polyposis syndromes of the colon current management, controversies and future direction eric j....
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Polyposis Syndromes of the Colon Current Management, Controversies
and Future Direction
Eric J. Dozois, MD
Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery
Mayo ClinicRochester, Minnesota
Polyposis Schema
Adenomas Hamartomas
Inherited Non-Inherited
Polyposis
Inherited Polyposis Syndromes
• Adenomatous Syndrome:• Familial adenomatous polyposis• mutY human homologue (MYH)
• Hamartomatous Syndromes:• Peutz-Jeghers• Juvenile• Cowden’s• Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith
Non-Inherited Polyposis Syndromes
• Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
• Hyperplastic Polyposis
• Lipomatous Polyposis
• Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
• Inflammatory Polyposis
• Lymphomatous Polyposis
Polyposis Syndromes
• Adenomas and hamartomas
• Low incidence, Autosomal dominant
• Colorectal Malignancies
• Extra-colonic malignancies
• Controversies in management
• Need for Genetic Counseling
Inherited Polyposis Syndromes
• Elucidation of underlying gene mutations
• Understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms associated with cancer pathogenesis
• Allows refined categorization, phenotype and cancer risk
Hamartomatous Syndromes
Overgrowth of lamina propria, submucosa & muscular tissue
Hamartomatous Syndromes
CS PJS JP
Incidence 1:200,000 1:120,000 1:100,000
Gene PTEN STK11 BMPR1A/SMAD4
Risk of CRC 10% Elevated 50%
Extracolonic CA Yes Yes Yes
Juvenile Polyposis
• Sporadic Juvenile polyps (2% Peds)
• Hamartomas throughout GI tract
• Rectal bleeding, anemia, intussusception
• Capsule endoscopy is emerging tool for dx
• *CRC risk 9% - 68%, mean age 34yrs
• Extracolonic - Stomach, duodenal,
• Genetic etiology in 50% remains elusive*Howe et al. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:751
JP – Surgical Management
• Colectomy with IRA or IPAA:- Symptomatic bleeding- > 20 polyps- Dysplasia
• Endoscopic Polypectomy:- < 20 polyps
Peutz-Jeghers Sydrome
• 50-100 Hamartomas:
- sb colon rectum stomach
• Mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
• Hamartoma-adenoma-carcinoma sequence*
• Intestinal & Extraintestinal cancers*• Ovarian sex-chord tumors, breast, pancreatic
• Surgery – complications, malignancy
*Wang et al. J Pathol 1999:188:9
PJS - Clinical Presentation
• Abdominal cramping
• Intussusception
• Anemia
PJS - Management
• Intussusception & Occult bleeding– Multiple laparotomies
• Enteroscopy during laparotomy:*– Polyp clearance to reduce recurrent
laparotomies– 4 of 25 patients required surgery in 14yrs
*Phillips et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:48
Cowden Syndrome
• Hamartomas of GI, skin, mucus membranes
• Hallmark – facial trichilemmomas (wart-like)
• GI CA risk – approx. 10%
• Extra GI CA – *breast, *thyroid, GYN, retina
• Surveillance and prevention of associated malignancies
• Surgery for complications
Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith Syndrome
• Described in 1980*
• Gastrointestinal hamartomas
• Macrocephaly, mental retardation, lipid storage myopathies, thyroiditis
• Hyperpigmentation of penile skin
• Alterations in PTEN gene
• No CRC or extra-colonic cancer riskRuvalcaba et al. Clin Genetics 1985;18:413
Adenomatous Syndromes
MYH-Associated Polyposis(mutY human homologue)
• Base excision repair gene• Autosomal-recessive – family history • May account for the 7% - 8% of FAP
phenotypes in whom no APC germ-line mutation has been identified*
• Absence of strong multigenerational family history of polyposis
• Difficult to distinguish from FAP, AFAP*Al-Tassen et al. Nat Genet 2002;30:227
MYH-Associated Polyposis(mutY human homologue)
• Present between ages 45 – 60 yrs
• Average number of adenomas = 16 (100s)
• Carriers of bi-allelic and mono-allelic MYH mutations have a significantly increased risk of CRC*
*Croitoru et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1631
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
• First reported in literature in 1841
• Autosomal dominant, APC mutation
• 825 different germ-line mutations
• Hundreds to thousands of polyps
• 100% risk of colon cancer
• Multiple extra-colonic manifestations
Genotype-Phenotype Correlation
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
• Prophylactic Surgery
• Timing of Surgery
• Type of Surgery
• Choice of Procedure
• Choice of Technique
FAP – Type of Surgery
1. Colectomy with ileorectostomy
2. Proctocolectomy with IPAA
3. Anoproctocolectomy, ileostomy
4. Open or laparoscopic
FAP – Choice of Procedure
• Cancer Prophylaxis
• Technical feasibility• Complications
• Functional Outcome - QOL
Management Controversy
Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis
vs.
Ileo-Rectostomy
Quality of Life after IPAA & IRAFamilial Polyposis
• Time: 1981 - 1998• IPAA (152 pts), IRA (32 pts)
• No Difference in:– Early and late complications– Functional Results
Hassan et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:2032
0
20
40
60
Normative population IPAA IRA
Physical Health Mental Health*
Comparison of SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scores
p = 0.4
Functional Outcome after IRA
Institution N Mean # BMs Continence QOL (24 hrs) Day/Night
Cleveland 51 4 82/NA 93Mayo 21 4 83/89 NASt. Marks 62 3 72/NA NASt. Antoine 23 3 98/96 NAToronto 60 6 90/87 80
Functional Outcome after IPAA
Institution N Mean # BMs Continence QOL (24 hrs) Day/Night
Cleveland 62 5 75/74 95Mayo 187 4 84/80 98St. Marks 37 5 60/NA NASt. Antoine 171 4 98/96 NAToronto 50 6 75/51 93
Rectal Cancer Rates After IRA
Study No. Pts F/U Rectal CA Rate (yrs) (%)
Bulow 659 11 7
Bertario 200 7 24
De Cosse 294 25 13
Sarre 133 20 12
Jarvinen 100 20 25
Iwama 320 20 37
FAP - Rectal Cancer
• Independent Risk Factors:*– Age at colectomy (>40 yrs)– Length of time after IRA (12%/20yrs)– Number of polyps (> 1000)– Length of distal remnant (ileal-sigmoid) – Presence of colorectal malignancy– Genotype
*Bjork et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1719
FAP - Poor Results From IRA
• Limited surgical options• Treatment and follow-up not routinely
performed in specialized centers• Poor understanding of genotype-
phenoptype correlation• Inadequate surveillance programs• Focus on “ease” of operation and
functional outcome
Rectal Cancer Rates After IRAFunction of Available Surgical Options
Timeline No. Pts F/U Cancer Rate (yrs) (%)
Pre-pouch era 62 15 13
(1950-1982)
Pouch era 135 5 0
(1983-1990)
Church et al. DCR 2003;46:1175-1181
Genotype–Phenotype Correlation
• Cancer Risk & Severity of Polyposis1:• > 1000 polyps = high risk• < 1000 polyps = 50% less risk
• Severity of Polyposis - APC Mutation2:• Codon 1309 - leads to severe disease • Codons 3,4 – attenuated FAP
1Debinski et al. Gastro 1996;110:1028 2Church. Semin Colon Rectum Surg 1998;9:49
Molecular Genetic Tests as a Guide to Surgical Management of Familial
Adenomatous PolyposisVasen et al. Lancet 1996;348:433-35
“Might information on the location of the mutation be useful in determining the most appropriate surgical treatment?”
Molecular genetic tests as guide to surgical management of FAP
Vasen et al. Lancet 1996;348:433-35
Rectal CA Risk after IRA Risk of Rectal Excision
APC mutation beyond codon 1275
Genotype and Phenotype Factors for Rectal Cancer After IRA
• 1955 – 1997
• 371 patients had IRA
• Median follow-up 81 mos.
• Multivariate analysis:• Sex, Age• No. rectal polyps, Colon CA• APC mutation
Bertario et al. Ann Surg 2000;231:538
Results – Risk of Rectal CA
• 10 years 7.7%
• 15 years 13.1%
• 20 years 23.0%
Bertario et al. Ann Surg 2000;231:538
Results – Risk of Rectal CA
• Univariate Analysis:• Colon cancer at initial operation• More than 30 polyps in the rectum• Mutation between codon1250 – 1464
• Multivariate Analysis:• Colon CA• Codons 1250 - 1464
Bertario et al. Ann Surg 2000;231:538
9-Fold Increase Risk of Rectal
Cancer
Arguments No Longer ValidIRA over IPAA
• Functional results significantly better
• Quality of life significantly better
• Surgical complications are higher
• Surveillance prevents cancer
• Cancer can be cured if occurs
• Can always do IPAA if CA develops
Ileal Pouch Neoplasia
• Lifetime risk of neoplasia unknown
• Adenomas form in 35% - 57%
• Risk of developing adenomas:5yrs (7%) 10yrs (35%) 15yrs (75%)
• 13 Cancers reported:– Mucosectomy in 8 pts– CRC, multiple polyps
Parc et al. Ann Surg 2001;233:360 Groves et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:816
FAP – Indication for IPAA
• Age at time of surgery > 40yrs
• > 1000 colonic polyps
• > 20 Rectal Polyps
• CRC at time of surgery
• APC mutation - codon1250-1450
• Unreliable surveillance
FAP – IRA Acceptable?
• Less than 1000 polyps in colon
• Less than 20 polyps in the rectum
• Attenuated FAP
• APC mutation before 1250 or after 1450
Conclusions
Polyposis Syndromes of the Colon
• Represent a wide spectrum of rare diseases with predisposition for both CRC and extra-colonic disease
• A clear understanding of the differences between them ensures accurate diagnosis and proper management
• Advances in molecular genetics will continue to provide even more insight to guide treatment