port of colombo 14-25

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GUIDE TO SRI LANKANPORT & SHIPPING

Ports

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Colombo, the largest city and commercial capitol of Sri Lanka, situated in the West coast of the island. The port is near the mouth of the Kelani River. The original Sinhalese name, “Kelani Thota” (Kelani Ferry) was corrupted to “Kolambu” by the Arab traders and was changed to “Colombo” by the Portuguese. A 16th century Portuguese fort was transformed to a government and commercial center. The Port of Colombo is one of the world’s largest man made harbours and presently is the county’s major port for imports, exports and transshipment handling whether it is

container or conventional cargo. Having a history of centuries, the Colombo Port has become the live line of the heart of the islands’ commercial operations. Colombo was an open roadstead before the year 1875. The bay of Colombo had supplied a safe anchorage for the vessels especially during the Northeast monsoon form December to April. The natural harbours of Galle and Trincomalee were used during the South west monsoon. The Port of Galle was the principle port in the island at that time.

Historical evidence suggests that, in the 15th century Arab traders made Colombo, the centre of their trading activities in the Indian Ocean. A century later, the Portuguese fortified it and enhanced its importance as the most popular emporium in the East. During the Dutch period (1658-1796) a further enhancement of Colombo’s importance was seen. Nevertheless, it was under the British with the extension of their sovereignty over the whole island, that Colombo received the greatest impetus for its rise to eminence in the Indian Ocean region. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Colombo was the funnel through which almost all of the trade of the country flowed. In the later half of the 19th century, Colombo was an open and dangerous roadstead which provided some shelter to occasional ships. But by 1910, it became the third leading port in the British Empire and the seventh busiest port in the world. With the expansion of the British Empire and the growth in internal trade, the Port of Colombo became important not only from a commercial but also from a strategic point view. It commanded the gateway to the East. Part of the story of the Colombo port is straightforward. From the early 19th century Colombo had the main outlet for Ceylon’s exports and as these exports grew, so did the demands of

Historythe Port of Colombo. The reasons for Colombo’s pre-eminence in this respect are to be found in the internal geography of Ceylon. The major Ceylonese exports of coffee, tea and later rubber were grown in the wet zone area that was served more economically by Colombo than by either Galle or Trincomalee. During Portuguese times, cinnamon, then the main export, had been grown in the vicinity of Colombo and therefore Colombo became its chief outlet. Late 19th and the early 20th centuries so not only a dramatic growth I international trade but also technological changes in inland and maritime transportation. In Asian waters, this was signaled by a network of artificial ports. Although most of these ports performed a mixture of functions, each port assumed importance in one or two specialized functions. Bombay and Calcutta, for instance grew as inlets to and outlets from vast hinterlands. On the other hand, Hong Kong and Singapore developed as great entrepots. Colombo hardly had the necessary conditions to specialize in anyone of the functions mentioned above. Colombo’s claimed to eminence; however, lay in the strategic positions that she century Colombo had the main outlet for Ceylon’s exports and as these exports grew, so did the demands of the Port of Colombo. The reasons for Colombo’s pre-eminence in this

History - Port of Colombo

Port of Colombo

* Port of Colombo - History

* Port of Colombo - Introduction

* Port of Colombo - Maps

* Port of Colombo - General Plan

* Port of Colombo - Milestones

* Reach - By Sea/Air/Road

* Main East West Shipping Route

* Feeder Routes of Indian Ocean

* Port Statistics

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respect are to be found in the internal geography of Ceylon. The major Ceylonese exports of coffee, tea and later rubber were grown in the wet zone area that was served more economically by Colombo than by either Galle or Trincomalee. During Portuguese times, cinnamon, then the main export, had been grown in the vicinity of Colombo and therefore Colombo became its chief outlet. Late 19th and the early 20th centuries so not only a dramatic growth I international trade but also technological changes in inland and maritime transportation. In Asian waters, this was signaled by a network of artificial ports. Although most of these ports performed a mixture of functions, each port assumed importance in one or two specialized functions. Bombay and Calcutta, for instance grew as inlets to and outlets from vast hinterlands. On the other hand, Hong Kong and Singapore developed as great entrepots. Colombo hardly had the necessary conditions to specialize in anyone of the functions mentioned above. Colombo’s claimed to eminence; however, lay in the strategic positions that she

enjoyed in the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, to serve as a Port of Call for fuelling and other shipping services. But to take advantage of this position Colombo had to provide the port facilities and shipping services in such a manner so as to conform to the basic economic dictum that a ship in the harbour earns no income to the owner. Thus from the very inception, a quick turnaround of ships was the guiding principal in the port improvement programmes at Colombo. However, during the inter-war years, the coming of the faster oil burners and competition from the neighboring ports threatened to undermine the premier position that Colombo thus attained as a Port of Call. It is said tat the shipping at Colombo was more affected by the ebb and flow of shipping passing through the Suez Canal than by the vicissitudes of Ceylon’s commodity trade. Thanks to some huge investments, made by Japan, Port of Colombo, by 1993 had reached the 28th position among the world league of container ports from the 138th position it occupied in 1979 and latterly to 26th position.

BreakwatersUnder the colonial system of exports, demanded more safe and secure cargo operation and the demand of the cargo berths were the major obstacle during the decade of 1860 to 1870. Finally the legislative council of Ceylon has approved the construction of a breakwater to shelter the vessels during the Southwest monsoon too. The construction of Southwest breakwater commenced in 1875 and took almost ten years to complete. “THE FIRST STONE OF THIS BREAKWATER WAS LAID BY H. R. H. PRINCE OF WALES K. G. 8TH DECEMBER 1875”

The project was treated as a great piece of engineering work at that time. 4212 feet long South West Breakwater and pilot station was completed in 1885. “THIS GREAT WORK PROJECTED BY GOVERNOR SIR HERCULES ROBINSON K.C.M.C AND DESIGNED BY SIR JOHN COODE M.I.C.E. WAS EXECUTED BY JOHN KYLE Esq. M.I.C.E AND BY HIM COMPLETED APRIL-1885.”

The construction of the island Breakwater was started in 1894 and completed in 1898.The North East breakwater was completed in 1904 and with two entrances and breakwater light houses. The extension arm of the South West break water commenced in 1906 and completed in 1912. “THIS STONE WAS LAID BY H.E. COLONAL SIR HENRY EDWARD McCALLUM G.C.M.C. GOVERNOR OF CEYLON ON MAY 01ST 1912 TO COMMEMORATE THE COMPLETION OF THE HARBOUR WORK WHICH MESSRS COODE SON & MATHEWS WERE THE ENGINEERS”

The original depth was 6.0 meters and by 1906 it was dredged up to 9.0 meters keeping the depth requirement of Suez Canal authorities. There were 53 stream berths with buoy moorings were available for safe berthing. But no alongside berths were available. Cargo was loaded and

discharged using the deck barges and lowed alongside vessels at mid-stream/buoy berths. The Colombo Port Commission was set up in 1913. And by the year of 1925 the depth was dredged up to 11.0 meters. During the decade of 1950 to 1960, five main alongside berths were constructed.

QEQ - Queen Elizabeth QuayBQ - Bandaranayake QuayPVQ - Prince Vijaya QuayNP/SP - North and South PierCB - Coaster Berths

The Port Cargo Corporation was established in 1958. Finally the Port Commission and Port Cargo Corporation transformed in to Sri Lanka Ports Authority by an act of Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1979. All the commercial ports (Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, Kankasanturei and Point Pedro) were brought under the preview of SLPA.

JCT 1 Jaye container terminal stage 1 was constructed during 1980 to 1985.

JCT 2 Stage 2 completed in 1987. JCT 3 and JCT 4 berths were completed during 1991 to

1993 with the depth of 14.0 meters.The main access channel was dredged up to 15.0 meters.SAGT Formally QEQ/QCT was transformed to South Asia

Gateway Terminal and three berths were completed in 2003.

UCT Unity Container Terminal and a feeder berth also completed in 2004.

PresentToday The Port of Colombo handles more than 4000 vessels 3.0 million containers and over 40 million Metric tons of bulk cargo per annum. Having work force more than 13,500 professional and skilled personnel, the SLPA boasts of the quickest and fastest turnaround of vessels in the Indian Ocean Region ports. There are 38 alongside berths and 04 dry docks available within the Port of Colombo. The maximum depth

is 16.0 meters while allowable draft is 14.0 meters for the vessels alongside the piers. The longest vessel called Port of Colombo was “Arnold Maersk” to SAGT 2 on 15/01/2007 with the length overall 352.0 m and to JCT 4, “Ever Chivalry” on 22/03/2006 with the length over all of 334.0 meters. But can accommodate any larger vessel, provided the maximum draught is less than 14.0 meters and depend on the turning basin.

The Port of Colombo is already reaching to its maximum capacity very soon. Especially with the new generation ships carrying more than 8000 TEU’s having the draught of more than 16 meters. At present Port of Colombo that was encircled with three break waters 130 years ago would find difficulty to handle bigger ships due to inability to deepen the basin beyond 14.0 m, particular orientation of breakwaters, width of entrance, basin size etc.

Presently Port of Colombo is handling Post-Panamax vessels up to 16 TEU across on deck. The present

Futurefifth generation of container carriers comes with a capacity of more than 8,000 with 22 containers across on deck need 18.0m draught and next generation (Malacca Max) with 18,000 TEU with a length of 411.0 m and breadth of 61.0 m need a draught of 22.0 m. To face the future challenges, the SLPA has already commenced planning for a bigger port adjoining to the existing with the draft of more than 19.0 meters. The “South Port of Colombo” will accommodate the fifth generation cargo vessels and beyond to bring Colombo “The Mega port in Asia” or the “Hub Port in Asia” status.

History - Port of Colombo

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Port of Colombo

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PORT OF COLOMBO – MILESTONES

1505 Port of Colombo was known to the Western World1815 First Master Attendant was appointed under the British Rule1875 9th Dec. King Edward VII laid the foundation stone for the South West Break Water1882 Harbour Board created to administer the Port of Colombo1885 Completion of the 1285 metre South West Break water1898 Completion of the 335 metre North East Break water1899 Commencement of the construction of the Dry Docks1906 Completion of the 814 metre Island Break water1906 Completion of the Dry Dock1909 Completion of the 250 metre long Guide pier for the Dry Docks. (The First deep water alongside berth)1912 Completion of the 18 coaling jetties at the present Jaya container Terminal site1912 Completion of the 550 metre extension arm of the South West Break water 1912 Colombo Port was converted to a sheltered harbour1913 Colombo Port Commission Established1922 Completion of Petroleum oil facilities1950 Commencement of construction of fifteen alongside births of 9-11 metres draught and two coaster berths of 7.5

metre draught and 55.800 sq. metre of adjacent transit sheds and warehouse accommodation 1954 Inauguration of the Queen Elizabeth Quay1954 Completion of 17 alongside berths, transit sheds and warehouses1958 Port (Cargo) Corporation was founded1964 Cargo handling activities of the Port of Galle nationalized1967 Port Tally and Protective Services Corporation established1967 Cargo handling activities of the Port of Trincomalee nationalized1979 Sri Lanka Ports Authority was formed1980 Master plan for the Port of Colombo established with assistance from the Government of Japan1980 Inauguration Queen Elizabeth Terminal1982 Opening of New Bridge (Hartal Bridge over the Harbour Canal)1982 Installation of first Gantry Crane at QCT1982 Contract for the construct in of the New Container Terminal signed with M/s. Penta Ocean Wakachiku Joint Venture

of Japan1983 Inauguration of the Construction of Stage I of the fully equipped container Terminal 1984 Inauguration of the Construction of Stage II of the fully equipped container Terminal1984 Commissioning of four Hitachi Transfer cranes at Queen Elizabeth Quay Container Birth1985 Jaye Container Terminal - I was built1987 Inauguration of SLPA – Mahapola Training Institute 1987 Jaye Container Terminal - II was built 1988 Commissioning of the off-shore installation of the Single Point Buoy Mooring1994 Completion of new Port Access Road1995 Jaye Container Terminal - III was built1996 Jaye Container Terminal - IV was built1996 Deepening of Main Channel to 15M depth1996 Handling of the 1,000,000th Container TEU with a year1997 Inauguration Oil Berth1997 Handling of the 1,500,000th Container TEU with a year1998 Inauguration Unity Container Terminal I1998 Signing of an agreement to foster friendly relationship1999 Commissioning of empty Container Yard1999 Commissioning of the Oluvil Lighthouse1999 Opening of the Oluvil Maritime Training Centre1999 Commencement – South Asia Gateway Terminal1999 Commencement of construction of 50,000 dwt. alongside berth2000 Commencement of Colombo South Harbour feasibility study2000 Commencement of Construction of third Berth in Galle Port2000 Inauguration of Peliyagoda CFS2000 Commencement of a feasibility study - Port of Galle development2000 Commencement of North Pier Development Phase II2000 Inauguration of the One-Stop Documentation Centre2001 Inauguration of the New Jetty in Port of Galle2001 Completion of Stage I of QEQ (SAGT) development project2001 Commissioning of the dredger “Hansakawa”2001 Boom extension of Gantry Cranes at JCT III and IV2001 Commencement of the feasibility study for Port of Hambantota and inauguration of the new

training Institute and project Office2002 Inauguration of the Ashraff Quay (multi purpose Alongside Berth) in the Port of Trincomalee2003 Inauguration of construction of Oluvil Port Access Road2003 Inauguration of Customer service Centre for LCL and break-bulk cargo2003 Opening of SLPA Maritime Museum2003 Ceremonial inauguration of Unity container Terminal with the completion of the civil works2004 Ceremonial inauguration of container handling operations at Unity Container Terminal2004 25th Anniversary celebrations of the SLPA2004 National Productivity Award in large scale service sector was won by JCT2004 Commencement of Hambanthota Port Development Project

Milestones

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2004 Handling of 2 million containers at the Port of Colombo2004 The Port of Colombo has crossed the 2.2 million TEUs marks for the year 20042005 Commencement of constructions of the Port and Housing Scheme in Oluwil2005 Handled 2.45 million TEUs and achieved 10.6% against year 20042006 Commissioning of Container Security Initiative and Megaport Initiative in the Port of Colombo 2006 Signing of MOU for the proposed Colombo Port Expansion Project to construct the Colombo South Harbour2006 Signing of MOU concerning detailed design works of Hambantota Port Development Project (Phase I)2007 Commencement of Constructions work and Signing of the Financial Agreement of the Hambantota Port

Development Project

REACH

Air Port The “Colombo International Airport” situated thirty (30) Kilometers Northwards of Port of Colombo.

Railway “Colombo Fort Railway Station”. The main railway station of Sri Lankan railway with the connections to any railway station in the island is just 500m away from Colombo port and in walking distance.

Road Transport Provided your vehicle receives “Entry Permit” issued by the SLPA Security Division, any vehicle can enter the port. The shipping agent or the interested party to make a request to the Chief Security Manager or Officer In-charge, port permit office for entry permits.

Road Network Port access road is available from the North Part of the port, connected to the main roads of Airport and other inland highways. The inner road network is connected to all the terminals, warehouses and jetties.

Road Entrances The Port of Colombo has six (06) main entrances for road transport. These entrances are spread along the Colombo city and easy accessible from the Colombo city road network.

Gate # 1 Security Zone 01 Main Gate Fort Area Colombo 01

In (011) 248 2549 Out (011) 248 2790 Supt. (011) 248 3463 Gate # 3 Security Zone 02/03 Layden Bastian Gate Fort Area Colombo 01 In (011) 248 2804 Out (011) 248 2776 Supt. (011) 248 2542 Gate # 4 Security Zone 04/05 Export Gate Pettah, Colombo 01 In (011) 248 2803 Supt. (011) 248 2947 Gate # 5 Security Zone 05 JCT Gate Keselwatta, Colombo 13 In (011) 248 2613 Out (011) 2565 Supt. (011) 248 3491 Gate # 6 Security Zone 06 Port Access Gate Ingurukade Junc. Colombo 14 In (011) 248 3229 Out (011) 248 3026 Supt. (011) 248 3026 Gate # 8 Security Zone 09 De Seram Gate Dockland Colombo 15 In (011) 248 2331 Out (011) 248 3194 Supt. (011) 248 3435 (Gate # 7) Railway Access Gate

Working Hours The Port of Colombo operates 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. The Operational divisions and sections working on shift basis 24 hours. Administration/ clerical staff working day time from 0830 hours to 1630 hours.

Port HolidaysAs the Port of Colombo working round the clock and all throughout the year, no specific port holidays declared. However, public holidays of the year calendar are applicable to the non-shift basis employees. The special holidays of Sinhalese & Tamil New Year (April 12th/13th or 13th 14th), May day (01st May) and Christmas Day (25th December) will be special holidays. But not effected to the operational activities as SLPA pays special attendance allowances to the employees who work on these holidays.

Charter Party Holidays February 04th - Sri Lanka National DayApril 14th - Sinhala & Tamil New YearApril - Milad Un Nabi (Holy Prophet’s birthday)May 01 - May DayMay - Wesak Full Moon DayDecember 25th - Christmas Day

Local Time + 05.30 hours GMT

Time Comparison to Major Shipping DestinationsLondon + 06 hours Tokyo - 03 hoursNew York +11 hours Hong Kong - 02 hours

Charts & Nautical Publications BA Chart No.1655 / 1587/ 3700 Admiralty Pilot NP 38.

Location Latitude 0060 57’ North Longitude 0790 51’ East

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Port Locator LKCMB

Port ID No. 19289

Port Limits (Co-ordinates) Latitude 0060 52’ North to 0790 45.0’ East Latitude 0060 52’ North to 0790 51.4’ East Latitude 0070 03’ North to 0790 45.0’ East Latitude 0070 03’ North to 0790 51.4’ East

Port limits extend to 06 nautical miles Westerly offshore and approximately 02 nautical miles North and South of the main (Western) entrance in a rectangular area seaward.

Territorial Waters Twelve (12) nautical miles from the coast and an exclusive economic zone of 200 miles.

Load Line Zone Tropical

Wind & Sea During South West monsoon, May to August, Westerly winds up to force 7, swell up to approximate three (03) meters. During North East monsoon, November to February, North Easterly winds up to force 5 - 6, swell up to approximate two (02) meters.

Cargo OperationsThe Port Colombo is handling almost all kind of cargo and has separate berths for the following.Container Operation/Container Terminals Cement/Clinker Grain ElevatorsConventional/General cargo Cruise Vessels Repair BerthsDry Bulk/Gear BulkTankers-Fuel Oil/White Oil/Jet A1/Gas Oil/Base Oil RO Ro/Vehicles Tankers- LPG/LNG/Crude Oil/Palm Oil (Please refer berth utilization in Port of Colombo)

Distance to nearby ports from Colombo(Calculated at the speed of 20 knots) – 1 Knot equivalent to 6080 feet per hour)

Port Sailing Time Distance Port Sailing Time DistanceDays Hours Nautical Miles Days Hours Nautical Miles

Galle 00 04 71 Tuticorin 00 07 142Trincomalee 00 16 317 Chennai 01 06 590Point Pedro 00 21 420 Kolkata 02 14 1244Kankasanturei 00 22 432 Mumbai 01 20 884Kayts 00 23 452 Chittagong 02 21 1380Jaffna 00 24 478 Visakhapatnam 01 10 866Talaimannar 00 02 49 Male 01 22 444

Cochin 00 15 307

Deviation08 Hrs From the main East-West route Compared to the other feeder destinations & ports in the south Indian region, Colombo is the closest and convenient located port to the main east west route. Please refer the following competitive route analysis.

Competitive Route AnalysisThe following table lists the estimated deviation costs of a mainline vessel with a 4,000 TEU capacity calling at selected hub ports in the region. Should a major carrier make several calls per week at its hub port, the annual costs can be substantial, however, as it is representative on the length of the round voyage, the savings on time could provide the ability to reduce the number of ships deployed.

Estimated mainline vessel deviation costs (4,000 TEU vessel)

PortDeviation

Time (Days*)

Time In Port

Vessel Deviation Time

Cost ($)***

Fuel Cost ($)***

Port Access Charges ($)***

Cost of time in

port ($)**

Total marginal cost ($)

Chennai 1.10 1.00 24,750 18,840 28,000 22,500 93,730Chittagong 2.25 1.00 50,625 37,800 22,500 22,500 130,925Cochin 0.13 1.00 2,925 2,184 22,500 22,500 56,109Colombo 0.06 1.00 1,350 1,006 10,000 22,500 34,858Dubai 2.37 0.50 53,325 39,816 5,500 11,250 109,891JNPT/NSICT 0.85 1.00 19,125 14,280 26,500 22,500 82,405Karachi 1.33 1.00 29,925 22,344 20,000 22,500 94,769Mundra 1.30 1.00 29,950 21,840 28,000 22,500 101,590Tuticorin 0.09 1.00 2,025 1,512 33,500 22,500 59,537Notes : All figures in US$, * At 23 knots, ** At US$ 22,500 per day for a 4,000 TEU vessel *** At 120 tpd x US$ 140/t Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd./SAGT

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Distance to Major Ports from Colombo (Calculated at the speed of 20 knots) – 1 Knot equivalent to 6080 feet per hour)

PortSailing Time Distance

PortSailing Time Distance

Days Hours Nautical Miles Days Hours Nautical MilesAdelaide 09 02 4360 Liverpool 13 22 6685Aden 04 08 2094 London 13 22 6685Amsterdam 14 05 6825 Manila 06 01 2900Antwerp 14 03 6790 Marseilles 04 08 5020Bahrain 04 09 2114 Mauritius 09 18 2095Baltimore 18 13 8904 Melbourne 09 18 4698Bangkok 05 03 2450 Montreal 18 02 8680Beirut 07 20 3760 Mumbai 01 20 889Bremen 14 15 7035 Naples 09 14 4600Brisbane 11 02 5325 New York 17 23 8635Cape Town 09 03 4395 Odessa 09 16 4649Chennai 01 05 590 Penang 02 15 1276Copenhagen 15 02 7225 Piraeus 08 12 4090Djakarta 03 21 1860 Port Said 07 06 3485Durban 07 12 3615 Rio De Janeiro 15 19 7585Felixstowe 13 18 6612 Rotterdam 14 03 6785Fremantle 06 11 3100 San Francesco 18 14 8925Genoa 10 07 4950 Seattle 18 00 8634Gibraltar 11 06 5404 Shanghai 07 17 3785Hamburg 14 16 7050 Singapore 03 06 1567Hong Kong 06 07 3026 Sydney 10 18 5165Hull 14 06 6850 Tokyo 10 18 4484Jeddah 06 19 2788 Teleste 09 23 4780Karachi 02 19 1341 Tripoli 09 09 4500Keelung 07 01 3377 Tunis 09 09 4500Kobe 08 19 4285 Vancouver 18 00 8643Lagos 14 11 6955 Vera Cruz 21 10 10284Le Havre 14 12 6955 Vladivostok 09 13 4580Leningrad 16 07 7835 Wellington 12 15 6060

Yokohama 09 07 4466

Facilities available within Port of ColomboThe following facilities are available within and the close proximity of the Port of Colombo.For more details please refer he particular service section of this guide.

(In alphabetical order)Banks Bonded warehousesCargo Surveyors Clearing & ForwardingCommunication Centers Consuls/Embassies/Diplomatic MissionsContainer Depots/Inland Container Terminals Courier/Parcel PostContainer Leasing/renting /transportation Cranes/ Fork Lifts/ShiftersCrew Change (Joining & Repatriation) Restaurants / ClubsCurrency Exchange De-ratting /Fumigation Dry docks/Slipway Duty Free ShopsEmergency Coordination Freight Forwarding & ClearingFresh water Fuel-IFO/MDO/MGOGarbage & Sludge disposal / Junk removal LaundryLashing/Unlashing gangs Legal Insurance/Brokering Marine Communication Marine Lubricants Marine Repairs Marine SurveyorsMarine Lawyers Medical Facilities/Hospitals Pay Phone Booths Police/Ambulance/Fire Brigade Post Office Quarantine Facilities Reefer container monitoring Seaman’s club/Mission to seamen Ship Supplies/Chandling Shipping Agencies Stevedoring Storage /Warehouses Telephone/Call booths Transport (Any Mode) Watchmen Vehicle Hiring

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Shipping Routes

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Container Throughput (TEUs)Port of Colombo – 2000-2007

Cargo Throughput – Port of Colombo – 2000 - 2007

Port Statistics

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Ship Arrivals – Port of Colombo, Trincomalee & Galle 2000-2007

Ship Arrivals – Port of Colombo 2000-2007

Port Statistics

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