=

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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pTorCTroAi AppbppjbkT Aka pTobkdTebkfkd lc jriTf-Tfboba jAplkov Tltbop saratharajan AKNI signesh pKOI mrashanth CKpKP and Arun jenon4 ABpToACT qhe= gopur~mI= ~= multiJtiered= entr~nce= g~tew~yI= is= ~= represent~tive= structur~l= form= in= pouth= fndi~n=temples=introduced=by=m~ndy~=rulers=in=N4th=cK=Aa=to=confer=~rchitectur~l=st~tus=to=~ncient=shrinesK=qhe=gopur~mI= typic~lly= rect~ngul~r= in= pl~nI= rises= ~s= ~= trunc~ted= pyr~midI= crowned= by= ~= structure=resembling= the= _uddhist= ch~ity~= with= fini~ls= over= its= ridgeK= puch= ~= historic~l= TJtiered= tower= ~t=h~l~h~stiI=in=pouth=fndi~=coll~psed=on=OS=j~y=OMNMK=qhe=ground=storey=of=the=4NK4=m=high=tower=w~s=constructed=in=threeJle~f=gr~nite=stone=m~sonryI=while=the=upper=stories=h~d=brick=m~sonry=w~llsI=with=~=j~dr~s=terr~ce=flooring=systemK=oe~sons=for=coll~pse=of=the=tower=~t=h~l~h~sti=expl~in=the=need=for=structur~l=strengthening=of=such=herit~ge=structuresK=sisu~l=screening=of=~ncient=gopur~ms=w~s=c~rried=out= to= identify= structur~l= d~m~ge= ~nd= to= prep~re= ~n= ~b~cus= of= common= distresses= with= possible=expl~n~tionsK= qhe= most= critic~l= d~m~ge= observed= w~s= in= the= j~dr~s= terr~ce= floorsI= including= the=structur~l= timber= supporting= the= floorK= c~ilure= of= these= in= turn= le~ds= to= excessive= deflections= of= the=m~sonry=w~llsI=owing=to=in~dequ~te=tying=of=w~lls=~t=the=floor=levelsK=A= prototype= gopur~m= w~s= considered= for= structur~l= ~ssessment= ~nd= development= of= strengthening=str~tegiesK=aet~ils=of=cinite=blement=models=cre~ted=to=investig~te=the=effects=of=di~phr~gm=flexibility=~re=discussed=in=the=p~perK=qhe=rep~ir=solution=is=evolved=with=due=consider~tion=to=the=historic~l=v~lue=of=these=structuresI=reversibility=of=interventions=~nd=structur~l=s~fetyK==heywords: pouth fndian templesI dopuramI jasonry towersI jadras terrace roofI pafety NK fkTolarCTflk

NKNK eistory and bvolution of Temple corms in pouth fndia qhe=configur~tion=of=the=eindu=temple=c~n=be=tr~ced=to=the=e~rly=_uddhist=rockJcut=structures=EchaityaF=~nd=mon~steries=EviharaFI= seen=in=Aj~nt~=EOnd=cK=_CF=for=inst~nceI=while=the=e~rliest=structur~l=temples=belong=to=the=dupt~=EeKgK=sishnu=temple=~t=aeog~rh=in=stoneI=RMM=Aa;=brick=temple=~t=_hit~rg~onI=RRM=AaF=~nd=the=Ch~luky~=periods=from=Sth=cK=Aa=EeKgK=i~d=hh~n=~nd=aurg~=templesI=AiholeFK=qhe=distinct=~rchitectur~l= style= of= temple= construction= in= different= p~rts= w~s= ~= result= of= geogr~phic~lI= clim~ticI=ethnicI=r~ci~lI=historic~l=~nd=linguistic=diversitiesK=Ancient=fndi~n=temples=~re=cl~ssified=in=three=bro~d=types=b~sed=on=their=~rchitectur~l=stylesW=ENF=kagara=or=the=northern=styleI=EOF=aravida=or=the=southern=style=~nd=EPF=sesara=or=the=mixed=styleK=qhe=ar~vidi~n=styleI=identified=by=the=vimanaI=~=stepped=pyr~mid~l=structure=ending=in=~=dome=over=the= garba= griha= or= s~nctum=s~nctorumI= evolved= in=pouth= fndi~=under= the=m~ll~v~I= Chol~I=m~ndy~I=sij~y~n~g~r~=~nd=k~y~k~=dyn~sties=until=NUth=cK=AaK=qhe=multiJtiered=~rchetyp~l=entr~nce=g~tew~y=in= the=ar~vidi~n= templeI= the= gopuramI= w~s= ~= fe~ture= introduced= by= the= m~ndy~s= in= N4th= cK =Aa =in =order= to= confer= ~rchitectur~l= st~tus= to= structur~lly= insignific~nt= ~ncient= shrines= xNI= OzK= A= gopur~m=rises=~s= ~=trunc~ted=pyr~midI= crowned= by=~= structure= resembling= the= _uddhist= chaitya= with= fini~ls=================================================N=ptudentI=_~chelor=of=bngineering=E_bFI=pri=p~ir~m=bngineering=CollegeI=Chenn~iI=fkafA=bJm~ilW== ~v~r~th~r~j~n]hotm~ilKcom=O=ptudentI=_bI=pri=p~ir~m=bngineering=CollegeI=Chenn~iI=fkafA=bJm~ilW=vigneshsiv~r~m~n]hotm~ilKcom=P=ptudentI=_bI=pri=p~ir~m=bngineering=CollegeI=Chenn~iI=fkafA=bJm~ilW=pr~sh~nthcs_U]y~hooKcom=4=AsstK=mrofessorI=Civil=bngineering=aep~rtmentI=ffq=j~dr~sI=Chenn~iI=fndi~I=~runmenon]iitmK~cKin=

=

NVRM=

over= its= ridgeK= ptructures= such= ~s= the= gopur~m= of= jeen~kshi= qemple= in= j~dur~i= ENSMM= AaFI=o~ng~n~th~sw~my=qemple=in=prir~ng~m=ENTth=cK=AaF=~nd=bk~mb~resw~r=qemple=in=h~ncheepur~mI=built=by=sij~y~n~g~r~= rulers= in=NSth= cK=AaI=~re=ubiquitous=~nd=represent~tive=of=the=highly= evolved=ar~vidi~n=temple=~rchitecture=Esee=cigK=NFK=qemple=construction=w~s= cl~ssic~lly=c~rried=out=by=the=ptapathyI= ~= heredit~ry= temple= ~rchitectJcumJbuilderK= c~ctors= influencing= the= sizeI= eleg~nce= ~nd= signific~nce= of= ~= temple= were= ~v~il~bility= of=m~teri~lI= religious= customI= soci~l= ~nd= cultur~l= life= of= the= people= of= the= region= ~nd= ~bove= ~ll= the=economic=st~tus=of=the=kingK=Almost=~ll=~ncient=fndi~n=temples=~re=still=in=use=~nd=m~ny=of=them=~re=in=rkbpCl’s= world= herit~ge= list= EeKgK= j~m~ll~pur~m= group= of= monuments;= h~il~shn~th= templeI=h~ncheepur~m;=m~tt~d~k~l=group=of=templesI=_rih~deshw~r~=templeI=qh~nj~vurFK==

=E~F========= =EbF==

cigK N=qypic~l=gopur~ms=of=pouth=fndi~W=E~F=o~j~=dopur~m=of=pri=k~r~simh~sw~my=qempleI=j~ng~l~giri=Andhr~=mr~desh;=EbF=o~j~=dopur~m=of=the=bk~mb~resw~r=qempleI=h~ncheepur~mI=q~mil=k~du=

NKOK aescription of the dopuram b~rliest=ar~vidi~n=temples=h~d=towerJlike=structures=~bove=the=s~nctu~riesI=c~lled=vim~n~=Eor=shik~r~FI=m~rking=the=s~nctumK=auring=the=rule=of=the=m~ll~v~s=in=q~mil=k~duI=some=temples=h~d=incipient=forms=of= gopur~msI= rel~tively= sm~ller= th~n= the= vim~n~sK= bven= in= NMth= cK =AaI =during =the =reign =of =Chol~sI ==

=E~F===== =EbF==

cigK O=E~F=qypic~l=det~ils=of=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor=construction=E_fp=ONNVI=NVUMF=EbF=siew=of=~=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor=sl~b=Ephoto=courtesyW=hK=h~lp~n~F=

=the=trend=continuedK=pubsequentlyI=under=the=m~ndy~s=~nd=then=the=sij~y~n~g~r=~nd=k~y~k=rulersI= the=gopur~m=g~ined=prominence=in=~=templeK=Among=sever~l=gopur~ms=in=~=templeI=the=t~llest=is=referred=to=~s=the=o~j~=dopur~mI=or=the=king=~mong=the=gopur~msK=qhe=structure=serves=~s=~=l~ndm~rk=th~t=c~n=

=

NVRN=

be= sighted= from=gre~t= dist~ncesK= qhe=gopur~m=serves= ~s= prominent= entr~nce=g~tew~ys= to= the= temple=complex=in=the=four=c~rdin~l=directionsK=bssenti~lly=~=m~sonry=tower=with=~n=odd=number=of=storiesI= it=is=simil~r=in=structur~l=configur~tion=to=~=bell=tower=or=~=min~retK=A=gopur~m=is=rect~ngul~r=in=pl~nI=with=floor=~re~=reducing=~long=the=heightK=fntern~l=st~irc~ses=provide=~ccess= to= upper= storiesK= qhe= found~tion= is= typic~lly= not= more= th~n= P= m= deepI= composed= m~inly= of=irregul~r= stone=m~sonryK= io~dJbe~ring=w~lls= of= the=ground=storeyI= known=~s= kalkaramI= ~re=of=multiJle~f= stone=m~sonry= with= lime= mort~rI= typic~lly= with= gr~nite=blocks= ~nd= rubble=m~sonry= coreK= rpper=stories=~re=m~de=up=of=singleJle~f=burnt=cl~y=brick=m~sonry=in=lime=mort~rK=cloor= sl~bs= ~re= of= the= j~dr~s= terr~ce= system= xPzI= which= consists= of= closely= sp~ced= wooden= r~fters=sp~nning= the= w~llsI= supporting= bricksJonJedge= ~rr~nged= di~gon~llyI= topped= with= brick= b~ts= ~nd= lime=mort~r=Esee=cigK=OFK=pm~ller=gopur~ms=m~y=h~ve=timber=flooring=on=timber=joistsK=qhis=system=is=~=r~ther=flexible=di~phr~gm=under=l~ter~l=lo~dsK=dopur~ms=constructed=in=the=modern=er~=h~ve=reinforced=concrete=EoCF= sl~bs= inste~d= of= j~dr~s= terr~ce= or= timber= flooringI= while= the= gr~nite= k~lk~r~m= ~nd= upper= brick=m~sonry=stories=~re=still=commonI=~lbeit=in=cement=mort~rK=qhe=exterior=of=the=gopur~m=is=decor~ted=with=sculptures=derived=from=eindu=mythologyI=m~de=with=reinforced=mort~rK==OK TvmfCAi afpTobpp lBpbosba fk dlmroAjp

OKNK deneral jost= prominent= gopur~ms= in= pouth= fndi~= ~re= ~t= le~st= ~= few= hundred= ye~rs= oldK= pever~l= of= these=structures= show= signs= of= m~teri~l= deterior~tion= ~nd= structur~l= distress= over= the= ye~rs= ~nd= h~ve=undergone= rep~irsK= oepointing= of= mort~r= joints= ~nd= rep~ir= of= j~dr~s= terr~ce= sl~bsI= including=repl~cement=of=timber=joistsI=r~ftersI=~nd=entire=sl~bs=with=oC=sl~bs=~re=typic~l=interventionsK=fn=order=to= build= ~n= ~b~cus= of= common= d~m~ges= encountered= in= gopur~msI= the= ~uthors= conducted= ~= visu~l=survey=of=~=number=of=~ncient=gopur~ms=in=the=st~tes=of=q~mil=k~du=~nd=Andhr~=mr~deshK==OKOK Abacus of structural damage in dopurams Common= structur~l= distresses= under= norm~l= lo~ding= conditions= EiKeK= no= seismic= or= ~ccident~l= lo~dsF=observed=in=gopur~ms=during=the=visu~l=screening=process=~re=the=following=Esee=cigK=PFW=

ENF aeterioration of masonry joints:= aeterior~tion= of= lime= mort~r= in= m~sonry= joints= due= to=we~thering=~nd=~geing=effects=EcigK=P~F;=

EOF Bulging of multi-leaf wall:= aeterior~tion= ~nd= settlement= of= the= poor= infill= m~teri~lI= typic~lly=composed=of=rubble=stone=m~sonryI=brick=b~tsI=lime=or=mud=mort~rI=~nd=subsequent=debonding=with=f~cing=stone=blocksI=results=in=l~ter~l=pressure=on=the=f~cing=blocksK=_ulging=of=the=multiJle~f=w~ll=EcigK=PcFI=cr~cking=~nd=del~min~tion=of=gr~nite=blocks=due=to=excess=bulging=EcigK=PdFI=widening=of=mort~r= joints= EcigK=PeFI=~nd= in=extreme=c~ses=seep~ge=of= infill=core=m~teri~l=to=the=exterior=~fter=he~vy=r~ins=c~n=be=observedK=aifferenti~l=settlement=could=~lso=le~d=to=widening=of=mort~r=joints=E~s=in=cigK=PfFK=

EPF Crack formation in stone:=sertic~l=~nd=subJvertic~l= cr~cks= in=gr~nite=blocks=of= the=multiJle~f=w~lls=occur=due=to=extreme=compression=Esee=cigK=PbFK=clexur~l=tension=cr~cks=Esee=cigK=PgF=~re=seen= in= flexur~l= elements= such= ~s= be~ms= ~nd= sl~bsI= norm~lly= found= in= the= ground= storey= ~nd=she~r=cr~cks=~re=noticed=in=wide=column=c~pit~ls=of=the=columnsK=lften=cr~cks=c~n=be=noticed=~long=n~tur~l=fissure=pl~nes=in=gr~nite;=howeverI=these=~re=typic~lly=confined=to=single=blocks=of=gr~nite=~nd=should=not=be=expected=to=be=extending=to=the=entire=w~llK=

E4F Cracks in the brick masonry walls:=sertic~l=or=di~gon~l=cr~cks= in=brick=m~sonry=w~lls=m~y=be=seen=EcigK=hJiFK=eoweverI=these=~re=r~re=~nd=expected=in=c~ses=of=severe=structur~l=distressK=

ERF aeterioration of the timber joists and rafters:= qermite= ~tt~ck= or= fung~l= ~tt~ck= is= frequently=encountered=EcigK=jJkFK=fngress=of=r~inw~ter=through=openings=~t=different=levels=of=the=gopur~mI=st~gn~tion= on= the= floors= ~nd= eventu~l= seep~ge= through= the= floor= sl~b= is= commonK= Altern~te=wetting=~nd=drying=of=the=timber=structur~l=members=~cceler~tes=the=dec~y=processK=fn=extreme=c~ses =s~gging =of =timber =joists =~nd =r~fters =~nd =sep~r~tion =from=brickJlime =concrete =sl~b =of =the =j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor =c~n=be=seenK =Chemic~ls =from=b~t =droppingsI =in =the=presence=of =moistureI =h~ve=detriment~l=effects=on=untre~ted=timberK=

ESF pagging of jadras terrace slab:=bxcess=deflection=of=deterior~ted=timber=joists=~nd=r~fters=le~ds=to= sp~lling= of= lime= pl~ster= from= the= brickJlime= concrete= sl~b= of= the= j~dr~s= terr~ce= floorI=det~chment= ~nd= sp~lling= of= bricks= EcigK= kFK= mrominent= s~g= of= floor= sl~b= c~n= be= observed= in=extreme=c~ses=le~ding=to=the=need=for=remov~l=of=the=floor=sl~bs=Esee=cigK=4FK=

=

NVRO=

==

=cigK P=Ab~cus=of=structur~l=d~m~ge=in=gopur~msW=E~F=aeterior~tion=of=mort~r=joints;=EbF=Cr~cking=~nd=sp~lling=in=gr~nite;= EcF=_ulging=of=multiJle~f=w~lls;= EdF=ael~min~tion= ~nd=cr~cking=of=gr~nite=w~ll=due=to=excess=bulging;=EeJfF= tidening= of= mort~r= joints;= EgF= clexur~l= cr~ck= in= gr~nite= be~m;= EhJiF= Cr~cks= in= brick= m~sonry= w~lls;=EjF=aeterior~tion=of=timber=joists=due=to=termiteI=fung~l=~tt~cks=~nd=exposure=to=moisture=~nd=debonding=of=brick=============units;=EkF=p~gging=of=timber=r~fters;=ElF=Cr~cking=~long=n~tur~l=fissures=in=gr~nite=blocks==

=~F===== =bF==

cigK 4=E~F=fnterior=view=of=gopur~m=with=floor=sl~bs=removed;=EbF=_uilding=with=j~dr~s=terr~ce=sl~b=dism~ntled=

EaF EbF EcF

EdF EeF EfF

EhF EgF EiF

EjF EkF ElF

=

NVRP=

PK ibpplkp colj Teb CliiAmpb lc A efpTlofCAi dlmroAj

PKNK palient features of the temple structure qhe=origin~l=shrine=of=prik~l~h~steesw~r~I=loc~ted=ne~r=oiver=pw~rn~mukhiI=PS=km=from=qirup~thi=in=Andhr~= mr~deshI= d~tes= b~ck= to= Rth= cK =Aa; =m~ll~v~s =~nd =Chol~s =built =it =in =the =NOth= cK =AaK =qhe =sij~y~gopur~m=Eor=victory=towerFI=situ~ted=outside=the=temple=precinctI=w~s=completed=in=NRNS=Aa=by=hing=hrishn~dev~r~y~=of= the=sij~yn~g~r= bmpire=~s=~= symbol=of=his=victoryK=qhe=TJstoried=structure=rose=to=~=height=of=4NK4=mK=b~ch=storey=h~d=m~sonry=w~lls=with=~=pl~nk=~nd=joist=floor=systemK=fn=the=ground=storeyI=the=threeJle~f=m~sonry=w~ll=h~d=inner=~nd=outer=gr~nite=f~sci~=blocksI=~nd=the=core=filled=with=brick=b~ts=in=lime=mort~rK=ptone=m~sonry=w~lls=~t=the=ground=storey=were=reportedly=Pm=thickK=fn=the=upper=storeys=Eup=to=the=pinn~cleFI=the=m~sonry=w~lls=were=m~de=of=burntJcl~y=bricksK==

=~F=

=bF=

=cF=

cigK R=E~F=siew=of=the=e~stern=f~ce=of=the=distressed=structure=on=the=d~y=of=the=coll~pse;=EbF=aebris=of=the=coll~psed=sij~y~gopur~m=t~ken=on=OT=j~y=OMNM;=EcF=siew=of=rel~tively=int~ct=p~ss~gew~y=in=ground=storey=

=PKOK lbservations prior to and post collapse A= prominent= vertic~l= cr~ck= w~s= noticed= ~long= the= height= of= the= structure= on= the= northJe~stern= ~nd=northJwestern=sidesI=through=m~sonry=w~ll=thicknessI= ~nd=widest= in=the=top=five=stories=Esee=cigK=R~FK=ee~vy=r~ins=l~shed=the=region=~round=OM=j~y=OMNM=Estorm=“i~il~”FK=qhe=structure=tot~lly=coll~psed=on=OS=j~y=OMNM=~t=OMWMR=hoursK=Am~teur=video=recordingR=showed=initi~tion=of=coll~pse=of=brick=m~sonry=between=Prd=~nd=4th=stories=on=the=western=sideK=qot~l=progressive=coll~pse=occurred=~nd=the=debris=w~s=he~ped= Esee= cigK= RbFK= auring= inspection= preceding= the= coll~pseI= wet= p~tches= were= noticed= in= the=m~sonry =~t =the =Prd= ~nd =4th= storiesK= p~nd= in= the= infill= m~teri~l= h~d= w~shed= out= from=between= stones=through=the=cr~ck=in=the=Ond=storeyK=qhe=m~sonry=~ppe~red=to=bulge=in=the=northJe~st=corner=of=the=Ond=~nd=Prd= storiesK= cew= gr~nite=columns= in= the=centr~l=portion=showed= del~min~tion=~nd=vertic~l=cr~cksK=dr~nite=be~ms=seemed=displ~ced;=g~ps=were=evident=between=elementsK=qhe=wide=vertic~l=cr~ck= observed=~= few= d~ys=before=coll~pse=w~s=present= ~nd=growing=over= ~= r~ther=long= period= of= timeK= A= photogr~phS=d~ted=ON=cebru~ry=OMMVI= t~ken= from=the=e~stern= side= shows= the=presence=of=the=cr~ck=on=the=northJe~stern=sideI=extending=over=~t=le~st=two=storiesK==PKPK fnferences from post-collapse investigations PKPKNK iaboratory tests on historic masonry i~b=tests= x4z=on=historic=m~sonry=s~mples=retrieved=from=the=debris=were=reve~lingK=qhe=s~mples=do=represent= better= qu~lity= m~sonry= from= the= distressed= structureI= ~s= they= h~ve= survived= within= the=coll~psed=structureK=All= l~b=tests=Ew~ter=~bsorptionI=compressionLbending=tests=on=unitsI= compression=================================================R=httpWLLwwwKyoutubeKcomLw~tch?v=hmThJcsMaAvCfe~ture=rel~ted=S=httpWLLenKwikipedi~KorgLwikiLprik~l~h~sti=

=

NVR4=

test= on= m~sonry= prisms= ~s= shown= in= cigK= SbI= rms= test= on= prisms= ~nd= chemic~l= ~n~lysis= of= mort~rF=point=to=~=m~teri~lI=well=within=the=expected=strength=profile=of=historic=m~sonryK=Compressive=strength=of=m~sonry=w~s=4KMRJ4KUR=jm~I=~nd=el~stic=modulus=w~s=VTTJN4MM=jm~K=eenceI=if=the=entire=structure=were=to=be=m~de=of=m~teri~l=close=to=the=one=testedI=f~ilure=should=not=be=expectedK=pome=portions=of=the= structure= possibly= h~d= suffered= signific~nt= loc~l= strength= deterior~tion= due= to= moisture= ingressK=sideo=foot~ge=of=the=initi~l=moments=of=coll~pse=v~lid~tes=thisK==

= ==

= ~F= bF=

cigK S=E~F=ael~min~tion=in=gr~nite=blocks=prior=to=coll~pse=Ecentr~l=p~ss~geI=northern=blockF;=EbF=ptr~inJcontrolled=uni~xi~l=compression=test=on=m~sonry=prism=instrumented=with=str~in=g~ugesI=isaq=~nd=lo~d=cellK=

=PKPK2K mossibility of creep failure qhe= origin~l= c~use= m~y= not= be= longJterm= compressive= lo~ding= EcreepFI= ~s= compressive= f~ilure= is=~ccomp~nied= by= distributed= vertic~l= ~nd= subJvertic~l= cr~cksI= ~bsent= hereK= qhe= preJexisting= vertic~l=cr~ck=in=the=structure=w~s=sh~rp=~nd=concentr~tedK=AlsoI=the=m~teri~l=strengths=in=int~ct=portions=of=the=structure=E§=PKPKNF=suggest=th~t=the=coll~pse=c~nnot=be=due=to=m~teri~l=deterior~tion=under=creep=effectsK=qhe= r~pid= progress= in= the= widening= of= the= vertic~l= cr~ck= could= h~ve= possibly= resulted= in= vertic~l=det~chment= of= the= northJwestern= ~nd= northJe~stern= portions= of= the= tower= from= the= rest= of= the=structureI=inducing=eccentric=forces=on=the=supporting=gr~nite=storeyI=which=c~n=expl~in=del~min~tion=in= gr~nite= blocks= ~s= ~= result= of= excessive= compressive= stress= in= the= extreme= fibres= Esee= cigK= S~FK=A=l~rge= qu~ntity= of= s~nd= w~s= seen= in= the= debris= Esee= cigK= RcFI= indic~ting= th~t= it= w~s= ~= m~jor=ingredient= of= the= infill= in= the= threeJle~f= gr~nite= m~sonryK= qypic~llyI= infill= m~teri~l= is= composed= of=brick= b~tsI= lime= mort~r= ~nd= s~ndI= which= must= h~ve= deterior~ted= consider~bly= over= time= due= to=ingress= of= r~inw~terK=ConsequentlyI= the=gr~vity= lo~ds= m~y=h~ve=been= c~rried=only=by=the=outer=~nd=inner=f~sci~=of=the=gr~nite=m~sonryK==PKPKPK mossibility of soil and foundation distress poft= rock= is= seen=~t= the= siteI= ~t= ~= depth=of= P= m=below= ground= levelK= qhough= no=geotechnic~l= studies=were= conducted=~fter= the= coll~pseI= coll~ter~l= evidenceI= in= ~nd=~round= the= coll~pse= siteI= suggests= no=~ppreci~ble=ch~nge=in=ground=levels=m~nifested=through=settlementsK=j~sonry=or=oC=fr~me=buildings=in=the=vicinity=showed=no=cr~cks=due=to=settlementsK=fn=~dditionI=portions=of=the=stone=m~sonry=storey=th~t=~re=int~ct=~fter=coll~pse=of=the=structure=~bove=itI=suggests=no=evidence=of=~ny=found~tion=distressK==PKPK4K fnterventions on the jadras terrace floor lr~l=rendition=by=loc~ls=reve~l=th~t=in=the=NVSMsI=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floors=supported=on=timber=joists=were=found=to=be= in=~= dil~pid~ted=st~teK=A=rep~ir= intervention=w~s=undert~ken=to=repl~ce=deterior~ted=timber= joistsK= qhe= floor= sl~bs= were= ~pp~rently= cut= open= to= f~cilit~te= remov~l= of= dism~ntled= joists=through=the=towerK=kew=timber= joists=were=never=pl~cedI=pointing=to=~=possible=dest~bilis~tion=of=the=floor= di~phr~gmJw~ll= systemK= bxposure= of= ~= we~kened= m~sonry= system= to= the= elements= EmoistureF=could= h~ve= ~cceler~ted= the= deterior~tionK= fn= NVVNI= interventions= led= to= repl~cing= the= j~dr~s= terr~ce=sl~bs= with= oC= sl~bsI= when= excessive= deterior~tion= w~s= noticed= in= themK= qhis= delic~te= oper~tion=requires= supporting= the= existing= floor= ~nd=c~sting=of= oCI= before= the= former= is= removed= completelyK=aet~ils=of=the=modus=oper~ndi=~re=not=knownI=but=this=could=h~ve=contributed=to=the=inst~bility=of=the=structureI= if= c~rried= out= without= respecting= its= equilibriumK= qhe= floor= di~phr~gm=essenti~lly= ties= the=orthogon~l=w~lls=togetherK=soids=in=the=m~sonry=should=h~ve=been=tre~ted=~dequ~tely=~fter=remov~l=of=timber=joists=~nd=thick=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floorsK=torkm~nship=of=executed=rep~ir=is=~=critic~l=f~ctorK=

=

NVRR=

PKPK5K mossible explanation for the collapse qhe= coll~pse= of= the= sij~y~gopur~m= could= h~ve= been= ~= phenomenon= of= ~ccumul~ted= d~m~ge= from=different=sourcesI= n~mely=dest~bilising=effect=due= to=repl~cement= of= timber= floorsI= r~inw~ter= seep~ge=~nd=subsequent=we~thering=of=m~sonryK=curtherI=there=is=gener~l=ingress=of=w~ter=through=the=openings=provided=~ll= over= the= towerK= qhe=coll~pse= m~y= h~ve= been= triggered=by= the= fin~l= degr~d~tion= of= the=m~sonryI=loc~lly=c~used=by=the=he~vy=r~ins=prior=to=coll~pseK=qhe=cr~ck=f~cilit~ted=seep~ge=of=r~inw~ter=into= m~sonry= w~lls= over= the= ye~rsI= ~cceler~ting= w~shout= of= lime= mort~rK= Coll~pse= seems= to= h~ve=occurred=under=vertic~l=lo~d=~loneI=once=the=m~teri~l=deterior~ted=~dequ~tely=in=few=critic~l=~re~sK=rndert~king= interventions= on= such= structures= without= underst~nding= the= engineering= implic~tions= of=the= interventionsI= n~mely=import~nce=of= the=floor=di~phr~gm=in=the=equilibrium=of= the=structureI=~nd=the=unscientific=repl~cement=of=m~teri~ls=~re=import~nt=lessons=from=the=coll~pseK==4K AkAivTfCAi pTrafbp lk A efpTlofCAi dlmroAj 4KNK mrototype structure for analytical study A=prototype=structureI= the=o~j~gopur~m=of=pri=h~m~kshi= Amm~n=qemple= in=h~ncheepur~mI= q~mil=k~du=Esee=cigK=T~F=w~s=selected=for=~ssessment=~nd=development=of=strengthening=str~tegiesK=aistress=m~pping=through=visu~l=survey=w~s=done=for=the=gopur~mK=qhe=survey=reve~led=th~t=while=the=gr~nite=threeJle~f= m~sonry= ~nd= brick= m~sonry= w~lls= showed= no= signs= of= structur~l= distress= or= m~teri~l=deterior~tionI=the=timber=joists=~nd=r~fters=supporting=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=sl~b=were=severely=d~m~ged=Esee=cigK=TbJcFK=qhis=is=~=cl~ssic~l=d~m~ge=st~te=described=in=§=OKO=~nd=cigK=PI=which=over=time=le~ds=to=excessive=deflection=of=the=brickJlime=concrete=floorK=As=discussed=in=the=c~se=of=the=coll~pse=E§=PFI=the=role=pl~yed=by= the=floor=di~phr~gm=in=tying=the=w~lls= together=~nd=reducing= l~ter~l=deflection=of= the=m~sonry=w~lls=in=the=tower=could=be=cruci~lK=ptructur~l=modelling=~nd=~n~lysis=w~s=c~rried=out=of=~=Pa=el~stic=model=solid=model=of=the=gopur~m=to=study=the=effect=of=the=floor=di~phr~gm=Esee=cigK=TdFK==4KOK ptructural modelling and analysis polid=tetr~hedr~l=elements=were=used=to=model=gr~niteI=brick=m~sonry=w~lls=~nd=floor=sl~bs=on=~=molJb=pl~tform=~nd=~n~lysed=under=gr~vity=~nd=l~ter~l=lo~ds=in=~n=Akpvp=workbenchK=qhree=models=were=developed=to=study=the=influence=of=the=floor=di~phr~gm=on=the=structur~l=beh~vior=of=the=gopur~mW=

~F C~se=NW=qhe=gopur~m=modelled=with=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor=sl~b;=bF C~se= OW= qhe= gopur~m= modelled= without= the= j~dr~s= terr~ce= floor= sl~bI= to= mimic= ~= situ~tion=

where=such=sl~bs=h~ve=been=removed=due=to=excessive=deterior~tionK=cF C~se=PW=qhe=gopur~m=modelled=with=~n=oC=sl~b=EiKeK=~=system=with=gre~ter=inJpl~ne=stiffnessFK=

=

fn=c~se=NI=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=sl~b=with=timber=joists=~nd=r~fters=w~s=modelled=~s=~=brickJlime=concrete=floor=of=equiv~lent=thickness=EteqF=~fter=estim~ting=the=el~stic=stiffnessI=hI=of=the=combined=system=Esee=bqK= ENFI= EOFFK= pl~bs= were= modelled= with= fixed= end= conditionsI= due= to= sufficient= be~ring=~re~= within=m~sonry= w~llsK= qhe= gr~nite= threeJle~f= m~sonry= w~s= modelled= ~s= ~= singleJle~f= w~ll= due= to= l~ck= of=inform~tion=on=the=~ctu~l=cross=section~l=configur~tionI=including=m~teri~l=properties=of=the=coreK==

=

=

=

==

cigK T=E~F=o~j~gopur~m=of=the=h~nchi=h~m~kshi=Amm~n=qemple;=EbJcF=aeterior~tion=of=timber=joistsLr~fters=supporting=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor;=EdF=Pa=solid=model=of=the=gopur~m=

E~F=

EcF

EbF

EdF=

=

NVRS=

= ( )dAifbih sm += NON P = ENF=== ( ) ( ){ } seq Amt timberconcrete=limeJbrick solumesolume ´+= = EOF= i=is=the=length=of=the=sl~b=norm~l=to=the=direction=of=l~ter~l=forceI=bm=is=the=voung’s=modulus=of=brickJlime= concrete= m~sonryI= f= is= the= section’s= moment= of= inerti~I= As= is =the =she~r =~re~I =d= is =the =she~r =modulusI=m=is=the=modul~r=r~tio=EbmLbtimberFK==

= = =

cigK U=korm~l=stresses=Ein=m~F=~t=the=b~se=of=the=structure=E~F;=entire=structure=under=gr~vity=lo~ds=EbF=for=c~se=O==Comp~rison=of=~xi~l=stresses=~t=the=b~se=of=the=structure=shows=th~t=there=is=no=signific~nt=devi~tion=in =the =compressive =stresses =~cross =the =cross =section =ENKNTJMKTS =jm~I =see =cigK =U~F =~mong =the =three =c~ses=studiedK=eoweverI=the=tensile=stresses=in=the=brick=m~sonry=w~lls=E~MKR=jm~F=in=the=~bsence=of=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=sl~b=~re=not=negligibleK=fn=~dditionI=l~ter~l=deform~tions=in=the=m~sonry=w~lls=for=the= s~me= c~se= incre~se= by= more= th~n= RMBI= in= comp~rison= to= the= c~ses= with= sl~bsK= tith= due=consider~tion=to=the=limit~tions=of=line~r= el~stic=~n~lysisI=it=m~y=be=inferred=th~t=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor= system=offers= ~= cert~in= ~mount= of= l~ter~l= restr~int= to= the= m~sonry= w~lls= of= the= towerK= fn= the=~bsence= of= such= l~ter~l= restr~intI= m~sonry= w~lls= m~y= be= expected= to= undergo= l~rger= l~ter~l=deflectionsI= ~nd= progressively= over= timeI= this= c~n= contribute= to= the= we~kening= of= m~sonry= with=initi~tion=of=tensile=cr~cksI=~nd=in=turnI= incre~sed=deflectionsI=fin~lly=le~ding=to=mJD=effectsI= loss=of=st~bility=~nd=coll~pseK==4KPK A possible repair strategy mostJcoll~pse=investig~tions=E§=PF=~nd=prelimin~ry=~n~lytic~l=studies=E§=4KOF=point=to=the=role=pl~yed=by=the=r~ther= flexible= floor= di~phr~gm=system= in= the= equilibrium=of= t~llI= hollow=m~sonry= towers= ~s= the=gopur~mK=aeterior~tion=of=timber=joists=~nd=the=brickJlime=concrete=l~yer=is=very=commonK=fn=view=of=ch~llenges= in= the= m~inten~nce= of= timber= in= w~rmI= humid= clim~tesI= with= structur~l= s~fety= ~nd=conserv~tion=~s=the=m~in=go~lI=it=is=suggested=th~t=in=c~se=of=excess=deterior~tion=of=timber=elementsI=they= be= repl~ced= with= structur~l= steel= hollow= box= sectionsI= ~dequ~tely= designed= ~nd= m~tching=dimensions= of= the= origin~l= timber= sectionsK= dr~nite=blocks= embedded= within= the= m~sonry=w~lls= c~n=serve=~s=be~ring=blocks=for=the=steel=box=sections=to=~void=stress=concentr~tion=in=the=m~sonryK==RK ClkCirafkd objAohp =qhe=current=p~per=focuses=on=the=structur~l=s~fety=of=~ncient=m~sonry=towers=in=pouth=fndi~n=templesK=bxperience= from= postJcoll~pse= investig~tions= of= ~n= ~ncient= gopur~mI= visu~l= surveys= of= existing=gopur~ms= to= develop= ~n= ~b~cus= of= d~m~ge= ~nd= structur~l= ev~lu~tion= of= one= distressed= structureI=highlight= the=role=of= floor=di~phr~gms= in= ensuring= st~bilityK=pc~rce=m~inten~nce= is=one=of= the=prime=re~sons=for=deterior~tion=of=the=j~dr~s=terr~ce=sl~bsI=including=the=structur~l=timber=elementsK=qhe=floor=di~phr~gm=en~bles=tying=of=m~sonry=w~lls=togetherI=~nd=thereby=reduces=l~ter~l=deflection=of=the=m~sonry=w~llsK=qhough=the=remov~l=of=~=we~kened=j~dr~s=terr~ce=floor= implies=reduction=of=self=weight=of=the=structureI=such=~=me~sure=could=result= in=incre~sed=l~ter~l=deflections=of=m~sonry=w~lls=due=to=the=~bsence=of =the=l~ter~l =restr~int =offered=by=themK=qhe=st~te =of =stress =in =the=m~sonry=w~llsI =c~used=by=incre~sed=l~ter~l=deflectionsI=m~y=consistently=be=incre~sed=~ddition~l=l~ter~l=lo~ds=Ewind=or=

E~F= EbF=

=

NVRT=

e~rthqu~keF=~nd=m~teri~l=deterior~tionK=qh~t=is=to=s~yI=the=tensile=stresses=m~y=re~ch=~=v~lue=for=which=the=form~tion=of=cr~cks=m~y=be=expectedI=~nd=consequently=~=further=incre~se=in=deflectionsK=rndert~king= rep~ir= interventions= on= historic~l= structuresI= without= underst~nding= the= engineering=implic~tions= of= the= interventionsI= c~n= h~ve= dire= consequencesK= oep~ir= solutions= h~ve= to=be= evolved=with=due=consider~tion=to=the=existing=equilibrium=~nd=lo~d=p~ths=in=the=structureI=its=historic~l=v~lueI=remov~bility=of=interventionsI=but=prim~rily=structur~l=s~fetyK==AChkltibadbjbkTp =qhe=~uthors=pl~ce=on=record=the=~ssist~nce=received=from=eindu=oeligious=~nd=Ch~rit~ble=bndowments=aep~rtmentI= dovtK= of=q~mil=k~du=~nd=bndowments= aep~rtmentI= dovtK= of= Andhr~= mr~deshK= qhe= l~st=~uthor=pl~ces=on=record=the=role=of=mrofs=AK=jeher=mr~s~d=~nd=CKsKoK=jurty=Effq=j~dr~sF=in=the=postJcoll~pse=investig~tions=~nd=the=work=of=jrK=eK=k~r~in=in=the=l~bor~tory=testsK= obcbobkCbp xNz getson= oon~ld= AKI= mr~s~dI= AKjKI= jenonI= aKI= jenonI= AKI= j~genesI= dK= EOMMUF= peismic=

vulner~bility= of= south= fndi~n= templesI= mrocK Sth ptructural bngineering ConventionI= pboCI=Chenn~iI=ffq=j~dr~s=~nd=Ann~=rniversityI=Chenn~iI=fndi~K=

xOz getson= oon~ldI= AK= EOMMVF= peismic analysis of gopurams and mandapams of a pouth fndian templeI=jp=qhesisK=fndi~n=fnstitute=of=qechnology=j~dr~sI=Chenn~iI=fndi~K=

xPz _fp= ONNV= ENVUMF= Code of practice for construction of brick-cum-concrete composite Ejadras terrace) floor and roofI=_ure~u=of=fndi~n=pt~nd~rdsI=kew=aelhiK=

x4z ffq= j~dr~s= EOMNMF= fnvestig~tion= following= the= coll~pse= of= the= sij~y~gopur~m= ~t= prik~l~h~Jsteesw~r~= qempleI= h~l~h~stiI= AmK= A report submitted to the dovernment of Andhra mradeshI=aeptK=of=Civil=bngineeringI=fndi~n=fnstitute=of=qechnology=j~dr~sI=Chenn~iI=fndi~K=