population biology
TRANSCRIPT
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Population Biology:
IB TOPIC 5.3
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Biotic Potential
• Biotic potential refers to unrestrained biological reproduction. Biological organisms can produce enormous numbers of offspring if their reproduction is unrestrained.
• Constraints include: Scarcity of resources Competition Predation Disease
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Dynamics of Population Growth
• Population - all the members of a single species living in a specific area at the same time
• Exponential Growth - growth at a constant rate of increase per unit time (geometric) ; has no limit
dN/dt = rN The change in the number of individuals (dN) per
change in time (dt) equals the rate of growth (r) times the number of individuals in the population (N). r is often called the intrinsic capacity for increase.
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Exponential Growth
• Number of individuals added to a population at the beginning of exponential growth is relatively small. But numbers increase quickly because a % increase leads to a much larger increase as the population grows.
• J curve when the equation• is graphed
• Exponential growth is a simple, idealized model. In the real world there are limits to growth.
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Carrying Capacity
• Carrying capacity (K) - limit of sustainability that an environment has in relation to the size of a species population
• Overshoot - population exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment and death rates rise as resources become scarce
• Population crash - growth becomes negative and the population decreases suddenly
• Boom and bust - population undergoes repeated cycles of overshooting followed by crashing
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Growth to a Stable Population
• Logistic Growth - growth rates regulated by internal and external factors until coming into equilibrium with environmental resources dN/dt = r N (1 - N/K) Terms have the same definitions as previous
slide, with K added to indicate carrying capacity. Growth rate slows as population approaches
carrying capacity. Sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve when the
equation is graphed
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Sigmoid Growth Curve or S Curve
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Factors Affecting Population Growth
• External factors include habitat quality, food availability and interaction with other organisms.
• Internal factors include physiological stress due to overcrowding, maturity, body size, and hormonal status.
• These factors are density-dependent, meaning as population size increases the effect intensifies.
• Density independent effects (drought, an early frost, flooding, landslides, etc.) also may decrease population size.
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r and K Selected Species
• r selected species rely upon a high reproductive rate to overcome the high mortality of offspring with little or no parental care. Example: A clam releases a million eggs in a lifetime.
• K selected species have few offspring but more parental care. Example: An elephant reproduces every 4 or 5 years.
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Reproductive Strategies
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Factors that Increase Population
• Natality - production of new individuals Fecundity - physical ability to reproduce Fertility - measure of actual number of offspring
produced
• Immigration - organisms introduced into new ecosystems Dispersal of organisms by wind or water currents
over long distances. Sometimes carried by animals or on rafts of drifting vegetation.
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Factors that Decrease Population
• Mortality - death rate Survivorship - percentage of cohort surviving
to a certain age Life expectancy - probable number of years of
survival for an individual of a given age- Increases as humans age. By older age, most
individuals destined to die early have already done so.
- Has risen in nations/areas with good nutrition, sanitation and medical care
- Women live longer than men.
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Life Span
• Life span - longest period of life reached by a given type of organism Bristlecone pine lives 4,600 years. Human maximum lifespan is 120 years. Microbes may live a few hours.
• Differences in relative longevity among species are shown as survivorship curves.
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Survivorship Curves
• Four general patterns: Full physiological life span if organism survives
childhood- Example: Humans in the U.S.
Probability of death unrelated to age- Example: Sea gull
Mortality peaks both early and late in life.- Example: Deer
Mortality peaks early in life. Example: Tree
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Survivorship Curves
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Factors that Decrease Population
• The last factor in our list of factors that decrease population is emigration, the movement of members out of a population. Many organisms have specific mechanisms to
facilitate migration into new areas.
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Factors that Regulate Population Growth
• Intrinsic factors - operate within or between individual organisms in the same species
• Extrinsic factors - imposed from outside the population
• Biotic factors - Caused by living organisms. Tend to be density dependent.
• Abiotic factors - Caused by non-living environmental components. Tend to be density independent, and do not really regulate population although they may be important in increasing or decreasing numbers. Example: Rainfall, storms
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Density Dependent Factors• Reduce population size by decreasing natality or
increasing mortality.• Interspecific Interactions (between species)
- Predator-Prey oscillations
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Predator-Prey oscillations
• Canada lynx vs. snowshoe hare
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Density Dependent Factors Continued
• Intraspecific Interactions - competition for resources by individuals within a population As population density approaches the carrying
capacity, one or more resources becomes limiting.
• Control of access to resources by territoriality; owners of territory defend it and its resources against rivals.
• Stress-related diseases occur in some species when conditions become overcrowded. become overcrowded.
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Density Dependent Factors: A Case Study
• Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregarius) – Usually solitary creatures, like grasshoppers
• Desert storms (~once every 10 years) cause vegetation to flourish – increases locust reproduction
• Stress and high population causes physiological and behavioral changes Stop reproducing Grow longer wings Group together in swarms
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Density Dependent Factors: A Case Study
• Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregarius)
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Density Dependent Factors: A Case Study
• Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregarius) Clouds of locusts travel as much as 100km per
day A single locust can consume its own body weight
in a day Swarm can cover 1,200 km2 and contain 50-100
billion individuals- Strip pastures, denude trees, and destroy
crops- Consume as much food in a day as 500,000
people need in a year
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Density Dependent Factors: A Case Study
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Conservation Biology
• Critical question in conservation biology is the minimum population size of a species required for long term viability.
• Special case of islands Island biogeography - small islands far from a
mainland have fewer terrestrial species than larger, closer islands
MacArthur and Wilson proposed that species diversity is a balance between colonization and extinction rates.
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Conservation Genetics
• In a large population, genetic diversity tends to be preserved. A loss/gain of a few individuals has little effect on the total gene pool.
• However, in small populations small events can have large effects on the gene pool.
• Genetic Drift Change in gene frequency due to a random
event• Founder Effect
Few individuals start a new population.
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Conservation Genetics
• Demographic bottleneck - just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event such as a natural disaster
• Founder effects and demographic bottlenecks reduce genetic diversity. There also may be inbreeding due to small population size. Inbreeding may lead to the expression of recessive genes that have a deleterious effect on the population.
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Genetic Drift
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Population Viability Analysis
• Minimum Viable Population is the minimum population size required for long-term survival of a species. The number of grizzly bears in North America
dropped from 100,000 in 1800 to 1,200 now. The animal’s range is just 1% of what is once was and the population is fragmented into 6 separate groups.
Biologists need to know how small the bear groups can be and still be viable in order to save the grizzly.
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Metapopulations
• Metapopulation - a collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separate units Source habitat - Birth rates are higher than death
rates. Surplus individuals can migrate to new locations.
Sink habitat - Birth rates are less than death rates and the species would disappear if not replenished from a source.
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Metapopulation