Population and Urbanization

By: Kalvin, Lucas, Xavier, and Liz

Population DefinitionsPopulation is the number of people living in any given area in a particular time.Demography is the area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations. Demographers commonly measure birthrate, deathrate, infant mortality rates and migration rate to better calculate life expectancyLife expectancy refers to the average lifespan of a person in a given society.

Measuring BirthrateBirthrate is the mesure most often used to describe births in a populationMeasuring birthrate allows scientists to compare and analyze the birthrates of various societiesBirthrate measures the annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population

Birthrate = (Live births/Total population) x 1,0000

Measuring DeathrateDeathrate measures morality, or the number of deaths within a society.Deathrate is the way demographers describe deaths in a population per 1,000 members of a population

Deathrate = (Deaths/Total population) x 1,000

Infant MortalityInfant mortality is more common among underindustrialized societiesInfant mortality is the annual number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate = (deaths among infants/Total live births) x 1,000

Migration RateMigration is the movement of people from one specified area to another.When measuring migration, demographers look at both movement into and out of a specified area.The annual number of people that move into a given area is refered to as the in-migration rate.The annual number of people that move out of a given area is refered to as the out-migration rate (push and pull factors)Migration rate is the diffrence between the in-migration rate and the out-migration rate.

Growth RateGrowth Rate is the rate at which a country‘s population is increasing.Growth rate is found by subtracting the deathrate from the birthrate and is usually expressed in a percentageDoubeling time is the average number of years necessary for a population to double given its current growth rate.

Growth Rate and Doubling Time

Population CompositionPopulation composition is the population‘s structure

Explaining Population Change

Malthusian Theory is a theory where population increases geometrically and the food supply increases arithmetically.With limited land supply for food the rapid population growth would lead to mass starvation (too many people not enough food)Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English economist who proposed the Malthusian theory in his work, An Essay on the Principle of Population

Demographic Translation Theory

The Demographic Translation Theory is a theory of population where population patterns are said to be tied to a society‘s level of technalogical developmentThree stages of population

Stage 1 (preindustrial) agricultural based societiesHigh birthrate + high death rate = Slow population growth

Stage 2 (industrialized) technalogical and medical advancments

High birthrate + Low death rate – Rapid population growthStage 3 fully developed industrial economies

Low birthrate + low death rate = Slow population growth

Controlling Population Growth

99% of population growth occures in less developed countriesFamily planning is the concious decision by couples to have a certain number of childrenChild restrictions- in certain countries, overpopulation is a serious threat, China for example had enacted a long standing one-child policy to better control population growth

Evolution of the CityRecognizable cities began appearing between 5,500 and 7,000 years agoCurrently 48% of the world population lives in cities due to multiple push and pull factorsThe largest influxes of city populstions happen around Agricultural and Industrial RevolutionsAt the current tred an estimated 60% of people will live in urban areas by 2030Overurbanization is a serious issue in cities, overurbanization is when more people occupy a city then can be supported, best example is during the Great depression

Urban EcologyDuring the 1920s and 1930s, sociologists intrested in urban life developed an approach to the study of citiesUrban ecology looks at the relationship between people and the urban enviromentUrban ecologists believe that there is a relationshi between human behavior and the layout of the urban environment

Think of people that live in New York City vs. people that live in small towns (under 50,000)

Urban Ecology cont. Urban areas develop in certain patterns and layouts

The Concentric Zone ModelSector ModelMultiple Nuclei Model

Explaining City LifeUrban Anomie theory proposes that a city is a anonymous and unfriendly olace, and living there will carries serious negative consequences

Proposed by Louis Wirth in, ‘‘Urbanism is a Way of Life“

Compositional Theory examines how a cities population influences life in cities, individuals are avle to protect themselves by forming primary groups with like people

Proposed by Claude S. Fischer in, To Dwell Among Friends

Subcultural Theory states that cities encourage the formation of primary grops rather then discourage it

Movie!!!‘‘Aftermath: Population Zero“

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/aftermath-population-zero/

‘‘How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?“

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/how-many-people-can-live-on-planet-earth/