuguese king died•Philip II, King of Spain, inherited crown

•Spanish interests first

FIRST TO FIRST TO ENTER, ENTER,

LAST TO LEAVELAST TO LEAVE•Portugal first European nation to establish colonial empire and last to lose it

•1960—India annexed Goa•1975—Mozambique independent & Indonesia took East Timor•1999—Macao returned to China

CHINA AND CHINA AND PORTUGAL IN THE PORTUGAL IN THE

INDIAN OCEANINDIAN OCEAN

LINKSLINKSDutch and Portuguese Colonial HistoryDutch and Portuguese Colonial History

www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/6497/

Asian JourneyAsian Journeywww.time.com/time/asia/features/journey2001/

The European Voyages of ExplorationThe European Voyages of Explorationwww.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/

index.html

Internet History Sourcebook ProjectInternet History Sourcebook Projectwww.fordham.edu/halsall/