Population GeographyPopulation Geography

A Look at MigrationA Look at Migration

Vocabulary

MigrationMigration - A permanent move to a new location

ImmigrationImmigration - Migration from a location

EmigrationEmigration - Migration to a location

Reasons for Migration Three general reasons: economic,

cultural, & environmental All reasons relate to push and pull

factors People view current residence so

negatively that they moved People view another place so attractively

that they move to it EXAMPLES???????

Net migration rates: Countries in blue have a positive migration rate and countries in brown have a negative.

Reasons for Migration Cultural push & pull factors

Forced migration: slavery & political instability Slavery

Largest: Africa to Western Hemisphere during 1700s-early 1800s

Political instability Due to cultural diversity (ethnic boundaries v. political

boundaries) & at times, war Persecution (race, religion, nationality), social group

membership, or political opinions create refugees Largest international refugee groups: Palestinians &

Afghans Largest internal refugee groups: in Sudan & Colombia

Lure of political freedom Fall of communism

Reasons for Migration: Slavery

Reasons for Migration: The Mariel Boatlift

Reasons for Migration: Haitians

Changing Status:Haitian Boat People

1980 = Economic Migrants = Sent Homemid-1980s = Refugees = Asylum in U.S.Today = Economic Migrants = Sent Home

Reasons for Migration: Farmland

Reasons for Migration: Natural Hazards

Reasons for Migration: Natural Hazards

Reasons for Migration: Natural Hazards

Reasons for Migration: Natural Hazards

Intervening Obstacles Historically more

common before modern transportation innovations

Physical barriers Examples?

Other obstacles?

Distance of Migration Internal migration

Most migrants relocate in same country Interregional v. intraregional

Most common interregional = rural to urbanMost common in developed countries = older

cities to newer suburbs

The Westward Expansion

People/mi2

The Great Migration

U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990s)

Intraregional MigrationPopulation Change

in Boston Area,1970 - 1998

Choropleth Map

Distance Migration International Migration

Forced v. voluntary Forced = cultural factors Voluntary = economic factors

Characteristics of Migrants

Gender of Migrants Historically, largely male due to ease of

finding employment Currently in U.S., 55% of immigrants are

women; also true for undocumented immigration

Reflects changing roles in society

Characteristics of Migrants Family Status of Migrants

40% of U.S. immigrations between 25 & 39 With increasing female immigration,

number of children increases Ex.) Mexico

Most males w/ less schooling than U.S.Destinations = border statesMost originate from interior of Mexico (what

does this go against?) Chain migration

Characteristics of Migration: U.S. Population Pyramids

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percent

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

Percent

NativeForeign Born

Global Migration Patterns Source regions for migrants

Asia, Latin America, & Africa Less-developed

Destination regions for migrants Three largest flows: Europe from Asia; North America

from Asia; North America from Latin America More-developed Other substantial flow: Europe to North America Large immigrant countries: Australia, Canada, France,

Germany, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United States & United Kingdom

While U.S. has largest number, it is not the highest percentage of the population

Global Migration PatternsPeriod Policies Pattern

Before 1914 Open policies (“showing up”). Immigration as a source of labor and development.

From developed (Europe) to developing countries (Americas, Africa, Australia). Immigration from Europe between 1880 and 1910 was exceeded 25 million.

1920s and 1930s

“Closed door” linked with the economic depression. Deportation of immigrants.

Limited migration.

After 1945 More open policies. Reconstruction in Europe (12% of labor force) and economic growth in America.

Beginning to shift from developing to developed countries (12%).

After 1973 Relatively open policies, but with more stringent requirements. Growth of refugees and illegal immigration.

From developing to developed countries (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants entering the US per year. Estimates of 20 million illegals in the US alone.

Global Migration Patterns: United Arab Emirates

U.S. Immigration Patterns World’s third most populous country Inhabited overwhelmingly by descendents of

immigrants Appx. 70 million migrated to the U.S. since 1820, &

30 million still alive Three main eras of immigration

Colonization mid-19th century to early 20th century 1970s to present (continues) Each era drew migrants from different regions, but

push/pull factors the same Economic opportunities limited in regions of origins due to

population growth

U.S. Immigration Patterns

U.S. Immigration Patterns Colonial Immigration from Europe & Africa

European immigrants = mostly English (90%) Mostly voluntary migrants, but harsh economic &

persecution blurred the line between voluntary & forced at times

1 million prior to independence 1 million between late 1700s & 1840

African immigrants = forced migration through slavery

Most African Americans descend from former slaves Appx. 400k during colonial times Another 250k in first half of 19th century, despite 1808

law making slave imports illegal

U.S. Immigration Patterns 19th Century Immigration from Europe

40 million Europeans migrated to the U.S. Pull factor: economic opportunities Migrants extolled virtues to friends & families at

home, encouraging others to come Chain migration

Largest European source countries: Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Ireland, & former Soviet Union

1/4 of Americans trace routes to German; 1/8 each to Irish & English

European boundary changes make exact country numbers difficult

Ex.) Poles

U.S. Immigration Patterns: 19th Century First peak of

European immigration 1840s-50s Northern & Western

Europe In particularly German

& Ireland

U.S. Immigration Patterns: 19th Century

Second peak of European immigration Late 1800s Northern & Western

Europe Industrial Revolution

U.S. Immigration Patterns: 19th Century Third peak of

European immigration Turn of 20th

century Southern &

Eastern Europe 14% of population

had at least one foreign-born parent Ellis Island, New York, ca 1900

U.S. Immigration Patterns

“Give me your tired, your poor. Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me…”

-The New Colossus, Emma Lazarus

U.S. Immigration Patterns: 1820-2000

U.S. Immigration Patterns Immigration from

Asia Last 25 years = 7

million Late 1970s-late

1980s = leading source of immigrants

1990s-2000s = China, Philippines, India, & Vietnam

2/3s of Asian immigrants

Also, more than 40% of Canadian immigration

Immigration from Latin America Increasing amounts

over years, but larges source since early 1990s

Sources = Mexico, Dominican Republic, & El Salvador

Largest source of undocumented immigrants

U.S. Immigration Patterns: Top 10 Legal Immigration Sources

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000

Mexico

India

Philippines

China, People's Republic

El Salvador

Dominican Republic

Vietnam

Colombia

Guatemala

Russia

199520002003

Impact of Immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration

Era ended with beginning of WWI Europe’s demographic transition

Rapid population growth fueled emigration (stage 2) due to limited economic opportunities

Other factor: enclosure movements & displaced farmers

U.S. = Europe’s population safety valve Diffusion of European culture

Spread of Indo-European languages, Christianity, as well as fine arts & ideals

Seeds of conflict planted in Africa & Asia

Impact of Immigration on the United States Undocumented immigration to the

United States Appx. 9.3 million (give or take) Mostly looking for employment

Agriculture, construction, industrial Two methods of entry

Half arrive legally as students/tourists & stayRest slip across the border

1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act Current efforts

Impact of Immigration on the United States

Impact of Immigration on the United States Destination of immigrants within the

United States Most common = California, Texas, New

York, & Florida Immigrants cluster near those from own

country Distance decay does not always apply

Ex.) Cubans (Florida) v. Iranians (California)

Migration in Other Countries Russia

Forced v. voluntary migration to Siberia Development policies Emigration

Brazil Movement to the interior Rural-urban migration

Indonesia Pays people to move from Java to lesser

populated islands

Migration in Other Countries Europe

Highest per capita income countries = destination countries

Eastern Europe to Western EuropeEx.) Poles to Ireland

Also, within countriesEx.) Italy & United Kingdom

India Restrict ability to move between regions

Ex.) Assam