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Portland Police BureauPortland Police Bureau

Officer Involved ShootingsOfficer Involved Shootings

March 8th, 2011

January 1st, 2010 to January 2nd, 2011

Lt. Robert King PPB Training

Sgt Greg Stewart PPB Crime

Analysis Unit

CasesCases

10-008352 CAMPBELL, AARON M.

10-023336 COLLINS, JACK D.

10-038353 OTIS, KEATON DUPREE

10-097006 BOEHLER, CRAIG L.

10-103413 FERGUSON, DARRYLL D.

10-105949 LAGOZZINO, MARC

11-000068 MOFFETT, KEVIN C.

11-000375 HIGGINBOTHAM, THOMAS

Factors ExaminedFactors Examined

•• Initial ContactInitial Contact

•• Incident SummaryIncident Summary

•• SubjectSubject’’s PPDS Historys PPDS History

•• Mental Illness/Crisis IndicatorsMental Illness/Crisis Indicators

•• Mental Health Issues/Crisis Known To OfficersMental Health Issues/Crisis Known To Officers

•• Drug and/or Alcohol IndicatorsDrug and/or Alcohol Indicators

•• Less Lethal UseLess Lethal Use

•• Weapons Use by SubjectWeapons Use by Subject

Initial ContactsInitial Contacts

•Only 1 of the 8incidents was self-initiated

•Historically, abouthalf of calls are self-dispatched

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2007 2008 2009

Self-Initiated

Dispatched

Incident SummaryIncident Summary

•• 6 of 8 incidents the subject shot was threatening or6 of 8 incidents the subject shot was threatening or

actively assaulting another citizenactively assaulting another citizen

•• One incident involved an officer shot during a trafficOne incident involved an officer shot during a traffic

stopstop

•• One incident involved officers responded to a welfareOne incident involved officers responded to a welfare

check of the subjects girlfriend (the subject had ancheck of the subjects girlfriend (the subject had an

extensive history including domestic violence)extensive history including domestic violence)

PPDS HistoryPPDS History• History varied from minimal to extensive

• All the subjects had been a suspect in a written criminal report (varied frommultiple arrests to being a suspect in a single incident)• Several subjects had histories of domestic violence arrest

• One suspect had been charged in an attempted murder and another in incidentinvolving shooting at a roommate

• This is not typical behavior of persons with mental illness

• All the subjects except one had PPDS contacts involving alcohol ormarijuana*

*This is important because repeated studies have demonstrated that substance use co-occurring with mentalillness greatly increases the risks for persons with mental illness to engage in violent acts

Mental Health Crisis IndicatorsMental Health Crisis Indicators

•• The first 6 shootings appeared to have someThe first 6 shootings appeared to have some

connection to mental health crisisconnection to mental health crisis

•• Two of these individuals had a diagnosed major mental illnessTwo of these individuals had a diagnosed major mental illness

co-occurring with substance abuseco-occurring with substance abuse

•• Three individuals appeared to be driven by substance abuseThree individuals appeared to be driven by substance abuse

with possibly co-occurring with a mental health crisiswith possibly co-occurring with a mental health crisis

•• One individual was reportedly depressedOne individual was reportedly depressed

•• The last two shootings are still in review but at least oneThe last two shootings are still in review but at least one

appeared to involve a mental health crisisappeared to involve a mental health crisis

Drugs and/or AlcoholDrugs and/or Alcohol

•• Substance abuse played a role in at least 6 of 8Substance abuse played a role in at least 6 of 8incidentsincidents

•• Mental health issues crisis with substance abuseMental health issues crisis with substance abuseissues is a huge problemissues is a huge problem

•• While persons with mental illness are not generallyWhile persons with mental illness are not generallyviolent, mental illness co-occurring with substanceviolent, mental illness co-occurring with substanceabuse dramatically increases the risk of violentabuse dramatically increases the risk of violentbehavior (not unlike the general population)behavior (not unlike the general population)

Less Lethal UseLess Lethal Use

•• Deployed in 5 of 8 incidentsDeployed in 5 of 8 incidents

•• It was not always an optionIt was not always an option

•• It did not incapacitate the personIt did not incapacitate the person

•• But, how many of these types of incidents has itBut, how many of these types of incidents has itprevented?prevented?

Weapons Use by SubjectWeapons Use by Subject

•• All of the incidents involved individualsAll of the incidents involved individuals

armed with weapons:armed with weapons:

•• Four involved firearmsFour involved firearms

•• Three involved edged weaponsThree involved edged weapons

•• One involved a replica firearmOne involved a replica firearm

What We Know

The combination of mental health

crisis, substance abuse and

weapons dramatically increases the

potential for a situation to have a

negative outcome.

Who do we deal with?Who do we deal with?

PPBPPB’’s Most Frequently Bookeds Most Frequently Booked(January 1(January 1stst, 2010 to June 30, 2010 to June 30thth, 2010), 2010)

Top 20 by (booked) PPB CasesTop 20 by (booked) PPB Cases

• Characteristics of those we most often arrest:

• 11 had a multiple alcohol related arrests

• 10 had a history of mental health holds

• 12 had a history of resisting arrest

• Average over 50 charged cases a month involving

this group alone*

*Total criminal cases with an involvement code of charged

The 6th Most

Fequently Booked

• 2010 Activity• 34 Charged

incidents

• 6 Detox holds

• 1 Holds formental health

• Use of force

involving adrawn Taser

(not deployed)


incidents

• 4 Detox holds

• 5 Holds formental health

• 2 Use of force

1 drawnfirearm and 1

take down


incidents as ofFeb. 17th

• History includes

aggravatedassaults/

menacing with ametal club in one

of the holdincidents

Systemic FailureSystemic Failure

•• Generally do not qualify for ongoing mentalGenerally do not qualify for ongoing mental

health treatmenthealth treatment

•• Alcohol/marijuana use falls beneath radar of CJAlcohol/marijuana use falls beneath radar of CJ

systemsystem

•• Intoxication mixed with mental health issuesIntoxication mixed with mental health issues

reduces options for treatment (ERreduces options for treatment (ER’’s/Walk-Ins/Walk-In

rarely admit intoxicated subjects regardless ofrarely admit intoxicated subjects regardless of

mental health issues)mental health issues)

Emphasis on StrategyEmphasis on Strategy

•• Build strategies and capacity around the causalBuild strategies and capacity around the causal

factors, not tactics to address the symptomsfactors, not tactics to address the symptoms

•• We do not have programs to address unstable,We do not have programs to address unstable,

chronic, non-felony substance abuserschronic, non-felony substance abusers

•• We know we are at increased risk for negativeWe know we are at increased risk for negative

outcomes when contacting this group, yet we do notoutcomes when contacting this group, yet we do not

have the tools in place to reduce this contacthave the tools in place to reduce this contact

•• We know that our community has limited resourcesWe know that our community has limited resources

to address this issue, so we do the best we canto address this issue, so we do the best we can

Emphasis on Tactics/Training? Emphasis on Tactics/Training?

•• Simply adopting new tactics isSimply adopting new tactics is

not a sufficient condition fornot a sufficient condition for

successsuccess•• However, we constantly strive to improve bothHowever, we constantly strive to improve both

the tactics and tools we use to deal with thesethe tactics and tools we use to deal with these

encountersencounters

The ContextThe Context

�� 400,000 Citizen contacts400,000 Citizen contacts

�� 200,000 Radio calls for service200,000 Radio calls for service

�� 200,000 Self initiated contacts200,000 Self initiated contacts

�� 30,000 Arrests annually30,000 Arrests annually

�� 1,000 Holds for mental health issues1,000 Holds for mental health issues

�� 1,273 Cases where force is used1,273 Cases where force is used

Use of ForceUse of Force

�� Control Holds causing injury Control Holds causing injury 6161

�� Takedowns Takedowns 373373

�� Hobble Hobble 7373

�� Hands and feet Hands and feet 149149

�� Baton Baton 77

Use of Force*Use of Force*

�� Pepper spray Pepper spray 6969

�� Taser Taser 297297

�� Bean bag deploymentBean bag deployment 2424

�� Pointing a firearm Pointing a firearm 588588

�� Use of deadly force Use of deadly force 66

*Total types of force used exceed 1,273 because more then one type of*Total types of force used exceed 1,273 because more then one type of

force may be used in an incidentforce may be used in an incident

Use of ForceUse of Force

�� Officers use force in less than 1 % of allOfficers use force in less than 1 % of all

contactscontacts

�� Officers use force in less than 5 % of all arrestsOfficers use force in less than 5 % of all arrests

Historical Trends

Officer Involved Shootings and In-custody Deaths

98

4 4

9

5

2 21

6

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Deaths in police custody

Officer shooting incidents

San Francisco Analysis

1/1/2005 to 8/27/2009

Does not include most recent shootings

Portland

Available at : http://www.sf-police.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=25101

Review of ShootingsReview of Shootings

� In the majority of incidents it appears

responding officers applied their training in

the fundamental concepts of patrol tactics,

use of tactical advantages, and assessment

of the totality of the circumstances, all of

which are addressed in Patrol Tactics

training.


� This initial review does not find any

significant training deficiencies in their

responses but a more detailed review in the

future may include additional

recommendations. Specifically some

training applications stood out, officers:


� Made plans and designated leaders. In the

majority of cases, they communicated well

and adapted to the incidents as they

evolved.

� Used the tactical advantages available to

them, including cover, concealment,

distance, numerical superiority and the

element of surprise.

Work in Progress/Recently Completed

� Advanced Academy: In 2010, the TrainingDivision’s lead instructors reviewed and updatedall lesson plans for the Advanced Academy’stactical skills, CIT, and law programs. Althoughthis was an academy project, the lesson planswere re-written to be usable for in-service andother training programs.

TrainingTraining

� In-Service: The 2011 In-service for OperationsBranch includes a session on the ReactionaryGap, three PRISim scenarios, and a live scenariowith objectives related to decision-making andde-escalation. Each discipline has incorporatedmore discussion of 1010.20 and the acronymSTART IT, to help capture the elements ofGraham v Connor.

TrainingTraining

� The use of sound, safety-conscious tactics whendealing with an incident where a person isknown or suspected to be armed or otherwisedangerous minimizes the chances that officerswill find themselves exposed to life-threateningrisk. Consequently, the consistent use of soundtactics reduces both the dangers officers faceand their need to use their firearms in self-defense.

LESS LETHALLESS LETHAL

� In certain circumstances, less-lethal weapons,weapons that can incapacitate with a lowassociated risk of inflicting life-threateninginjuries, can be used to subdue violent suspectswithout unduly endangering police officers.When the only alternative is the use of a firearm,the deployment of less-lethal weapons canobviate the need for an officer-involvedshooting and potentially save a suspect’s life.

LESS LETHAL TECHNOLOGIES

� In five of the incidents, responding officersdeployed less lethal weapons, none of whichstopped the deadly threat posed by the subject.In these incidents, officers first responded withless force than the maximum allowed by law, asoutlined in PPB Directive 1010.20.

LESS LETHAL TECHNOLOGIES

� TASER: In 2010, the Police Bureau purchased95 TASERS. This allows the Operations Branchto individually issue each officer their ownTASER. This ensures that officers will have aTASER even for large scale events when manyofficers are working at the same time.

TASER Cartridge ProbeTASER Cartridge Probe

AssemblyAssembly

GHOST RING SIGHTS

PICATINNY RAIL FOREARM TASER X-RAIL

CUSTOM TWIST BARRELCUSTOM TASER YELLOW

Action Bar Release

Ra d i a l Ke y Bo ltCapacity of X-12 = 4/1

Proper cleaning and care required

CROSS BOLT

SAFETY

TASER X12 LLS by Mossberg

XREP ECD

Fins

Flat Base Radial Key Shell

Conductive Areas

Natural reactions will be to

grab at or near point of impact

More Effective PepperMore Effective Pepper

Understanding the limitations ofUnderstanding the limitations of

a purely training based responsea purely training based response

What is our communityWhat is our community’’s strategys strategy

to work with these limitations?to work with these limitations?

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