ponder the improbable piracy and maritime armed robbery in southeast asia jane chan research fellow...

Ponder the Improbable

PIRACY AND MARITIME ARMED ROBBERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Jane Chan

Research Fellow & Coordinator

Maritime Security Programme

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies


SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

•Definition of Piracy

•Current Situation

•Vulnerability Of Ships

•Regional Efforts and

Cooperation

UNCLOS Article 101 – Definition of Piracy

Piracy consists of any of the following acts:(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of

depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed:(i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;

(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;

(c) any act inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in sub-paragraph (a) or (b).

* Note that “piracy” is a universal crime only committed on the high seas, EEZ or contiguous zone (“international waters”)

IMO DefinitionCode of Practice for the Investigation of Crimes of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Assembly Resolution A. 1025(26)

Armed robbery against ships:

• An illegal act of boarding any vessel with the intent to commit theft or any other crime and with the intent or capability to use force in the furtherance of that act.

• This is broader definition that captures all forms of attack regardless of where committed – includes acts that … “within a State’s internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea;”


Piracy & Armed Robbery in Southeast Asia 2001-2010


• Marked regional differences• Horn of Africa

– hijacking ships for ransom• South Asia

– petty theft on ships in port• Southeast Asia

– opportunistic petty theft

TYPES OF PIRACY


TYPES OF PIRACY

Southeast Asia

– Many attacks are on vessels at anchor, in port , entering or leaving a harbour

– Two regional “hot spots”

• the southern part of the South China Sea off Pulau Tioman and Pulau Mangkai / Pulau Damar

• waters off Batu Berhenti / Nipa Transit in Singapore Strait


Situation in Southeast Asia 2010

* Source: ReCAAP ISC Annual Report 2010

Pulau Mangkai

Pulau Damar

Pulau Jemaja

Legend

Incident (CAT 2)

Incident (CAT 3)

Attempted Incident

Diamond Coral3 Oct 080230 hrs

High Energy19 Nov 090120 hrs

Ellen S22 Apr 092145 hrs

Florinda16 Nov 090105 hrs

Sider Lion23 Apr 090405 hrs

Spar Cetus13 Apr 080205 hrs

Monalisa13 Apr 080355 hrs

Huyu 90826 Jul 070730 hrs

Medbothnia4 Jun 080300 hrs

Sun Geranium2 Oct 080220 hrs

Selendang Sari19 Nov 070100 hrs

Quds21 Apr 090100 hrs

Normannia19 Sep 092230 hrs

Sao Bien 0925 Jun 092140 hrs

Galax26 Jun 090315 hrs

Tahir2 Aug 090030 hrs

JKM Muhieddine30 Sep 080350 hrs

Sigloo Discovery27 Jun 090040 hrs

Red Wing4 Jun 082030 hrs

Prospect19 Sep 090020 hrs

PU241431 Mar 092120 hrs

White Tokio28 Jun 090115 hrs

Situation off Situation off Pulau Mangkai / Pulau Pulau Mangkai / Pulau

Damar (2007-2009)Damar (2007-2009)

Source: ReCAAP

Situation in the Singapore StraitSituation in the Singapore Strait(2007-2010)(2007-2010)

Off Batu Berhenti / Nipa Transit

Batu Berhenti

Sung Thai Lee 314 Nov 080150 hrs

Kimtrans Echo8 Sep 080523 hrs

Maju Daya 310 Nov 082000 hrs

Destiny 331 Mar 092235 hrs

Cathay 527 May 080315 hrs

Sin Huat4 Oct 080050 hrs

Arowana Rangers31 Oct 080115 hrs

Salviceroy22 Jun 091600 hrs

Weihai 512 Jul 090225 hrs

Kenryo12 Jul 090200 hrs

Faith 826 Oct 092200 hrs

Gulf Coral28 Dec 092030 hrs

Joy Chemist28 Jun 102320 hrs

Britoil 6228 Jun 101150 hrs

AOM T13018 Dec 100428 hrs

Surya Wira 123 Dec 100340 hrs

Lanpan 1615 May 102015 hrs

Alina XXII22 Jan 102344 hrs

Source: ReCAAP

Source: ReCAAP


VULNERABILITY OF SHIPS

Size, Type and speed of ship

– Tankers, bulk carriers, container ships and general cargo shipslarger size-higher speed-less vulnerable whist underway

– Fishing vessels, tugboats and yachts: smaller size-lower speed-more frequently to

be attacked whilst underway


• Containerships less vulnerable – operate at higher speed

• General cargo and bulk carriers usually older• Bulk carriers figure prominently in attack

statistics• slower with lower freeboard when laden• the way in which they are employed

VULNERABILITY OF SHIPS


Ships attacked while underway in Southeast Asia

Source: inspection record on database of Tokyo MOU, Paris MOU, Indian Ocean MOU, Mediterranean MOU and Riyadh MOU on Port State Control.

Commercial ships attacked while underway

87

Size<7000 GRT 28

Average speed <=15 knots 48

Slow voyage 25

Age>25 Years 14

With Sub-standard PSC Record 32

Quality ships (no deficiency) 12

Ships had no record of inspection

10


Ships attacked while underway in Horn of Africa

Ships attacked while underway in Southeast Asia

Type of Ship

Date of Attack

Location of Incident

From ToDeparture

DateRemarks

Product tanker

13/06/2010

Approximately 10 nm northwest of Pulau Mangkai,

Indonesia

Singapore Eastern Special Purpose

Anchorage

Seria, Brunei Darussalam

13-Jun-10It took 18 days for ship

to travel from Singapore to Brunei

Product tanker

17/08/2010

Approximately 12.6 nm northwest of Pulau Mangkai, Indonesia (South

China Sea)

Singapore Sudong Bunkering Anchorage

Singapore Western Anchorage

16-Aug-10It took 17 days for ship to travel from Indonesia

to Singapore

Bulk carrier 18/08/2010

Approximately 11.7 nm west of Pulau Mangkai,

Indonesia

Singapore Eastern Anchorage

Singapore 17-Aug-10It took 20 days for ship to travel from Indonesia

to Singapore

Bulk Carrier 16/10/2010 Bontang RoadsStraits of Malacca

and Singapore


Anchorage13-Sep-10

It took 33 days for ship to travel from Singapore

to Indonesia

Bulk Carrier 2/11/10 Belawan PortDumai Anchorage,

Indonesia


Anchorage23-Oct-10

It took 10 days for ship to travel from Dumai to

Belawan Port


Countering Piracy and Armed Robbery

Shipping Industry to take ownership

- well maintained vessels

- training of crew

Regional Efforts/ Cooperation

- Coordinated patrols

- ReCAAP ISC

- RSN IFC


Joint Coordinating Committee

Malacca Straits Sea Patrol

Eyes inthe Sky

IntelligenceExchange

Group

12

Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC)

Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia

Key features of the AgreementKey features of the Agreement

Definition of Piracy & Armed Robbery iaw UNCLOS & IMO MSC.1/Circ.1333 & MSC.1/Circ.1334.

ISC/Secretariat to be located at Singapore. Formation of a Governing Council (1 rep/Contracting Party) Governing Council’s decision by consensus. An International Organisation (foreign staff - diplomatic privileges &

Immunities). Identification/designation of a Focal Point (1 per Contracting Party) Funding - voluntary contributions from Contracting Parties. Avenues for Co-operations, Mutual assistance, Capacity Building &

Co-operative Arrangements. Open for accession by any States.

Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia

ISC-Focal Points NetworkISC-Focal Points Network

Navies :MyanmarSri LankaThailand

Coast Guards :IndiaJapanPhilippines

Marine Police :BruneiLaosVietnam

Marine Dept / MRCC :BangladeshCambodiaChina / Hong KongKoreaSingaporeNorway

IFC is envisaged to be the node to enhance collective understanding of the maritime domain in order to strengthen maritime security in the region and beyond

• To collate & fuse white shipping information that is shared among maritime security partners

• To sense-make collated & fused information to build a coherent maritime situation picture and maritime domain knowledge base

• To deliver actionable information to partners timely to cue operational responses• Regional Maritime Information Exchange System (ReMIX) • MSP-IS is an element of ReMIX

Republic of Singapore NavyInformation Fusion Centre


Extra-Regional Involvement• Malacca Straits Patrols confined to the four

littoral States only

• Extra-regional countries have been contributing through capacity building, training and technical assistance

• United States - installation of the IMSS

• Japan- contributed patrol craft and training

• China - capacity building

• India - joint patrols with Indonesia


Safeguarding the Sea Lanes• Aggregated statistics can be misleading• Need to look beyond these statistic to better

understand why some vessels are more vulnerable• Timely and accurate reporting, and information

sharing to provide better picture of the threats and challenges

• Surge in use of sea lanes means an increased need to cooperate

• Cooperation should be done through established principles


Thank You

Jane CHANResearch Fellow and Coordinator

Maritime Security ProgrammeS. Rajaratnam School of International Studies

A Graduate School of Nanyang Technological UniversityBlk S4, Level B4 │ Nanyang Ave │ Singapore 639798Tel: (65) 6513 2733 GMT +8h │ Fax: (65) 6794 0617 Email: [email protected]│ Web: www.rsis.edu.sg

ponder the improbable piracy and maritime armed robbery in southeast asia jane chan research fellow...

Documents

private ship

pirate ship

act of depredation

private aircraft

maritime armed robbery

pulau tioman

act of voluntary participation

ransomsouth asia petty