ports and harbor
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Four Important Functions of Portsand Harbors
1. Administrative – ensuring that the ega! socio"poitica andeconomic interests of the state and internationa maritimeauthorities are protected#
2. Development – ports are ma$or promoters and instigators of acountr%&s or 'ider regiona econom%#
3. Industrial – the goods imported or e(ported in a port#
4. Commercial – internationa trade $unction points 'here )arioumodes of transport interchange* oading! discharging! transit ofgoods#
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Harbor or harbour or ha)en! is a bod% of 'ate'here ships! boats! and barges can see+ shet
storm% 'eather! or are stored for future use# Itnatura or arti,cia#
Arti,cia Harbor can ha)e constructed-
.# Brea+'aters
/# Sea 'as0# 1ett%s
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Arti,cia Harbor
1. BREAKA!ER"
" are structures constructed on coasts as part of 2oastadefense or to protect an anchorage from the e3ects of both 'eatheand ongshore drift#
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Arti,cia Harbor
2. "EAA##"
$are genera% massi)e concrete structures empaced aong considerabe stretch of shoreine#
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Arti,cia Harbor
3. %E!!&"
$are structures that pro$ects from the and out into the 'ateOften! $ett% refers to a 'a+'a% accessing the centre of an encose'aterbod%#
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A natura harbour is surrounded on se)era sides b% prominenceof and# It has ong been of great strategic na)a and economicimportance! and man% great cities of the 'ord are ocated onthem# Ha)ing a protected harbour reduces or eiminates the nee
for brea+'aters as it 'i resut in camer 'a)es inside theharbour#
4(ampes-
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HARBORS
PRO5ID4 A SAF4 AN2HORA64! PROT42TIN6 SHIPS FRO7 TH4
OP4N S4AS#
!&'ICA# HARB(R #(CA!I()"*
+out,s o- a River
)atural Bas
Inlets
Interior o- Coral Ree-s
+anmade Brea/0aters
!idal Basins
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PROB847S THAT 79ST B42ONSID4R4D IN TH4 D4SI6N AND
OP4RATION OF HARBORS1. !ide ariations$ vertical dierence bet0een t,e ,i, tide and
t,e succeedin lo0 tide
2. Currents$ is a continuous directed movement o- sea 0aterenerated b -orces actin upon t,is mean o0 suc,
brea/in 0aves5 0ind5 etc.3. "iltin$ t,e pollution o- 0ater b 6ne particulate terrestrial
clastic material to t,e particle si7e dominated b silt or cla.
4. ave Actions$ created b 0ind blo0in over t,e sur-ace o-t,e sea.
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PORTS
" A 8O2ATION ON A 2OAST OR SHOR4 2ONTAININ6 ON4 OR 7OR4
HARBORS :H4R4 SHIPS 2AN DO2; AND TRANSF4R P4OP84 OR
2AR6O TO OR FRO7 8AND# PORT 8O2ATIONS AR4 S4842T4D TO
OPTI7I<4 A224SS TO 8AND AND NA5I6AB84 :AT4R! FOR
2O774R2IA8 D47AND! AND FOR SH48T4R FRO7 :IND AND :A54
PORTS :ITH D44P4R :AT4R AR4 RAR4R! B9T 2AN HAND84
8AR64R! 7OR4 42ONO7I2A8 SHIPS#
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7A1OR F4AT9R4S OF PORTS
Doc+s or berths 'here )esses moor
4=uipment and personne to oad and unoad )esses
2onnections to and transportation such as high'a%s! rai'a%sand pipeines
2argo storage areas
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SHIP PORT"R48AT4D HA<ARDS
NA5I6ATION
" The ha>ards beonging to this categor% are those that ha)ethe for a de)iation of the ship from its intended route or designatedchanne#
I7PA2TS AND 2O88ISION
"The ha>ards beonging to this categor% are concerned 'ithan interaction 'ith a mo)ing or a stationar% ob$ect or a coision'ith a )esse#
7AN4954RIN6
"2oncerned 'ith the faiure to +eep the )esse on the righttrac+ or to position the )esse as intended#
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SHIP PORT"R48AT4D HA<ARDS
8OSS OF 2ONTAIN74NT
"concerned 'ith the reease and dispersion of dangeroussubstances# T'o e(ampes of these ha>ards are reease of?ammabes and reease of to(ic materia#
SHIP R48AT4D
"2oncerned 'ith ship"speci,c operations or e=uipment#Some e(ampes of these ha>ards are ?ooding! mooring faiure!anchoring faiure! and oading@o)eroading#
4N5IRON74NTA8
"occur 'hen 'eather e(ceeds )esse design criteria orharbour operations criteria#
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SHIP PORT"R48AT4D HA<ARDS
PO889TION
" 2oncerned 'ith the reease of materia that can usedamage to the en)ironment# T'o e(ampes of these ha>ards arecrude oi spis and reease of other cargo#
FIR4@4P8OSION
"2oncerned 'ith ,re or e(posion on the )esse or in thecargo ba%# Some e(ampes of these ha>ards are cargo tan+,re@e(posion! ,re in accommodation! ,re in engine room and othe,res#