population or not? the trees in a forest. list several biotic and abiotic factors
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Population or not? The trees in a forest
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List several biotic and abiotic factors.
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Population Density =
Population/Area of Land*Low Density *High Density
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Birth rate higher than death rate Grows slowly when population is small As population gets larger, growth speeds up
Exponential growth
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Logistic growth
*Growth is LIMITED by LIMITING FACTORS *When population is small, growth is fast b/c plenty of resources. *As population approaches carrying capacity, growth slows or stabilizes
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Carrying Capacity
The largest population an environment can support at any given time
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Limiting Factors can be density-dependent or density- independent
• Is a Tornado caused by a large population?• No, it is density-independent
• Is shortage of food caused by a large population?• Yes, it is density-dependent
• Is a drought caused by a large population?• No. Density-independent
• Habitat encroachment by humans? • Density-independent
• Does a large population affect available drinking water?• Yes. Density-dependent
• Parasitism?• Density-dependent
• Competition• Density-dependent
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Apply each of these terms to the picture below. Organism, community, population,
ecosystem, biome
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What is an estuary?
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Estuaries are highly productive ecosystems.• Estuaries provide a protected refuge for many
species.– birds migration– spawning grounds
• Estuaries are primarily threatened by land development.
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A biome is a major community of organisms.
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– long winters and short summers
– trees are conifers (cone shaped, with needles)
Source: Environment Canada
Banff, Canada
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• Hot summers and cold winters
– These trees lose their leaves in the autumn to conserve water.
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• Arid climate – what does arid mean? Tucson, Arizona
Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
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– dry and warm during the summer; most precipitation falls as snow.
– warm through the year, with definite dry and rainy seasons.
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– winter lasts 10 months– limited precipitation– permafrost
Barrow, Alaska
Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
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– warm temperature– abundant
precipitation all year
Source: World Meteorological Organization
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– neritic zone—from intertidal zone to continental shelf
– bathyal zone—from neritic zone to base of continental shelf
– abyssal zone –lies below 2000 m
Marine ecosystems – intertidal zone—between low and high tide
intertidal zoneneritic zone
bathyal
zone
abyssalzone
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• The neritic zone has more biomass than any other zone.
• Plankton make up most of the biomass.– phytoplankton– zooplankton
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What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
• A habitat is the area in which an organism lives. (where)
• A niche includes the role that the organism plays in the environment. (how)
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Types of SymbiosisInteraction Species A Species B
Mutualism Benefit (+) Benefit (+)
Commensalism Benefit (+) No Effect (0)
Parasitism Benefit (+) Harm (-)
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Trophic Levels (feeding levels)
3
2
1
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What percent of the energy of the plants is available to the
grasshoppers?
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Ecological Succession
Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem.
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2 types of succession: Primary and Secondary
• primary succession — started by pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses
• occurs in previously uninhabited area
• example: when bare rock is exposed by receding glacier
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• secondary succession is started by remaining species
• occurs after fires or natural disasters
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How do human activities impact our ecosystems?
• Pollute our air, water, & soil• Decrease biodiversity by
– Global climate change– Habitat fragmentation– Introducing non-native species
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Humans and the Environment
As the human population grows, the demand for Earth’s resources increases.
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Earth’s human carrying capacity is unknown.
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Nonrenewable resources are used faster than they form.– coal– oil
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Renewable resources cannot be used up or can replenish themselves over time.
– wind– water– sunlight
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ACID RAIN
• Most common air pollutants are released by burning fossil fuels (electricity & transportation)
• Smog – Type of air pollution formed from sunlight fueling chemical reactions in the atmosphere with emissions from fossil fuel burning.
• Particulates (dust, soot, etc) & Ground-level ozone are the major components of smog
• Pollutants from fossil fuels combine with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acids.
NO2 will form HNO3 (nitric acid)
SO2 will form H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
• 80% of our acid rain problem is generated by SO2 released during coal burning.
SMOG
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Acid Deposition in the USWhat trends do you see in this map?
Can you explain why??
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The greenhouse effect – Gasses in the atmosphere that naturally absorb longer wavelength of infrared reradiated by the Earth’s surface. The molecules vibrate due to the absorbed energy & transform it to longer wavelength of energy that radiates more heat (infrared) towards earth surface, causing warming.
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Where do greenhouse gases come from??
• Decomposers– Bacteria release
methane in anaerobic respiration (cows!)
– Bacteria release nitrous oxide (N2O)during denitrification
• Consumers
– Release CO2 as they respire
• Combustion of fossil fuels – Electricity– Transportation
• Feedlots (cows)
HINT: Think back to your nutrient cycles!
Natural Sources of GHGs
Un-Natural Sources of GHGs
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• Most common form of water pollution is from run-off of urban, industrial, and agricultural areas– Pesticides – ex. DDT (insecticide)– Industrial – ex. PCBs – Urban – ex. fertilizers, oils, paints
• Biomagnification – synthetic organic compounds are stored in fat of organisms and magnify in concentration as it moves up the food chain
• Indicator Species – organisms sensitive to toxin in the water & serve as warning signs of pollution (ex. frogs (most amphibians), trout)
Hmm….Do you know why most amphibians are indicator species??
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Adaptations
• Tropisms in plants
• Hormones such as auxin
• Tadpoles eat algae, frogs eat insects
• Some desert plants, called succulents, store water in their stems or leaves
• Roots of prairie grasses extend deep into soil
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Types of Adaptation• Anything that helps an organism survive in its
environment is an adaptation.
• It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments.
– Structural adaptation – Protective coloration– Mimicry – Behavior adaptations– Migration– Hibernation
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Structural adaptations
• A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body.
– Teeth – Body coverings – Movement
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Protective Coloration
• Coloration and protective resemblance allow an animal to blend into its environment.
• Another word for this might be camouflage. Their camouflage makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals.
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Mimicry• Mimicry allows one
animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.
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Behavior adaptations
• Behaviour adaptations include activities that help an animal survive.
• Behavior adaptations can be learned or instinctive.
– Social behavior – Behavior for protection