Population explosion

By-Sabiha and Pooja and Tran

Introduction

• Population – all the inhabitants of a particular place. • The rapid increase in population over a relatively short

period is called population explosion.• The condition of having more people than can live on the

earth in comfort, happiness and health and still leave the world a fit place for future generations.

Understanding Population explosion

• The population was near 1 billion till 1825.• In next 100 years, it reached 2 billion.• It grew to more than 3 billion in next 35 years only.• Another billion added to it in just 15 years.• And in next 12 years it reached another billion over,

making it 6 billion just before 2000.• And now it is around 7.2 billion.

World population

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 200001234567

0.791 0.91 1.262 1.652.521

6.008

1750-2000

years

In b

illio

ns

Asia population

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 20000

5001000150020002500300035004000

502 630 809 9471402

36111750-2000

years

In m

illio

ns

Scenario of population in India and China

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20130

400

800

1200

1600

667.07818.315

981.2351132.5

1262.6 1337.7 1357.4

449.5955555.19980000000

1

698.96559999999

9

868.89071042.3

1205.6 1252.1

chinaIndia

year

Popu

lati

on in

mil-

lions

Rural India v/s urban India

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20130

200

400

600

800

1000

369.01445.4923537.5185

646.9152

753.89919999999

9832.7249851.5301

80.5855109.7075161.4471221.9755288.3626372.8997400.6095

rural indiaurban india

year

Popu

lati

on in

mil-

lions

Factors affecting population growth

• Natality: It refers to the birth rate.

• Mortality: It refers to the death rate.

• Immigration: It is the number of individuals that have come into the habitat.

• Emigration: It is the number of individuals of the population who left the habitat.

Natality (Birth Rate)

• To determine the rate of population growth Birth rate plays a dominant role. It depends on both the fertility level and age structure of the population. Birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Another name for it is Crude Birth Rate.

Birth rate (1960-2012)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20120

10

20

30

40

50

42.01 38.34 35.0330.69

25.6221.28 20.72 india

years

Per,

100

0 pe

ople

Total fertility rate: The average number of births per woman.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 201202468

5.87 5.49 4.68 3.88 3.15 2.56 2.51

india

india

years

Num

ber

of b

irth

s

Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages

15-19) : Adolescent fertility rate is the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20120

50

100

150

113.4 114.44 113.98 107.6378.86

39.91 32.8

india

india

years

Num

ber

of b

irth

s

Mortality rate/ Death rate

• Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear

• It includes :- MMR (maternal mortality rate)NMR (Neonatal Mortality Rate)IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20120

5

10

15

20

25 22.5

16.3512.32 10.55 8.9 7.97 7.94

India

years

No.

of p

eopl

e

Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of

pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births.

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20130

100200300400500600

560460

370280

220 190INDIA

Years

No.

of w

oman

Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births) Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20130

20

40

6051.1 46.9 42.1 37 32 29.2

india

india

years

Num

ber

of

neon

ates

Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) IMRUnder-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20130

100

200

300 247.4213.2

167.5125.9

91.4 60.2 52.7

india

india

years

No.

of i

nfan

ts

Immigration: It is the number of individuals that have come into the habitat.

Causes for rapid population growth

• Food production distribution• Improved health services• Conquest of disease

Reasons for High Population Growth:

• (i) Spread of Education: Persons of the country are being educated about the diseases.

• (ii) Control of Diseases: Control of various communicable diseases is in practice.

• (iii) Advancement in Agriculture: Farmers are educated to develop high yielding crops.

• (iv) Storage Facilities: A good quantity of grains can be stored easily.

• (v) Better Transport: This protects from famines.• (vi) Protection from Natural Calamity: It decreases death rate.• (vii) Government Efforts: Government is doing efforts to provide

maximum information’s to the farmers.

Life Expectancy : Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20120

20406080

Life expectancy (India)

malefemale

years

After-effects

• Population growth is fastest in world’s less developed and other third world countries. Overpopulation leads to poverty which ultimately make people more vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems.

• Climate changes and environmental impacts.• Increased Crime and abuse.• It is affecting overall quality of life and degree of human

suffering on earth. • Over crowded cities and lack of basic amenities for all.

Population Momentum

• The lack of balance between birth and death rates is particularly pronounced in many developing countries experiencing population momentum. This phenomenon occurs when a large proportion of a country’s population is of childbearing age. Even if the fertility rate of people in developing countries reaches replacement level, that is if couples have only enough children to replace themselves when they die, for several decades the absolute numbers of people being born still will exceed the numbers of people dying.

• Momentum effect- Additional fertility is not due to women having more babies but more younger women having babies.

Family Planning• Family planning is the planning of when to have children

and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans.

• Raghunath Dhondo Karve published a Marathi magazine Samaj Swasthya (1927-1953) . In it, he continually discussed issues of society's well-being through population control.

• He proposed that the Indian Government should take up a population control program, but was met with opposition.

• On his own initiative, Karve started the very first birth control clinic in India in 1921.

Red Triangle (family planning)

• An inverted Red Triangle is the symbol for family planning health and contraception services. It is especially prevalent in many developing nations such as India, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt and Thailand.

• The red triangle was invented by Deep Tyagi, an Indian family planning official and activist in the 1960s.

Family Planning in India

• In 1950s govt. started family planning efforts.More health care facilities were introduced for family planning.

• India is the first country in the world to launch such a programme.

• A separate department of Family Planning was created in 1966 in the Ministry of Health.

• The allocation for these programmes was just 0.1 crore in First Five year plan. It increased to 3256 crores in the seventh plan.

Despite the fact that sterilizing men is a more simple procedure, the government still chose to focus on sterilizing women instead.

In 1976-1977, the program counted 8.3 million sterilizations, up from 2.7 million the previous year.

The bad name forced changes in the name of the program and every government since 1977 has stressed family planning is entirely voluntary.

In 1977, the Janata Government formulated a new population policy ruling out compulsion.The acceptance of the programme was made purely voluntary.

Also the Janata government named the FP dept. as Department of Family Welfare.

Family Welfare Programme

It is a Centrally sponsored programme. For this, the states receive 100 per cent assistance from Central Government.The current policy is to promote family planning on the basis of volun tary and informed acceptance with full community participation. Family Welfare Programme can be successful only when it reaches those who are eligible and also those who are the targets:❖ Eligible couples: An eligible couple is a currently married cou ple, the wife

being in the reproductive age group i.e. 15 to 45 year.❖ Target couples: They are couples who have had 2 to 3 living children. ❖Couple protection rate (CPR): It is defined as the percentage of eligible

couples effectively protected against childbirth by one or other methods of family planning.

The National Family Welfare Programme provides the following contraceptive servicesfor spacing births:a) Condomsb) Oral Contraceptive Pillc) Intra Uterine Devices (IUD)

The Family Welfare Program was introduced in the Punjab State during the year 1956.

The main objective of the programme is to reduce growth rate so as to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the needs and potential of national economy.

Things changed radically in 1965, when war with Pakistan threw the country’s economy into disarray.

Under Sanjay Gandhi’s rule in 1976, his program used propaganda and monetary incentives to convince citizens to get sterilized.

People who agreed to get sterilized would receive land, housing, and money or loans.

Total Fertility has come down from 3.1 in 1992 to 2.6 in 2011 and wanted fertility is 1.9 indicating a desire for small families.

Contraceptive use has increased significantly over the years- 54 per cent in 2007-08 and over 70 per cent in some states like West Bengal.

The ‘unmet need’ for family planning continues to be high at 13 percent. In states like U.P, Bihar and Jharkhand it is over 20 percent.

Female sterilisation is still the most common method. Over 50 lakhs done each year, most among young women under 25 years.

1980

-81

1985

- 86

1990

-91

1995

-96

2000

- 01

2006

07

2001

0-11

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

78.687

93.8 97.2 97.7 97.3 95.6

1613861

42621323870650

429857146252474454031

4789458

Female Sterilisation in India

% SterF Ster

Tota

l No

of C

ases

Sterilisation still continues:According to a government report some 500,000 Indians were sterilized in 2008 alone. Welfare Benefits: A majority of those attending sterilization camps in India are lured by incentives such as payments or improved welfare benefits

Sterilization Pressure: Health workers in Gujarat were threatened with salary cuts or dismissal if they failed to meet targets

Falling Fertility: It shows the extent to which state governments continue to pursue targets.

Virility Fears: Women are the focus of the sterilisation drive because India has a patriarchal, male-dominated culture.

Understanding the dynamics of fertility declineMissing the most important population group

• During 1980s govt. made a network of health centers and subcenters in rural areas as well. By 1991, India had more than 150000 public health facilities through which family planning efforts were offered.

• In 7th five year plan, 4 projects were implemented-All India hospital post partum program at district level hospitalsAnother program was to reorganize the primary health facilities in urban and slum.

Two Child Norm in India

Encourages parents to limit their families to two children.

The two child policy was Modelled on China's one child policy (1979), under which couples were forbidden from having more than one child.

In 1992, The National Development Council in India presided over by the Prime Minister set up a Committee on Population.

The then, Chief minister of Kerala K Karunakara recommended legislation in Parliament prohibiting persons with more than two children from holding any future political post.

Rajasthan was the first state to implement this norm in Panchayats.

.

• Disadvantages of two child norm:

• Disqualification from panchayat council positions: Many disqualified representatives have been unaware of the Two Child Norm prior to their disqualification.

• Denial of certain public services and government welfare programs, including maternal and child health programs

• Public Distribution System in Maharashtra and Rajasthan• Anti-democratic • Interferes with the reproductive rights of individuals • Owing to the discriminatory nature and negative impacts of this policy, four

states, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh revoked this policy from their Panchayati Raj Acts.

• However, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Gujarat are still continuing this policy in Panchayats.

Another one was renovation or remodeling of intrauterine devices rooms in rural family welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities.• Jamkhed project in Maharahashtra• Project for community action in Karnataka.• In India, motivation, educating and awaring people about

the population issue has been famous rather than imposing aggressive rules. Like once Indira Gandhi did in the country to forced vasectomy and sterilization to stabilize growth of population. Earlier it was a slogan – we two, ours one.

• And now a new plan has been taken out- “Honeymoon packages”. This plan was first launched in SATARA, Maharashtra. There more than 2000 couples enrolled for it according to New York Times.

“Development is the best contraceptive,” made by Dr Karan Singh at the World Population Conference in Bucharest in 1974, highlighted a change of thinking and the need for a more balanced approach to population control.

Social development had a role in reducing the fertility rate at this time by creating a more conducive environment.

By the mid-1990s, however, the focus had moved from the narrow area of family planning to reproductive rights and reproductive health.