populations of jerusalem

Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

Populations of JerusalemProcesses of Change, 1967-2006

The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

Dr. Maya Choshen

JIIS


A Unique City

• Jerusalem has many layers,

and different facets of it are interconnected to create a unique city, one of a kind and complicated.

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Tangible and Intangible

• One minute it is a city whose problems are mundane and material,

• the next it is holy and ethereal –

• everything depending on the beholder and his perspective.

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Jerusalem is Israel's largest city in:

• Population– both Jews and Arabs

• Jurisdiction– Twice the size of the 2nd largest city (Tel-Aviv)

• Not the country's major urban area:

Israel's "core" is Metropolitan Tel Aviv

Jerusalem

Beer Sheva

Tel-Aviv - Yafo

Haifa

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Jerusalem Mosaic

The neighborhood structure of Jerusalem and the social and cultural richness of its residents are part of its beauty and character

but are also the source of its complexity and conflicts.

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Jerusalem Mosaic

• National Groups– Israelis– Palestinians

• Religious Groups– Jews

• Secular, Religious, Ultra-Orthodox– Christians– Muslims

• Ways of life– Urban dwellers– Villagers

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Main Population Groups

• There are 3 highly distinct sub-groups in JerusalemJIIS


Distribution of Population in Jerusalem

• Jews: 66%

– Thereof:Ultra Orthodox: 30%(20% of the total population)

• Arabs: 34%

– 95% Muslims

Jewish - "General"

Other Arab

Muslim

Jewish Ultra-

Orthodox

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Socio-Economic Status

• The Arab and the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods are the poorest

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Following the Six-Day War of 1967

• The re-unification of Jerusalem in 1967 brought about change whose influence is significant to this day:

• The status of the city

• The structure of its population

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Demographic Policy

• Demographic goals are sometimes the driving force behind policy for the city

• Since 1967 the big demographic issue in Jerusalem is the question of the proportions of Jews to Arabs

• The aim of government policy is to preserve a Jewish majority in the city

Population in Jerusalem by Population Group, 1967-2006

74% 73% 71% 72% 68% 66%

26% 27% 29% 28% 32% 34%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1967 1972 1983 1990 2000 2006

Perc

ent o

f Jer

usal

em

Res

iden

ts

0

200

400

600

800

1967 1972 1983 1990 2000 2006

ArabsJews

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Demographic competition between the “General”and the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Population

• The continuing growth of the Ultra-Orthodox concerns the rest of the population:

– The poor, Ultra-Orthodox population does not take full part in shouldering the tax burdens

– Large municipal budgets are allocated to this population

– The “general” population is also worried by the intolerance of the Ultra-Orthodox towards behavior it considers improper. Sources of conflict include:

• Observation of the Shabbat and Jewish holidays

• Non-religious cultural institutions (from theaters to restaurants)

• Allocation of land for sectoral public services

• Inward migration to “general” neighborhoods

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Demographic Trends

• Over the forty years that have passed since 1967 the Arab population has grown at a faster rate than that of the Jewish population.


74% 73% 71% 72% 68% 66%

26% 27% 29% 28% 32% 34%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1967 1972 1983 1990 2000 2006

Perc

ent o

f Jer

usal

em

Res

iden

ts


198 230 306 378 449 48169 84122

146209

252

266314

429525

658733

0

200

400

600

800

1967 1972 1983 1990 2000 2006

Thou

sand

s

ArabsJews

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The demographic balance in JerusalemThe Jewish majority is diminishing

19672007

Jews74%66%

Arabs26%34%

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Population Growth 1967–2006

IsraelJerusalem

Jewish140%143%

Arab260%268%

Total156%175%Je

wis

h

Jew

ish

Ara

b

Ara

b

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

Jerusalem Israel

Popu

latio

n G

row

th

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Together with the growth in population, the city’s built-up area has also grown and expanded

2006

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How did the city's population growand reach its current state?

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Sources of Population Growth

• There are three sources of growth that affect changes in population size: – Natural growth (the difference between births and deaths);

– International migration (aliyah);

– Internal migration (between localities within the country).

-10-505

101520

19731975197719791981198319851987198919911993199519971999200120032005

Thou

sand

Res

iden

ts

Natural Increase Immigration Internal Migration

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Birth rates in Jerusalem

0

10

20

30

40

50

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006R

ate

per t

hous

and

Jews Arabs

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Fertility Rate, 2006(Number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime)

Entire Population

All JewsAll ArabsMuslim Arabs

Jerusalem3.93.94.04.1

Israel2.92.73.74.0

Tel Aviv-Yafo2.01.9....

Haifa1.91.9....

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Fertility Rate, Comparisons

• Israel 2.9

• Jerusalem 3.9

• USA 2.1

• Greece 1.4

• Japan 1.2

• Gaza Strip 5.5

• West Bank 4.1

• Jordan 2.5

• Mexico 2.4

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Mortality Rates in JerusalemDecrease due to improvements in

health conditions, health services, and preventative medicine

Death Rate in Jerusalem, 1967-2006

0

2

4

6

8

10

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

Rat

e pe

r tho

usan

d

Jews Arabs

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Age Structure in Jerusalem

20% 10% 0% 10% 20%

0-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-7475-7980-84

85+

Age

Gro

up

Share of Population

JewishArab

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Immigrants to Jerusalem (Jews)

0

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006Im

mig

rant

s (O

lim)

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Immigration from the former USSR in the 1990’s

The main factors that discouraged immigrants from settling in Jerusalem:

• High cost of housing

• The high rate of employment in the public sector (which usually demanded full command of Hebrew)

Initial Settlement of Immigrants in Jerusalem, 2006-1967

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006Pe

rcen

t of I

mm

igra

nts

to Is

rael

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-10,000

-5,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Mig

rant

s

incomingoutgoingbalance

Internal Migration to and from Jerusalem (Jewish)

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Migration Movements –Internal migration

• The first decade after reunification: positive migration balance• In the second decade: a low negative migration balance• Since 1988: a higher negative migration balance: Jerusalem has been

losing about 5,000 to 8,000 residents a year

Jerusalem

1990-2006266,100

1990-2006162,200

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Migration Balance by Districts

-60,000

-40,000

-20,000

0

20,000

Jer & W. Bank TA & Central North, South &Haifa

Mig

rant

s

1967-1976 1977-1986 1987-1996 1997-2006

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The Migration of the Arab Population

Ramallah, A-RamRamallah, A-Ram

BethlehemBethlehem

Security FenceSecurity Fence

East

Jer

usal

emEa

st J

erus

alem

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Population Projection

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

thousands

projection

JEWS

ARABS

196720002020

Jews198,000 (74%)

449,000 (69%)

589,000 (62%)

Arabs69,000(26%)

209,000 (31%)

358,000 (38%)

Total267,000(100%)

658,000(100%)

947,000(100%)

Source: Sergio Della Pergola

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Population projection - trends

200020202035

Jews69%60%50%

Arabs31%40%50%

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Demographic processes reflect the interplay between the characteristics of the population at a given time and economic, social, and political processes in the country in general and a specific city or region in particular.

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Dr. Maya Choshen

Populations of JerusalemProcesses of Change, 1967-2006

The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

Thank youThank you

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populations of jerusalem

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