¿por qué el tlc entre colombia y eeuu ofrece nuevas oportunidades para los productos
DESCRIPTION
Juan Manuel Gers, Experto internacional, Gers USA Jornada Académica Andesco “Retos y Oportunidades del Tratado de Libre Comercio –TLC- entre Colombia y Estados Unidos para el sector de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios y TIC”TRANSCRIPT
1
¿Por qué el TLC entre Colombia y EEUU ofrece nuevas
oportunidades para los productos y servicios nacionales?
Juan Manuel Gers, PhD
2
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN THE U.S. ELECTRICITY
MARKET
Juan Manuel Gers, PhD
May 29, 2012
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Free Trade Agreement
The FTA between USA and COLOMBIA
formally entered into force last 15th of May
2012. “We welcome today’s signing of the FTA,
which brings Colombia and the United States
one step closer to the entry into force of this
historic agreement.
The FTA is a fundamental building block in the
development of a new chapter in U.S.-
Colombia relations, and will help to expand
both of our economies, exports and job
creation opportunities," said Colombian
Ambassador to the U.S. Gabriel Silva.
General aspects about the US Power Industry
The US power industry The Energy Information Association (EIA),
part of the Department of Energy, has described the electric power
industry as one of the largest and most creditworthy in the US, with an
estimated end-user market of nearly $254bn of electricity sales in
2011.
The delivery of electricity to retail, commercial and industrial consumers
was historically handled by large integrated utilities, which provided
generation, transmission and distribution services in monopoly
franchise areas. Now the situation is changing and more players are
participating in the market.
Most Important Institutions in the
U.S. Electricity Industry
The U.S. Congress
FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
NERC – North American Reliability Council
NAESB – North American Energy Standards Board
State Public Utility Commissions and Legislatures
The US Electricity Industry has several government and
private institutions that oversee its operation and define its
policies and rules. Among them, the most important
policymakers are:
NERC Members and Sub-Regions
ECAR-East Central Area Reliability
Coordination Agreement
ERCOT-Electric Reliability Council of
Texas
FRCC-Florida Reliability Coordination
Council
MACC-Mid-Atlantic Area Council
MAIN-Mid-America Interconnected
Network
MAPP-Mid-Continent Area Power
Pool
NPCC-Northeast Power Coordinating
Council
SERC-Southeastern Electric Reliability
Council
SPP-Southwest Power Pool
WECC-Western Electricity
Coordination Council
Most Important Policymakers
Overview of the Electric Industry in
the United States
The U.S. electric system
Over 200 million customers participating in an deregulated market
Over 3200 utilities
Over 16,802 generators in commercial operation
Over 161,000 miles of transmission lines (230 kV and above)
Transmission System Infrastructure
U.S. High Voltage Transmission System
Source: NERC
VVoollttaaggee MMiilleess ooff TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn LLiinnee
AACC
230 kV 76,762
345 kV 49,250
500 kV 26,038
765 kV 2,453
Total AC 154,503
DDCC
250-300 kV 930
400 kV 852
450 kV 192
500 kV 1,333
Total DC 3,307
TToottaall AACC ++ DDCC 115577,,881100
Restructuring
The transition period for phasing in restructuring has begun in these states, and they are
currently implementing a competitive electric utility market for investor-owned utilities.
These states have passed legislation suspending the
restructuring process.
These states are continuing to study and/or monitor restructuring investor-owned utilities,
but are not currently pursuing further action.
These states have passed legislation delaying the restructuring
process.
These states have completed studies investigating restructuring investor-owned utilities
(power providers), and have decided not to pursue further action at this time.
These states have passed legislation repealing the restructuring
process.
U.S. Electric Industry Generating Capacity by State
in 2009
There are roughly 5,000 power plants in the United
States, and they have a total generating capacity of
nearly 1025 gigawatts
Generating Capacity
U.S. Net Summer Capacity by
Energy Sources, Year-End 2009
Source: Energy Information Administration
U.S. Existing Capacity by Energy Sources, 2009
Number of Nameplate Net Summer Net Winter
Generators Capacity Capacity Capacity
Coal[1] 1,436 338,723 314,294 316,363
Petroleum[2] 3,757 63,254 56,781 60,878
Natural Gas[3] 5,470 459,803 401,272 432,309
Other Gases[4] 98 2,218 1,932 1,899
Nuclear 104 106,618 101,004 102,489
Hydroelectric
Conventional[5]4,005 77,910 78,518 78,127
Wind 620 34,683 34,296 34,350
Solar Thermal and
Photovoltaic110 640 619 537
Wood and Wood
Derived Fuels[6]353 7,829 6,939 6,992
Geothermal 222 3,421 2,382 2,561
Other Biomass[7] 1,502 5,007 4,317 4,382
Pumped Storage 151 20,538 22,160 22,063
Other[8] 48 1,042 888 900
Total 17,876 1,121,686 1,025,400 1,063,848
Existing Capacity by Energy Source, 2009
(Megawatts)
Energy Source
U.S. Electric Industry Net Generation by State in
2009
Energy Sources
1933
780691
25695 87
Coal Nuclear Natural Gas Hydroelectric Petroleum OtherRenewables
2000
2500
1000
500
0
1500
Note : Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and othermanufactured and waste gases derived from fossilfuels resulting in net generation of 11.466 thousand
thousand megawatt-hours , not shown here , were megawatt-hours are not included. An additional 5.714
generated from "Other" energy sources.
Mill
ion M
egaw
atthours
Investment
Transmission System Investment
Planning
Planned Transmission by Interconnection and NERC Member
Source: NERC
Transmission Circuit Miles – 230 kV and Above
2005 Existing 2006-2010 Additions 2011-2015 Additions 2015 Total Installed
United States
ERCOT 8,311 648 - 8,959
FRCC 6,998 350 127 7,475
MRO 15,912 1,382 272 17,566
NPCC 6,426 364 16 6,806
New England 2,493 273 16 2,782
New York 3,933 91 - 4,024
RFC 26,258 592 - 26,85
SERC 31,179 1,292 947 33,418
Entergy 2,666 94 - 2,76
Gateway 5,037 151 268 5,456
Southern 1,897 111 - 2,008
TVA 9,405 350 513 10,268
VACAR 12,174 586 166 12,926
SPP 7,592 14 21 7,627
WECC 58,539 3,063 1,821 63,423
AZ-NM-SNV 10,271 835 1,471 12,577
CA-MX-US 17,676 790 - 18,466
NWPP-US 24,671 704 350 25,725
RMPA 5,921 734 - 6,655
Total-U.S. 161,215 7,705 3,204 172,124
Canada
MRO 6,73 303 65 7,098
NPCC 28,998 603 - 29,601
Maritimes 2,196 60 - 2,256
Ontario 11,137 95 - 11,232
Québec 15,665 448 - 16,113
WECC 11,019 416 233 11,668
Total-Canada 46,747 1,322 298 48,367
Mexico
WECC 638 152 192 982
Total-NERC 208,56 9,179 3,694 221,433
61,800 MW of power lost
Shutdown 265 power plants with 508 individual units
Blackout of August 14, 2003
The blackout started in Northern Ohio and spreaded throughout Midwest, Northeast
U.S. And Canada
Recommendations
Task Force issued 46 recommendations grouped into four categories:
Institutional Issues Related to Reliability (14 recommendations)
Support and Strengthen NERC’s actions of February 10, 2004
(17 recommendations)
Physical and Cyber Security of North American Bulk Power Systems (13 recommendations)
Canadian Nuclear Power Sector (2 recommendations)
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
US Map
84. ¿Cuáles son los estados de EE.UU. a donde Colombia podrá
expandirse en el tema de servicios?
Teniendo en cuenta la estrecha relación entre el flujo migratorio de
colombianos en Estados Unidos y el crecimiento del comercio bilateral de
bienes y servicios, se identificó que los Estados más representativos para
el comercio de servicios profesionales son New York, New Jersey,
California, Texas, Florida y el Distrito de Columbia.
Precisamente, fue esa identificación de Estados lo que impulsó a
establecer compromisos más específicos en materia de facilitación para la
prestación de servicios profesionales.
Selection Criteria
Selection Criteria
Population
GSP
State income tax
Income tax
Housing construction permits
Unemployment rate
The following parameters were considered to be the most
representative:
Selection of attractive states for the electrical sector
of Colombia based on general criteria
Abv Name Inhabitants Ranking Billions Ranking Tax Ranking Tax Rank Permits Ranking Rate Ranking
U.S. (Avg or Total) 290.809.777 25% 10.137,2 30% 27,80% 20% 4,8% 5% 1.889.214 10% 4,20% 10%
1 TX Texas 8,55 22.118.509 2 763,9 3 26,80% 25 4,0% 3 177.194 3 4,60% 17
2 CA California 9,70 35.484.453 1 1.359,3 1 28,40% 41 0,0% 1 191.948 2 5,20% 7
3 FL Florida 11,80 17.019.068 4 491,5 4 27,00% 26 5,6% 26 213.567 1 3,90% 30
4 PA Pennsylvania 12,35 12.365.455 6 408,4 6 26,50% 22 5,1% 23 47.356 12 4,40% 23
5 NY New York 13,75 19.190.115 3 826,5 2 32,30% 51 2,9% 2 49.708 11 5,20% 10
6 NC North Carolina 14,70 8.407.248 11 275,6 12 26,40% 19 0,0% 1 79.226 5 3,20% 40
7 TN Tennessee 15,30 5.841.748 16 182,5 18 25,10% 4 4,0% 4 37.530 20 4,00% 29
8 OH Ohio 15,55 11.435.798 7 373,7 7 27,50% 34 6,0% 28 53.041 10 4,30% 25
9 IL Illinois 15,80 12.653.544 5 475,5 5 27,90% 38 7,3% 47 62.211 7 4,30% 24
10 GA Georgia 15,90 8.684.715 9 299,9 10 27,30% 30 6,0% 29 96.704 4 4,00% 28
11 MI Michigan 16,25 10.079.985 8 320,5 9 27,40% 31 5,8% 27 53.913 9 3,80% 31
12 AL Alabama 18,40 4.500.752 23 121,5 25 25,00% 2 5,0% 15 22.256 26 4,80% 14
13 NJ New Jersey 18,45 8.638.396 10 365,4 8 29,90% 48 4,0% 5 32.984 21 4,60% 16
14 LA Louisiana 19,60 4.496.334 24 148,7 24 25,40% 7 5,3% 24 22.220 27 5,10% 11
15 MO Missouri 19,75 5.704.484 17 181,5 19 25,90% 12 6,0% 30 29.309 23 3,40% 36
16 SC South Carolina 19,95 4.147.152 25 115,2 28 25,10% 3 5,0% 16 38.191 19 4,50% 20
17 IN Indiana 20,35 6.195.643 14 189,9 16 26,70% 23 6,0% 31 39.421 18 3,00% 41
18 AR Arizona 20,80 5.580.811 18 160,7 23 27,20% 29 5,0% 18 74.996 6 4,40% 21
19 VA Virginia 20,95 7.386.330 12 273,1 13 27,40% 32 6,3% 39 55.936 8 2,80% 49
20 WA Washington 21,25 6.131.445 15 223,0 14 28,80% 44 6,0% 32 42.825 14 4,70% 15
Housing
Construction PermitsSales Tax
Unemployment
Rate
Sources and dates:
Population: US Census Bureau, 2003
Gross State Product: US Department of Commerce, 2001
Total State Tax Burden: The Tax Foundation, 2004
New Housing Construction Permits: US Census Bureau, 2003
Unemployment Rate: US Census Bureau, 2000
ITEM
Weighted
Rank
STATE
Total Income Tax
BurdenPopulation
Gross State Product
(GSP)
Attractive states according to first selection
Selection Criteria
Number of utilities
Number of Customers
KWh Cost
Generation Capacity
Load Demand
Consumption Per Capita
Total Income Tax
Gross State Product
The following parameters were considered to be the most
representative for the second selection:
Final selection of attractive states considering
aspects associated to the electricity market
Abv Name Qty Rank Qty Rank U.S. cents Rank MW Rank (MWh) Rank
MWh /
Person Rank Tax Rank Billions Rank
U.S. (Avg or Total) 3211 10% 131,840,027 10% 7.09 15% 953,178 10% 3,462,520,834 20% 11.91 10% 27.80% 10% 10,137.2 15%
1 TX Texas 4.15 184 1 10,266,976 2 6.62 10 100,136 1 320,845,849 1 14.51 7 26.80% 9 763.9 3
2 FL Florida 6.25 53 14 8,533,279 3 7.31 5 49,336 3 210,473,530 3 12.37 13 27.00% 10 491.5 4
3 CA California 6.30 45 16 13,546,442 1 12.52 1 59,589 2 235,248,942 2 6.63 20 28.40% 17 1,359.3 1
4 PA Pennsylvania 7.20 59 13 5,229,651 6 7.97 4 42,725 5 140,786,670 6 11.39 14 26.50% 7 408.4 6
5 NY New York 7.60 62 11 7,486,228 4 10.89 2 37,375 6 143,563,666 5 7.48 19 32.30% 20 826.5 2
6 OH Ohio 7.80 119 3 4,606,566 8 6.55 11 34,088 8 155,999,230 4 13.64 9 27.50% 15 373.7 7
7 IL Illinois 8.10 77 8 5,393,586 5 7.01 7 45,675 4 137,665,583 7 10.88 16 27.90% 16 475.5 5
8 NC North Carolina 8.60 108 5 4,315,789 9 6.74 9 27,188 12 122,686,468 9 14.59 6 26.40% 6 275.6 11
9 GA Georgia 9.20 98 6 4,071,484 10 6.24 12 36,512 7 123,789,078 8 14.25 8 27.30% 12 299.9 10
10 MI Michigan 10.45 61 12 4,682,066 7 6.99 8 30,374 9 107,310,696 10 10.65 17 27.40% 14 320.5 9
11 IN Indiana 11.70 119 4 2,934,676 13 5.34 20 25,747 14 101,428,550 11 16.37 5 26.70% 8 189.9 14
12 TN Tennessee 12.05 91 7 2,896,050 14 5.72 18 20,827 17 98,233,027 13 16.82 4 25.10% 3 182.5 15
13 AL Alabama 12.50 63 9 2,317,229 18 5.71 19 29,946 10 83,067,078 14 18.46 2 25.00% 1 121.5 19
14 VA Virginia 13.15 35 19 3,238,175 12 6.22 13 21,239 16 100,540,736 12 13.61 10 27.40% 13 273.1 12
15 MO Missouri 13.30 136 2 2,883,323 15 6.09 14 19,916 19 75,000,629 18 13.15 11 25.90% 5 181.5 16
16 LA Louisiana 13.75 40 18 2,110,768 20 5.99 15 26,048 13 79,260,989 15 17.63 3 25.40% 4 148.7 18
17 SC South Carolina 14.10 47 15 2,144,820 19 5.83 16 20,641 18 77,819,392 16 18.76 1 25.10% 2 115.2 20
18 NJ New Jersey 14.25 14 20 3,698,416 11 9.32 3 18,710 20 74,460,421 19 8.62 18 29.90% 19 365.4 8
19 WA Washington 14.60 63 10 2,837,916 16 5.73 17 27,666 11 76,491,883 17 12.48 12 28.80% 18 223.0 13
20 AR Arizona 14.95 45 17 2,351,763 17 7.21 6 23,559 15 62,600,737 20 11.22 15 27.20% 11 160.7 17
ITEM
STATE
Total Income
Tax
Gross State
Product (GSP)Utilities Customers Cost of KWh
Weighted
Rank
Load
Net Generation
Summer
Consumption
Per Capita
Selected states according to the second selection
criteria
Working Schemes
Modes of supplying services defined by GATS
Criteria Supplier Presence
Mode 1: Cross-border supply
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, from the territory of another Member
Service supplier not present within the territory of the member Mode 2:
Consumption abroad
Service delivered outside the territory of the Member, in the territory of another Member, to a service consumer of the Member
Mode 3: Commercial presence
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, through the commercial presence of the supplier
Service supplier present within the territory of the Member
Mode 4: Presence of a natural person
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, with supplier present as a natural person
Note: From the document MTN.GNS/W/124, available on the World Trade Organization Website, posted courtesy of ISTIA
87. ¿Cómo explicarles a los profesionales colombianos, las formas como
podrán prestar sus servicios?
Los prestadores de servicios colombianos podrán hacerlo de cuatro modos. El
primero se refiere al “suministro transfronterizo”, o el caso donde lo que se traslada
es el servicio. En este caso, ni el consumidor ni el prestador se desplazan al otro
territorio; un ejemplo es el envío de una consultoría, la atención de llamadas de call
centers, y la telemedicina.
También se puede exportar a través del modo 2, denominado “consumo en el
extranjero”, que se presenta cuando el consumidor se desplaza al otro país a
recibir el servicio; el mejor ejemplo en este caso es el turismo. Así mismo, el modo
3 que se refiere a la “presencia comercial”, o cuando se desplaza es el capital
como puede ser una filial de una empresa. Este se relaciona con la inversión
extranjera directa y se encuentra cubierto en el Capítulo de Inversión.
Finalmente, también se podrá comercializar servicios por el modo 4, “presencia de
personas físicas”, a través del cual el prestador del servicio es quien se desplaza
temporalmente al otro país, tal como sucede cuando se da una capacitación o se
presta un servicio de reparación en el otro territorio.
Modes of supplying services defined by GATS
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Some Projects
Utility‐Scale Solar Projects in the US
SunShot Initiative
SunShot Initiative
Utility‐Scale Solar Projects in the US Updated October 24, 2011
Utility‐Scale Solar Projects in the US
Updated October 24, 2011
Utility‐Scale Solar Projects in the US
Updated October 24, 2011
Some Projects
The Obama administration projects
Construction Of Seven Transmission Lines in US
Idaho Power's 500-kilovolt, 300-mile single-circuit Boardman-Hemingway Line
powering Oregon and Idaho
345-kv Gateway West Project bringing new transmission across Wyoming and Idaho
345-kv Hampton-Rochester-La Crosse Line powering Minnesota and Wisconsin
Portland General Electric's 500-kv Cascade Crossing Line to provide Oregon with
additional transmission
SunZia Transmission LLC's 500-kv transmission lines to bring power to New Mexico
and Arizona
PPL Electric Utilities and Public Service Electric and Gas Company's 145-mile long,
500-kv Susquehanna-Roseland power line project to bring transmission to
Pennsylvania and New Jersey
TransWest Express LLC's 700-mile, 600-kv transmission line from Wyoming to Utah
and Nevada, expected to create 1,035-1,550 direct jobs, and facilitate the
development of new wind projects in Wyoming.
Construction Of Seven Transmission Lines in US
Sun Zia Project
Construction Of Seven Transmission Lines in US
Sun Zia Project
Construction Of Seven Transmission Lines in US
Some Projects
Listing of Dept. of Administration, Division
of State Facilities (DSF) construction
projects. State of Wisconsin
Bid for Department of Administration. State of
Wisconsin
List of Projects Out for Bid
Wednesday, May 23 2012
Bid for Department of Administration. State of
Wisconsin
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Immigration Law
The U.S. immigration laws prohibit employers from employing persons who are not authorized to work in the U.S.
There are economic penalties for employing unauthorized aliens and criminal penalties can be imposed for a pattern or practice of violations.
Legal immigration status is divided into two major categories:
Non-immigrant visas, which connotes temporary status.
Immigrant visas, which means permanent status.
.
Immigration Law
Each of these two categories has a number of options for the employment of foreign nationals in the United States.
Visa Options for the FTA
Non Immigrant Visa
The H1-B Visa
The L Visa
The E Visa
The B1 Visa
Immigrant Visa
Skilled or Professional Employee
Multinational Manager or Executive
Immigrant Investor
US Regulation of Foreign Investment
“Buy America Act” states that:
Only articles, materials and supplies produced in the U.S. may be acquired by the
federal government for public use.
Foreign ownership is restricted in sectors considered particularly sensitive:
Aviation, Banking, Communications & Broadcasting, Insurance, Real Estate
Maritime, Mineral leases & resources
Power generation & utility services
.
US Regulation of Foreign Investment
Regarding the Power Generation & Utility Services the law states that:
Foreign ownership or control of nuclear power facilities is prohibited.
Only U.S. persons may obtain to own or operate hydroelectric power facilities.
The U.S. person may be a U.S.-registered corporation, and there is no limit on foreign ownership or control.
Law has changed towards greater competition in the generation of electricity and related services.
Interstate transmission of natural gas and electricity is still subject to federal regulation.
Some Employment Laws on the Federal Level
Fair Labor
Standards Act
• Minimum wage
requirements
• Overtime requirements
Americans with
Disabilities
Prohibits
discrimination against
individuals with a
serious disability.
Title VII
Prohibits
discrimination (race,
color, religion, sex,
national origin,
pregnancy)
Equal Pay Act (EPA)
Prohibits
discrimination due to
sex in payment of
wages.
Age
Discrimination
Prohibits
discrimination
against people age
40 and over
Occupational Safety
Requires employers to provide their employees with:
“A workplace that is free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to
cause death or serious physical harm”.
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
Mission: Prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths
Every establishment covered by the Act is subject to inspection, programmed
and unprogrammed.
There are penalties according to the type of violation
Insurance
U.S. architects and engineers can obtain malpractice insurance – that pays for their legal
defense and any damages resulting from their professional errors and omissions.
Such insurance is not available to U.S. contractors. However, commercial general liability
(CGL) insurance is available to contractors.
CGL pays for their legal defense and any damages resulting from property damage and
personal injuries to third parties.
Lawyers sometimes can help contractor clients obtain CGL insurance coverage for
damages caused by construction defects.
Professional Licensing
There is no federal construction licensing in the United States.
Architects and engineers are licensed (or registered) in all 50 states.
In many states, their business entities also must be licensed or registered.
Licensing is regulated at the state and the laws can vary greatly from one state to
the next.
There is less consistency in contractor licensing. Contractors are licensed in
about three-quarters of states.
Professional Licensing
85. ¿Se facilitará la homologación de títulos académicos a los
colombianos en Estados Unidos?
El reconocimiento mutuo de títulos universitarios es un tema que
complementa el ámbito comercial y se consolida por medio de otros
acuerdos. Sin embargo, en el Tratado se logró establecer que los dos
países busquen, con sus respectivas autoridades, elaborar normas para el
otorgamiento de licencias y certificados a proveedores de servicios
profesionales.
A través de una Carta Adjunta al Capítulo de Servicios, Estados Unidos se
comprometió a revisar las medidas de nivel estatal que requieran
residencia permanente o ciudadanía para los servicios profesionales de
ingeniería, contabilidad, arquitectura, servicios jurídicos, enfermería,
odontología, medicina general y servicios prestados por personal
paramédico.
Professional Licensing
86. ¿Es decir que habrá nuevos negocios para Colombia con EE.UU. por
cuenta de los servicios profesionales?
La creación de un grupo de trabajo para servicios profesionales dentro del
TLC ofrece un marco permanente para que los cuerpos profesionales de
los dos países, realicen trabajos en materia de reconocimiento mutuo y
desarrollo de estándares para licenciamiento.
Aunque el TLC ha identificado los sectores de ingeniería y arquitectura
como prioridades, otros como servicios de salud y de consultoría podrán
utilizar este marco en el futuro para impulsar acuerdos en dichas materias.
General requirements for a PE licensure
Virtually every
state law
outlines a four-
step process to
be licensed as
a PE
Four-year engineering
degree in a program
approved by the state
engineering licensure
board
Four years of qualifying
engineering experience
Successfully completion of the
eight-hour Fundamentals of
Engineering (FE) Examination
Successfully
completion of the
eight- hour Principles
and Practice of
Engineering (PE)
Examination
Requirements for a foreign engineering degree
Mathematics
& Basic
Sciences:
32 credit
hours
Engineering
Science &
Design:
48 credit
hours
Humanities &
Social
Sciences:
16 credit
hours
TOEFL score
over 550 or a
passing
score on the
GRE
examination
Computer
Skills Should
satisfy
computer
based skill
with
Engineering
applications
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
THE CORPORATE FORM MENU
CORPORATE
STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP RULES TAX TREATMENT LIABILITY PROS AND CONS
Sole
Proprietorship
One owner Pass-through federal tax
entity
Unlimited
personal
liability for
business
debts.
Is easy to set up but
leaves your personal
finances at risk. Plus,
you miss out on all
kinds of business
deductions.
S Corporation Up to 75
shareholders, only
one basic class of
stock; slight flexibility
on voting rights.
Pass-through federal tax
entity
Limited Is easy to set up but
may limit your financing
options later on.
C Corporation Unlimited number of
shareholders; no
limits on stock classes
or voting
arrangements.
Dividend income gets
taxed at the corporate
and shareholder levels;
losses and deductions
stay at the corporate
level.
Limited Can be costly from a
tax perspective but
investor friendly.
Types of Business Organizations
THE CORPORATE FORM MENU
CORPORATE
STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP RULES TAX TREATMENT LIABILITY PROS AND CONS
Limited Liability
Company
Unlimited number of
“members”; flexible
membership
arrangements, with
voting rights and
income divided as
desired.
Pass-through federal tax
entity
Limited Has lots of advantages
but makes investors
leery, which could make
financing deal dicey.
Cost of switching forms
from S or C-corporation
status is generally
prohibitive.
Partnership Two or more owners Pass-through federal tax
entity; flexibility about
profit and loss
allocations among
partners.
Personal
assets of
any
operating
partner at
risk from
business
creditors
Allows lots of room to
play with tax benefits,
but in a general
partnership, that
personal liability can be
scary.
Types of Business Organizations
Most states and many cities and/or
counties impose licenses and permits on a
wide variety of businesses.
Typically:
State license
County and city occupational license
City certificate of use
Recommended for engineering
companies:
Professional Engineer
Company Licensing
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Operational schemes
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Type of Customers
Customers could be classified in 4 types within the US electrical sector:
Federal Government.
Utilities.
Contracting Companies and Original Equipment Manufacturers
(OEM’s).
End Users.
Advantages of Being a Subcontractor
Company
Government
Prime Contractor
Prime Contractor
-Delay
-Contractual obligation
-Exceed payment periods
-Cash flow problems
-Complicate procedures
-Services to government
-Simply agreements
-Payment protection
-Easy procedures
Country's single largest buyer
Federal Procurement
The federal government purchases billions of dollars in goods and services each year from paperclips to complex space vehicles.
To ensure that small businesses get their fair share, statutory goals have been established for Federal executive agencies. They are:
23 percent of prime contracts for small businesses
5 percent of prime and subcontracts for small disadvantaged businesses
5 percent of prime and subcontracts for women-owned small businesses
3 percent of prime contracts for Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small businesses
3 percent of prime and subcontracts for service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses.
Registering a Company:
Central Contractor Registration
The Central Contractor Registration (CCR) is the primary vendor database for the
U.S. Federal Government.
Collect
Validates
Store and disseminates
Registration in CCR in order to be awarded contracts by the government.
Registration to provide information relevant to procurement and financial transactions.
Information Needed to Register
Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) Number
CAGE Code
Legal Business Name and Doing Business As (DBA)
US Federal TIN
Physical Street Address 1
Date Business Started
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Codes
Bank accounts information
This is some of the information needed.
The complete list is in the CCR webpage
http://www.ccr.gov
Finding Possibilities through Internet
There are good number of search engines that provide at definite fee or even free
information about projects, RFP, RFQ in government and private companies. Some
of these web sites are:
Fedbizopps.gov
DemandStar.com
Comm-pass.com
Findrp.com
Onvia.com
Also, some government and private entities post in their website the opportunities
they have. Examples of this are: US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and
Bechtel Corporation
Where to find Federal Contracts ?
Where to find Federal Contracts ?
Where to find Federal Contracts ?
www.usace.army.mil
Doing business with the US Army Corps
Doing business with the US Army Corps
Doing business with the US Army Corps
Doing business with the US Army Corps
Doing business with the US Army Corps
Registration is to
receive notifications of
any changes to the
specified solicitation by
Contents
Information about the U.S. Electric Power Industry
Selection of Attractive States
Projects and specific available possibilities
Operational schemes
Barriers and Requirements to Establish and Operate in US
Establishing a company in the U.S.
Marketing strategies
Conclusions
Conclusions
The electrical system of the USA presents a giant and well developed infrastructure but presents severe weaknesses and needs important projects. Therefore it offers huge market possibilities for transnational and established companies.
Doing business in the USA is both easy and difficult. It is easy in the sense that there are thousands of opportunities well paid generally. It is difficult though in the sense that penetrating the American market is complicated, high investment is normally required and getting acquainted with the bid process is lengthy.
It is very important to stress that the US offers possibilities in each of the 50 states. From a selection based on economical figures and parameters of the electricity market a total of 10 states were taken: Texas, Florida, California, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Illinois, North Carolina, Georgia and Michigan.
References
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLOMBIAN
COMPANIES IN THE U.S. MARKET
Questions?
Tel: +1-954-3848925