population and tribes of india
TRANSCRIPT
Population and Tribes of India
By Dr Vipan Goyal
India Position & Population Statistics
Lies in South Asia North of Equator
Latitude (8*4’ – 37*6’) N Longitude (68*7’ – 97*25’)E
2nd largest arable land for agriculture (after US) Population 17.6 % of the world
Area → 3.28 million sq. km (2.4 % of world) 7th Largest in Area
Southernmost Point → Indira Point (6*45’)N St. meridian → Allahabad (82*3’)E
Kashmir – Kanyakumari → 3214 km Rann of Kutch – Arunachal Pradesh → 2933 km
Mainland Coastline → 6100 km (Mainland + A & N + Lakshadweep ) coastline → 7517 km
World Population Statistics
Population → China > India > US > Indonesia > Brazil > Pakistan
Area → Russia > Canada > US > China > Brazil > Australia > India
Religion → Christian > Muslims > Hindus > Chinese folks > Buddhists
Language → Mandarin Chinese > English > Hindi > Spanish > Russian > Arabic
State-Statistics
Most populous → UP Largest Area → Rajasthan Male Population → 51.54 %
Least Populous → Sikkim Least Area → Goa Female Population → 48.46 %
Most literacy → Kerala Male literacy → 82.14 % Max Sex ratio → Kerala
Least Literacy → Bihar Female literacy → 65.46 % Least Sex ratio → Haryana
Census 2011
Population
1.21 billion (17.5% of the world) Male 623.7 million
Female 586.5 million
Literacy
74.04% Male 82.14%
Female 65.46% Highest Kerala > Lakshadweep > Mizoram Lowest Bihar
Highest –Female Kerala Lowest – Female Rajasthan Highest – Male Lakshadweep Lowest – Male Bihar
Sex Ratio
940 – Highest since 1971
Highest (State) Kerala – 1084
Lowest (State) Haryana – 877
Highest (UT) Puducherry – 1038
Lowest (UT) Dadra and nagar (775)
Child Sex Ratio
914
Highest Mizoram – 971
Lowest Haryana – 830
Density of Population
382 per sq. km
Highest Delhi > Bihar > WB > UP
Lowest A & N > Arunachal Pradesh
Most Populous State Uttar Pradesh
Least Populous State Sikkim
Most Populous UT Delhi
Least Populous UT Lakshadweep
Highest Growth of Population Meghalaya
Least Growth of Population Nagaland (negative growth)
Factors of Population Distribution in India
Physical factors such as Climate, Terrain and Availability of water
• North Indian Plains, deltas and Coastal Plains have climate suitable for
agriculture and fertile plains hence have higher proportion of population
• Mountainous and forested regions of southern and central Indian States,
Himalayan states, and some of the north-eastern states are less populated
• Development of irrigation (Rajasthan), availability of mineral and energy
resources (Jharkhand) and development of transport network (Peninsular
States) have resulted in moderate to high proportion of population.
Factors of Population Distribution in India
Socio-economic and historical factors
• Traditional settled agriculture and early human settlement has
resulted in large population in river plains and coastal areas of
India
• Development of transport and better agricultural development
has resulted in large population in North Plains
Factors of Population Distribution in India
Industrialization and urbanization
• Metro cities of India have high concentration of population
due to industrial development and urbanization.
• A large numbers of rural-urban migrants come to these towns
Phases of Growth of Indian Population
• 1911-1921 → Even recorded a negative growth rate
• Both the birth rate and death rate were high
• Major causes → Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people at large, & inefficient distribution system of food
1901-1921 → Referred
as a period of stationary phase
of growth of India’s
population
Phases of Growth of Indian Population
• An overall improvement in health and sanitation throughout the country
• Better transport and communication system improved distribution system
• The crude birth rate remained high in this period leading to higher growth rate than the previous phase
1921-1951 → Referred as the period of
steady population
growth
Phases of Growth of Indian Population
• Caused by a rapid fall in the death rate but a high birth rate
• The average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 %
• High birth rate was due to better living conditions & scientific developments
• Due to increased international immigration from Tibet, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan; India’s growth rate exploded
1951-1981 → Referred as the period of
population explosion in
India
Phases of Growth of Indian Population
• Due to decline in crude birth rate
• Due to an increase in the mean age at marriage
• Improvement in female literacy & empowerment
• Better scientific developments & access to common man
After 1981 till present, the growth rate has started
slowing down gradually
Problems due to Higher Population in India
Unemployment
Poverty
Uneven Migration
Urbanization problems
Regional disparities
Increase in crime rate
Environmental Degradation
Impact of population growth on the Indian Economy Adverse effects on savings
Unproductive investment
Slow growth of Per Capita Income
Underutilization of labor
Growing pressure on land
Adverse effect on quality of population
Adverse social impact
Population Density
• The density of population is expressed as the number of
persons per unit area.
• The density of population in India as per 2011 census is 382
persons per square km.
• Bihar with 1102 people per square km is the most densely
populated state of India followed by West Bengal (1029) and
Uttar Pradesh (828).
Population Density
• Definitions :
• Physiological density refers to the total population divided by
the net cultivated area.
• Agricultural density refers to the total agricultural population
divided by the net cultivable area.
• Agricultural population includes cultivators and agricultural
laborers and their family members.
Modern Indian Cities
Based on the population size, the census of India classifies urban centers into six classes • CLASSES POPULATION
• Class I 100,000 and above
• Class II 50,000 to 99,999
• Class III 20,000 to 49,999
• Class IV 10,000 to 19,999
• Class V 5,000 to 9,999
• Class VI less than 5000
Modern Indian Cities • The cities with population beyond five million are known as mega
cities.
• Urban agglomeration forms in a situation when a town and its adjoining urban areas outgrowth, or two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowth, or a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowth together forming a contiguous spread.
• More than 60 per cent of urban population in India lives in Class I towns.
India: Migration
• Causes of migration are categorized as
• ‘Push factors’ and
• ‘Pull factors’
India: Migration
• Causes of Migration
Push factors force people to migrate; for example,
unemployment, lack of infrastructure (such as hospital,
education institutions, etc.), natural disasters (such as flood,
drought, earthquake, cyclone, etc.), local conflicts, war, etc.
Pull factors attract people from different places; for example,
better opportunities for education and employment; better
health facilities; and various sources of entertainment, etc.
India: Migration
• Causes of Migration
Normally, the reason behind female migration throughout India is largely marriage related; however, Meghalaya has a reverse scenario.
Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.
For thousands of the poor villages of states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, etc. remittance acts as life blood for their subsistence.
Tribes of India
• Officially recognized by the Indian government as
“Scheduled Tribes” in the Fifth Schedule of the
Constitution of India
• Often grouped together with scheduled castes in
the category “Scheduled Castes and Tribes”
• Eligible for certain constitutional benefits & perks
Tribes of India Tribe State
Jarawa, Onge, Sentinelese Andman
Shorn Pens, Holchu Nicobar
Palaeo Mongoloids Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur
Tibeto -Mongoloids Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
Mundas, Santhals, Oraons Chhotanagpur Plateau
Gonds, Kondhs Central Vindhyachal + Deccan Plateau
Gaddi, Kinner, Phangwal, Lahuli Himachal Pradesh
Tribes of India
Tribe State
Jaunsari, Bhotia, Raji, Buxa, Tharu Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
Anal, Chiru, Konkanas, Kollam Maharashtra
Mala and Savara tribes West Bengal
Bhuiya tribe Madhya Pradesh
Banjaras, Moghias and Sathiyas Rajasthan
Bhil + Maldhari (Gir lions) Gujarat
Tribes of India
Tribe State
Oraon, Munda, Chero, Parchaiya, Santhal, Asuras Bihar
Bhuiya, Baiga, Dharua, Gaaro, Ho, Koli, Lodha Orissa
Bakarwal J & K
Oorali, Sholagar, Irular and Badaga Tamil Nadu
Hakki-Pikki, Korgas, Kurubas, Soliga Karnataka
Kadars, Irulars , Paniyans, Korgas, ooralis Kerala
Common Features of Tribes
Geographical isolation
live in cloistered, exclusive, remote and inhospitable areas such as hills & forests
Backwardness
livelihood based on primitive agriculture with low level of technology leading to poverty are generally illiterate & unaware of world’s progress
Shyness of contact Have a marginal degree of contact with other cultures and people
Have distinctive culture, language and religion
Problems of Tribal People Poverty
Illiteracy
Unemployment
Dependence on forests
Excessive discrimination
Problem of land Alienation
Indebtedness
Bonded labor
Malnutrition & other health related problems
Present Case
Nowadays, Large development projects undertaken by the government also encroaches upon their land.
Large scale displacements and unsatisfactory compensation and rehabilitation are common place, leading to further backwardness and seclusion.
Because of their diversity they lack a common voice to bargain collectively
Thank You