porirua city council & wellington city council reportfor ... · pollution pulse. the ddt found...

THE PORIRUAHARBOURAND ITS CATCHMENT:

LITERATURE REVIEW - Appendix 2AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

ReportforPorirua City Council & Wellington City Council

Attachment 2

Paul Blaschke

Josephine WoodsFrances Forsyth

Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants

February 2010

LSBN 978-I-877548-26-0 (print)IsBN 978-I-877548-27-7 (online)

Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment

Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review - Appendix 2Annotated bibliography of research on Porirua Harbourand catchment

Table of contents

2Introduction. .................................

Key references covering a range of topics .....................................................

Geology, geography and soils ........................9Terrestrial biodiversity and catchment land use ...............................................

Stream geomorphology and hydrology, including flood assessment ........................... I I

Annual water quality survey reports ..........................

Stream ecology, water and sediment pollution ............................................................. 19

Beach erosion and coastal change. ............................................ 23Estuarine biota .......................

................ 28BSIuarine water quality .............. 33Harbour sediment contamination.

Estuary hydrodynamics and sedimentation .................................................................. 38. 40Planning, roading, development and environmental assessment of effects. ...

Environmental management and restoration plans. ........................... 7Social and historical sources .....

.

introduction

This bibliography presents brief summaries of the principal references used in the main literaturereview document - Ponyua Harbour tilld iis calchmeni. ' A literalMre 3/11/1111aJy und review (2010)The summaries were made by the present authors, and are not published abstracts. The itemssummarised are sorted by broad topic as shown in the table of contents above. Most referencesare only in one section, with a few key multi-disciplinary references covering a range of topicsare grouped in the first list. Several references are to reports dealing with whole Wellingtonregion (mainly Greater Welling10n Regional Council reports); in these cases usually only thematerial relating 10 Portrua Harbour or catchmentis presented

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Keyreferences covering a range of topics

Bellingham, N. (1998). Pawamhanui I'llei - a living resource. Wellington, Guardians ofPauatahanuilnlet

Multi-disciplinary education resource kit covering land use and ecology of PauatahanuiInlet. Includes activities for a wide range of age levels

BML (2000). T/Ie Puuumhaiiwi EsiwaJy tind i!s calchnteit!. a 117erniure sumiiiuiy and reviewBoffa Miskell Ltd. Report for Wellington Regional Council and Portrua City Council

Comprehensive review of all available environmental information on Pauatahanui Inletand its catchment. Highlights what is known and unknown about the estuary and itsunique and determining features. Includes annotated bibliography

Cameron, D. (2001). rangered lilyesiigaiion of Ponyuu Stream warer und sediiiieni qualityMontgomery Watson New Zealand Ltd. for Wellington Regional Council.

An in depth assessment of sediment and water quality, in order to understand thedisparity between the high water quality and low Macroinvertebrate Community Index(MCI) Scores consistently found in the annual freshwater reports. Water from streamsand stormwater outlets were analysed for pH, EC, TSS and acid soluble cadmium,chromium, copper, lead and zinc. Samples were also analysed for organic compounds(poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenols). Water samples were also collectedpost rainfall events and compared with American EPA standards. Wet weather eventsresulted in high concentrations of metals in the water column. Appendix of graphs.Sediments from 3 stream locations were also analysed for metals and organics. Threesites exceeded the ANZECC (2000) interim sediment quality guideline (IsQG) 'low' forzinc, and one for lead. DDT concentrations for all sites (composed mainly DDD, withsmaller amounts of DDT and DDE) exceeded the low' IsQG value. Concentrations ofmetals increased downstream untilthe estuarine reach, where flushing probably resultedin a lower concentration. DDT was highest at Takapu. Macroinvertebrates in POTiruaStream are being adversely affected by poor water quality, especially as rainfall delivers apollution pulse. The DDT found in the sediment as yet appears to have no affect onmacroinvertebrates. The highest DDT concentration occurs at Takapu Stream site whichhas the best MCI value of 106. POTirua Stream has a MCI value of 90, has a lowerconcentration of DDT but poorer water quality.

Healy, B. (1975). PEP Newsletter. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hull,held at GWRC library

Series of Newsletters set up as a forum to communicate interesting results from PEPscientists, and also to update and inform the public. Lists projects and authors

Healy, W. B. (1980). Pawu!ahdnui linei. o11 enviroiinienial SIMdy. DSU^. Information Series 141Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Most detailed and integrated study of Pauatahanuilnlet and its catchment. Covers earlyhistory, landscape and geology, the catchment, the inlet and inlet processes, impacts ofthe catchment on the inlet, planning implications of the Pauatahanui EnvironmentProgramme and an overview. Study arose from community concern over sill depositionin Browns Bay after developing of sections. The Portrua City Corporation requested theMinister of Science to authorise detailed investigation. The DSU< coordinated the 3 yearstudy over 1975-77 with over 30 scientists contributing.

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Kerinedy, P. (1980)."Pauatahanuilnlet, a closer look. " Soiland Wafer 16(5): 7-10.Summary of the main findings of the Pauatahanui Environment Programme study fromHealy (1980).

Milne, J. R. and L. Watts (2008). Stormwater contaminants in urban streams in the Wellingtonregion (draft), Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10nRegional Council, Report N'GW/EMI-T-08182

Results of two investigations: I) a screening exercise to assess the level of contaminationin stream sediments and 2) assessment of metal contamination in wet weather nowevents, in order to determine if stormwater discharges are causing significantcontamination of water and sediments within urban streams and assess if the degree ofcontamination poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Over all sites the ANZECC (2000)IsQG 'low' was exceeded for one or more metal contaminants at 52% of the sites in 2005and 50% of sites in 2006. POTirua Stream was one of the four sites in the greaterWellington Region to exceed the ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'high' for zinc. Zinc and leadover the whole region were most commonly above guideline 'low'. 86% of sites in 2005and 92% in 2006 exceeded the ANZECC guidelines for I or more organochlorinecompounds. Duck Creek, POTirua and Keriepuru Stream above IsQG 'low' for DDT, andwere the only locations in the regions to do so. Sediments in those streams sampled weregenerally sandy to graveny and had little mud component. Very few wet weather nowswere sampled, so this limited data set cannot be used to give the usual stormwaterpollutantload of streams. The data highlights that the events sampled had concentrationsof zinc and copper above ANZECC guideline values, and are at concentrations likely 10affect biola. Most of the metal contaminants are associated with suspended sediment,and since little of this fine sediment is deposited in stream beds, it is most probably beingdeposited in the Harbour

Robertson, B. and L. SIGvens (2008). Pontua Harbour; Fine Scale Monitoring 2007/08. W. CManagement. prepared for: Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council

Detailed information on chemical and biological indicators of estuarine condition. Dataapplied to authors' model of estuarine health 10 assess the overall condition of the estuaryin relation to sedimentation, eutrophication, toxicity and ITabitat loss. Collected data ongrain size, visual assessment of depth to redox potential discontinuity (RPD), benthiccommunity, and analysis of surficial sediments for organic content, nutrients and metalconcentrations. Installed sedimentation plates. Concentration of cadmium, chromium,copper, nickel, lead and zinc are all below ANZECC (2000) IsGQ, 'low' valueMacroinvertebrate community classified as 'unbalanced' as the community present has anelevated number of organisms that tolerate mud and organic enrichment levels. Wholeharbour classed as 'moderately eutrophic' inferred from shallow RPD, tinbalanced'macroinvertebrate community and low to moderate nutrient conditions. Classes toxicityof environment as 'low' for Pauatahanuilnlei and 'low-moderate' for the Onepoto Arm

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Sievens, L. and B. Robertson (2008). Ponyim Harbour. B, .odd scale nabitu! niuppii?g. Nelson,Wriggle Coastal management for Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council.

Report done alongside fine scale monitoring' (Robertson and SIGvens 2008) to apply a'rating' to estuary health. Maps in GIS of interndal sediment types (grain size),macroalgal beds, seagrass beds, sanmarsh vegetation and 200m of terrestrial margin. Thisinformation can be used to monitor habitat loss and identify areas important forprotection. Sanmarsh absent in the Onepoto Arm, but extensive in PanatahanuiInlet.Interndal area dominated by poorly sorted firm muddy sands, and 70% of the interndalarea had significant macroalgal cover. Report classes both arms as moderately eutrophic;


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however nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were not measured, and the flushinginfluence of the large tidal wedge was not considered. POTirua Harbour is mainly sub-tidal, making it unique compared with other New Zealand estuaries which empty almostcompletely at low tide. Classes estuarine areas for habitatloss however data across yearsis not compared so classification is fairly unfounded. Seagrass beds extensive andhealthy, whilst terrestrial buffer is rarely natural, and often separated physically fromestuary. This separation may contribute to 'coastal squeeze' as saltmarsh species respondto sea levelrise. Large amount of litter noted in Onepoto Arm. List of all saltmarshspecies

Swales, A. , S. I. Bentley, M. S. MCGlone, R. Ovenden, N. Hermanspahn, R. Budd, A. Hill, SPickmere, R. Huskew and M. Okey (2005). Pulloitthunui Infoi. ' ayecis of historicol calchnien!landcover chuitges on nileisedrinenin!ion. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchLtd. , Prepared for Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council, NIWA ClientReport: HAM2004-149.

Sedimentation history of Pauaiahanui Inlet based on radioisotopes and pollen analysis ofsediment cores. These methods are used to calculate sediment accumulation rates(SARS). Nine cores were taken, five near sub-catchment outlets and four in the central

basin. Detailed description and interpretation of each core. Determines spatial variationsin SARS, grain size and metal concentration and relates them to changes in catchmentuse. Averaged across all sites, SARS have been increasing since European arrival andsubsequent deforestation and urbanisation. "C dating shows a SAR of ~0.7mnVyr for thelast 2,000 years' ' Pb dating shows a SAR at 2.4mm/yr for the last 150 years '''csshows a SAR of 3.4mnVyr from 1950 onwards, whilst pollen analysis shows that SARSfrom the 1980's onwards are at 4.6mnVyr. This last average is particularly influenced bythe core taken at the HOTokiri catchment outlet: in the last 20 years this area has receiveddouble the sediment than locations elsewhere (loinnVyr). The high yield of sandysediment is most likely sourced from the HOTokiri catchment, which is large and steepand has a large area of pine plantations. Browns Bay also has a high SAR: this areaappears to act as a sink for sediment derived elsewhere. Sites located at sub-catchmeni

outlets have higher SARS than those of the central mud basin, indicating that the sourceof sediment is eroded soils, and that the supply rate exceeds ability of estuarine processesto redistribute sediment. Browns Bay site has a SAR higher for the last 50 years than thelast 20 years, reflecting the influence of 1970s urban developments, and the stabilising ofthose developments in the last 20 years. Future SARS are likely to equal and exceed2.4mnVyr. Pollen profiles are characterised by a loss of native species, rise in exoticgrass and weed species and a huge increase in pine pollen in the late 1970s. Wavesappear to erode, redistribute, winnow and mix sediment to a depth of ~5cmConcentration of zinc, lead and copper were below ANZECC (2000) IsQG for allsites

WRC (1989a). Eiivironnien!all, lipact reporifuiwre Sidle Highway I Foule. Wellington RegionalCouncil.

Extensive investigation and assessment of coastal and land resources, water resources,and landscape characteristics in the whole Porirua Basin and Pauatahanui catchment, inrelation to potential impacts of State Highway I route options. Accompanied by 10technical reports, of which the most relevant are Landscape Assessment (V01. 6), Landand Coastal assessment(V01. 7) and Water Resources Impact Assessment(V01. 8)

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Geology, geographyandsoils

Adkin, G. L. (1921). POTirua Harbour: a study of its shoreline and physiographic featuresTransactions undProceediitgs of Ihe New Zealandlitstii"re 53: 144-156

Discussion and description of geomorphology of the area. First known publication tosuggest that the 1855 earthquake caused uplift, which was estimated at 3ft, causingshallowing of Pauaiahanuilnlet and evidenced by an uplifted platform near the entranceof Taupo Stream

Begg, J. and C. Mazengarb (1996). Geology o11he Well^Jig!o11 Area. Lower Hull, New Zealand,Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. 1:50,000. Geological map 22. I sheet + 128 p

Very detailed geological description of the Wellington Area. Detailed description of rocktypes and a geological map. (Map covers most of Onepoto Arm catchment and thesouthern half of Pauatalianui Inlet). Maps in some detailthe main nthologies of thePOTirua Harbour catchment which is comprised of the Rakaia Terrane (Triassic-Jurassicgrey sandstone and mudstones) and loose Qualernary deposits (including loess, alluvialand coastal deposits). Maps the three fault lines passing thorough the POTirua Harbourcatchment, the Ohariu fault, the Pukera fault and the Moonshine fault. Gives somediscussion on the geographical and geological features of Onepoto Arm and PanatahanuiInlet, including some cores collected from the estuary. From the nihiled data, the infill ofOnepoto Arm and Panatahanuilnleiis suggested as postglacial river, lake and estuary orlagoon deposits

Begg, J. G. and M. Johnston (2000). G, o108y o11he Wellingion Area. Lower Hutt, New Zealand,Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. 1:250,000 geological map 10. I sheet + 64 p

Geological description of the Wellington Area. Detailed description of rock types and ageological map. Maps the main 11tho10gies of the POTirua Harbour catchment which iscomprised of the Rakaia Terrane (Triassic-Jurassic grey sandstone and mudstones) andloose Quaternary deposits (including loess, alluvial and coastal deposits). Maps the threefaultlines passing thorough the POTirua Harbour catchment, the Ohariu fault, the Pukeruafault and the Moonshine fault.

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Bruce, J. (2000). Tile Soils of Wellingtoil, in: Dynamic Well^71g!on, a con!einpoinry synthesis undexplunaiioi? of Well^^810n. I. MCConchie, R. Willis and D. Winchester, eds. Wellington, Instituteof Geography, Victoria University of Wellington.

Includes description of soils in the POTirua area

Cochran, U. (2000). Poleoeiivironinenml analysis o111plofted cousinllttke & wetland sequences illthe Welling10n Region. Wellington, New Zealand, School of Earth Sciences, Victoria Universityof Wellington, report to the Earthquake Commission Research Foundation. Project N' 991324.

Uses fossil diatoms (single celled algae) from sediment cores in three lakes (includingTaupo Swamp north of PIimmerton), to reconstruct the lakes' development over limeThe species of diatom change upwards along the core, indicating a change inenvironment (from saline 10 fresh). The suddenness, amount, and direction of changesuggest large seismic uplift. The data collected suggests that the Ohariu Fault slippedbetween 800- 380 BC. Taupo Swamp history interpreted from a detailed description ofcores collected, as: 3,900- 580 BC predominantly open lagoon; 580 - 380 BC freshbrackish pond with no sea connection; 380- present, wetland


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Eiby, G. (1990). "Changes 10 Porirua Harbour in about 1855 : historical tradition and geologicalevidence. " four"u! o11he Royalsocieiy of New Zealand 20(2): 233-248

CriticalIy reviews Quenne11(1988), Learny (1958) and Healy (1980), their interpretationof geological uplift and the conclusion that Pauatahanui Inlet was uplifted in the 1855earthquake. Examines historical documents (navigation charts, letters, and sketches) andfinds no evidence that the inlet became shallower at the time of the quake. Discusseshow the belief in uplift first occurred. Concludes that rocky platforms within the harbourare not uplifted. Attributes uplifted platforms between PIimmerton and Karehara Bayand the northern foreshore of Whitireia to uplift movements of the Ohariu fault. Alsoattributes a notch or sea cut cliff Im above high water level on the southern end of theParemata bridge to uplift. However, presents no data, such as the height of the upliftedplatforms, to correlate coastal features to inland measures of the fault movement

Gibb, J. G. (1986). A New Zealand regional Holocene Gustatic curve and its application todetermination of vertical Iectonic movements. A contribution to IGCP-Project 200. Proceedingsof the International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements from the Pacific Region,Wellington, New Zealand. Royal Society o1New ZealandBwlletin 24: 377-395

Presents a Holocene Gustatic sea-level curve for New Zealand using ''C dates fromaround the country. Dales taken from Pauatahanuilnlet are used. Interprets this dataunder the assumption that uplift of ~0.9m occurred in 1855.

Grant-Taylor, T. , L. Northey and R. Adams (1970). MIC"ozoning for earthquake ayecis in 1/1ePOWttmhunui Area. New Zealand, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bunetin N'213

Detailed description of local soils and geology. Describes geomorphology of area andinfluence of fault movement on geography. 3 maps. Properties of localsoils and geologyused to create a microzone map to identify areas of similar seismic response of buildingsas a guide for planning. Areas most susceptible to shaking: swamp land (unconsolidatedalluvium, water saturated) at Pauatahanui Stream and west of Ration Point, also behindPIimmerton Beach

Hancox, G. , G. D. Dellow, N. D. Fernn and M. I. MCSaveney (2005). Westent Con. idorTruitsporioiioit SIMdy. Review of geological lidznrds tiffeciiitg Ihe proposed Cousinl HighwayUpgrade und Trailsiiiission Gully Motorway 1.0uie. Institute of Geological and Nuclear SciencesLtd. for Porirua City Council, Client Report 2005/161

Geological hazards reviewed include mainly those related to earthquakes: groundshaking, fault rupture, liquefaction, tsunamis, and earthquake-induced landslidesRainfall-induced landslides (including debris floods and debris flows) are also reviewedThese are specific to the proposed SHI routes. The reportis in two parts: (1) a review ofexisting reports and documents used for the WCTS and earlier studies of the TGM route;and (2) a review of currentinformation on geological hazards that affectthe two routes.

Heron, D. , R. Van Dissen and M. Sawa (1998). Late Qualernary movement on the Ohariu Fault,Tongue Point to MOOKays Crossing, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand JOHNtul ofGeology und Geop/Iysics 41. 4/9-440.

Description of Ohariu fault, including early literature and prominent features (such asstream offsets) at different locations. Maps fault traces. The fault last ruptures 1070-1/30 years ago with a horizontal displacement of 3.7m, with an earthquake estimated at7.1 -7.5.


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Kingsbury, P. G. (1990). Ponyun Calch"teni Landslip Hazard Assessi, lent. Porirwo Piloi SIMdy.Technical Report LR1990/3. Land Resources Department, Wellington Regional Council

Describes and maps landslip hazard for the POTirua catchmentlandforms including fieldmapping of currentlandslips and seepage. Indicates potential problems in the catchmentif future urban development occurs within a high landslip hazard class

Learny, M. L. (1958). PIGistocene shorelines at Portrua Harbour, near Wellington, New Zealand.New ZealandJournalofGeology und Geop/?ysics I: 95-102

A basic description of some of the Qualernary terraces at POTirua. Interprets terraces asmarine interglacial deposits, and attempts to correlate them with terraces describedglobalIy. Refutes Adkins (1921) evidence of a coseismic uplift in POTirua caused by the1855 earthquake

MCFadgen, B. G. (1980). Maori PIaggen Soils in New Zealand; their origin and properties.Journal o11he Royalsocieiy QINew Zealand 70: 3-9

Describes the prehistoric cultivated soils (Maori PIaggen soils) containing sand/graveltransported by inari for agriculture. Describes a PIaggen soil at Pauatahanui from ~440BP at Police Point

Mildenhall, D. C. (1993). Last glacialion/postglacial pollen record for POTirua, near Wellington,New Zealand. runmra 32: 22-27

Pollen record taken from exposed diggings at present site of K-Mart in POTirua. Pollendiagram gives indication of vegetation species assemblages from 21,000 BP to presentIn the glacial period the area was a swamp with moving fresh water, gradually silling anddrying, until around 9,500BP when pollen assemblages changed indicating a climaticchange to moister, warmer conditions

Northey, R. (1974). Soils o1 Ihe PawuiahunuiArea, Welling10n, New Zealand. New Zealand SoilBureau, DSU^., Scientific Report 13.

Report was part of a 1970 study on microzoning for earthquake effects in Panatahanuiarea. Report on soils updated to assist in town planning of area considered for urbandevelopment.

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Pillans, B. , M. MCGlone, A. Palmer, D. Mildenhall, B. Alloway and G. Berger (1993). The lastglacial maximum in central and southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmentalreconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra Formation as a chronostratigraphic marker.Palueogeography, Primeoc!linetology, Po!aeoec0!o8y 101(3-4): 283-304

Study of Kawakawa tephra, its distribution and occurrence in depositional sedimentsPollen analysis at sites which contain this tophra, which occurred ~22.6 thousand yearsago, are used to interpret climate and vegetation distributions. A site at POTirua isincluded.

Quennell, A. (1938). PITysiography und Laie SII'MCIwrul/n^lory o11he urea drained by Ihe PonyuuSired1713/10wing 11/10 Porii'uu Horbo!, r near Well^^g!on, New Zeniund. , Unpublished Msc thesis,Victoria University of Wellington

A geographical and nthological description of POTirua, summarising early geologicalstudies and interpreting the landscape using brosion cycle' explanations for geography (aschool of thought which has since been abandoned). Large collection of original photosfrom the period. Black and white shots of PIimmerton, Pauatahanui, Judgeford, Maria,Whineria, Tawa and POTirua Valley. Shots of inlet and of catchments. All photos show a


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completely denuded landscape, only trees obvious are lone conifers. Evidence of bankerosion and creep erosion

Suneson, N. H. (1993). The geology of the Torlesse Complex along the Wellington area coast,North Island, New Zealand. New Z, atolld Journal of Geology and Geophysics 36(3): 369-384

Describes the geology between Paekakariki and Pencarrow Head focusing on the lateTriassic Torlesse Terrane strata. This basement rock of greywacke and argillite weredeposited as turbidites, strike NNE and dip steeply and face west. Maps major folds,faults and characteristics. Reconstructs deposition and folding and faulting events basedon described characteristics

Webby, B. D. (1958). The geology of Poriru" districi. Unpublished Msc. thesis, GeologyDepartment. Wellington, Victoria University.

Very detailed geological description of the POTirua area. Includes rock types andfeatures, discussion of how the greywacke (turbidites) formed as deep sea depositsDetailed description of folding and faulting. Described the PIGistocene and Holocenedeposits and terraces

Williams, D. N. (1975). 0hariu fault zone at POTirua Harbour, Wellington, New Zealand. NewZealand JournnlofGeology und Geop/?ysics 18. . 659- 665

Geological description of the Ohariu fault zone. At Porirua, the Ohariu fault splits into awide fault zone (~ 500 in wide) that passes through POTirua and aligns with each side ofthe Orionoto Arm

Terrestrial biodiversity and catchmentland use

Bagnall. R. G. (1979). A study of human impact on an urban forest remnant: Redwood Bush,Tawa, near Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand lorryridl of Boloiiy 17. . 1/7-26

Study of the impact of human activity on a 9.3 ha stand of kohekohe-lawa forest at Tawa(Redwood Bush). Documents rapid rate of loss of forest area and shift from kohekohe-tawa co-dominance to kohekohe dominance, resulting from fragmentation and edgeeffects associated with residential development, and damage associated with uncontrolledrecreational use

BML (2001). 111venioiy of ecological sires ill Folly!Ia City. Boffa Miskell Ltd, prepared forPOTirua City Council

Extensive ecological survey of whole of POTirua City (extends beyond the catchment ofPorirua Harbour). Surveys and assesses ecological areas in terms of species rarity andrepresentation in the Forirua area. Flora and fauna of each site is documented. Classifiesthe region into four ecodomains, which are mapped and the climate, soils vegetation andcanopy structure of each domain described. Outlines threats and obstacles to retainingand enhancing vegetation in each domain, and ranks each ecological area in terms ofmanagement priority. Appendix of flora and fauna species

BML and WRC (1999) Welling10/1 Regional Norive PIuni Guide. Boffa Miskell and WellingtonRegional Council. Wellington, Wellington Regional Council.ECodomain framework and recommended native plantlisls for the Welling10n Region.


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Doc (2001). Projection and reco, e, y o111, , pyg, I, y hullo" daisy. 2001- 2011. Threatened SpeciesRecovery Plan 34. Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Conservation

Long term goals and actions for the protection and recovery of the threatened pygmybutton daisy- Lepii, lend nana. Species is known to occur at 3 locations in New Zealand,including Whitireia Park

ClGIIand, D. (1984). Unpioiec!ed natural areas o1/11e Welling!on Region. A survey of elevenareas of biological significance. Report for the Wellington District Office of the Department ofLands and Survey

Presents the status of some of Wellington's most important biological features.Describes each area, maps it and the biological coriumunity types, justifies its reserve

Also describes the biological communities present, and and rare/uncommonstatus

plants and animals. Discusses modifications to each area and any trends, threats, andimprovements needed. Lists common vascular plants found. Two sites in Foriruacatchmentincluded, Taupo Swamp and Papakowhai Bush in POTirua East

GWRC (2003). Wiltii}ein Park poss, !171 errrdrcutioii report. Key Native Ecosystem managementreport, Biosecurity Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council.

Report on the pest control of Whitirea Park. Details methods of possum eradication fromthe headland and identifies bait stations left to prevent re-invasion. Also presents a KeyNative Ecosystem survey of flora and fauna

Miskelly, C. , R. Empson and K. Wright (2005). Forest birds recolonising Wellington. Notornis52. 21-26.

Documenting the increase in native bird numbers (both seen and heard) in the GreaterWelling10n area. Increase mainly due to predator control programs. Lists species andtheir known habitatlocations, including those found at POTirua

Moylan, S. and M. Hudson (2007). Nullve bird 1110niioi'ing regional report. Report to GreaterWellington Regional Council.

Report on the bird species and habitat in the Greater Wellington area. Lists locationswhere predator controlis undertaken and what pests are targeted. Native bird abundancecorrelates with 'woody habitat' size and riotthe size of a reserve.

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OSNZ (no date). Pu"urnhuitui Bird Survey 1982-84, Pawumhonui bi^. d s"ryey 1992-94Omithological Society of New Zealand

Data from the Wellington Regional branch of the OmithologicalSocieiy of New Zealand

Page, M. (1995). Land use capability classification of the Wellington Region: a report toaccompany the second edition New Zealand Land Resource Inventory. Luridcnre ResearchScience Series No. 6. Lincoln, Mariaaki Whenua Press

Describes land use capability units for the Wellington Region. Provides overviewof physical land resource parameters for region

Page, M. , D. Heron and N. Trustrum (2004). PanutahaiiuiInlet- Analysis of his!o1'1col calch, ,leitilurid LISe change. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd, for POTirua City Council,Client Report 2004/169

Historical land use and land use change in Pauatahanui catchment in last 150 years,determined using historical data and aerial photographs. Pre-European arrival thecatchment was wholly forested, Maori only cleared small areas adjacent 10 the coast forcultivation, access and habitation. Major forest clearance occurred 1850-1900. Earliest


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aerial photo from 1941-42 shows 82.9% of the catchmentis grassland. This area appearsto be similar to historical map from 19/4. Since 1941-42 grassland has decreased with aminor Increase in urban areas and a 25% increase in woodland (native and exoticspecies). Maps land use for the periods 1941- 42, 1973-74, 1985 and 2000. A feature ofurban development is its proximity to the Inlet.

Park, G. (1999). Alt Inventory of the Surviving Traces of Prii?jury Forest of Welling10/1 C!fy.Report prepared for Wellington City Council

Survey of surviving traces of primary (old growth) forest in Wellington City, coveringnorthern part of POTirua catchment. All discernable forest remnants identified andspecies noted. Categorised forest as 'primary forest' or 'secondary forest with primaryelements present'

Robertson C. J. , P. Hyvonen, M. I. Fraser, and C. R. Pickard 2007. Bird disiributioit ill NewZealand 1999-2004 (2nd edition). Wellington, N. Z. Omithological Society of New Zealand

Systematic distribution records for all native bird species throughout New Zealand.

Sawyer, I. W. D. (2001). Bibliog, .uphy of pioni checkfisis und vegeiuiioii survey data forWelling10n Co, Iservancy (excluding Chathain Islands). Wellington, Department of Conservation,Second edition.

Lists references of vegetation surveys (mostly unpublished) done for specific areas.Organised by ecological district and locations, including several in POTirua Harbourcatchment

WRC (1998b). Ponyua Scenic Reserve. Key Native ECosysiein Managei, lent Area (KNEMA)Possuni conirol. Pest Animals Section, Biosecurity Department, Wellington Regional Council,Operational Report 9814.

Report on the success of the possum control program for Elsdon Bush and POTirua ScenicReserve, including specific baits used and recommendations for eradication success. Listof invasive and native species present in the reserve. Also presents results of Key NativeEcosystem Survey, the areas is of significance as it is an example of an ecological orallitudinal sequence across a district and riot better represented elsewhere in theecological district.

Stream geomorphologyassessment

Anon (1987). Ponyutt Sirenn? flooding contours under ex!'sling levels o1 wi. bunisa!ion(unpublished), held at GWRC library.

Aerial photos with 10, 20, 50 and 100 year flood heights estimated on them. Heightsestimated for both the present urbanised catchment and a fully urbanised catchment

Anon (1989). Ponyuu Sired111 flood Inni^ajioit schei?Ie EL4. Supplementary reports(unpublished), held at GWRC library

Collection of technical reports from various contracted companies relating 10 thehydrology and proposed flood protection of POTirua Stream. Includes technical details(construction materials, costs, designs etc. )

and hydrology,


including flood

February 20.011



Anon (no date-b). Ponyua Sired11/1/00d Initi^ajio, I proposals. Pubfic submissions received onenvironmenioli!lipact assessiiieni, unpublished documents. (Folder of collected submissions, heldat GWRC library).

Ninety two public submissions received during the Environmental Impact Assessmentprocess (Anon 1989) of the proposed flood mitigation proposals

Beca (1993). Ponyuu Styeqni channeliniprovei?tents. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. forWellington Regional Council

Design of proposed flood projections. Economic and environmental aspects discussedConsiderations off100d velocities, hydraulics and scour. Design plans as appendix.

Beca (2003). Duck Creek SIorinwoter Modelling. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. preparedfor POTirua City Council.

Survey of bed, banks and potentially flood prone land of Duck Creek, through WhitbyGolf Course. Hydraulic modelling of Duck Creek catchment for I year, mean annual, 10year and 50 year flood events. These return floods estimated under different urbanisation

Connell Wagner (no date). Pawaiohun!It Siren, ,I Modelling Repori. Aimchi, teni I. Report 06.257for POTirua City Council

A hydrological and hydraulic model of Pauatahanui Stream in relation to floodingpotential. Report was initiated after floods and public complaints. 5.5km of stream weremodelled and 10 and 100 year flooding contours were estimated and mapped. Recentdevelopments that have affected the capacity and risk of flooding include: SH58realignment works in 1994 and 2002; deposition of gravels in the upper catchment; stopback at the sawmill(which have decreased cross sectional area) and uncontrolled growthof vegetation along the stream. Gravels are sourced from earthworks upstream atMoonshine Rd where forestry work and track cutting have led to deposits of gravelaccumulating in the stream and raising the bed level. To lessen flood risk, the reportrecommends: removal or pruning of vegetation especially between Flightys Rd bridgeand Belmont Rd bridge; remove gravel in upper reaches and provide detention areas.These options may possibly increase downstream flooding so options need to beassessed

scenarios.

,.

Curry, R. (1981). Hydrology o1/11e calch}?leitis draining to Ihe POWatuhunwi Inlet. Water and SoilTechnical Publication 23. Ministry of Works Development

Freshwater inflows and sediment yields evaluated for 6 main sub-catchments. Floodsconfirmed as major contributor of sediment variation in annualsedimeni yields. Lowestconcentration recorded in Ration Stream (5 - 520mg/L) and highest in Browns Stream(25 - 1500mg/L) downstream of sill pond. Suspended material in Browns catchment fine(>75% clay) settled before tidal flushing could remove suspended particles because oflow energy now from Browns Stream. Sediment rating changed since study with moresurfaces sealed or in vegetation

CWRH (1991). Ponyuu food Initigoiion SIMdy. Cosi beHelli analysis oldeveloping SIebbiiigsdalli. Connell, Wagner, Rahine and Hill, report for Wellington Regional Council N' WRC/Rl-T-92138

Compares cost of developmentenvironmental assessment.


versus cost of payouts for flood events. No

February 20.012

,



CWRH (1992). Ponyua SiredinI. Cosi bend'i! analysis of upginding sirenin reaches. Firsirevision. Connell, Wagner, Rahine and Hill, report for Wellington Regional Council N' WRCR. I-T-92139.

Cost benefit analysis of channel upgrades in discreet sections, in regards to constructionand damages cost

Eyles, I. (2006). Pulla!ahonui Sirednt flood lidzord invesiigaiion. Greater Welling10n RegionalCouncil, Report 06.257

Briefing on the findings of the Pauatahanui Stream flood hazard investigation (Anon, nodate). Flooding of the sawmill property will occur in 100 year event, SH58 will beovertopped in two places in a 10 year event, and flooding will impact Judgeford GolfCourse. Outlines factors influencing increased flooding risk.

GWRC (2004a, 9/2/2009). Horokiri Sired1,101Sitodgruss. Greater Wellington Regional Councilenvironmental 10nlinGl Retrieved 10/02/2009, frommonitoring reporthitp://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story24643. cfm?

Website showing flow rate (in'/s) of HOTokiri Stream. Data available from 2002 topresent date (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 2002. Annualstatisiics(2002 10 present) on maximum, minimum and mean flow rates

GWRC. (2004b, 9/2/2009). Porirttu Sired111 o1 Town Cenire" Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil environmental monitoring report [online]. Reineved: 10/02/2009, fromhttp://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story902. cfm?

Website showing flow rate (in'/s) of POTirua Stream. Data available from 2000 to presentdate (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 1965. Statistics on low now returnperiods and flood return periods. Annual statistics (2000 to present) on maximum,minimum and mean now rates

GWRC. (2004c, 9/2/2009). Tulipo Siredni at Flux Swanip. Greater Wellington Regional Councilenvironmental monitoring report 10nlinel. Retrieved 10/02/2009, from:

http://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story904. cfm?Website showing now rate (in'/s) of Taupo Stream. Data available from 2000 to presentdate (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 1976. Statistics on low flow returnperiods.

Jowett, I. G. and M. I. Duncan (1990). Flow vanability in New Zealand rivers and its relationshipto in-steam habitat and biola. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwuier Reseurc/? 24: 305-317.

130 New Zealand rivers were analysed for flow vanability indices. Catchmenicharacteristics (such as percentage forest, slope, permeability) that contributed 10 nowvanability were determined and quantified. Water velocity was linked to changes inwater temperature, benthic invertebrate and penphyton community structure and troutdistribution and abundance. Pauatahanui Stream has greater now vanability than POTiruaStream.

Martell, C. (1996). TITe ayeci o110/1d-use change o111he exient o1/100ding ill Ihe Ponyuu BasinUnpublished Msc thesis, Victoria University, Wellington.

The deforestation and subsequent urbanisation of a catchment has dramatic impacts on itshydrological response to storm events. Analysis of the hydrometric records for thePorirua Stream catchment indicated that urban growth was impacting on catchment


February 201013



discharge with an increase in overall volume of discharge and an increase in thefrequency of storm events.

MCConchie, I. (2000). From floods to forescasts: the hydrology of Wellington. Pp 35-74 inMCConchie, I. , Winchester, D. and R. Willis (eds) Dynamic Welling10n. ' a conieniporu, ysynthesis und explanuiion of Wellingtoll. Institute of Geography, Victoria University ofWellington

Synthesis of hydrology and flood management in Wellington City, Hutt Valley and partsof POTirua City. Includes discussion of flooding issues in Porirua Stream and catchmentHistory of flooding and flood control. Management response limited because of theexisting land use and tenure along the valley floor and stream edges, so mainlyengineering solutions used. Draws on analysis of Wellington Regional Council(1989c)

NIWA. (2009). Pauatahanui at Gorge unvalidated data. Environmental Data ExplorerZealand

IPIot?name=Pauatahanui+at+Gorge+(River+Flow).Website showing data from river gauge at Pauatahanui Stream. River now (in'/s) andriver stage (min) data available from April 2007 to present date. Statistics on minimum,maximum and mean now rate and minimum and maximum stage level. Archived dataavailable for download

10nlinel

Roper-Lindsay, I. (1990). Ponyuo Siredni - ecological repori. Boffa Miskell Partners Ltd,Unpublished report, held at GWRC

Outlines important factors that must be considered in floodworks design for a healthyecological environment. Including stream geomorphology, tributary access, and banktrees. Lists streams and flora and fauna flanking the streams. Discussion predates floodworks

Retrieved:

TCB (1965). Rayon oit. /100d controliit Ihe Ponyuo SII'eoni calchme, 11. Wellington, New Zealand,Truebridge, Canender, Beach and Co , Unpublished report, held at GWRC library.

Report detailing the breakdown of various smaller catchments and runoff and channelcapacities for POTirua Stream. Calculates levels for the 100, 50 and 25 year floods.Outlines a proposed flood protection scheme (many of which are currently in place suchas the retention basins). Gives cost estimates and design specifications

10/2/2009, from

TCB (1970). Second yepori o11 flood coltirol in Ihe Portri!a Basin. Well^^gion. Truebridge,Canender, Beach and Co, for the POTirua Basin Catchment Committee

Outline of flood controls for POTirua Stream with description along each reach.Economic analyses including cost of potential flood damage at each area and cost offlood protection work. Includes plan of flooding limits at city centre and technical plansfor flood works.

hit ://edenz. niwa. conz/ina

Watts, L. and M. GOTdon (2008). Annwu!/Iydro!ogy 1110ni!onrig yep0, '110r 1/1e Welling10n region,2007/08, Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil, Report N'GW/EMI-G-08/159.

Hydrology report covering July 2007 to June 2008. Describes overalltrends in rainfall,river flows and lake levels as well as notable hydrological events. Deals with surfacewater only. Monitors Forirua Stream at town centre, HOTokiri at SnOdgrass, Taupo atFlax Swamp. Average flows for these streams was 4.8, 15 and 35 in Is, respectively.Drought conditions prevailed in Nov 2007 with particularly low rainfall resulting inlower river flows, especially in December.

New


February 201014

.



WRC (1989c). Porirutt Sirennt food millguiioii PI'oposals. Review of Environnienml InIPuc!Assessii?eni. Wellington Regional Council, Report N" 89.

Covers the recommendations suggested in EIA and adopted by Wellington RegionalCouncil for flood mitigation, including a flood water detention area in Belmont Gully andSeton Nossiter Park. Includes maps and technical drawings

WRC (1998a). Ponyua flood Inni^ajioit scheiiie. Findluy SII'eel 1/1vesiigoiion. Flood protection(strategy and assets), Landcare Division, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRC/FPSA-T-98114

Report considering options for houses on Finchay St, Tawa. Houses purchased bycouncil for significant channel upgrade and house relocation which never eventualedReport considers councils options for these properties. Contains technical drawings oflocation

WRC (2001). Ponyun Sired171 city cenire redc/I gravel analysis 1996 to 2000. WellingtonRegional Council

Assesses quantity of gravel aggradation and the potential effects of aggradation(considering context of historical channel work and extraction). From 1996 to 2000,2000m of gravel has accumulated. Provides cross sectional survey streams and maps.

Annual water quality surveyreports

Berry, A. (1995). Baseline worer quality of I'ivers und siredIris ill 1/1e Well^}^8101i Region1994/1995. Consents and Investigations Department, Hydrological Studies Group, WellingtonRegional Council, Publication N' WRC/Cl-T-95150

Annual baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the WellingtonRegion initiated by Cameron (1988); similar to Cameron (1994). In Horokiri Stream 2downstream sites drop to 'doubtful' (classification as per Cameron (1988); 2 upstreamsites remain 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream 3 sites 'doubtful', I 'suitable'. All POTiruaStream sites 'doubtful'. POTirua Stream still has high concentrations of nutrients, as doPauatahanui Stream to a lesser extent

Berry, A. (1996a). Buseliiie warer quality of rivers und SII'erriiis tit the WeSIer, I Welling10nRegion. 1995/96. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, PublicationN' WRC/RINV-T-96132

Baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Regioninitiated with Cameron (1988) and is similar to Berry (1995) except data is also comparedwith the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council(ANZECC1994) Water Quality Standards. In addition, measurements of nitrate, dissolved inorganicnitrogen and ammonia were collected. HOTokiri Stream all4 sites 'suitable'. PauatahanuiStream 3 sites doubtful', I 'suitable'. POTirua Stream all sites doubtful'

Berry, A. (1997b). Annual freshwuier quu!11y I'epoi'I. ' WeSIe, ', I Welling10/1 Region. ' 1996/97Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/RINV-G-97143

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Berry (1996a). Horokiri Stream all 2 sites'suitable', 2 sites dropped 10 'doubtful'. Pauatahanui Stream 2 downstream sites 'doubtful',


February 201015



2 upstream 'suitable'. POTirua Stream all sites 'doubtful', except Takapu Stream site'suitable'. Fancal conforms are high at all'doubtful' sites.

Berry, A. (1998b). Annuallyeshwoier qwufity I'epori. WeSIern Wellingtoll Region. 1997/98Resource Investigations Department, Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N" WRC/RINV-G-98115.

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Berry (1996a) exceptthe Water Quality Index isdropped and water quality is no longer mapped. Measured 2 sites along the POTiruaStream and I each along HOTokiri and Pauatahanui Streams. Faecal conforms still high,but worse in Forirua Stream.

Cameron, D. (1988). Baseline worer quufrty of rivers und SII'eoins 11/1he Welling ton Region 1987-88. Wellington Regional Council and Regional Water Board, Water Resources Technical Report88-I

Baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington RegionThe parameters measured were temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity,pH, faecal conforms and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand. Data obtained is used tocalculate and map a Water Quality Index, based on the "New Zealand Water Quality'General Use' Index" (Smith 1987) which ranks sites in reference 10 general use as"eminently suitable"; "suitable"; "doubtful"; "unsuitable" and "totally unsuitable". Datapresented on the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (Starck 1985), which ranks sitesaccording to fauna diversity and taxa susceptibility to pollution. Presents rankings asmaps and gives appendix of raw data. Mapsinclude general maps of land use. Measured8 sites along the HOTokiri Stream, 6 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 8 along POTiruaStream. HOTokiri Stream 'suitable' along whole length, Pauatahanui Stream 'totallyunsuitable' upstream gradually improving to 'suitable' downstream, but becoming'doubtful' at the mouth. POTirua Stream doubtful' at upper and lower sites and 'suitable'at middle sites. High faecal conform counts appear to cause the low rankings of thesestreams.

.

Cameron, D. (1991). Baseline warer quality of rivers und sirednis ill 1/1e Well^}1810/1 Region 1990-91. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Technical Report 91-2

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Sand0 (1990) but also measuresnitrate and dissolved reactive phosphorus. Also identifies problem areas in theWellington area. HOTokiri Stream last six months of study, deterioration of upstreamsites, 5 'doubtful'. Panatahanui Stream improved water quality due to closure of piggeryon the Haywards Hillbranch, 4 upstream sites have improved from 'doubtful' to 'suitable'POTirua Stream improvement 2 sites now 'suitable', occasional industrial spills recorded.Compared with 87188 data, faecal conform counts have dropped on allstreams

Cameron, D. (1993). Basel^^e water quality offlyei's and siredIlls in Ihe Wellingtoll Region1992/93. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N"' WRC/CUT-93134

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Wall(1992). HOTokiri Stream 3sites dropped from 'suitable' to 'doubtful'. Pauatahanui Stream 4 sites dropped todoubtful'; rest are 'suitable'. POTirua Stream ranked in the bottom 10 streams for theWellington area, with allsites 'doubtful'. Takapu Stream and POTirua Stream identified asareas with high concentrations of nutrients, likely to cause nuisance algal growths.


February 201016

,



Nutrients in Takapu Stream sourced from farm runoff, in Porirua Stream from urbanstormwater or possibly sewer leaks. Macroinvertebrate Community Index in declinesince 1987

Cameron, D. (1994). Baseline warer qwal^b, of Rivers and siredIlls ill Ihe Well^^8101? Region -1993/1994. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/Cl-1-94124

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated with Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Wall(1992). Measured 4 sitesalong the HOTokiri Stream, 4 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 5 along POTirua Stream.HOTokiri Stream allsites 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream 3 sites 'doubtful', I 'suitable'Porirua Stream 4 sites doubtful' and the Takapu Stream site improved to suitable.Porirua Stream identified as an area with high concentrations of phosphorus, sourcedfrom urban stormwater. Lists macroinvertebrates found

Cameron, D. and Sand0 (1990). Boseliite water quality of rivers rind sirenins in Ihe WellÎ^gionRegion 1988-89. Water Resources Department, Wellington Regional Council, Technical Report90-I.

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated with Cameron (1988), and is a similar study except with no map of general land

Site locations changed since Cameron (1988) study. Measured 8 sites along theHOTokiri Stream, 6 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 7 along POTirua Stream. HorokiriStream occasional unsightly brown coating of diatoms and filamentous algae, 'suitable'along length except one site which is 'doubtful'. Change probably due to increased BODcaused by algae. Pauatahanui Stream high faecal conforms due to disposal of piggeryeffluent on the Haywards Hill branch, a recently completed oxidation pond system shouldremedy this, all sites doubtful'. POTirua Stream all sites 'doubtful', occasional industrialspills recorded. Compared with 87188 data, faecal conform counts have significantlyincreased on all streams

use

Cameron, D. and R. Wall(1992). BaselÎle woier quality of rivers und sireniiis ill Ihe WellÎ^8101iRegion 1991 -92. Consents and Investigations, Welling10n Regional Council, WRC/Cl-T-92122

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron (1991) but compares data fromprevious years and presents analysis and discussion of dissolved reactive phosphorus andnitrate-nitrogen. Horokiri Stream all sites returned to 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Streamimproved, all but I site ('doubtful') are 'suitable'. POTirua Stream improvement 5upstream sites 'suitable and 2 downstream doubtful'. Takapu Stream identified as an areawith high concentrations of nutrients from farm runoff, likely to cause nuisance algalgrowths. Compared with 90191 data, faecal conform counts have dropped onPauatahanui and Horokiri Streams. pH in POTirua has dropped from the basic to normalrange.

Kerinedy, P. and I. Gadd (2006). Urban stormwaier quality in the Greater Wellington Region:is itthe same as elsewhere? Kingett Mitchell Ltd. prepared for the Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil

Elevated concentrations of metals (copper, lead and zinc) near Semple St drain, draininginto the Onepoto arm of POTirua Harbour.


February 201017



Perrie, A. (2007). Annual/reshwnter qualify ntonitoring yepo, '! for Ihe Wellingtoll Region,2006/07. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10n RegionalCouncil, Publication N" GW/EMI-T-07/223

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region asinitiated with Carrieron (1988). Similar to SIansfield (1999) but does not compareprevious year's data, and ranks sites according to a water quality index (not originalindex). Faecal conforms, nutrients and penphyton stillcover an Issue

Macroinvertebrate community reflected severe pollution at Pauatahanui and POTiruaStreams

Perrie, A. (2008). Aimwul/reshwu!er qwu!ity 1110niio^ing repor! for Ihe Welling1011 Region,2007/08. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10n RegionalCouncil, Publication N" GW/EMI-G-08/161

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron(1988). Follows Feine (2007)

SIansfield, B. (1999). Welling10/1 Regional Council annual/reshwuter quality yepor! 1998/99.Resource Investigations Section, Planning and Resources Department, Wadrarapa Division,Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/R. INV-G-99120

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron(1988). Similar to Berry (1998b). POTirua Stream had poor pH, and high perlphytoncover (algae) and nutrient concentration. HOTokiri and Pauatahanui Streams hadperlphyton cover present and high nutrients. Macro-invertebrate community reflectedsevere pollution. Long term trend for Portrua Stream showed that there was nosignificant change in faecal conform counts, the concentration of dissolved reactivephosphorus (DRP), ammonia or turbidity. In Horokiri Stream, no improvements overall,but a deterioration in DRP concentration. Pauatahanui Stream site identified as havingpoor water quality but riotincluded in proposed WRC Freshwater Plan as a water bodywhich requires enhancement. Authors recommends inclusion of Pauatahanui Streamenhancement.

,

SIansfield, B. (2000). Welling!o11 Regional Council unnuuljreshwoier quality I'eport 1999 -2000Resource Investigations Section, Planning and Resources Department, Wadrarapa Division,Wellington Regional Council, Publication N"' WRC/R. INV-T-01/03

Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron(1988). Similar to Cameron (1999) but only a brief outline of water quality not anidentification of problem areas or a catchment summary. Nor does it compare previousyears' data. POTirua Stream still poor in faecal contamination, but improved ammoniaand perlphyton cover. Pauatahanui Stream some perlphyton cover. Macroinvertebratecommunity reflected severe pollution.

Warr, S. (2001). Annual fleshwoter quality repori 2000-2001. Resource Investigations Section,Wairarapa Division, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N" WRC\R. INV-G 01134

Annual water quality survey initiated with CameTon (1988). Similar to SIansfield (2000)and gives record of the number of pollution incidents per catchment. POTirua Stream stillpoor in faecal contamination, issues in all streams with nutrients and penphyton coverMacroinvertebraie community reflected severe pollution at Pauaiahanui and PoriruaStreams.


February 201018

,



Stream ecology, water and sediment pollution

BML (2004a). Nori/Tern growlh Indringe, lienijrumework - Belnioiii Sirenni. Boffa Miskell Ltd,prepared for Wellington City Council, Ref. W04094 (SF)

Ecological assessment of Belmont Stream. Assesses existing health and values of thestream as a baseline, against which future changes can be measured. Includes: habitatassessment, macroinvertebraie community assessment, fish survey, assessment ofsubstrate contaminants and vegetation survey and mapping. Outlines which protectednatural areas the stream falls under, as well as relevant plans and policies. Describes theterrestrial environment, (geology and topography), vegetation and fauna. Physical habitatis very good upstream, with the downstream sites are good. Some lack of riparianvegetation and channel shading can cause degradation of habitat quality. Water quality isfair, with nutrient levels elevated, reflecting the rural nature of the catchment. Metalconcentrations in the sediment are below ANZECC (2000) IsQG limits, with a slightelevation at one site that receives a stormwater input. PAHs below detection limit. Listsinvertebrates and fish species found.

BML (2004b). Noriher, I grownt Inariagemenifruntework - SIebbings Sired171. Boffa Miskell Ltd,prepared for Wellington City Council, Ref. W04076 (SF)

Ecological assessment of Stebbings Stream, including the existing health and values ofthe stream. Described as a highly modified stream, impacted by farming with few sitesof remnant vegetation. and relatively little undisturbed stream habitat. Assesses habitat,macroinvertebrates, fish, and substrate contaminants loading, in order to identify waterquality issues and identify sites and habitats of value to be protected. Discussesoverriding plans of the Wellington District Plan and the WCC restoration strategyOutlines local geology, topography, vegetation, (pre- European to present day) and faunaIndicates that the condition of the stream is on the cusp of a tip into a dramatic declinewithoutintervention. Recommends riparian buffers and stormwater treatment as part ofan urban design process to prevent decline. Also recommends a review of floodwaymanagement in the lower catchment. Appendix of data

BML (2009). Cannons Creek Lakes Reserve. Ecological und landscape issues and opiioiis(draft). Report for POTirua City CouncilBaseline survey and report on the Cannons Creek Lakes Reserve. Identifies KeriepuruStream as being of "sufficient ecological value to deem the catchment regionalIysignificant". Has high aquatic invertebrate health; a high percentage of indigenousvegetation cover, is habitat for threatened indigenous fish species including giant kokopuand long-finned eel; and provides manga spawning habitat. Describes highmacroinvertebrate biodiversity and MCI scores from all samples from upper CannonsCreek sites, indicating that ecological health and water quality was excellent across theupper Cannons Creek catchment

Close, M. E. and R. I. Davies-Colley (1990). Basenow water chemistry in New Zealand rivers. ICharacteris atton. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Reseorc/I 24: 319-341

Water quality (chemical parameters) characteristics of New Zealand Rivers in basenow(< median now) conditions. Three sites each in POTirua Stream and Pauatahanui Streamare monitored

Croucher, B. and J. Milne (2005). Urban siredIn sediiiieni quality illvesiiguiioii. Report toGreater Wellington Regional CouncilEnvironment Committee (Report N' 05.380).


February 201019



Analysis of sediments in urban streams. Mitchell, Keriepuru and POTirua Streams aboveANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low' for DDT. At Keriepuru Stream concentrations of PAH alsoabove ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low', whilst POTirua Stream exceeds the 'high'concentration for 11ndane.

Davies-Coney, R. I. (1990). Frequency distributions of visual water clarity in 12 New Zealandrivers. New ZealandJournu! of Marine undFreshwaierResearch 24(4): 453-460

Assessment of visual water clarity in twelve New Zealand rivers, including PauatahanuiStream.

KM (2003). Aquaiic ecology of Ihe Poriruu Sireniii ai Findltty Sireei, rawu. Kingett MitchellLtd. for Wellington Regional Council

Describes the natural aquatic and riparian vegetation character and assesses the biologicaldiversity and habitat health of four sites at POTirua Stream to determine the potentialimpact of stream alignment of two proposed flood protection options. Habitat was good,with suitable riparian vegetation and a lack of channelisation and siltation. Temperatureapproached the upper tolerance limit for some species. List of macroinvertebrates found,five fish taxa, eels, common bullies and manga found. Area has good aquatic fish valuesMeasures to retain inariga habitat are proposed.

KM (2005). Assessiiieni of urban SIoi\?warer quality ill Ihe Greater Well^}1810/1 Region. KingeiiMitchell Ltd. for Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Report N0. 106620/WRC

Focused on identifying contaminants of concern and the sources of those contaminantsPresents results of stormwater sampling of 11 sites between June 2002 and September2004. Samples were analysed for a suite of pollutants including metals, PAHsorganochlorides and nutrients. Sites were sampled only once within the first hour ofrainfall event and every hour for six hours afterwards. Sites sampled include DuckCreek, Browns Stream and Semple St drain. Describes the overallstormwater quality inthe region, not individual results from each site. Discusses each parameter measured inrelation to other New Zealand data, compares the mean result with ANZECC and USEPAguidelines and statisticalIy compares rural vs. industrial/commercial catchmentsParameters were generally coinparable with other New Zealand data. Concentration ofmetals was higher in industrial/commercial than in residential areas. Dissolved metalswere below guidelines with the exception of zinc. Concentrations of copper, zinc andlead were elevated in particulates, hence particulates have the potential to increase theconcentration of these metals in the receiving environment. Urban stormwater willcontribute to sediment contamination through deposition of suspended sediments instormwater. Appendix of data

Milne, J. and B. Croucher (2005). Urban sired111 sedii, Ieni quoli!y invesiigaiioit. Report toEnvironment Committee, Greater Wellington Regional Council.

Investigation to determine whether the discharge of storm water is causing significantcontamination of the sediments within urban streams, in particular, whether the degree ofcontamination poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Stormwater from various urbanstreams and the coastal environment contains a wide range of contaminants, includingpoly-aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs) and organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs). Marinesediments from POTirua harbour (monitored in 2004), indicated elevated concentrations ofheavy metals in some harbour sediments, particularly those located in close proximity tostream confluences and stormwater outfalls. Sediments exceeded the ANZECC (2000)IsQG for: DDT in Duck Creek, Panatahanui, Browns, POTiTua, Mitchell, and KeriepuruStream; zinc in Browns Stream; and LMW and HMW PAHs in Keriepuru. Sediments in


February 201020



POTirua stream exceeded the IsQG 'high' trigger value for Lindane. Only Duck Creekand Tikotu Stream of allstream monitored were free of PAHs. Recommends a review of

GWRC's permitted activity standards for stormwater discharges

Milne, I. and A. Perrie (2005). Freshwater quality 1710/7itoring rechnical report. ResourceInvestigations, Environment Division and Planning and Resources Wairarapa Division. GreaterWellington Regional Council, Publication N" GW/R. INV-T-05187

Assesses water quality for 51 sites from 1997 - 2003 based on monthly physico- chemicaland microbiological records and annual macro-invertebrate and perlphyton records, asinitiated by Cameron (1988). Summarises monitoring history. Describes pressures onwater quality and details landcover areas, water discharges (landfill and agricultural).Lists parameters measured and discusses sites that experience excursions outsideANZECC (2000) recommendations. Assesses temporal trends in water quality brokendown by catchment

Sherriff, I. (1997). Baseline Ei?vironiiieii!ttl Moniioring Progruninies 1997 - 2000. WellingtonRegional Council

Proposals for revised baseline monitoring of air quality, groundwater, hydrology, surfacewater quality and land. List of freshwater sites monitored by WRC includes chemicaland macroinvertebrate sampling of HOTokiri Stream and a new upstream site onPauatahanui Stream. Annual hydrologicalreports released each year

Sherriff, I. (1998). Alt myesiigtttioit in!o wuter quality effects of Ironspori, ResourceInvestigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRCR. INV-T-98125

Analyses the water quality of a stormwater outletthat drains SHI at Tawa. Water qualitydata collected by council could riot be used as its objective was to establish a baseline,and could not be used to target a specific activity such as transport. Of the few studies ofstormwater, none are specifically focused on the effects caused by transport activitiesThis report showed that compared with road run-off data, the metals and suspendedsediments here were generally at low levels, and PAHs were well below normal run-offvalues. Contaminants from road run-off fall within ANZECC (2000) guideline criteriaand are probably not resulting in an adverse impact on the ecosystem. However, bothmetals and PAH showed a propensity to attach to suspended sediment which suggeststhat stormwater may be a source of polluted sediment that could accumulate indepositional environments. Extensive appendix of data

Taylor, M. I. and G. R. Keny (2001). jiltinga spawning nabiiuis in Ihe Well^7^g!o12 RegionNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. , Prepared for Wellington RegionalCouncil, Report N" CHC01/67

A survey of whitebait (inariga, Galaxius niuculaius) spawning habitat on 21 rivers in theWellington Region. Maps and describes these potential spawning habitats. Descriptionof manga lifecycle and ideal spawning habitat. POTirua Stream (and its tributaryKeriepuru stream), Duck Creek, Pauatahanui, Kakaho and Taupo Streams are allsurveyed. All but POTirua and Kakaho Streams had suitable spawning habitat. Kakahoranked as possessing the best potential for restoration


February 20.021



Beach erosion andcoastalchange

Beca and CCNZ (2003). Erosion Assessnient und Managei7teiii 0,110ns at Selecied Sires inPortruu City. Unpublished report for POTirua City Council. Beca Carter Honings & Ferner Ltd& Coastal Consultants NZ Ltd

Makes recommendations for the management of erosion at two sites. The first of these isalong the eastern edge of the main channelinto POTirua Harbour, on the seaward edge ofNgati Toa Domain, and the second, within the study area, is along the Dolly VardenBeach shoreline. This report picks up on proposals for dune reconstruction, re-vegetation, and the stabilisation of the dune toes arthe high tide mark with rock works

Gibb, I. (1993). A siruiegic plait 10 solve Ihe problei?Is of cousinl erosion at Nguiiiou dollioii? unddeposition of sand near Maria Morntu. Report prepared for POTirua City Council

Ngatitoa Domain currently experience -0.5 to -loin/yr of sea erosion, and is likely toaccelerate in response to a dwindling supply of sand, the focus of wave and wavereflection off the railway reclamation to the north and the accelerated rate of sea level

Sand eroded from the domain is lost into POTirua Harbour and is accumulating at1,000-5,000m'/yr as sand banks along the western breakwater of Maria Marina andaround its entrance. Puts forward a plan to solve the erosion problem involving theemplacement of groynes and beach renourishment. Describes the evolution of Maria spitsince ~10,000 years ago 10 present. Supports idea of 1855 uplift. Quantities erosionrates of Ngatitoa domain. System of sand movement is a one way valve with sand beinglost from Ngaiitoa Domain into POTirua Harbour

rise

SIGvens, L. and B. Robertson (2006). Broad scale nabitot 1110ppiitg of sandy beaches und riveresiunries on Ihe WeSIern Well^^g!o11 codsi. Nelson, Cawthron Institute, for Greater WellingtonRegional Council, Cawthron Report N" 1035

Maps into a GIS database the substrate characteristics of beaches and river estuariesalong the Kapiti coastline as well as Karehana Bay, PIimmerton, Titahi Bay and Makara.Also maps flora, fauna and features. Assessed environmental pressures (such as erosion,nutrient enrichment, stormwater etc. ) and concluded that residential development posesthe most significantimpactto the coastal areas.

Stovens, L. and B. Robertson (2008). Porirua Harbour. Broad scale habitat mapping 2007/8.Nelson, Wriggle Coastal management for Greater Wellington Regional Council andPOTirua City CouncilContinuation of mapping and analysis presented in SIGvens and Robertson (2006)Estuary issues discussed include sedimentation (moderate ranking over whole Harbour),eutrophication (moderate ranking over whole Harbour), continuing habitatloss (moderateranking for Pauatahanui Inlet, very high for Onepoio Arm), poor vegetated terrestrialbuffer for whole harbour and very low sanmarsh cover in Onepoto Arm

TT (2005). Coastal process review of!he Western Corridor Cousinl Rowie Upgrade. Tonkin andTaylor Ltd. for POTirua City Council, Job n0: 22992.

Assessment of coastal hazards and processes relevant to the proposed Paremata Bridge,the reclamation at Ngatitioa Domain and the Centennial Highway upgrade. Informationpresented is mainly from review of literature


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Estuarine Blota

Bell, B. , R. Dell, C. FIGrntng, J. Gibb, B. Hamlin, D. Hurley, R. Little, I. Miles and G. Williams(1969). Conse, Tnnon of biological values of Porirua Harbowr. Unpublished report, held atGWRC library

Outlines importance of estuary with a view to preventing development that couldITreparably damage the estuary, and encourage planned and thoughtful developmentDescribes the vegetation and estuarine species found in the Harbour. Record of fish andbird species found in the area. Describes the estuary as scientifically important and alsoof unique biological significance south of the 38th parallel. Calls for no furtherencroachments on shoreline or restriction of tidal fiats

Bell, S. S. and G. R. F. Hicks (1991). Marine landscapes and faunal recruitment: a field test withseagrasses and copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 73: 61-68

Study at Pauatahanui Inlet on how seagrass structure influences the movement ofcopepods.

Bell, S. S. , G. R. F. Hicks and K. Waners (1988). Active swimming in melobenthic copepods ofseagrass beds: geographic comparisons of abundances and reproductive characteristics. MarineBiology 98(3): 351-358

Study of movement patterns of copepods at Pauatahanuilnlet

Coull, B. C. and J. B. J. Wells (1981). Density of mud-dwelling melobenthos from three sites inthe Wellington Region. New Zealond Journal of Marine und Freshwoier Resenrc/I 15(4): 4/1-4/5

Study of small benthic (bottom dwelling) fauna from three sites in Wellington. RationPoint, Pauatahanui Inlet had the highest density and diversity of fauna, coinparable toother muddy estuarine sediments in other parts of the world, indicating a healthyestuarine system. Lists species found in Pauatahanuilnlet

Curtis, T. D. and J. S. Shima (2005). Geographic and sex-specific variation in growth of yellow-eyed mullet, Aidricheiiu forSIeri, from estuaries around New Zealand. New Zealand Journal oMarine und Freshwater Reseurc/? 39. . 1277-1285.

Measures the growth rate of male and female yellow-eyed mullet in 14 estuaries acrossNew Zealand. Porirua Harbour was included as a sample site. Females generally grewfaster than males at the lower latitudes and then the relative growth rate of femalesdeclined progressiveIy with increasing latitude. POTirua male/female size distribution andratio similar to species taken from Golden Bay and Whanganui

Davis, S. (1987). Wellunds o1 national jinporinnce 10 fisheries. Christchurch, FreshwaterFisheries Centre MAFFish, NZ Freshwater Fisheries Report N" 90

Identification of wetlands with significant fisheries values, to assist in the processes ofselecting wetlands for protection under the Water and Soil Conservation Act (1967).Selection criteria include wetlands which are habitat to or a diverserare species

assemblage of fish species. Wellington Region has 6 qualifying wetlands includingTaupo Swamp and Pauatahanuilnlet

Dickson, M. (1992). Parnsienhelitt at Pauatahanui. re^ro Nova. February 1992: 20-21.Outline of Hick's (1985) study on meiofauna. Pauatahanuilnlet has the highest copepoddensity of anywhere in the world. Significant management implications.


February 20.023



Doc (1995). Wellunds of Ecological und Represeniuiive 11/1porinnce (WERl), Unpublished list,Department of Conservation, Wellington.

National inventory maintained by the Department of Conservation. Includes TaupoSwamp and Pauatahanuilnlei.

Forch, E. C. (1983). Silldies o11 Ihe zooploiikion o1Pa!, oldhonui liner. Well^7/8/01i, New ZealandUnpublished thesis (PhD), Victoria University of Wellington

Temporal and spatial variation in the distribution of copepod species in PauatahanuilnletProposes that the species distribution of copepods is based on a sannity toleranceDominant copepod was ACUriin lineni, except in winter when EMIerpino tict!{ifronsexceeded it in abundance. Study was part of the PEP and part of this study is brieflysummarised in Healy (1980). Presents results on zooplankton abundance, sannity,temperature, and turbidity for the period Sept 1975 to Oct 1976. Number of freshwaterand benthic phytoplankton genre increased with progression up the inlet, with thedominant phytoplankton being centric diatoms (2-10 prn).

Francis, M. P. & R. IC. C Francis 1992. Growth rate estimates for New Zealand rig (Miis!e/Mslenticulttt!{s). Australian lowrnalof Marine & Freshwuier Researc/I 43: 1157-1176.

Re-analysis of growth data in iones and Hadfield 1985, combined with data from otherareas, to improve growth rate estimates for the species

Fuller, S. (1993). Welltinds in Ihe Well^^8101t Region. Report for the Policy and PlanningDepartment, Welling10n Regional Council

This report describes the importance of wetlands and the extent and quality of wetlands inthe region currently and historically. Of the 120 wetlands listed in WERl, only a handfulhave been studied or described and even fewer protected. Pauatahanui Inlet is used as acase study showing threats and the degree of change. A map shows extent of urbanencroachment around the inlet over the last 30 years

GOP1(2009). Cockle Survey. Guardians ofPauatahanuilnlet. [online]. Retrieved: February2009, htt WWWw. o i. wellin ton. net. nz/cockle/coc-surve .him

Summary of cockle survey results from 1975recruitment, 1992 -2994

Grange, K. R. (1993). Dis!ribu!jolt, abundance, undpopulu!ion slyuciure of cockles (AUStrovenusslutchburyi) in Pawatttho, Iui Inlet. Wellington, National Institute of Water and Atmosphericresearch, Oceanographic (NZOl). Report prepared for Guardians of the Inlet, N" 1993/11.

Study to ascertain the number, distribution and size of cockles and compare to determineany change with the previous study in 1976 (Richardson at a1. 1979). Study encompassesall major beaches and cockle habitats, but excludes offshore sand banks. Generally thereis an increase in abundance from high to low tide. Low abundances were found at DuckCreek, Ration Point, Kakaho and Cainborne. Numbers were high at Browns Bay,BTOmley and Pauatahanui. Compared with previous study, cockle numbers havedecreased by around 50%. Maximum and mean number per quadrat down from 1976Very few juvenile recruits throughout the inlet (lower but not statisticalIy significant),thoughjuvenile numbers are higher arthe low tide elevations

Grange, K. R. , R. Cole and N. Parker (1996). Disiribuiion, abundance rind populuiioit, sizesiruci!Ire, of cockles in Pullutahuitwi Inlet. Nelson. National Institute of Water and AtmosphericResearch. Report prepared for Guardians of Inlet


2004. Information on juvenile

February 201024

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Research paper compares 1995 study with earlier ones. Total population estimated 10have declined from 438-608 million individuals in 1976, to 187-257 million in 1992 andto 146-214 million in 1995, representing slightly more than one third of the 1976population. The 1995 survey recorded a slightly greater abundance of juvenilescompared with the 1992 survey possibly indicating a recovery

Grange, K. R. and T. Crocker (1999). Cockles ill Pondidhoitui' I'llei. results off/Ie 1998 millpli7igprogranti, Ie. Nelson, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Report prepared forGuardians of Inlet.

Fourth cockle survey showing similar pattern of distribution as found previously withgreater densities along the southern shores and increasing densities down the shore. Asignificant difference in the numbers of juvenile cockles at almost all sites with increasesfrom 1992 and 1995 surveys. The increase in juveniles boosted the estimated totalpopulation to around 257 million (up from 180 million in 1995). Note slightly differentsampling method used. Warm winter may have influenced number of youngMonitoring young cockle recruitment is suggested to ascertain whether population isrecovering from decline of past 20 years

Grange, K. and Tovey, A. (2002). Cockles in Pullamhuiiui litrei. yesulis o1 Ihe 2001 millpli7tgprogroninte. NIWA Client Report NEL02401/2. NUNA, NelsonSummarises results of fifth cockle survey

Haddon, M. and R. G. Wear (1987). Biology offeeding in the New Zealand paddle crab Oval^esCUIha, 'us (Crustacea, Portunidae). New Zealand Jollylidl of Marine und Fitshwttier Reseorch21(I): 55-64.

Starvation, satiation and temperature experiments to determine the influences on theappetite of the crab Ovulipes cathayws. Crabs collected from PIimmerion Beach

Hayward, B. W. , H. R. Grenfell and D. B. Scott (1999). Tidal range of marsh foraminifera fordetermining former sea-level heights in New Zealand. New Zealand lowlyIul of Geology andGeop/Iysics 42: 395-4/3.

Present day distribution of forams from marsh environments in the Kaipara, Miranda andPauatahanui estuaries. Describes species assemblages at each tidal level and relativeabundance

Hicks, G. RF. 1984 Spatio-temporal dynamics of a mejobenthic copepod and the impact ofpredation disturbance. Journal o1ExperiiiienmlMorine Biology und Ecology 81: pp 47-72

Establishes the importance of copepod Painstenhelia litegnrosiruni as a principal preyitem for young postmetamorphic flatfish during their first half year of life. Based onsampling on MariaBank

Hicks, G. (1985). Biomass and production estimates for an estuarine mejobenthic copepod, withan instantaneous assessment of exploitation by flatfish predators. New Zealand Jouriiul ofEcology 8: 125-127

Assessment of biomass and secondary production of copepod (Painsienhefia111egurosirunt) populations in Pauatahanui Inlet and evaluates consequences of fishpredation. Up to generations of young may be produced annually. Predation has littleoverallimpact on abundance of copepod, despite large numbers found in fish guts


February 201025



Hicks, G. (1986a). Estuaries, extraordinary ecosystems. Forest undBird 17(3)Reports on study of copepods

Hicks, G. R. F. (1986b). Distribution and behaviour of melofaunal copepods inside and outsideseagrass beds. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 31. 159-170.

Compares abundance and species composition of mejobenthic copepods betweenvegetated and unvegetated areas. Study undertaken at Pauatahanuilnlet. Seagrass bedshad an increase in copepod density. List of species found

Hicks, G. R. F. (1988). Sediment rafting: a novel mechanism for the small-scale dispersal ofinterndal estuarine meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 48. 69-80

Description of meiofauna (especially copepods) being passively conveyed by 'sedimentrafts'. Rafts form as algal mats dry out and cement sediment together (forming a skin onthe surface) at low tide. At high tide the skin is peeled off and rafted away. Discussesimportance of rafting to the distribution and movement of copepods. This phenomenadescribed at Pauatahanuilnlet

Hicks, G. R. F. (1989). Does GPibenthic structure negatively affect meiofauna? Journal ofExperiiiienmlMurine Biology und Ecology 133(I): 39-55.

Study of GPibenthic copepods at Pauaiahanuilnlet and how copepod densities change inresponse to changes in the sediment surface and overhead cover (eelgrass).

Hicks, G. R. F. (1992). Tidal and diel fluctuations in abundance of melobenthic copepods on aninterndal estuarine sandbank. Marine Ecology- Progress Series 87. 15-15

Study on the changes in copepod densities at Pauatahanuilnlet in response to changes insunlight intensity (day/night) and tidal fluxes.

Hine, P. (no date). A 11istopuihologicnl survey o11he parosiies rind diseases o10 line, '/eedinghivulve, AUStrovenus slutchburyi (Veneridue), and a deposiijeeding bivalve, Macomona Iiliana(Tell^^idue) orcleui? und conmininaied SIIes. NIWA, unpublished Ms

Comparison of parasites and lesions in two common interndal bivalve species from 2'uricontaminated' and 2 'contaminated' sites. The Onepoto Arm is considered'contaminated' whilst Pauatahanui Inlet is considered 'uricontaminated'. All bivalves

taken from all sites show moderate infections, none of which affected host health. Themost severe pathology of massive systemic congestion of mantle, gills and gut occurringin 20% of cockles from Pauatahanui Inlet. The cause of this is unknown; however, thefact that the surfaces that are inflamed are those exposed to the environmentsuggesis anenvironmental cause. Hence this site cannot be considered 'clean'. The pollutant cannotbe DDT as this pollutant would be higher in the inner part of the estuary closer to itssource. It is possible that PAH's sourced from roading are the cause (especially as SHIpasses over this site) but there is not a conclusive link of PAHs with inflammation ofcockles. Renal deposits are the most important deloxification for marine bivalve, andalthough Onepoto has elevated concentrations of metals, no cockles had renal deposits.Renal brown cells can also precipitate brown cells, but were found in Pauatahanui Inlet,notthe Onepoto Arm. Hence Pauatahanuilnletis not a 'clean' site

Iwasaki, N. (1993). Distribution of melobenthic copepods from various habitats in PauatahanuiInlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwaierReseurc/I 27(4): 399-405

Examines variations in density and diversity of melobenthic copepod species caused bychanges in location, and hence environmental conditions (tidal exposure, vegetation andsubstrate). Sampled at Maria Bank, Ration Point and Ration Creek. Highest diversity at


February 201026

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Maria bank which supports a variety of species assemblages. Higher densities found insubtidal compared with interndallocations. Gives table of species and their abundance.

lones, I. B. and J. D. Hadfield (1985). Fishes from POTirua and Pauatahanuilnlets, occurrence ingill nets. New Zealand Jountnl ofMuriite und Freshwa!er Reseurc/I 19(4): 477-484.

Gill nets used to survey species of fish in Pauatahanuilnlet and the Onepoto Arm. 24species were identified, bringing the total known number of species to 43, a relativelyhigh number compared with other estuaries. Lists species found in each inlet. As gillnets were used, it was not possible to assess relative abundance. Information provided onseasonal occurrence of fish in the estuary and on growth of4 species

Kudenov, I. D. and G. B. Read (1977). Axionie!IQ sei. ruin n. sp. , a inaldanid polychaete fromPOTirua Harbour, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal o1Muriiie and Freshwater Researc/I 11(4)697-702.

Description of a new species of polychaete (worm) found at POTirua Harbour

Moore, P. I. (1984). Foraging and social behaviour of the white-faced heron at PauaiahanuilnletNoiornis 31. . 285-299.

Description of the foraging and social behaviour of the white faced heron (Ardeanovaehollundioe) including methods of hunting and of intimidation. Maps the heronryin Pauatahanuilnlet. In the summer of 1982 at low tide between 13 and 42 herons wereon the mudnais. Increased numbers occurred in calm conditions on the lower tides.

Nelson, W. A. (1999). A revised checklist of marine algae naturalised in New Zealand. NewZenlund lorryHUIojBomity 37. 355-360

Twenty new introduced marine algal species are listed, their habitat, distribution andorigin described. The alga Chondria I'd ryeyana has been introduced to Portrua Harbourfrom Australia. This species has no other known location in New Zealand

Ponder, W. F. (1972). Review of the Genus Xyi?telle ITedale of New Zealand (Mollusca:Muricidae). Journal of the Royalsocieiy of New Zealand 2. . 471-499.

Description of mollusc species of the family Xyiiiene found in New Zealand. Twospecies, Xyi, Tene PIehiws PIehius and XyiiTei?e Iruversifound in Portrua

Read, G. B. (1984a). Persistence of in faunal polychaete zonalion patterns on a sheltered, interndalsand nat. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwoierReseorcli18(4): 399-4/6

Describes zonalion of polychaete species assemblages on Panatahanuilnlet mudnais andrelates zonalion to environmental conditions (including cross sectional surveys and grainsize)

Read, G. B. (1984b). Recruitment and population dynamics of Axioihellu serrata (PolycheataMalanidae) on an interndalsand nat. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 11. 399-4/1.

Population dynamics of this deposit feeder, studied at POTirua

Rohde, K. (1987). Different populations of SCOiiiber uusir"msicus in New Zealand and south-eastern Australia, demonstrated by a simple method using monogenean sclerites. Journal of Fish^o108y 30(6): 651-657

Demonstrates that the use of the sex sclerites of parasites (worms) in mackerel can beused to distinguish between fish populations from New Zealand and south easternAustralia. Mackerelsampled from POTirua and two other New Zealand sites


February 201027



Richardson, J. R. , A. A1dridge and W. d. L. Main (1979). Disi"ibuii0, I o11he New Zeulo, ,d cockleChione stutchburyi ulpuuoinhonuilnlet. Oceanographic Institute, DSIR, Field Report N' 14

The NZ cockle dominates the mudflats of Pauatahanui Inlet and as part of the PEP, acensus survey was carried out on November 30 1976. Baseline cockle survey (latersurveys described by Grange and others 1993, 1996, 1999)

Slidolph, S. R. (1980). A record of some coastal marine diatoms from Porirua Harbour, NorthIsland, New Zealand. New ZealandJournulofBomi?y 18. 379-403.

Comprehensive list of diatom (algae) flora of POTirua Harbour area, including speciessize, description and occurrence. Samples were collected over 3 years. Illustrations ofalgae species found

Slidolph, S. R. (1981). Gyrusigmu bullicwi, I var. Iurgidum, a new diatom variety from POTiruaHarbour, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Borony 19. 405.

Describes in Latin a new diatom species that occurs in POTirua Harbour

Wear, R. and M. Haddon (1987). Natural diet of the crab Ovalipes calhttrws (Crustacea,Portunidae) around central and northern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 35. . 39-49

Examines the gut content of crabs to deterrinne the most important elements of their dietDiet varied according to location around New Zealand but juvenile molluscs andcrustaceans were the most important components. Crustaceans were the most importantdietary component at Paremata, whilst molluscs (Nucu!a lionvigiona) were mostimportant at PIimmerton. Table of fauna found in the guts of the crabs

Estuarine water qua"ty

Berry, A. (1996b). Cousinl warer quality 1/10niiorii?g network. WeSIerit Welling10/1 Region1995/96. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N"WRC/RINV-T-96124

Summary of routine summer and annual coastal sampling of water quality in terms ofenterococci and faecal conforms, in relation to contact recreation in order to assess healthrisks. Discusses broad spatial and temporal trends. Data tables and graphs available asappendix

Berry, A. (1997a). Annual cousinl warer quality report for Ihe weSIern Welling10n Region1996/97. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N"WRC\RINV-T-97115

Routine coastal sampling of water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b). Similar to Berry(1996b) but also summarises water quality for each location and compares data collectedsince 1990, (no significant change). Water quality in relation to seafood consumption isalso analysed. Sample site near the mouth of POTirua Stream is usually poor, and the areaaround the Paremata Bridge is usually within guideline values. Other sites are fine forcontact recreation except for PIimmerton in the summer. Faecal coliforms are lowenough to safely consume shellfish at Paremata bridge only.

Berry, A. (1998a). Annual COQsiul water qunlii), I'eporifor Ihe weSIerii Well^}Igton Region1997/98. Resource Investigation Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N"WRC/RINV-G-9814


February 20.028



Routine coastal water quality report as initiated with Berry (1996). Similar to Berry(1997a) but does not compare years. Shellfish are not monitored at Porirua Harbour. 14sites monitored in POTirua Harbour: one of these exceeded the enterococci guidelines

Berry, A. (1999). Annual coastal water q!tuffty rayon for the weSIern Wellington Region,1998/99. Resource Investigation Department, Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N'WRC/RINV-G-9914.

Routine coastal water quality report as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Berry(1998a) but also discusses possible sources. Poor water quality at the site closest toPorirua Stream mouth, receives Te Hiko Street stormwater discharge, Semple SIdischarge and inputs from the POTirua Stream mouth. PIimmerton Beach also failed toreach contact recreation guidelines. The mouth of Taupo Stream had enterococci countsof 300-3,000 per looml. Taupo Stream is likely to receive faecal materials from animalsMCBride (1995) found that the concentration of bacteria dropped along PIimmertonBeach with increased distance from Taupo Stream. High counts at the water ski club,Pauatahanuilnlet are likely 10 be sourced from localstreams draining Cainbourne

MCBride, G. B. , M. Moore and A. Donnison (1995). Review o1 seawaier qualify at Ponywa'srecreuiionul benches, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. and the MeatIndustry Research Institute of New Zealand Inc. for POTirua City Council and WellingtonRegional Council, Consultancy Report N" PCC300

Review of all available data to describe the bacteriological contamination of POTirua'sbeaches. Detailed statistical analysis of spatial and temporal trends, taking into countvariations caused by wind, tide and stream flow. The dominant source of faecalconforms at PIimmerton Beach is local, with the magnitude of the faecal count beingproportionate 10 distance from Taupo Stream. Finds no evidence that sewage works areresponsible for high bacteriological counts.

Davis, K. and C. I. Wilson (1983). A buc!eriologicul survey o1 Pony!{a Harbour undPawomhttnwil, Ilei. Wellington, Wellington Regional Council

Conclusions by site including Pauatahanui Inlet and Onepoto Arm relating to waterquality standards. PIimmerton/Paremata displayed a high standard of water qualityPauatahanui Inlet water unlikely to have met standard for shellfish gathering or bathingRainfall and accumulated run-off were the major factors influencing faecal coliformlevels. The water quality in the Onepoio Arm was adversely affected during wet weatheralthough to a lesser extentthan Pauatahanuilnlet. Faecal conform levels were exceededat most sites (not always associated with high rainfall) therefore the waters are probablyriot suitable for gathering shellfish or bathing

Milne, I. R. (2005). 0111he beaches. Recreuiio, tat water quality o11he Well^I^8101t Region, 2004-2005. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GWR. INV-G-05/189.

Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar toStephenson (2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; 5 sites exceeded theenterococci guidelines once, and two exceeded them twice. Not all of these events wereassociated with high rainfall

Milne, I. (2005). Recreu!ional warer quality Iechnical repori. Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil, GWR. INV-T-05189

Presents the results of all routine recreational water quality monitoring undertaken at 23freshwater and 27 marine sites between Nov 2001 and Mar 2005. Filamentous algaecover and microbiallevels were assessed against health guidelines for recreation. Also


February 201029



assessed water quality for shellfish gathering. Sites sampled in POTirua Harbour areamongst the worst for compliance with recreation guidelines. Sites that most frequentlyexceeded guidelines included Browns Bay, South Beach PIimmerton, POTirua Harbour atthe rowing club and PIinunerton Beach at Bath St. Discusses each sampling site'spercentage compliance and coincidence with rainfall. Most exceedanCGs are related torainfall and contaminants are likely sourced from urban runoff. However, manyexceedanCG events coincide with little or no rainfall, and the cause of these highmicrobial counts is unclear. fits possible that nearby streams are influencing the nearbywater quality. Bestlevels of compliance were at the Water Ski Club, Moiukaraka Point,Karehana Bay, Paremata Beach and Onehunga Bay (all 87 90% compliance). Samplingresults at Te Hiko were consistently poor, and clearly indicates that site was riot suitablefor swimming, so a permanent sign was erected and monitoring ceased. Water quality inrelation to shellfish consumption was undertaken at To Hiko, and was unsafe for shellfishgathering or consumption, based on collected samples and other water quality results

Milne, I. R. (2006b). 011 the benches. Reci'euiional water quotrty for Ihe Welling!o11 Region,2005-2006. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N"' GW/RINV-G-06199

Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Stephenson(2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; none of these exceeded the enterococciguidelines

Milne, I. R. (2007). 011 lite benches. 2006/07 Annual recreational water qwali!y 1110niioringyeporijor Ihe Welling10n Region. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department,Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report No. GW/EMI-T-07/126

Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar toStephenson (2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; of these 12 sites exceeded theenterococci guideline values once, and 4 sites twice or more. In 2005/06 no sitesbreached the guidelines. Could notidentify obvious cause of contamination

*

Milne, I. R. (2008). AnHunt codsiu11110/1iiori, 18 yeporifor 1/7e Welling1011 Region, 2007/08Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council,Publication N" GW/EMI-G-08/162.

Summary of routine summer and annual coastal sampling of water quality in terms ofenterococci and faecal coliforms, in order 10 assess health risks. Data in appendix.Summarises reports commissioned for sites in region including POTirua HarbourDescribes results of broadscale habitat mapping and finescale ecological mapping ofinterndal areas of POTirua Harbour (Robertson and Sievens 2008). Identifies that in botharms of the Harbour there is little to no terrestrial vegetation buffer. The estuary has amoderate sedimentation risk, and is moderately eutrophic. The total recoverable heavymetal concentrations were within ANZECC (2000) IsQG. Describes the benthiccommunity, and rates the community as 'unbalanced'.

Milne, I. R. and S. Warr (2007). Annual cousinli?10/1itoriitg reportfor Ihe Well^I^gio, I region,2006/07. Environmental Monitoring and Investigation Department, Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil, Report N"' GW/EMI-T-07/224.

Routine coastal water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b) and similar to Stephenson(2001). Also includes overview of a report that is being undertaken on the POTiruaHarboursystem


February 201030



Milne, J. R. and K. Wyatt (2006). Will I get sick illswini? Sunubili!y for recreaiioit grade forselecied Inarine und fresh warer bathing sites ill Ihe Well^^Igioit region. EnvironmentalMonitoring and Investigations, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-G-06/160

Presents suitability for recreation grades (SFRG) for 23 freshwater and 76 marine sitesbased on microbiologicalrisk and indicator bacterial results, over the period 2001- 2006Ten sites are sampled in the POTirua Harbour area. SFRG based on Ministry forEnvironment and Ministry of Heatlh protocol; assessment from a public healthperspective. Overall, only 17% of sites were rated very good or good, while most (74%)were poor or very poor. This reflects moderate to high risk of microbial contaminationOverall, Sri<CS improve with the removal of E coli results coinciding with significantrain events, with overall data showing relatively high association between rainfall andelevated bacteria. Events were not compared using statistical tests but analysedgraphicalIy. Many sites, including PIimmerton Beach and Browns Bay, exceeded alertand action level in absence of significant rainfall. Taupo Stream and Browns Stream arelikely to influence events in dry periods. Site at Te Hiko St was monitored 2001/2002but was dropped when 12 out of 22 samples exceeded the action level. Covers legislativeframework and microbial water quality indicators and guidelines. Reviews monitoringsites in light of data. Extensive appendix of data from 2001~2006

Robertson, G. (2000). Annwul cousinl worer qwtility report 1999/2000. Resource Investigations,Wettington Regional Council, Report N" WRC\R. INV-G-00128

Routine summer water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b) and similar to Berry (1999)but does not assess possible sources. Full data is riot recorded (summaries only). Alllocations in Porirua Harbour are unsuitable for shell fish consumption, with the exceptionof the sample site at Paremata bridge. Swimming in alllocations is fine except for nearTaupo Stream mouth.

Ryan, A. and S. Warr (2008). 0111/1e beaches 2007/08. Annual recreational wafer qwuliiynioniioring yeporifor the Welling!on Region. Environmental Monitoring and InvestigationsDepartment, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GW/EMI-T-08179

Routine recreational water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b), similar to Stephenson(2004). All 8 sites in POTirua Harbour exceeded the enterococci guideline values on one

High concentrations at the rowing club in POTirua Harbour led tocouncil undertaking additional sampling of streams and stormwater drains close tosample sites to identify possible contaimnation sources. No obvious source of faecalcontamination was found

or more occasions

Sherriff, J. (2005). Cousinliitvesiigu!ions Iechiiicul repori. Resource Investigations Department,Greater Wellington Regional Council.

Report summarising the investigations undertaken in the coastal area by GreaterWellington since 1999. Outlines reasons for each investigation, and summarises generaltrends of each report, specific data not given. Reports separately summarised in thisbibliography.

Sillars, H. M. (1991). Foecol coldoriiilevels in Ihe cousinl worers o1 Ihe Welling10/1 Regionincluding Welling10/1 Harbour, Poi. iruu Horbour und Ihe Kupiti Coosi, 1987-1990. Consents andInvestigations, Wellington Regional Council.

First of annual reports to be produced on the quality of coastal water. Firsttests occurredin 1986. Explains statutory requirements of council. The mean concentration of faecalconforms in POTirua Harbour meets the recreational bathing guidelines. Data as anappendix


February 201031



Stephenson, G. (2001). Annual coastal warer quality reporifor Ihe Welling10/1 Region, 2000 -2001. Wellington Regional Council, Report N"' WRC\R. INV-G 01133

Routine coastal sampling as initiated by Berry (1996b) and similar to Robertson (2000)

Stephenson, G. (2004). 011 Ihe beaches. Recreo!tonal wafer quality for Ihe Wellingtoll Region,2003-2004. Resource Investigations Department, Environment Division, Greater WellingtonRegional Council

Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar 10Stephenson (2002). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour, all of these exceeded theenterococci guidelines on one or more occasions.

Stephenson, G. and G. Sevicke-iones (2002). On Ihe beaches. Recreational warer quality of 1/7eWell^^810n Region, 2001-2002. Resource Investigations Department and Planning and ResourcesDepartment, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRCR. INV-G-02142

Routine recreational water quality, as initiated by Berry (1996b), in relation to contactrecreation and seafood consumption. Hence only enterococci and faecal coliformsmonitored. Summarises water quality for each location (freshwater and marinerecreational areas). Details dates and locations of water quaxlity events aboverecommended recreational contact guidelines. Shellfish are not monitored at POTiruaHarbour. All Porirua Harbour sites exceeded the enterococci guideline values on one ormore occasions. Not all of these events were associated with high rainfall.

Stephenson, G. and G. Sevicke-iones (2003). 0111he beaches. Rec, .editorial warer qualify for IheWell^^g!on Region, 2002-2003. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GW/R. INV-G-06199.

Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Stephensonand Sevicke-lones (2002). 5 of the 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour exceeded theenterococci guidelines once, I site twice and 2 sites 3 times. Only some of these eventswere associated with rainfall.

,

Warr, S. (2009). On Ihe beaches 2008/09. Annual recreaiional woier quality 1110/1iioriitg reporifor Ihe Welling1011 Region, Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, GreaterWellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-T-09/130

Routine recreational water quality as initiated by Berry (1996b). Breaches of guidelinesoccurred at most Porirua Harbour sites at least once. Most coincided with rainfall but riot

all. Portrua Rowing club breached guidelines five times, resulting in warning signsposted between Dec 2008 and Feb 2009. Sampling of nearby stream showed high countsof E. coli, suggesting the stream is a possible source. Further sampling is to be taken toidentify the source of high bacteria counts. None of the three sites in POTirua compliedwith water quality guidelines for the consumption of shellfish.

Williamson, B. , I. Goff, D. Ray, G. Mills and K. Berkenbusch (2001). orec!s of SIon, I warer illthe Welling10/1 region. a synthesis of the exisiii?g inforiitniioit. National Institute of Water andAtmospheric science for Wellington Regional Council, WRC01203/I

A synthesis of existing information, no new data collected. Summarises studies ofGlasby at a1. (1990) Berry o1 a1. (1997) and Botherway (1999) for POTirua. Reviewswater and sediment guidelines, the effects of polluted water and sediment on theenvironment. Hotspots (locations where significant adverse effects are known or likely)occur at streams in Wellington, Huti and POTirua that have a large part of their catchment


February 20.032



urbanised. Sewage contamination of stormwater and diffuse sourced runoff from ruralland are probably major factors influencing microbiallevels in Wellington coastal waters

Harbour sediment contamination

Berry, A. , I. Wills and N. Altken (1997). Ponyua Harbour sedii?teniuiid shell/'is/I SIMdy. ResourceInvestigations Department. Wellington Regional Council Technical Report.

Shellfish results: Ivey Bay exceeded shellfish consumption guide levels; Paremata stationand HOTokiri Stream mouth were marginal. Forirua Stream/South Mungavin Pointexceeded levels in sediment heavy metals, organochlorides and PAHs (formed fromincomplete combustion of organic material). Results suggest urban impacts from POTiruaCity area. Organochlorine levels exceeded lower guideline level around PauatahanuiStream mouth area suggesting that rural impacts from the catchment may impact onfauna nearby sediments to stream mouth

Botherway, K. (1999). The effect of stormwater discharge on the soft shore ecology of POTiruaHarbour. Unpublished thesis BSC (Hons), Victoria University of Wellington.

A study on Semple Stream storm drain in Onepoto Arm investigated from December1998 to April 1999. Community structure, sedimentary properties and heavy metalconcentrations of surface sediments were examined at increasing distances from thestorm drain. Closer to the drain taxa diversity was lower, sediment was less sorted andorganic content was greater, and copper, lead and zinc concentrations were higher. Dataindicate that differences in taxa diversity between Onepoto Arm and Pauatahanui Inletare consistent with the deleterious effects of high heavy metal concentrations(particularly lead and zinc) in the sediment of Onepoto. Author recommends establishinga sediment monitoring programme in Onepoio Arm and Pauatahanui Inlet to enabledifferentiation between fluctuations in heavy metal contamination and long term changes

Botherway, K. and I. Gardner (2002). Effect of storm drain discharge on the softshore ecology ofPorirua Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealttnd Journal of Marine und Freshwuier Researc/? 36. . 241-255

Assesses quality of storm water, and toxicants in sediments near stormwater drains andits impact on benthic fauna. Lists benthic fauna found at Portrua (cockles, crabs, wormsetc). Semple SI drain outfall has elevated concentrations of heavy metals (copper, zincand lead) which decrease with distance away from the drain. Study proves that changesin benthic ecology occurs with distance from drain, but does not conclusiveIy prove thatthis is a function of poor water quality or sediment quality. As this study has no 'control'experiment the results are inconclusive.

Glasby, G. P. , R. L. Moss and P. SIoffers (1990). Heavy-metal pollution in Portrua Harbour, NewZealand. New Zealond Journal of Marine and Freshwaier Researc/I 24(2): 233-237.

Analysis of sediments from both Pauatahanui Inlet and the Onepoto Arm. The fine(<2011m) component of samples was analysed by AAS for concentrations of copper,nickel, iron, manganese, chromium, copper, lead and zinc. Calculates a 'contaminationclass' for each sample based on the Index of Geoaccumulaiion formula and a backgroundfrom international literature. This system classes samples taken near POTirua City as'uricontaminated to moderately contaminated' with copper; 'moderately contaminated'with zinc and 'moderately to strongly contaminated' with lead. Concentrations of copper,lead and zinc are slightly higher in the Onepoto Arm than Pauatahanui Inlet, whilst


February 201033



chromium in Pauatahanuilnleiis higher than in the Onepoto Arm. No contaminationevident sourced from state highway I. The study suggests there are two pollution sourcesfor the Onepoto Arm, Portrua Stream and the city stormwater.

Hooper, K. L. 2002. The inIPuci o1 310ri?twoter discharges on freshwnier, n?drille worer undInariiie sedinien!s und Ihe inIPI^^ajioits for eitviroitiiieniul Inundgeineni of 1/1ePOWo!ahunuilitlei, Ponywn, New Zealand. Msc thesis, Massey University.Not sighted

Kerinedy, P. (2003). The E.ffecis o1Rood Transport o11 Freshwuie, ' and Marine ECosysieiiisKingett Mitchellreport for Ministry of Transport

International and New Zealand literature review as part of seven-part study. CitesPOTirua Harbour data from Sherriff (1998) and Botherway and Gardner (2002). Found nodirect evidence of sediment related toxicity from road-derived contaminants

Kerinedy, P. (no date). "Trace elements in particulate material on New Zealand road surfaces -what elements in the periodic table should we be concerned about?" 10nlinel. Retrieved:10/2/2009, from: http://WWW. kina. conz/downloads/PDFs/Publications/Trace%20Elements. pdf

Analysis of the metal concentrations in road dust, and the concentration in receivingenvironments. Uses data from Pauaiahanuilnlet. Discusses factors to consider in metal

concentration analysis.

Kerinedy, P. C. (1986). The use of molluscs for monitoring trace elements in the marineenvironment in New Zealand. I. The contribution of ingested sediment to the trace elementconcentrations in New Zealand molluscs. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwuierReseurc/? 20(4): 627-640.

Study of the effect of sediment in the gut content of molluscs on the estimation of thetotal body burden of trace elements. Samples of mud nat snail(All?phibola creiiaitt) weretaken from Pauatahanuilnlet and the Onepoto Arm. Even with corrections for sedimentin the snail gut, concentrations of lead in the mud snail are high (1223mg/kg), possibly aresult of the method of analysis, rather than toxicity

Kurata, K. and Rogers, KM. (2005). Study on food web and pollution in tidal flat: utilization ofstable isotope ratios and heavy metal concentrations. Aquubiology 27. 331-336.Pilot study of stable isotope ratios in estuarine biola as indicators of pollution effects andnuttient input. Sediments, aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates were sampled at 18stations in POTirua Harbour. Specific results riot available (only abstract sighted).

Milne, J. , G. Stephenson, R. Williamson, G. Mills, G. 01sen and M. Green (2004). Urban derivedcontainiiiunis in Porirutt Harbour (unpublished), held at GWRC library

Analysis of surface sediments in POTirua Harbour (2 in Onepoto and 3 in Pauatahanui) forconcentrations of heavy metals, (copper, lead, zinc, silver, mercury, arsenic, cadmium,chromium, copper and nickel), Inbutyltin (an old antifouling chemical) and organics(PAH's, including DDT and its breakdown products). Concentrations were comparedwith the ANZECC (2000) IsQG and Auckland Regional Council's EnvironmentalResponse Criteria (ARC ERC 2004). Higher concentrations were generally found in theOnepoto Arm than the Pauatahanuilnlet. Allsamples except one were below ANZECCIsQG. One total' Zinc sample was above the 'low' value, however the bioavailablefraction was below this value. Some concentrations were above the ARC ERC. DDT

was found in concentration that may begin to have impact on the aquatic life, but riot


February 201034



above the value that is deleterious to aquatic life. Most of the DDT is found as thebreakdown product DDD indicating an aerobically weathered source, e. g. agriculturalsoils

Mime, J. R. (2006a). Conioi, jinunis in shell/is/Ilesh. Alt lilyesiigu!jolt into rillcrohio/ und Iruce171eiul coinuntinanis in shellfish from seiecied localjolts ill Ihe Wellingion region. EnvironmentalMonitoring and Investigations, Greater Wellington Regional Council

Assessment of microbiological and trace metal contaminants in filter feeding edibleshellfish (Iuatua, cockles and blue mussels) from the Wellington Region. Concentrationswere compared with edible tissue guidelines, where they exist. Monitored cockle(AUSi, 'ovenus SIMichbwiyi) from five sites in POTirua Harbour (both arms). Faecalconforms were detected in four samples, but were not above guideline limits. No otherlocation tested had faecal conforms above the detection 11nxit. Metals were present butwere not above health standards.

Milne, JR. ; Sorensen, PC. ; Keny, S. 2009. Ponyuu HUI. hour subiidolsedinien! qualitymonitoring. Reruns/roi?11he 2008/09 survey. Greater Wellington Regional Council, PublicationNo. GW/EMI-T-09/137.

Presents the results of the third survey of sediment quality and benthic communityhealth undertaken at five subtidal sites in the POTirua Harbour in November 2008 (seeWilliamson et a1. 2005; Stephenson & Mills 2006). The sediment chemistry componentwas restricted to assessments of sediment particle size, total organic carbon and heavymetals. Concentrations of total copper, lead and zinc are above 'early warning' sedimentquality guidelines in the subtidal sediments of the Onepoto Arm of Portrua HarbourConcentrations of the other metals analysed are currently below guideline levels in theOnepoto Arm, as are the concentrations of all metals in the subtidal sediments of thePauatahanui Arm. Results taken together with stormwater quality and stream monitoringdata from the surrounding catchment, and interndal sediment quality data, clearlyindicate that urban stormwater is the principal agent in the transport of the majority of thecontaminants to the seabed of the POTirua Harbour, particularly to Onepoto Arm. Sixty-four species of benthic fauna were identified, with a much higher diversity from sites inthe Pauaiahanui Arm. Fauna were composed predominantly of polychaetes, crustaceansand bivalve and gastropod molluscs

Effects of metal contamination on benthic fauna composition cannot currently beseparated from the effects of differences in sediment texture and organic carbon contentiris stintoo early to tell whether trends in heavy metal contaminants are environmentallysignificant and whether they will continue into the future

Rogers, K. M. (2009). Using stable isotopes to detect land use change and nitrogen sources inaquatic systems. Unpublished Ms. GNS Science, National Isotope Centre

Uses stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to identify sources of some types ofpollutants into Pauatahanui Inlet. Sediments derived from soils under different land useshave different isotopic signatures, showing, for example, that farming areas and recentlyurbanised areas are more likely to deliver sediment to the Pauatahanuilnletthan the olderurbanised areas. Isotope ratios in estuarine biota can also be used as indicators ofpollution effects and nutrientinput


February 20.035



Smith, A. P. and R. MCC011 (1979). SedinTenis of Pawuiahanwi Inlet. nutrient starus und role inwafer qwol^fy. Department of Science Industry and Research, Soil Bureau Scientific Report N'37

Study on the effects of sediments on water quality as part of the PEP providing baselineinformation. In the upper ICm of interndalsediments concentrations of total nitrogen andorganic carbon were about ten times less than, and the total phosphorus about half, ofthose of the catchment topsoils. Concentrations of the 3 elements increased highlysignificantly with 'mud' (clay and sill) content and, in the case of nitrogen andphosphorus, with decreasing depth in the sediment profile. Nutrient levels in intertidalsediments near the mouths of the inlets northern and eastern shores (draining richestagricultural areas) were 2 times those on southern shores. During two rain storms, theconcentration of suspended matter leaving the inlet declined in 3 days. This indicatesfairly rapid settlement and efficienttidal flushing of stream - borne material

Sorensen, P. G. and I. R. Milne (2009). Portruu Harbour largeied mienidalsedrnieni qwoliiyassessi, Ten!-DRAFT, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-T-09/136

A study of sediment contaminants, with an emphasis on the southern end of OnepotoArm, in order to assess the magnitude and spatial extent of contamination. Analysed 17sites, including hot spots such as the mouths of Duck Creek, Onepoto and BrownsStream, and also the lower reaches of POTirua and Keriepuru Stream. Sediments sampledwere analysed for particle size; total organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; totalrecoverable metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead andzinc); FAHs and organo-chlorides. Data collected was compared with ANZECC (2000)IsQG and ARC ERC (2004). Concentrations of metals are higher closest to Semple SIdrain and POTirua Stream channel, although no correction for mud component wasundertaken, so concentration distributions may be also influenced by grain size. Zincconcentrations were greater than the ANZECC IsQG 'low' at 7 sites and a core taken nearthe Semple SI drain was above ANZECC IsQG high' value. Mercury exceeded theANZECC IsQG low' value at one site. Total HMW PAH was above the ANZECCIsQG 'low' at two sites, whilst only Onepoto Stream mouth exceeded the guideline 'low'for Total FAH. Fifteen of the seventeen sites contained DDT, and all at concentrationsabove ANZECC IsQG 'low' value. POTirua and Keriepuru stream also had concentrationsof DDT above the guideline 'low'. Keriepuru and POTirua Stream data is similar to dataobtained from the same location by Milne and Watts (2008). No background sample wasanalysed or bioavailable metals. Sites are grouped as high or low without statisticalanalysis. Contaminants were highest in sediments closest to Semple SI drain and POTiruaStream channel, confirming that stormwater outfalls and POTirua Stream are the primarysource of pollution. First time Onepoto Stream has been sampled, and results suggest alocalised contaminant source In most cases (with the exception of zinc) thecontamination levels only breach the ARC ERC which is an early warning, giving anopportunity for management intervention.

Stephenson, G. (2003). Progress yep0, 'I o11 Ihe investigttiion of chei?ticol coll!animani$ illsheIffish. Resource Investigations Department, Environment Division, Greater WellingtonRegional Council. Report to Environment Committee, 14 April 2003

Shellfish in waters adjacent to the Region's urban areas in particular appeared to beexposed 10 arithropogenic sources of at least some of the contaminants measuredPreliminary results from the GWRC stormwater investigation suggest that urbanstormwater is the most likely source of these contaminants. The shellfish tests are justone contribution to a much needed broader assessment of the environmental effects of the

Region's urban stormwater.


February 201036



Stephenson, G. and G. Mills (2006). Ponyuo Harbour long-terni baseline monitoringprograi7ime. ' sedinien! cheiiiistry rind benihic ecology yesulis front 1/1e Ociober 2005 SUITey.Coastal Marine Ecology Consultants and Diffuse Sources Limited. Prepared for GreaterWellington Regional Council

An analysis and synthesis of data collected from two marine sediment surveys undertakenin 2004 and 2005 (Williamson et a1. 2004 and Williamson at a1 2005), and two benthicfauna surveys of the same locations in 2004 and 2005 (Stephenson 2005, 2006). Outlinesmethods, statisticalIy analyses all data for spatial and temporal trends, in terms of speciesdiversity, biomass, and chemical concentration patterns. There is nothing about thestructure of the fine sediment community to suggest it is unstable at present. Differencesin benthic ecology between the two arms are probably due to textural differences in thesediments. Although the concentration of contaminants (especially zinc, and to someextent copper lead and DDT) are above sediment quality guidelines, there is no clearevidence that these elevated concentrations have resulted in a significant adverse effectson the benthic ecology. Vanability in concentrations of pollutants between 2004 and2005 was low. The faunal surveys showed that all sites showed 'gains' and losses' inspecies, with the species responsible for the change spread across all major taxonomicgroups. Extensive appendix of data.

SIoffers, P. , G. P. Glasby, W. L. PIueger and P. Waner (1983). Reconnaissance survey of themineralogy and geochemistry of some New Zealand lake and nearshore sediments. New ZenlundJournal o1Marii?e and Freshwtttei. Resetirc/I 17(4): 461-480

Samples from New Zealand lakes, sounds, harbours and fords are analysed for theirmineralogy and chemical composition. Trends and relationships statisticalIy analysedChemical and mineralogical analyses of sediment from Pauatahanui Inlet are included.The mineralogy of Panatahanuilnletis dominated by quartz, feldspar, mica and chlorite,abundant heavy metals and a quartz feldspar ratio of 3.6. Silicon oxides dominate (60%)followed by aluminium oxides (14%). Trace elements lead, zinc, chromium all belowANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low', and copper, nickel and cobalt were below the detectionlimit.

Williamson, B. , G. 01sen and M. Green (2004). Greuier Well^}Igtoit Regional Councilloiig fernibaseline 1710/1iioring of Indrine sediiiienis ill Porirwu Harbour, prepared by National Institute ofWater and Atmospheric Science for Greater Welling10n Regional Council, NDVA Client ReportN"' HAM2004-128

Report on an initialsurvey of Onepoto Arm and Pauatahanuilnlet for establishing a long-term baseline monitoring program for the marine environment. Two sites selected ineach arm. Subtidal sites selected due to the sandy nature of interndal sites. In OnepotoArm, the dominant wind causes reworking of sediments which are likely moved anddeposited in the deeper central basin. Geomorphology of Portrua Stream and OnepotoArm suggests that the coarse sediment load reaching the Arm is low, and thus a highproportion of sediment is likely to be dissolved or suspended. Vanability of theconcentrations of pollutants is low, so trend detection should be sensitive. Bioavailableconcentrations of zinc and lead in Onepoto were above ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low'Grain size adjusted data shows that copper, lead and zinc are in higher concentrations inOnepoto than Pauatahanui. Total metals in Onepoto show copper and zinc above ARCERC amber guidelines, whilst zinc is above red guidelines and ANZECC (2000) IsQG

Copper, lead and mostly zinc are present at or near 10 threshold levels wherelow

impacts on benthic aquatic life may begin to occur. FAH concentrations are well belowguideline levels. DDT concentrations are similar at allsites and above ANZECC (2000)


February 20.037



IsQG 'low'. Suggests identifying if catchment is still a significant source of DDT or ifinputs are historical and declining over time. Extensive appendix of data.

Estuary hydrodynamics andsedimentation

Berwick, D. (1978). Hyd, .dunc 1710del stwdres of Pawaiohonui Inlet. In: 'Predictions of physicalchanges caused by reclamation and dredging", Ministry of Works and Development, CentralLaboratories Report No. 3-7715

In 1975 the National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation and the National RoadsBoard recommended construction of a hydraulic model of Pauatahanuilnlet. The modelwas built at the Ministry of Works and Development and extensive tests carried outduring 1977.

Gibb, J. G. and G. I. Cox (2009). Patterns and rates of sedimentation within POTirua Harbour.Coastal Management Ltd Consultancy Report(CR2009/I) for POTirua City Council

Study of the pattern and rate of sedimentation on the POTirua Harbour seafloor over thelast 160 years, based on a comparison of hydrographic surveys made between 1849 and2009 (detailed analysis of sedimentation rates mainly uses the surveys of 1974 and 2009).Both arms of the Harbour have been a relatively stable geomorphic environment over thelast 7,300 years or more. They have progressiveIy shallowed from deposition of mud andsand at a net average rate of 1.0-1.5 mintyr. Innlling has progressed in the context of arecently rising global sea-level of 1.95 mintyr. Since forest clearance and landdevelopment began, rates of sedimentation have progressiveIy increased. Between 1974and 2009, they increased to 5.7 min/yr in the Onepoto Arm and 9.1 mintyr in thePauatahanui Inlet. The tidal prism has been reduced by 1.7% and 8.7% respectivelyduring that time. At current deposition rates Pauatahanui Inlet will have ceased to existas an estuary within 145-195 years and Onepoto Arm within 290-390 years

Grange, K. R. and P. Luckens (1988). T/Ie marine envi, 'on ritent 11nder Ihejurisdrctioit of PonyiiuHUI'hour Awn?only. NZ Oceanographic Institute, Division of Marine and Freshwater Science,DSl"^..

Summarises the existing information concerning the types of marine habitats, sedimentcomposition and dynamics of the POTirua Harbour and adjacent open coast under thejurisdiction of the POTirua City Council

Hayward and Triggs (1994), in Bellingham (1998).Includes map of sediment types in Pauatahanui Inlet, reproduced in Bellingham (1998,pp5.21), but further bibliographic details not given

Heath, R. A. (1976). Broad classification of New Zealand inlets with emphasis on residencetimes. New Zealoiid Journal of Marine and Freshwo!erReseurc/I 10(3): 677-687

Classification of 32 inlets in New Zealand into 7 groups. Pauatahanuilnlet grouped as'predominantly tidal flow' as the entrance is controlled by tidal movements. Fresh waterinflows from each tributary into POTirua Harbour presented

Heath, R. A. (1977). Heal balance in a small coastal inlet Pauatahanuilnlet, North Island, NewZealand. Estuurine und CousinlMni. me Science 5(6): 783-792


February 201038

I,-



Estimates the heat budget for Pauatahanui. Temperature at the entrance exhibits strongtidal fluctuations resulting from eXchange with cooler coastal waters. The role of themudflat in heat balance is only minor

Heath, R. and I. N. Greig (1978). Note on factors influencing the artificial change in watertemperature in coastal inlets. New Zealand Energy Journal 25.

Healtransfers calculated from observations in summer and winter, including observationsat Pauatahanuilnlet. Based on these transfers, author examines the factors controllingthe change in water temperature resulting from artificial heatinput

ITwin, J. (1976). Morphological stability of Pauatahanui Inlet, Porirua Harbour. New ZealandJournal of Marine und FreshwaierResenrc/t 10. 641-650

Monitors quantitative changes in bathymetry (horizontal change only) of PauaiahanuiInlet using aerial photos from 1942 to 1973. No major changes in channel morphology orstream channel positions recorded. Kaho [Kakaho] Stream has developed a birds footdelta changing from one to four branched channels in 15 years. Changes apparentlyoccurring more slowly than in Avon-Heathcote estuary

ITwin, I. (1978). Ponywo Harbowr Baihyi?jelly, New Zealand. Oceanographic Institute Chart,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 1:10000. Miscellaneous Series N'49

Shows bathymetry in 1978. The deepest section of the harbour occurs at the entrance,between Deepwater Point and Ngatitoa Domain the bathymetry drops 10 20m. Thischannelshallows quickly to around 6m once level with Maria Spit. The channel curvesinto Pauathanuilnlet, deepening to 7m under SHI bridge, and then follows the southernshoreline close to Shearers Point and gradually shallowing to 3m off Moorehouse PointThe rest of Pauatahanui Inlet is ~2m deep. Onepoio Arm is relatively shallow (~2m)with a 3m narrow channel abutting the western side extending down to Te Onepoio BaySignificant bay head deltas occur on the northern and western shores of PauatahanuiInlet.

Pickrill, R. A. (1979). A micro-inorphological study of interndal estuarine surfaces inPauatahanui lnlet, POTirua Harbour. New Zenlund lorryrid1 o1Mnriiie & F1. eshwuier Research13(I): 59-69.

Study of monthly changes in morphology of Pauaiahanui Inlet using sedimentationstakes. Determined that the bed morphology is largely stable with most cross sectionalprofiles OScillating around zero change, with a maximum erosion of 28mm and maximumaccretion of 47mm. Most changes are only in the range of plus or minus 2mm, and thereis a mean rate of accretion of 2.9mm. Deltas, and beaches at high tide level display a lessstable profile. Storm events appear not to change erosion and deposition in the Inlet(with the exception of scour and deposition at bayhead deltas) indicating that sedimentdelivered was deposited elsewhere or lost to the system. Estimated that of the suspendedsediment delivered, probably around 213rds is delivered to the sea

Porteous, T. (2005). Pullamhonui Inki sediiiieniii?ves!18,110it. Environment Committee, GreaterWellington Regional Council, Report N" 05,235

Summary of (Swales at a1. 2005) report commissioned by Greater Welling10n RegionalCouncil and POTirua City Council on sedimentation in Pauatahanuilnlet

Thomas, I. L. (1978). Sedriiieiii/'Sillutioii monitoring within a lidal busiit IISii?g repeliiiveLANDSAT CCT dottt. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hull, [online]Retrieved:


25/03/2009, from: ^!^!collltid. inpe. br/fernanda/2003/

February 201039



1208/4.051doc/Sediment-illation%20Monitoring%20Within%20a%20Tidal%20Using%20Repetitive%20Landsat%20CCT%200ata. PDF

Technical discussion on the use of satellite data to monitor sedimentation and

bathymetry. Test area at Pauatahanuilnlet.

Whitehead, N. , R. Ditchburn, W. MCCabe and W. Mason (1998). Application of natural andartificial fallout radionuclides to determining sedimentation rates in New Zealand lakes. NewZealand Jollyrinlo/Marine and Freshwater Research 32. . 489-503.

Sedimentation rate for several New Zealand lakes (including Pauatahanui Inlet) aredetermined using radio isotopes. Discusses technical use of radio isotopes determiningSAR and its application to New Zealand. In Pauatahanuilnlet a peak in sedimentationoccurs between 1967-69, whilst present sedimentation rates equal 8.1 =L 0.4 kg in~' yr~'

Planning, roading, development and environmental assessmentof effects

Bagnall, P. (1970). Pawnmhanui. u coinpreheitsive development plan. Report for Hull CityCouncil

Strategies for development to accommodate 45,000 people by 1986 in Pauatahanui BasinResidential zones at low, medium and high densities mapped across catchments andin dusttial areas zoned leaving all but ridges and high country without development

Truebridge Callender Beach and Company (1992). Repori o711uriher upgrading of Grays RoadaroundPnwumhmiui 1111ei. Unpublished report.

Summarises and records work done on the issue of upgrading Grays Road. Includes:alternative routes; discussion with Doc and FCC; options; benefit analysis;implementation strategy and statutory considerations

:

Beca (1993). Assessnient of effecis o11 the enviroi?171eni. Ponywo Sired, ,I chunneli7, IProvei7tenis,Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. , Connell Wagner and Hill Ltd. and Boffa Miskell PartnersLtd.

20Basin%

Description of flood protection works for Forirua Stream, including environmentalimpact assessment, legislative framework and design alternatives. Hydraulicimprovements to the stream, including heightening floodwalls, stopbanks and regradingthe channelstream are needed to protect above I in 20 year flood events. Low nowstream level of the stream to be protected from erosion by emplacement of rip Tap.Includes landscape designs, including replanting of flax that will be removed duringworks.

Beca (1997). State Highway I upgrade: PIimmerton to Paremata section upgrade. Volume I:Notice of requirement, resource consent applications, assessment of effects on the environment,Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd, report for Transit New Zealand

Volume I in Three Parts. I) Notice of requirement; 2) Resource consent applications andculvert designs; 3) Assessment of effects on environment. Volume 2 - Plan and aerialphotos. Stream diversion of Taupo Stream is assessed as low impact. Assesses effectson POTirua Harbour/entrance to Panatahanui Inlet. Construction of earlier bridges hasnarrowed channel, with some impact on tidal flows, which in the long term may impacton flushing of the inlet and increase the rate of minl. Therefore no additional narrowingof channelis 10 occur for this project. Proposed bridge likely to reduce rate of accretion


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of Inlet and would reduce cross sectional area of channelfrom 720 to 670 in' and producelocalised scouring. Tidal velocity predicted to increase from 0.51uls to 0.55m/s.Predicted that sand would continue to travel in same circulation pattern. Any scour atbridge pilings will be localised and limited by the variation in tidal flow direction andunderlying compacted clay. Bridge will notimpeded water or fish movement.

Beca (1999). Maria Bypass Re-evuluniion. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. for Transit NewZealand.

Evaluation of all options including 2 lane bridge across the Pauatahanui Inlet beside theexisting bridge

BML (1989). Landscape assessment. Western Corridor Technical Re o1t N" 7. Boffa MiskellLtd for Wellington Regional Council.

Supporting technical document to Environmental Impact Report on future SHI route(WRC1989a). Detailed landscape assessment of allroad sections and options, includesecological evaluation.

Cameron, D. , S. Smith, P. Prendergast, R. G. Wear, V. C. Anderlini and G. Hicks (1989). Warei.resource jinpoc! assessments. Wellington Regional Council, Technical report N' 8.

Supporting technical document to Environmental Impact Report on future SHI route(WRC1989a), as part of the Greater Wellington Area Land Use and Transport StrategicReview (CATS). This document covers the aquatic resources of the areas under studyi. e. the "coastal corridor" - upgrading the existing SHI route and the "inland corridor" -new road along Transmission Gully and Takapu Valley. The reportis in three parts. PartOne: Freshwater Quality and Biology: seven of the main streams were surveyed and adescription given of the water quality, penphyton, macrophytes, benthicmacroinvertebrates, and freshwater fisheries. Part Two: Hydrology: stream flows,sedimentation, and the characteristics and impacts of roading options on each stream inthe area. Part Three: coastal route marine biological evaluation: roading impacts bothsubtidally and intertidalIy. Sampling includes sites at Maria and Pauatahanui InletSpecies lists included. This reportis the most comprehensive water resource study sinceHealy (1980), bringing together existing information and new WRC research

Evans, B. , I. Roper-Lindsay, L. Clark, K. Booth and L. KGrkmeester (1989). Western Corridorrechnical repor! N" 6. Landscape assessnieni, prepared for Wellington Regional Council byBoffa Miskell Partners Ltd.

Part of the Greater Wellington Area Landuse and Transportation Strategic review(GATS). Technical document supporting the Environmental Impact Report (WRC1989a). Focuses on ecological, visual and recreation. Identifies intrinsic values of eacharea the corridor will pass through, how it will be impacted and how it can be mitigatedMaps significant ecological areas

Fuller, S. (1994). All assessi?tent o11he ecological inIPnci of roadiitg for file EasierIt Poi'iruaRoadiitg SIMdy. Wellington, Report for Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner Ltd

Describes ecology associated with 8 proposed road links and possible impacts of eachwith respect to bush remnants and streams. Author outlines concerns over fragile natureof wetland and marine environment necessitating care in considering and roading andbridge proposals by considering cumulative impacts on inlet and streams. Problems withmarginalis ajion of bush remnants and the need for buffer zones to protect forest marginsare discussed. There are options for most roading options to avoid or reduce impacts onthe inlet and catchment and also for enhancing and protecting native bush remnants and


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areas of saltmarsh in the process. The ecology of Pauatahanui Inlet is consideredsufficiently fragile that small alterations will require detailed impact analysis.

Fuller, S. and M. Wassilieff (1995). Designaiio, I of Inland Route (Transmission Gully)..Assessnieniojecologicalinipucis. Beca Stovens, Welling10n.

Southern section of proposed route modified since EIA (WRC1989a) requiring newassessment of this section. The majority of the proposed inland route lies within the sub-catchments of Pauaiahanui Inlet and will impact on the downstream values of thesecatchments and on the inletitself. The new southern route was surveyed and 14 sitesidentified which would be affected (3 bush remnants, 4 streams, 2 regenerating bushsites, 5 estuarine wetlands of which 4 are wildlife reserves). Each site is described andtype of impact discussed. Recommendations given

Gardiner, L. and B. Armstrong (2007). Idenijjj, ing sensiiive receiving eiiviroitn?enis at riskf^omroad runoy: Land Transport NZ Research, Report N" 315.

GIS-based tool for identifying and ranking sensitive receiving environments at risk fromroad runoff. The potential for contanitnation is estimated from traffic, congestion, cartype etc. POTirua Harbour was used as a pilot study. Identifies which parts of the estuaryare most at risk from road runoff and which parts of the road network contribute to thatrisk. End of Onepoto Arm identified as a significant 'hotspoi', due to cumulative effectof 5 sub-catchments with moderate-high traffic density (starling at Cannons Creek)

Harford, B. (ed) (1990). Audit o11he 'Future Sidle Highway One ROMie' environntenialiiiipac!yepori. Volume I. Main Repori. Wellington, Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for theEnvironment. Te Kaniaki Taiao a Te Whare Paremata

Review of applicant's Environmental Impact Report, and its adequacy. Includes publicsubmissions. Appendix of submitted questions put to Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil and Transit NZ and their responses. Reports from transport planning consultantsand social impact consultants.

Maunse11 (2005). Planning balunce sheet assessnieni. WeSIer, I Corridor nunsporiuiioit SIudyMaunsell Ltd. for Greater Wellington Regional Council and Transit New Zealand

A Planning Balance Sheet for the SHI options. Includes expert assessments of impacton: air quality, noise, landscape, ecology, built heritage, archaeology, severance,community disruption and active travel

PCE (1993). Managenieni o1 Ihe eiiviron, ,Ten!nl atec!s of coinmerciullopsoil reinoval dnd July"farmi, 28 by Ihe Poriruo Cify Council. Wellington, Parliamentary Commissioner for theEnvironment.

Summarises topsoil removal and turf farming activities, including the development ofinterim guidelines by Wellington Regional Council(1990). Comments on POTirua CityCouncil management of environmental effects assessment and monitoring. Concludesthat topsoil removal and turf farming both have potential to cause significant adverseenvironmental effects, butthatthese can be minimised

Stirling, J. J. (1983). Manu Mai'Ina. ' on environiiteiim1 1171paci assessi, Ieni. Wettington, NewZealand, Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd

EIA of the proposed Maria Marina, to fulfillegal requirements for approval from theMinistry of Transport. Presents development proposal, including engineering diagramsand rational for the development, as there is a need for safe mooring facilities outside ofthe main channel. Details mooring proposals, launching facilities etc Main


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considerations for EIA are sediment transport and hydrodynamics, the impact on floraand fauna, noise and aesthetic values. Prior to Marina, ebb and flood tide currents causesediments to be deposited in the locality of the marina, which the Maria Cruising Clubhas dredged since 1963. Brief description of main ebb and flood currents in POTiruaHarbour. A net gain in sediment deposited at the marina site is interpreted as equating tothe net loss of sediment from Ngatitoa Domain. The erosion of the beach at NgatitoaDomain (at a rate of 1.1m per year)is caused by the railway embankment interrupting thenatural sand circulation pattern by acting as a reflector, keeping sand in suspension andpreventing accumulation in front of the embankment. EIA states that the marina wouldamenorate this erosion as major dredging would cease and sand would be made moreavailable to local beaches. Lists fauna found at the site. All species found elsewhere inPOTirua Harbour are either absent or in few numbers at the marina site, most likely due topast dredging activities. Therefore impact on local fauna would be minimal

Synergy (1987). Poriruu Sired11/1/00d 1,111igaiion. Eitvii'o11nieiiial I'llpact Assessiiient. Phase Iyepori. Sche, ?Ie opiions assessnieiii. Synergy Applied Research Ltd. for the Welling10n RegionalCouncil

Summary of findings on POTirua Stream flooding problems. Focus on feasible means 10mitigate the impact of flooding, including assessment of design options. Proposal fordetention dams and considers cost, maintenance and access for aquatic speciesConcluded that detention darns at Belmont and SIGbbings had the least adverseenvironmental impact.

TDG, BECA, Davy-RJ and Rivers-Buchan (1992). Parentala Roodiitg Op!ions. Unpublishedreport, held at GWRC library, prepared by Traffic Design Group Ltd. , Beca Carter Honings andFerner Ltd. , R. IDavy and Associates, Rivers Buchan Associates.

Considers options for traffic congestion at Maria and Paremata. Covers communityconsultation, the planning environment, (routes, traffic, network options and designs),social impacts, structural assessment of the Paremata Bridge.

RFA (1993). Enviroiti?Ieniul jiltpuci nssessi, Teiji of proposed uggi'egute exii'aciioit. ' KP and LPW/lane, Mumhys Road, POWn!ahuiiui. Unpublished report, Resource Planning Associates

Land owners seeking a land use consent to extract aggregate from a 42ha area of their318ha farm at the top end of Murphys Road. Describes environmental effects of theproposed activity

WRC (1989b). Land and cousin! jiltpuci assess, ,lent. Wellington Regional Council, Technicalreport N" 7.

Supporting technical document to Environment Impact Report on future SHI route(WRC, 1989a), as part of the Greater Wellington Area Land Use and Transport StrategicReview (GATS). The report is in five parts, covering seismological hazards, slope andstability and erosion assessment land use and land use opportunities, coastal sedimentaryprocesses, and engineering geological appraisal.

WRC (1989d). Technicul I'eporiN"' 8. Water Resource InIPuciAssessmenis, Wellington RegionalCouncil.

Supporting documentation to the formalEIR for future SHIToute (WRC 1989a). Coversfreshwater quality and biology, hydrology and coastal and marine biological evaluation,highlighting the present situation and potential impact. Lists species of fish,macroinvertebrates. Mapssubcatchments


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Environmental Management andRestoration Plans

Blaschke, P. and C. An SIGy (2002). Pawumhanui yesioraiioit plait - slugel. ' Northern und Errsiei'nPublic Reserves. A follow on Iron? "Towards litregrttted Managei?lent". Unpublished report forPOTirua City Council and Wellington Regional Council

Discussion of the main priorities and issues for Pauatahanui Inlet restoration, with theoverriding issue of ecological health. Extensive mapping of sanmarsh and the estuaryborder, with restoration plans, photos and notes on restoration priorities andissues/difficulties, amenities, scenic and ecological values. Recommends extensivenative planting and pest control and increased public access

Blaschke, P. and C. AnSIGy (2004). Pawaiuhunwi yes!oralio, I plan - sluge 2. soulherit undweSIerii calchmenis. Unpublished report for POTirua City Council and Greater WellingtonRegional Council

Focuses on the southern and western edge and the wider southern areas of PauatahanuiInletincluding the whole of the Duck Creek catchment. Geographical overview, outlinescurrent values and management issues and the restoration and enhancement actionprogramme.

Blaschke, P. , C. An SIGy and F. Forsyth (2009). Ecological yesioration priori!iesjor the Foriruucalchmeni. Wellington, Blaschke & Rutherford, for the Greater Wellington Regional Council,POTirua City Council, Wellington City Council

Project aim is to facilitate management of the catchment across city council boundariesby identifying priorities and issues for all groups and organisations involved. Review ofthe ecological health of POTirua Stream catchment from a management perspective.

BML (1992). Ponyuu City Lulldscupe SIMdy Implemenmtioii Siruiegy. Boffa Miskell Partners forPOTirua City Council.

Framework for the protection, enhancement and management of the identity andlandscape character of POTirua City. Draws on earlier inventory and assessment work onthe landscape units of the area. Includes map of the 'landscape units', and outlines thekey issues in each area with steps to address these issues

BML (2004c). Nori/lent grownii7iunuge, lienifruiiiework - SIebbiitgs Vulley. , Boffa Miskell Ltd,prepared for Wellington City Council, Report N" W04076/2 (SE, draft)

Uses the riparian ecological assessments of Belmont and Stebbings Streams (BML2004a, b) to outline proposed remedialion works. Covers the remedial works needed toenhance fish passage, water quality, riparian management, as well as cost and issuesSets out long term objectives in the context of policies and council plans and watersensitive urban design. Examples of natural storm drainage, grassed swales, andbioreiention systems.

Clarke, I. (1990). Pawatuhoitui 1111ei - a Iru, ?Iework 101' litregraied 1710nttgenien!. MasseyUniversity, unpublished (Hons) thesis

Existing information aboutthe ecosystem and use of Pauaiahanuilnletis analysed and anassessment of values (ecological, recreational, and visual) and areas of conflict presented.Options for implementation under existing legislation are presented


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DLS (1973). Welling10/11and di^Incl, cousinl reserves my us1180iion, report on Porirua Harbour,Department of Lands and Survey

Report to highlight coastal areas of importance recreational use, scenic andenvironmental value. Supporting document for land purchase and the development ofpolicy to protect such land. Divides harbour into distinct recreational use areas

DLS (1978). Willnitiu Pork Managenieni PIOn. Wellington, Department of Lands and Survey,for Whitireia Park Board, Management Plan Series N"' RR2.

Summary of the history, geology, climate, soils, vegetation land tenure and control ofWhitireia Park. Development and management proposal and policies

EMS and P. Blaschke (2008). Pawuiohanui 1111eipothwuy. Ration Pont! 10 Pouu!ahanui Village.Appticuii0,110r yesowrce consents. Environmental Management Services Limited for PIimmertonRotary Club and POTirua City Council.

Application for Resource Consent for construction of a pedestrian/cyclist pathway fromRation Point to Pauatahanui Village. Details proposed route and design, including nativeplantings. Road safely and visual effects considered. Documents possible environmentalimpacts and concludes that with native plantings on the coastal margin, overallthe planwill have positive results. Disturbance 10 birds and increased predation will be Thinor

Hall, A. (2002). Kukai^o Sired171 es!wary restoration plan. Resource Policy report, WellingtonRegional Council.

Recognition that the nationally significant site is under pressure from direct or indirecthuman impacts, and the need for a planned restoration work. Outlines restorationobjectives and how they will be achieved. Objectives, re-establish native vegetation,control weeds and pests, restrict vehicle access, promote care and community responseand work with community groups.

Owen, K. (1984). Parvoiohunui Wildlife Management Reserve Manageiiieiit Flail. Wellington,New Zealand Wildlife Service, Department of Internal Affairs

Part I describes the reserve (legal description, physical, access, history, control andmanagement, climate, geomorphology and soils, hydrology, vegetation: List of vascularplants (appendix 7), wildlife: checklist of birds (appendix 8), public use/recreation/scenicvalues, adjacentland uses), Parts 2 & 3 outline management objectives and polices.

PCC (1994). Ponyuo City lundscupe siraiegy. POTirua City CouncilFocus is to contribute to the identification and development of a distinctive landscape andcharacter of Portrua City by providing strategies for the protection, management andenhancement of the landscape. Ten landscapes covered

PCC (no date). Sirniegic wdlkwuy proposal- preliminary illves!igaiioi? nilo walkway OPPoriuniiiesfor Poi'iruu City. POTirua City Council, Revision One'

Outlines recreational and pedestrian needs for walkways. Lists and maps proposedwalkways and tabulaies properties of these and ranks options. Few flora and faunasurveys of proposed walkway areas exist so for most options it is 'unknown'if significanthabitat is impacted by the proposals. Proposed walkways circle the inlet, to providehuman access to all areas of the coast. No discussion of ecological impacts

PIAG (2000). Towards In legruted Inariugeii?ent. ' POWuiuhanwi Inlet aciio, I plait. PauatahanuiInletAdvisory Group. Publication N' WRC RP-G-00133


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A community vision for Pauatahanui Inlet. Management plan for Pauatahanuilnlet,focused on protecting and enhancing the quality of the environment. Highlights issuesthat need researching and addressing, actions to address these issues and desiredoutcomes. Highlights potential conflict and management. Submitted with consultationof stakeholders

PICT (2001). Planiiiig wiih tt purpose. Make a difference 10 Ihe Inlei. Pauatahanui InletCommunity Trust, Greater Wellington Regional Council and Porirua City Council.

Educational pamphlet describing the estuary, its importance and biologicalcharacteristics. Outlines reasons for local residents to plant native species. Providesinformation on species types and best locations to plant them. Key outcome of thispamphletis to prevent erosion

QE2NT (1989). Taupo Swanip PIi7iiinertoi? Manageii?ent Plan. Wellington, Queen Elizabeth HNational Trust.

Maps and describes Taupo Swamp. The swamp contains regionalIy unique and diversevegetation and succession stages, and is one of the few lowland topogenous mires in theregion (topogenous referring to a topographic barrier preventing free and naturaldrainage, and local water via a fresh stream source). Describes history, soils, bird speciesof the area, adjacent land use and associated potential management issues. Proposespolicies on water management, fire control, access, commercial exploitation, noxiousplant control, and fencing, with a policy of protection, maintenance and enhancement ofthe natural values of the swamp fro the benefit and enjoyment of the public.

Rosier, J. (1993). Mttnoge, lieni of Pawttttthttnwi 1111ei. ' Discussion Docunieni. Report forWellington Regional Council

Comments on the suitability of a number of different planning-based methods that maybe used, under various legislation to: protect important ecological values; deal withadverse effects of human activities; ensure integrated management of the catchments andcoastal marine areas of Pauatahanui Inlet. Recognises importance of Pauaiahanui Inletbeing the largest relatively unmodified estuarine areas in the southern part of the NorthIsland.

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WCC (2008). Draft Noriherii Reserves Manageii?errt Plan. Wellington City CouncilList of reserves in the Wellington and Forirua City areas. Notes which containrepresentations of natural ecosystems and ecological domains. Plan describes allreservesand sets out objectives and policies for them, including objectives and policy for ecologyKey gaps in ecological connectivity of the reserve network include the Tawa Basin,Grenada North, Churlon Park and Glenside. Also emphasizes weed and pest control andthe negative effect of horse grazing on biodiversity

WRC and FMR (2001). Cunnoits Creek yes!oralioii und developi, teniplun, Belnioni RegionalPark. Wellington Regional Council and Friends ofMaara Roa

Restoration and development plan for Cannons Creek Valley, also known as Maara RoaAccounts achievements to date, as depicted by photographs of the area. Describes thevegetation 12 years ago, and how the remnant forest has been enhanced. Givesrestoration methods and techniques, including which areas to target to achieve the bestlong term results. Discusses planting, pest control, site selection, ongoing maintenanceand fire protection. Consideration given to recreation, especially as the valley is a link to


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Belmont Regional Park. Outlines track construction, maintenance and signage. Providesa flora species list and a description of the vegetation.

WRC, PCC, Doc and MAF (1995). linegraied Indriogeiiieiti of Pawu!ahonwi 1111ei. Welling10nWellington Regional Council, POTirua City Council, Department of Conservation, Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries

Several agencies have management responsibilities for the inlet and its catchmeniCurrent statutory controls are documented and those proposed for the inlet. Mostperceived problems affecting inlet result from activities which occur above the mean highwater springs line

Social and Historical Sources

Blake, A. H. (2002). The "savages" of Otaki. Sixty years in New Zealand: stories of peace andwar. Oldki Historical Society lorryn01 24. 13-15

Historical account of the early history of 01aki and surrounds. Description of the early(1909) landscape and vegetation, which was densely wooded.

BML (2005). Review of cullurul OSpec!s of the cousinl rowie & Transi?lissioit Gwlly motorwuyweSIerii corridor Iransporiaii'o11 SIudy. Tauranga, Boffa Miskell Ltd. for POTirua City Council,Reference: To 5101.

This report identified cultural values in the study area founded on occupation, use andassociation over a several centuries and are focused along the coastal area, includingPOTirua harbour/Panatahanui Inlet. Recounts tangaia whenua traditions of the POTiruaarea. Taniwha, migration waka, important ancestors and groups of tangata whenua allfeature within these coastal areas. The sites and areas significant to tangata whenua aremany, however, again are mainly located within the coastal areas with the exception ofinland refuges during times of conflict, harvesting areas and tracks. Assessment of theimpact of the proposed highway routes on these cultural areas

Brodie, J. W. (1980). An early history of Pauatahanui. Pp. 11- 34 in Healy (ed). (1980).Comprehensive summary of the history of the Pauatahanui Inlet and catchmentIllustrated with many contemporary drawings and photos.

Heath, B. and H. Balham (1994). n?e Purer^?did SIory. Wellington, New Zealand, ParemataResidents Association

Historical account of Paremaia using original sources. Concentrating on notable localpeople and events, focusing on Paremata.

KGith, M. (1990). Tiley came o11 1/7e rides. ' a shori his!OJT ofPorii'wu rind IIS people. POTirua, NewZealand, POTirua City Council.

History of POTirua, some mention of geological history, but concentrated on humanactivities

Scrimgeour, A. (1995). Froni village to city cenire. Porirua, New Zealand, POTirua Museum,POTirua City Council

Photographs and description of the development and expansion of POTirua City over timeConcentrating on buildings and architecture


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Shoehan, M. (1988). Puuomhonuilnlet. . Discussion Docunieni. Wellington Regional Council.Includes descriptions of early Maori settlement of inlet, conflict with Europeans, militaryoccupation in area, Pauatahanui village, flora and fauna. 16p. illustrated booklet

Walton, A. (2002). All archueologicul survey of Wiltiii. eta Park, Ponywo. Well^^g!on. NewZealand, Department of Conservation, Internal Series 62.

Lists, locales and describes the condition of 33 archaeological sites at Whitireia Park.

Wallon, A. (2003). New Zealand Redoubis, Stockades, and Blockhouses, 1840-1848. Wellington,New Zealand, Department of Conservation, Doc Science Internal Series 122

Describes, lists and maps early European fortifications. Discusses survival potential ofsites. 5 sites in POTirua

.


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