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Medieval AgeGregory the Great (c 540604) who established medieval themes in the Church in a !ainting byCarlo "araceni c# $6$0 %ome#

A&ter the &all o& %ome the !o!e served as a source o& authority and continuity# Gregory the Great(c 540604) administered the church with strict re&orm# 'rom an ancient senatorial &amily

Gregory wored with the stern udgement and disci!line ty!ical o& ancient %oman rule#*heologically he re!resents the shi&t &rom the classical to the medieval outloo+ his !o!ularwritings are &ull o& dramatic miracles !otent relics demons angels ghosts and the a!!roachingend o& the world#,5-.

Gregory/s successors were largely dominated by the 1arch o& %avenna the 2y3antineem!eror/s re!resentative in taly# *hese humiliations the weaening o& the em!ire in the &ace o&Muslim e1!ansion and the inability o& the em!eror to !rotect the !a!al estates against theombards made o!e "te!hen turn &rom m!eror Constantine 7# 8e a!!ealed to the 'ransto !rotect his lands# e!in the "hort subdued the ombards and donated talian land to the!a!acy# 9hen eo crowned Charlemagne (:00) he established the !recedent that in the9est no man would be em!eror without being crowned by a !o!e#,5-.

'rom the -th century it became common &or uro!ean monarchies and nobility to &ound churchesand !er&orm investiture or de!osition o& clergy in their states and &ie&doms their !ersonal interestscausing corru!tion among the clergy#,5:.,5;. *his !ractice had become common because o&tenthe !relates and secular rulers were also !artici!ants in !ublic li&e#,60. *o combat this and other!ractices that had corru!ted the Church between the years ;00 and $050 centres emerged!romoting ecclesiastical re&orm the most im!ortant being the Cluny Abbey which s!read itsideals throughout uro!e#,5;. *his re&orm movement gained strength with the election o& o!eGregory 7 in $0-uestiono& investiture was only resolved in $$== by the Concordat o& 9orms in which the !o!e decreedthat clerics were to be invested by clerical leaders and tem!oral rulers by lay investiture#,5:.

"oon a&ter o!e Ale1ander began re&orms that would lead to the establishment o& canon law#,5-.

"ince the beginning o& the -th century the Cali!hate had con>uered much o& the southernMediterranean and re!resented a threat to Christianity#,6$. n $0;5 the 2y3antine em!eror

Ale1ios ?omnenos ased &or military aid &rom o!e @rban against the Muslim invasions#,6=.@rban at the council o& Clermont called the 'irst Crusade to assist the 2y3antine m!ire toregain the old Christian territories es!ecially erusalem#,6