polymers in telecommunication devices · telecommunication devices isbn 1-85957-361-4 g.h. cross...

Polymers inTelecommunication Devices

ISBN 1-85957-361-4

G.H. Cross

(University of Durham)

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Item 1Macromolecules33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- andether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injectionmoulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on thevariations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with timeobserved during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicatedthat variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealingvery much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with timeduring isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experimentsindicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in theheating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphaseseparation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs couldnot be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus variedwith temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

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Previous Titles Still AvailableVolume 1Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

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Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry , N.W. Sandlandand M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry,R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

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Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and LeisureIndustries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

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Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in CivilEngineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber , M.A. Wheelans,Consultant.

Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and EngineeringApplications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds,National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and3M Belgium SA.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, NovaPetrochemicals Inc.

Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health andEnvironmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Volume 4Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,

University of Surrey.

Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, BayerAG.

Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, LeicesterPolytechnic.

Volume 5Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics,

H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,University of Manchester.

Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, BuildingResearch Establishment.

Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter forIndustriforskning, Norway.

Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 6Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,

Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University ofCambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson,International Automotive Design.

Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processingand Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey PolymerExtension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

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Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell,Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers,M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. Englandand D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Researchand Development Center.

Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’sUniversity of Belfast.

Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,Econology Ltd.

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Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Scienceand Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, BousteadConsulting Ltd.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for GeneralPurpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and OtherPolyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications,J.A. Brydson.

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Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, UniversitéPierre et Marie Curie.

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Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,A.S. Wilson.

Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures andSeparation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The SmartChemical Company.

Report 90 Rubber Mixing , P.R. Wood.

Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,University of Surrey.

Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles,A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, SherwoodTechnologies Inc.

Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technologyand Medicine.

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Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

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Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, FireRetardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory andApplications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieurede Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. FullerCompany.

Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, TangramTechnology Ltd.

Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,B.G. Crowther.

Report 106 Properties and Applications of ElastomericPolysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,University of Hamburg.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward MackenzieConsulting.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties andApplications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest andJ.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings andProcesses, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National ResearchCouncil Canada.

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,University of Exeter.

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,University of Nottingham.

Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert andF.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,Lucent Technologies.

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,D.C. Wright.

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12

Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics InjectionMoulding , J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136 Radiation Curing , R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear,Khon Kaen University.

Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds andProducts, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance,M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N.Rothon, Rothon Consultants and ManchesterMetropolitan University.

Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewisand I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science &Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Volume 13

Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding , V. Goodship andJ.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love andV. Goodship, The University of Warwick

Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown

Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, ChemicalRecycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO

Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,Materials Research Centre, University of Bath

Report 151 Rigid Plastics Materials - Materials, Processes andApplications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research &Development

Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University ofKassel

Polymers inTelecommunication Devices

ISBN 1-85957-361-4

G.H. Cross

(University of Durham)

Polymers in Telecommunication Devices

1

Contents

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Materials in Photonics .................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Telecommunication Photonics ........................................................................................................ 3

1.2.1 Optical Fibre ....................................................................................................................... 31.2.2 Planar Waveguides ............................................................................................................. 41.2.3 Waveguide Photonic Devices ............................................................................................. 4

2. Basic Polymer Material Requirements.................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Wavelength Constraints .................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Absorption Loss ................................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Morphological Requirements ......................................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Crystallinity and Scattering Loss ....................................................................................... 62.2.2 Polarisation Dependent and Birefringence......................................................................... 6

2.3 Photochemical and Thermal Stability ............................................................................................. 7

2.3.1 Thermal Stability and Range of Operation ........................................................................ 72.3.2 Photostability ...................................................................................................................... 7

3. Waveguide Fabrication........................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Refractive Index Tuning ................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.1 Primary Structure Tuning ................................................................................................... 93.1.2 Photo-Curing and Photobleaching ................................................................................... 103.1.3 Poling Induced Birefringence........................................................................................... 12

3.2 Physical Processing Methods ....................................................................................................... 12

3.2.1 Thin Film Formation – Slab Waveguide Confinement .................................................... 123.2.2 Channel Fabrication – Lateral Confinement .................................................................... 13

4. Passive Polymer Applications............................................................................................................... 15

4.1 Polymer Optical Fibre ................................................................................................................... 15

4.1.1 Graded Refractive Index Profiles ..................................................................................... 164.1.2 Monomode Polymer Fibre................................................................................................ 16

4.2 Multimode Planar Waveguides ..................................................................................................... 17

4.3 Monomode Planar Waveguides and Devices ............................................................................... 17

5. Functional Polymer Applications......................................................................................................... 19

5.1 Thermo-Optics .............................................................................................................................. 19

5.2 Electro-Optics ............................................................................................................................... 22

5.2.1 High Frequency Operation ............................................................................................... 225.2.2 Materials and Processing Considerations......................................................................... 22

5.3 Non-Linear Optics ........................................................................................................................ 24

5.3.1 Intensity Dependent Refractive Index .............................................................................. 245.3.2 Cascaded Third Order Nonlinearities ............................................................................... 25

6. Conclusions and Outlook...................................................................................................................... 25


2

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those ofRapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility orliability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with anyutilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 26

Additional References................................................................................................................................... 27

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database.......................................................................................... 29

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 133


3

1 Introduction

1.1 Materials in Photonics

The way we communicate and compute across theglobe is increasingly reliant on the manipulation ofoptical signals. Where previously electronic circuitsmanipulated such signals, photonic circuits now taketheir place. This transition has given birth to the fieldof photonics. In photonics technologies, devices areno longer limited solely to the silicon wafer and oftenrequire broader functionality than can be offered onthis traditional platform. Another semiconductor waferplatform indium phosphide, and the compoundsemiconductors that are compatible with it, offer thepotential to integrate active devices (lasers, amplifiers,modulators, etc.), and passive (light guiding) structureson a common substitute. Most active devices based onthe silicon platform are conversely much less welldeveloped. Further removed is the position that theferroelectric ceramic lithium niobate has establishedas the platform of choice for electro-optic devices. Yetsilicon still underpins a significant share of thephotonics sector, acting as a well-tried and testedtechnology for devices. Using doped silica-on-siliconor silicon-on-insulator techniques, passive opticalwaveguide devices can be integrated with activedevices fabricated on other platforms using ‘siliconoptical bench’ methods.

It is against this background amongst the clamour forrecognition and acceptance in the photonics revolutionthat polymers have been able to make their own uniquebid against their rivals and even to form alliances withthem to provide the best that such combinations can offer.

This Review Report will overview all elements of theoptical transmission and switching systems that servethe telecommunications network. It will be shown thatsolutions using polymers have been found or are beingproposed for many application areas in the network. Acritical comparison between polymers and alternativematerial systems will be made on occasion and it willbe seen that no single material system yet dominates.Polymer technologies may thus be considered on a levelplaying field with the alternatives.

1.2 Telecommunication Photonics

Connecting the spans of optical fibre of the opticaltelecommunications network are nodes at whichdevices act to route, switch, filter, amplify, attenuate,reshape or modulate the optical data stream. In many

of these nodes, an optical-electrical-opticaltransduction process is necessary but it is the centraltheme of research and development that these nodeswill eventually become ‘transparent’ to the opticaldata traffic passing through them. For the foreseeablefuture, such ‘transparency’ will mean traffic carriedon wavelengths in the near infrared region, between1300 and 1700 nm. Dense Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing (DWDM) is being deployed to carry dataon individual wavelength channels separated by 100GHz and each channel can be modulated at 10 Gbit/sallowing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) to carrymultiple data streams within each wavelengthchannel. By multiplying the wavelength channel countwith the channel modulation bandwidth the capacityof a DWDM link is obtained. Thus, 32 channelscarrying 10 Gbit/s provide 320 Gbit/s of aggregatecapacity. The International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) has defined three bands in the nearinfrared region; ‘S’ (1400-1520 nm), ‘C’ (1520-1560 nm) and ‘L’ (1560-1650 nm), as industrystandards for transmission.

Additional wavelengths are relevant to the discussion.DWDM traffic within these ITU bands may be furthermultiplexed with traffic at 1310 nm and certainamplifier devices (Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers,EDFA) require optical pumping at 980 nm. Thusdevices designed for compatibility with the opticaltelecommunications system may have to cope withrelatively high intensities of light at all of thesewavelengths. This is a particularly importantconsideration for polymer materials, as will bedescribed in Section 2.1.1, since hydrocarbons oftenpresent a small but significant absorption to the longerof these wavelengths of interest.

1.2.1 Optical Fibre

Optical fibres may be classified as either monomodeor multimode. The former are required for the highestbandwidth and longest reach transmission since, as thename suggests, only one mode of propagation, at eachwavelength, is allowed by the optogeometrical design.Thus, the problems that would arise from multiplemodes, each travelling at slightly different velocities(intermodal dispersion), are largely avoided. Silica,doped with germanium to form a small core of diameteraround 8 µm, is the incumbent material used throughoutthe telecom network. Multimode fibre, used for shorterhaul, lower bandwidth applications, has a larger coresize (around 50 µm) and is also predominantly silica-based but recent developments in polymer optical fibreshow promise.


4

Whilst the deployed fibre in the long haul and metro(city wide) system is required to be of monomode doped-silica, local area network applications such as inter-officeand campus networks are often configured usingmultimode fibre. It is in these latter areas that polymertechnology is most favourably placed to compete againstsilica, as is described in Section 4.1.

1.2.2 Planar Waveguides

Between the terminations of the optical fibre, activeand passive devices combine to provide photonicswitching nodes. The preferred format for thesedevices is as planar optical waveguide systemspatterned into wafer-processed optical circuits. Aplanar optical waveguide requires only that a materialof refractive index higher than its surroundings (the‘core’) be provided with optogeometrical parameterssuitable for either monomode or multimodetransmission of light. Where possible, the device’scross-section is designed so that the cross-section ofthe mode carried in the adjoining fibre is of similarsize and shape. This minimises the coupling lossbetween fibre and device. Often termed ‘channel’waveguides, the requirement for monomodepropagation relies on a specific refractive indexdifference between core and surroundings (‘cladding’)coupled with maximum allowable transverse(vertical) and lateral dimensions for the core. Thesingle propagating mode travels at a velocity governedby the relative proportion of optical field distributedamongst the layers of the waveguide. The mode thustravels at that velocity constrained by the weightedaverage refractive indices of the various layers. Theresult is an ‘effective refractive index’, N, and apropagation constant, kz, interrelated through:

k Nz = 2πλ

(1)

where λ is the free space wavelength.

Planar waveguide circuits may be patterned into a verywide variety of materials. Those most compatible withthe optical fibre system are patterned in silica-on-silicon wafer substrates, perhaps by doping therequired core regions with phosphorus or by co-deposition with germanium oxide (a.1). Higherrefractive index contrast, which can bring advantagessuch as a reduced device ‘footprint’ are provided bysilicon-on-insulator technology (a.2) or by fabricatingcore and cladding in III-V compound semiconductormaterials on a semiconductor substrate, (e.g., indium

phosphide), however, polymers can also offerreasonably high contrast combinations. This and theopportunity for versatile choice of contrast (refractiveindex tuning) are features that will be discussed later(see Section 3.2).

1.2.3 Waveguide Photonic Devices

In general, the devices acting at the nodes of the systemcan be divided into either ‘active’ or ‘passive’ types.‘Active’ devices require some form of intervention tochange their properties as light passes through and thismakes the distinction between these two classes ofdevice. For example, a power splitter consisting of asimple pair of coupled planar waveguides (Figure 1a)is one example of a passive device since the powersplitting ratio is determined by the design of the deviceand its fixed material properties. In the case of a thermo-optic switch, an active device, a heater electrode appliedover one arm of a planar waveguide ‘Y’ junction powersplitter for example (Figure 1b) can be used to changeits power output characteristics.

The basic requirement for materials in all device typesis that of low optical absorption loss at near infraredwavelengths (preferably less than 0.5 dB/cm) andstability to ageing through a moderate temperaturerange (–40 to 70 ºC) and under conditions of highoptical intensities. Issues arising through the action ofmoisture and oxidative degradation are less of concernin well-packaged devices. For active devices, it is themagnitude of the functional property that is important.

Figure 1a

Plan view of a channel waveguide directionalcoupler. In the central interaction region, power can

be transferred across the gap between the twowaveguides (a.45).

(Reproduced with permission from T. Watanabe, N.Ooba, S. Hayashida, T. Kurihara and S. Imamura,Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1998, 16, 1049.

Copyright 1998, IEEE.)


5

The thermo-optic coefficient of polymers is large andnegative, for example, and provides lower powerswitching in devices than is required in the equivalentsilica-based devices.

Further examples of devices will be used throughoutthis report to illustrate the limitations and advantagesof polymers as they are applied in each case.

2 Basic Polymer MaterialRequirements

2.1 Wavelength Constraints

The telecommunications network wavelengths havebeen defined and have evolved, as performanceimperatives have demanded them to. The earliestimplementation of long distance optical transmissionused wavelengths around 1300 nm. At thesewavelengths, silica optical fibre exhibits a minimumin its refractive index dispersion. This means thatthe small frequency spread that arises naturally indata pulses sent down the fibre does not resultexcessively in spatial spread of the pulse. Thushigher data rates (more closely spaced pulses) canbe transmitted using TDM. The longer wavelengthalso meant reduced Rayleigh scattering and this,coupled with the development of high purity(anhydrous) silica meant that propagation losseswere much reduced. The move towards 1550 nm asthe centre wavelength of choice for wavelength

division multiplexing (WDM) and DWDM systemsduring the 1990s was largely in response to thedevelopment of fibre optical amplifiers whose gainenvelope covered this region, which also happensto lie at an absorption minimum for silica. Rayleighscattering at these longer wavelengths is reduced yetfurther, but methods for dispersion compensation arerequired as silica dispersion re-emerges in thiswavelength region. Currently, with the advent ofsemiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) and theprospect of Raman amplification, further wavelengthbands (short, S and long, L) to either side of the 1550nm (C) band will be opened up for use.

In short links, using multimode fibre, low cost laserdiodes operating at 830 nm can be used since datarates are lower and propagation loss is not assignificant for the shorter spans in local area orcampus networks.

2.1.1 Absorption Loss

The main optical phonon modes made of inorganicmaterials (principally the C-X vibration modes; X =hydrogen, deuterium or halogen) have overtones thatin their higher orders (greater than 2) coincide withthe near infrared regions of interest fortelecommunications between 1300 and 1700 nm. Theabsorbance spectrum in a sample of polymer opticalfibre for example (Figure 2, trace a) shows thesefeatures clearly. The absorption strength decreases byapproximately one order of magnitude per overtoneorder but the loss is quite prohibitive for even shortdistance optical propagation at these wavelengths. Inthe visible region losses are reduced sufficiently toallow the use of polymer optical fibre up to a fewhundred metres.

However, great progress has been made in reducingthe influence of overtone absorption, largely throughincreasing the effective mass of the oscillators. Forexample, if fluorine (19) replaces hydrogen (1), theeffective mass of the C-X system increases by afactor of 8 and lowers the frequency of thefundamental mode and its associated overtones (seeFigure 2, trace b). Thus perfluorinated acrylatepolymers when fabricated into waveguides haveshown losses as low as 0.03 dB/cm at 1300 nm and0.05 dB/cm at 1550 nm (a.3).

Electronic excitations due to organic chromophoresoccur at much shorter wavelengths than thetelecommunication band wavelengths but they can besignificant. In a class of polymers developed for electro-

Figure 1b

‘Y’ junction thermo-optic waveguide switch. Theelectrodes placed over the waveguides in the region

of bifurcation apply heat to reduce the refractiveindex in those regions. Power may then emergeeither from the left or the right output guides.


6

optic applications, for example, it has been found thatorganic chromophores with absorption bands in thevisible to near infrared range are highly desirable,having large molecular optical nonlinearities (videinfra). When incorporated into a polymer matrixhowever, the effects of inhomogeneous broadeningcause absorption tails to extend towards the nearinfrared region. In the worst cases, the absorption tailextends out to the 1300 nm region and can be implicatedin the photo-induced degradation of chromophoreseven at these long wavelengths.

2.2 Morphological Requirements

2.2.1 Crystallinity and Scattering Loss

Refractive index inhomogeneities give rise to scatteringof light and the principal intrinsic sources of scatteringin polymers would be the interfaces between ordered(crystalline) and disordered (amorphous) regions of apolymer. This well understood phenomenon hasresulted in the commercial development of purelyamorphous polymers whose high optical clarity allowstheir use in optical applications such as micro-opticalcomponents, contact lenses and optical recording mediasuch as DVD and CD. The requirements for opticalwaveguiding however are at least as stringent as theseapplications demand since the light must pass throughmm to cm of material.

2.2.2 Polarisation Dependent and Birefringence

Planar waveguide circuits are fabricated by thin filmformation methods on a variety of substrates. Polymersare usually spun or dip coated from solution followedby high temperature drying and annealing (19, 209,252). The processes can induce stresses during whichpolymer chains align parallel to the substrate plane(392, a.4). Depending on the polarisability of the chainand its attached side groups, this alignment produces abirefringence (279, 361). When the polarisability ishighest in the chain direction, the refractive indexmeasured in the plane of the substrate, n//, is higherthan that measured normal to the substrate plane, n⊥ .This occurs most strikingly in the case of polyimideswhere the birefringence, ∆nB (∆nB = [n//–n⊥ ]), can beas high as 0.24 (a.5). Negative birefringence also canoccur. In the deposition of polystyrene, for example,the pendant phenyl rings align preferentially towardsthe film plane normal and give rise to a higher measuredrefractive index in this direction.

Birefringence is important since the operation of certainphotonic devices, particularly interferometers andcouplers, rely on a carefully designed optical pathlength for the active regions of the device. Changes inmaterial refractive index according to the polarisationdirection lead to different operating conditions sincethe optical path length differs. However, provided ameans for inducing birefringence in a controlled way

Figure 2

Loss spectrum of a polymer optical fibre based upon hydrogenated polymer (trace A) showing the relative reductionin absorbance for successive orders of the vibrational overtones and the prohibitive loss at telecommunications

wavelengths. Trace B shows the loss spectrum for a perfluorinated polymer optical fibre (a.31).

(Reproduced with permission from T. Ishigure, Y. Koiker and J.W. Fletcher, Journal of Lightwave Technology,2000, 18, 178. Copyright 2000, IEEE.)


7

is available, this property can be usefully used to controlthe polarisation state of light travelling through awaveguide or even to act as a means for lateralconfinement of guided waves. These aspects aredescribed further in Sections 3.1 and 4.3.

2.3 Photochemical and Thermal Stability

The operating characteristics of some devices,particularly those designed for interferometry, placestringent requirements on the degree of ageing that canbe tolerated. Ageing in any form will impinge on therefractive index of the material as a primary source ofdrift in the operating points of such devices. Ageingmight also induce additional propagation loss and bethe primary cause of catastrophic failure in devices. Suchfailure might manifest itself as loss of interlayer adhesionparticularly at the interfaces a polymer makes with amaterial of significantly different thermal expansivity.

2.3.1 Thermal Stability and Range of Operation

Pure thermolysis (anaerobic) is clearly of noconsequence for ageing per se in polymers used intelecommunications. The upper operating temperaturespecification of 70 ºC is well below the documentedtemperatures for pure thermolysis in hydrocarbonpolymers. However, any free radicals remaining fromthe synthesis or arising thermally in the handling andprocessing of the polymer can act as a source ofinitiation for auto-oxidation, which over time can leadto progressive loss of mechanical stability and perhapsa slow drift in the optical properties. However, thermaloxidation can be essentially eliminated provided theknown susceptible sites in hydrocarbon polymers areomitted from the structure. Thus, the classes of hightemperature stable polymers include polyimides,

polycarbonates and polybenzocyclobutenes, e.g.,Cyclotene, where there is a high aromatic content andwhere any aromatic α carbon positions are fluorinated(255, 345).

The required operating temperature range (–40 to 70ºC) should not coincide with major thermal transitionssuch as the glass-to-rubber transition (Tg). The stepchange in thermal expansivity at this point would leadto changes in the device operating conditions that mightprove catastrophic. In fact, the requirement for thermalstability mentioned previously usually results inpolymers with sufficient chain rigidity that the Tg iswell above 100 ºC. Crosslinking, often introduced toallow multiple solution cast layers to be formed withoutcrazing, further increases the Tg. Stable operation isthen assured under normal conditions and is particularlyimportant for the retention of polar order in electro-optic polymers as is discussed in Section 5.2.2 (8, 16,82, 106, 209, 285, 297, 320, 344, 361, 390, 398, 433).

2.3.2 Photostability

The major wavelength ranges of operation weredescribed previously and whilst these are well distancedfrom the regions where direct photolysis of the polymerwould be important, there are still issues that might beconsidered due to the extremely high photon flux thatthe waveguide must carry.

The power output from fibre pigtailed (the attachmentof an optical fibre to a photonic device)telecommunication sources is in the region of a fewmW, but taken with the cross-section into which thispower is fed (in the region of a few tens of µm2) leadsto intensities in the region of a few hundred MWm-2.At these intensities, non-linear optical effects such astwo-photon absorption and parametric processes suchas second harmonic generation are quite possible.

Figure 3

Structure of the monomer unit of the commercial polycyclobutene, ‘Cyclotene’. The polymer is opticallytransparent, highly stable and resistant to moisture uptake and is therefore of interest for use in optical waveguides.


8

These would induce excitations in the visible regionthat potentially could impact on photostability,particularly in polymers having chromophoresabsorbing in these regions. There has been an effortto quantify the photo-induced degradation ofchromophores in polymers when illuminated at nearinfrared wavelengths (a.6, a.7). Much of thedegradation seen can be ascribed to direct excitationof the chromophore in its long wavelength absorptiontail followed by relaxation through ground statemolecular oxygen to produce reactive singlet oxygen(a.8). The alternative postulation is that singlet oxygenmight be directly produced by illumination atwavelengths around 1300 nm. The partially forbiddentransition in molecular oxygen at 1270 nm can inprinciple produce singlet oxygen directly (a.9). Forpolymers without such long wavelengthchromophores however, there is no evidence tosuggest that the high photon fluxes in the near infraredproduce any significant degradation.

3 Waveguide Fabrication

Fabricating optical fibres and planar waveguidecircuits from polymers offers some uniqueopportunities yet also presents a unique set ofchallenges. Compared, for instance, to silica-basedwaveguide technology, the use of polymer waveguidemethods can offer a wider range of index differencesbetween core and cladding that may allow tighterwaveguide bends, therefore more compact devices.This potential advantage and the possibility ofwaveguide fabrication on various substrates andtherefore hybrid integration with other technologies,provides a significant driving force for research anddevelopment.

As the telecommunications industry is discovering,the key to the wide commercial take up of highbandwidth optical communications is cost ofdeployment. Component assembly and packagingcosts are one large part of the cost equation but thecosts of the optical chip itself, the number of chipsper wafer and processing costs are also significant.Where polymers could contribute, but have yet toprove themselves, is in the cost of processing.Coupling the mass production methodologies ofplastic moulding with materials meeting the basicmaterial requirements detailed previously is notstraightforward. Some advances have been madehowever and these will be outlined along with themany alternative waveguide fabrication methodsdiscussed in the following sections.

3.1 Refractive Index Tuning

The refractive index difference between the core andcladding regions of an optical waveguide structure,∆nC, is a key design parameter and is given by:

∆n n nC core clad= − (2)

Coupled with the transverse physical dimensions of thewaveguide (its core thickness and width) this parameterdetermines the number of allowed propagating modesof the waveguide and their transverse power distribution.

One interesting example of this is in the ‘oversize’buried rib channel waveguide shown in Figure 4a. Thisdevice is designed with dimensions so that only a singlemode (of each of two orthogonal polarisations) canpropagate, but it has specific geometrical properties(discussed later in 3.2.2) that greatly relax therestrictions placed otherwise on ∆nc.

The electric field amplitude of the channel waveguidemode extends beyond the core region and exhibitsexponentially decaying amplitude here (Figure 4b). Thispart of the field, the evanescent field, will determinehow much light can couple to adjacent waveguide modesor to radiation modes and thus determines how muchlight could be lost from the waveguide.

For a given set of transverse dimensions, theexponential decay constant of the field is intimatelyrelated to ∆nC. The higher this index difference is, themore tightly confined the optical field and vice versa.Waveguide bends result in waveguide mode powerradiating from the mode through a mechanism relatedto this confinement. The bending losses can bequantified using a simple expression that illustrates thispoint. The bending loss in a step index waveguidestructure can be found from the following:

α Bc

CR

R= −

exp (3)

where C is a constant, R is the radius of curvature andRc is given by:

R an nc

core clad

=−( )2 2 (4)

Examination of Equations 3 and 4 shows that the lossincreases exponentially as the index difference given inthe denominator of Equation 4 becomes smaller. Thereason for this is that the mode becomes less well confined,(i.e., ‘spreads out’), as the index difference decreases.


9

Control over the refractive index of the multiple layersmaking up the waveguide is not simply a process ofchoosing different polymers but can include themodification of the polymer layer after deposition.Some of these methods are described in Sections 3.1.1to 3.1.3.

3.1.1 Primary Structure Tuning

The observed refractive index of a materialrepresents its polarisability density, modified by

local field effects that change the electric fieldamplitudes acting on the polarisable entities in thebulk material. The Clausius-Mosotti formalismprovides the starting point for this description ofrefractive index:

απ

= −+

3

4

1

2

2

2N

n

n (5)

where α is the polarisability and N is the number densityof polarisable units.

Figure 4a

Cross-sectional view of a polymeric channel waveguide thermo-optic device fabricated on silicon showingschematically the contours of field amplitude for the confined waveguide mode. BCB and PFBCB refer to

benzocyclobutene and perfluorinated benzocyclobutene polymers, respectively.

(Redrawn with permission from R. Moosburger and K. Petermann, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 10, 684.Copyright 1998, IEEE.)

Figure 4b

Field amplitude profile of a slab waveguide mode showing the distribution of the field amplitude amongst thelayers of the structure. Such a distribution defines the ‘effective refractive index’ of the mode.


10

In a more complex material, comprising many atom typesand atom groupings, as in a polymer, the combination ofpolarisable units and their fractional volume occupancymakes up the observed refractive index. A compositeClausius-Mosotti formalism that would apply for simpleadditivity of polarisable effects would be given, for acomposite of i different polarisable sub-units, as:

n

nNi i

i

2

21

2

4

3

−+

= ∑ π α (6)

where Νi is the number density of the ith polarisable unit.

The effect of halogenation on the polarisability of thephenyl ring systems serves to illustrate this concept.Table 1 provides the polarisability for a number ofhalogen-substituted aromatic six-member ring systemsand also gives the molar volume. Notice that thereplacement of fluorine for hydrogen results in anegligible change in the polarisability and yet theincrease in molar volume produced reduces therefractive index considerably. Within the series ofhalogen-substituted aromatics, increases inpolarisability more than offset the increased molarvolume and thus increase the refractive index.

The polycarbonate systems developed by Akzo-Nobelfor thermo-optic waveguide switches (a.10) provide anexcellent model system to illustrate refractive indexcontrol using halogens. The basic structures developedhave the general structural formulae given in Figure 5.

The polycarbonate can be made up in formulations thatcontain differing amounts of F6, Br4 and thecrosslinking agent DPMA. When Br4 is omitted, therefractive index at 1565 nm is given as 1.4861, whereason the addition of Br4, included as an oligomeric unit,the refractive index increases, taking values at least ashigh as 1.5131. Note that the fluorination suppresses

,ytilibasiraloP1elbaT ααααα ,emulovralom, Vm ,mn985taxednievitcarferdna nD ,oitarehtotderapmoc,ααααα V/ m seneznebolahfoseiressuogolomohehtrof,

dnuopmoC α mc42-01( 3) Vm mc( 3) α/Vm )42-01( nD

C6H6 3.01 12.68 21.0 105.1

C6H5F 3.01 64.39 11.0 864.1

C6H5 lC 1.41 37.101 41.0 525.1

C6H5 rB 7.41 39.401 41.0 755.1

C6H5I 5.51 63.111 41.0 026.1

the refractive index quite strongly, even in the co-polymers with Br4. Bisphenol A polycarbonate in itspurely hydrogenated form has a refractive index of1.57. In a further example, the use of bromobenzeneas a diffused dopant in polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) as been used to control the refractive indexprofile in graded index fibre preforms (270). The useof fluorination to reduce the index of polymer fibrecladding materials has also been reported (241).

The refractive index may also be tuned according toco-polymerisation methods that use chromophores inco-monomers with colourless co-monomers. Therefractive index shows a strong dispersion nearregions of optical absorption. In normal dispersion,the index increases as the wavelength is shortened toapproach the wavelength at which the absorption isseen. Co-polymers based on dye-functionalisedmethacrylate monomers have been used to providethe core and cladding materials for electro-opticdevices (a.11).

3.1.2 Photo-Curing and Photobleaching

The utility afforded by altering the refractive index of apolymer film using photo-induced mechanisms is thatthe exposure may be controlled using lateral patterning.Channel waveguides can then be formed in thephotosensitive layer.

One early example of this was demonstrated using thephotocuring of methacrylate monomer doped into apolycarbonate host matrix of high index (a.12). Thecured methacrylate has a low index (around 1.48). Thus,if after curing using an opaque mask to define thechannel regions in a thin film, the unreacted monomeris removed by evaporation, these regions have a higherrefractive index than their surroundings. The indexdifferences obtained were up to 0.04 offering the


11

possibility of small bend radius multimode ormonomode waveguide structures.

The most widely implemented photo-inducedrefractive index change has been the photobleachingof dyes either doped or covalently bonded to thepolymer host. Some of these photo-induced processesare reversible. For example, the photobleaching ofpolymer films containing azo dye derivatives such asDisperse Red 1 (CI 11 110; DR1, Figure 6) relies inpart on the photo-conversion of coloured transconformation to the colourless cis form (a.13).Thermal reconversion is possible to restore the colourbut studies show that samples irradiated for thesepurposes exhibit permanent colour change attributableto photo-degradation (a.14).

The refractive index change works by reducing thepolarisability of the constituent groups upon irradiation.Chromophores where the molecular structure consistsof a long conjugated chain as in the disperse red dyesdecompose to smaller fragments with shorterwavelength absorption properties. The refractive indexchanges in films can be quite large. For apolymethacrylate copolymer consisting of methylmethacrylate (90%) and DR1 methacrylate (10%) therefractive index measured at 633 nm changes from1.602 to 1.515 for complete bleaching. This strongeffect is due in part to the proximity of the absorptionmaximum (at between 470 and 490 nm) to themeasurement wavelength, the effects of chromaticdispersion being influential.

Figure 5

General structural formulae for the three major components of a proprietary polycarbonate system. Varyingthe molar ratios of the components, F6 and Br4 controls the refractive index, lowering or raising the index,respectively. The presence of 2,3 dihydroxypropylmethacrylate (DPMA) provides a facility for subsequent

crosslinking of the polymer film.


12

3.1.3 Poling Induced Birefringence

The disperse red dye is one of an important class thathave become of great interest for polymers which canexhibit an electro-optic response (256, 346, 434). Thedye is dipolar and has a large second order nonlinearoptical coefficient co-directed with the dipole moment.One further property of such molecules is a largeanisotropy in the polarisability. Thus if a polymercontaining these molecules has a field applied to itunder appropriate conditions, the dipolar alignment willcreate a birefringence, usually with the higher refractiveindex aligned along the applied field direction. Thisproperty has been explored not only as a means oflateral confinement for waveguide modes (a.15) butalso as a way of inducing polarisation rotation to opticalfields propagating through the device (a.16).

For lateral waveguide mode confinement, the polingelectrodes are placed across the regions of the polymerfilm where the channels are to be defined. After polingat elevated temperature and allowing the film to coolwhilst maintaining the field the dipolar groups remainoriented preferentially along the direction of the polingfield. Due to the anisotropy in the polarisability, therefractive index of the film measured normal to thesubstrate plane under the poling electrodes is then largerthan that to either side. The refractive index in the planeof the substrate is lower however under the electroderegion and thus waveguides fabricated by this meansonly offer lateral confinement for transverse magnetic(TM) polarised modes. An induced increase in the TMindex of up to 0.06 (at 830 nm, dispersion enhanced)has been demonstrated using this method. The use ofthis technique for polarisation rotation will be discussedin Section 4 (passive devices).

3.2 Physical Processing Methods

One of the key questions that drive interest in thefield of polymer waveguide technology is whether

the great advantages of thermoplastic orthermosetting moulding techniques can deliver costsavings in the processing of photonic devices. Unlesssuch methods can be easily implemented, thestandard semiconductor processing methods usingphotolithographic patterning must be used and costsavings are not readily achieved against rivalmaterial technologies. Whatever the methodhowever, it is usually possible to consider anysuitable substrate as a platform on which to fabricatewaveguide photonic devices from polymers. Siliconwafer substrates have proved most popular since theyallow compatibility with semiconductor fabricationplant processing equipment but they also provide agood thermal sink and an opportunity to cleavedevices from the processed wafer.

3.2.1 Thin Film Formation – Slab WaveguideConfinement

The fundamental requirement for any planarwaveguide component is to trap light in a thin guidinglayer between two low loss layers of lower refractiveindex. The thickness of the guiding layer combineswith the index differences between guide layer andsurroundings to provide confinement to either a singleor a multiple of waveguide modes. For monomodeconditions the thickness of the waveguide can varybetween some fractions of a micron to a few microns.For telecommunications, there is a preference that theresulting waveguide mode has a size similar to thatcarried by the optical fibres connecting the device tothe network. Thus the thickness and index differencecombinations should be such that modes with sizesof around 8 microns are produced.

Soluble polymers and polymer precursors may be castby spinning the liquid or solution on conventionalphotoresist spinners to form flat layers of the desiredthickness. Drying is normally carried out at elevatedtemperatures and in a vacuum over several hours.

Figure 6

Structure of disperse red 1 (DR1). The general identifiers of this class are that of an electron donor (D) separatedfrom an electron acceptor (A) by a p conjugated chain. DR1 is a typical ‘D-π-A’ molecule used in electro-optic

polymer applications.


13

One of the consequences of these procedures is thatthe resulting film may become birefringent as a resultof the anisotropic stresses imposed. In particular, thedrying of the film can lead to chain alignment in thefilm plane. This occurs since drying the film producesa density gradient through the film thickness. Thesolvated polymer film may be considered to be aviscoelastic medium whose Tg is well below theambient. If the drying takes place below the normaldried Tg of the polymer, the density gradient preventsmain chain conformational relaxation in regions of thedried film but chains are still free to relax in the solvatedregions. If drying takes place above the dried Tg thenon cooling below Tg a further source of chain alignmentand consequent birefringence can arise throughdifferences in thermal expansivity between certain layerinterfaces. Predominantly this will occur between thesupport substrate and the polymer film. For example,the volume expansivity of silicon (4.7 × 106 K-1) issubstantially smaller than for glassy polymers, (e.g.,polystyrene, 70 × 106 K-1).

Multilayer deposition of polymers by solvent casting(spinning, dip coating, etc.), introduces furtherconstraints. Many polymers are soluble in the samesolvents and therefore a means to prevent solvationof lower layers in a deposition sequence is needed.The provision of crosslinking is used in many casesto solve this problem, which can result in crazing ifnot prevented.

3.2.2 Channel Fabrication – LateralConfinement

So that the light can be directed laterally, a means forcreating confinement in the layer plane is required.Some methods using refractive index tuning werediscussed in Section 3.1 but each of these(photobleaching or induced birefringence) are notwidely applicable. Of more general applicability arethe physical processing methods such as wet or dryetching (225, 260) and replication by moulding (35,261, 416).

Topographic patterning using etching can follow well-established methods developed in the semiconductorelectronics industry. Reactive ion etching (RIE) is themost well established dry etch procedure using anoxygen plasma. This method can be applied to a widevariety of polymer material types such as commercialpolyimides (a.17) (for multimode short wavelengthoperation), fluorinated polyimides (a.18) (formonomode long wavelength operation), deuteratedpolysiloxane (a.19) (monomode, long wavelength) as

well as polymethacrylate types (a.20) and others. Oneof the common problems however is the generation ofsidewall roughness, which increases waveguidepropagation loss through scattering. Recoatingmethods, where the material into which the RIE hasbeen performed is reapplied to the rough surface hasbeen shown to greatly improve the loss characteristics(a.11), as has careful control over the RF power andoxygen flow rate (225).

In addition to dry etching, many curable polymers canbe patterned using wet etching in direct analogy withphotoresist materials (a.21). The surface roughnessproblems experienced with RIE are not mirrored in thewet processing methods but the range of materials isof course limited.

One method of fabrication involves etching a channelinto a lower cladding polymer layer followed by coatingwith the higher index polymer guiding layer and afurther overcoating with a low index top cladding layer.Ideally, the thickness of the guiding layer film to eitherside of the channel region is too thin to allow waveguidemode propagation, (i.e., is below the ‘cut-off ’thickness), and well-confined channel modes result.Alternatively, the lower cladding and guiding layerpolymers are first deposited and then exposed ribs areetched. These are then overcoated with the uppercladding layer polymer to provide buried rib channelwaveguides (see Figure 7).

In an interesting version of the first methodology,large core single mode channel waveguides have beenfabricated using Cyclotene deposited onto channelsetched into a silicon wafer surface (a.22). This conceptrelies on a special condition for monomode channelwaveguiding that is independent of the refractiveindex difference between core and cladding (a.23).Silicon trenches are first etched using RIE with a gasmixture of SF6 and O2 and a layer of thermal oxide isgrown on the etched silicon surface. The polymer isthen spun onto this oxide-clad channel leaving athickness, h, to both sides of, and a thickness, H,within, the channel region. A further polymer layer, aperfluorinated version of Cyclotene, is deposited onthe surface of the structure. The channel widths, w,that allow single mode propagation are restricted bythe following condition (a.24):

w

H

h H

h H≤ +

− ( )0 3

1 2.

(7)

These waveguides have the potential to offer a moregeneric fabrication process due to the de-restriction of


14

Figure 7Fabrication steps used in the processing of channel waveguides using standard photolithographic processes (a.46)

(Reproduced with permission from J. Kobayashi, T. Matsura, S. Sasaki and T. Maruno, Journal of LightwaveTechnology, 1998, 16, 610. Copyright 1998, IEEE.)

Figure 8

Fabrication steps used in metal mould replication of channel waveguides (a.26)

(Reproduced with permission from A. Neyer, T. Knoche and L. Müller, Electronics Letters, 1993, 29, 399.Copyright 1993, IEE.)


15

refractive index matching between core and cladding,whilst offering modes with sizes suitable for low lossoptical fibre coupling. The cross-section of this deviceis shown in Figure 4a.

3.2.2.1 Replication Moulding

Current commercial drivers in the telecommunicationindustry emphasise component cost over performance.The polymer advantage in the foregoing methods is notas clearly recognised as in the idea that mass productionusing replication moulding might offer substantial costsavings in manufacture. Surprisingly perhaps this is notby any means a new concept. The Bell TelephoneLaboratories were demonstrating the basic methodologiesas early as 1974 (a.25) although the re-emergence of theideas recently involve materials that are of low loss totelecommunication wavelengths (a.26) and benefit fromsilicon micromachining methods for the moulds.

The basic processing techniques using metal mouldsare shown in Figure 8.

Despite its intrinsic appeal this area is still much lessexplored than the topographic patterning andphotodelineation methods described above. There arelimitations on the types of polymers into which theembossed patterns can be made whilst maintaining therequired optical properties. PMMA, featuring in thework of the early 1970s, was still the predominantmaterial of choice in the work of the early 1990s.

4 Passive Polymer Applications

Routing of optical signals over short distances is a taskwell suited to polymer optical waveguide technologies.Short distances are emphasised since long distancecommunication signal transmission is still exceptionallywell served by silica-based optical fibre technology.However, in the case of optical interconnection betweendevices on circuit boards and for board-to-boardinterconnections the versatility of fabrication andflexibility offered by polymers is attractive. Theseapplications are predominantly of multimode type, usinglaser wavelengths provided by laser diodes emitting inthe long wavelength visible to near infra-red region (650-830 nm). Similarly, the use of multimode polymer opticalfibre is as a fairly simple ‘light pipe’ in these wavelengthregions. These applications and then the developmentand demonstration of single mode planar waveguidecircuits will form the focus of this section.

4.1 Polymer Optical Fibre

Polymer optical fibre (POF) has a very large core sizecompared to its silica counterparts. The core sizes areoften between 0.5 mm and 1 mm in diameter or sowith a cladding layer only a further few hundredmicrons in thickness. This compares with a 50 µm corefor silica multimode fibre. The key differences relateto the physical flexibility at these large diameters thatpolymers offer and the ease of interconnection becauseof the large core size. Simple plastic mouldedcomponents can be used to splice fibres, whichsimplifies installation and reduces cost. Despite theseperceived advantages, silica fibres still carry the bulkof short distance optical telecommunicationtransmission. The traditional problems with POF arethe limited bandwidth (due to the large step indexdifference between core and cladding) and propagationloss, particularly at the longer wavelengths. Thus therehas been little penetration of POF into local area linksand their deployment has been restricted (althoughthese alternative markets are potentially very large) totransportation and consumer electronics applications.

The incumbent polymer, PMMA, has a goodtransmission window at around 650 nm and thus in theregion of low cost diode laser sources but the loss isstill up to 190 dB/km (a.27). Over distances of a fewtens of metres therefore, there is still a considerablepenalty to pay in loss of power. This problem has beenaddressed using deuterated and fluorinated variants ofmethacrylate polymers (see Section 2.1.1) but the extracost of these materials currently acts as a commercialdisincentive. The most advanced commercialperfluorinated POF has the structural formula given inFigure 9. Known as ‘CYTOP’ this completely

Figure 9

Structure of the fully perfluorinated cyclic etherpolymer, ‘Cytop’


16

perfluorinated cyclic ether polymer has losses of only100 dB/km at 1.3 µm and slightly higher at 1.55 µm.The loss characteristics are more akin to those of silicawhere, below the water impurity absorption band, lossincreases steadily towards shorter wavelengthsaccording to the Rayleigh scattering law.

The bandwidth of an optical fibre is the parameterdefining the spacing that is needed between adjacentoptical pulses (bits) carried on the fibre over a setdistance. For the step index structures in conventionalPOF there is a limitation imposed by intermodaldispersion. This effect results in pulse broadening andeventually overlapping and is caused by the manyindividual modes carrying the power in the pulsetravelling at slightly different speeds. This limits thelength and the bit rate that the POF link can sustain.For PMMA step index fibre this ‘bandwidth lengthproduct’ (∆B.L) is in the region of 10 MHz.km at 650nm (a.27). Comparisons with silica multimode fibres(∆B.L = 200 MHz.km at 650 nm) reveal a fundamentaldifference in composition at the core/cladding interface.Silica fibres have a graded refractive index profile overthe core/cladding boundary region. Thus the refractiveindex drops off slowly away from the core. This featureacts to equalise the modal velocities and thus reducethe dispersion.

4.1.1 Graded Refractive Index Profiles

A method of forming a graded refractive index profilein POF was found in 1990 by researchers at KeioUniversity in Japan (a.28). Other groups (270, 271, 294,332) have since explored the method. Two monomersthat form polymers with widely differing refractiveindices and reactivity ratios were copolymerised froma monomer mixture inside a PMMA tube. Themonomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and vinylphenyl acetate (VPAc), form polymers with refractiveindices of 1.49 and 1.57, respectively, and the reactivityratio of the former is higher than the latter. At the wallsof the tube, the monomers swell the PMMA formingan annular gel region within which polymerisationoccurs readily. MMA polymerises faster than VPAc andthus as the polymer wall grows out into the core of thetube, the final phases of polymerisation in the gel regionincreasingly yield the higher index polymer. A gradedindex is formed which exhibits a quadratic radialdependence (see Figure 10).

Such fibres can achieve a bandwidth length product of300 MHz.km at 650 nm, which is better than or equalto that achievable using multimode silica. However,this bandwidth is limited by material dispersion at these

wavelengths, and the propagation loss becomesprohibitive for longer wavelength transmission.

The use of perfluorination as discussed earlier candramatically reduce the long wavelength loss and theperfluorinated graded index fibre has now beencommercialised by Asahi Glass (Japan) (a.29). In thefirst demonstration of this, the interfacial gelpolymerisation technique was used but withperfluorinated monomers (a.30). Measurements of theloss in the wavelength range 1 µm to 1.3 µm show aloss of 40 dB/km (a.31). The measured bandwidthlength product at 850 nm is 1 GHz.km and at 1.3 µm,10 GHz.km. The increase in bandwidth at longerwavelength reflects the reduced material dispersion atthese wavelengths (42).

4.1.2 Monomode Polymer Fibre

A brief explanation is required on the absence of anysignificant volume of work on monomode POF. Theprimary reasons are that it is the advantages offered bythe large core size and high numerical aperture of themultimode graded index POF that provide acompetitive edge to the silica alternatives. Simple andcheap fibre connectors and small bend radii without

Figure 10

Radial profile of the refractive index core/claddingdifference (n-n0) in a graded index polymer fibre. Rp

is the radius of the fibre perform

(Redrawn with permission from T. Ishigure, E. Nihei,Y. Koike, C.E. Forbes, L. LaNieve, R. Straff and H.A.Deckers, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 7, 403.

Copyright 1995, IEEE.)


17

fractures are key features. Single mode operation onthe other hand is only required for high bandwidth andlong distance transmission at wavelengths wherepolymers are too lossy in any case and silica is wellestablished. Nevertheless, there are some possibilitiesfor short lengths of single mode POF where some activefunctionality is incorporated into the fibre.

One such example is in the realm of non-linear optics(see Section 5.3) where the polymer can act as a hostto molecular centres of high optical nonlinearity andthus provide device functionality (a.32).

4.2 Multimode Planar Waveguides

As was discussed previously, the use of multimodepolymer waveguides is restricted to short distancepropagation due to high losses and intermodaldispersion. However, these are not impediments whenconsidering polymer technology for optical signaldistribution either on-chip, between circuit elementssuch as transmitters and receivers, or between boardsof a system such as a backplane distribution system.

The requirements for increased processor speeds incomputing ultimately places limits on the packingdensity of metal tracks on the processor chip (a.33).High density and operating speeds leads to powerdissipation problems and cross talk. Connecting theactive components using densely packed opticalwaveguides however removes these problems.Predictions have shown that such optical transmissionover a few mm is favoured over electrical connectionswhen clock rates exceed 1 Gb/s.

Most experimental work has explored polyimides (a.34,a.35) since they are high temperature stable polymersthat offer good planarisation properties. Measurementsare usually made at short wavelengths (632.8-830 nm)on multimode guides patterned by standardphotolithography and deposited on a layer of thermallygrown silicon dioxide on silicon.

Since the target application areas are largely in high speedcomputing no further discussion should be made in thisreport but it should be mentioned that the use of polymersin this field continues to be an area of active study.

4.3 Monomode Planar Waveguides and Devices

Monomode polymer waveguides offer the possibilityof the fabrication of passive optical waveguide

devices on a variety of different substrates (115, 252,290, 311, 344, 361, 398, 401, 414, 415). Monomodepropagation is necessary for the operation of manywaveguide photonic switches, filters, and modulatorsbut in order for these devices to remain stable, thematerial itself must exhibit stability to changes inthe ambient conditions. Before discussing specificdevices the issues of the stability of polymers thathave been of concern to device engineers will beconsidered.

Teams of researchers at the NTT laboratories inJapan have perhaps performed the most extensiveand intensive study of the properties of polymerwaveguides under conditions of varying temperatureand humidity (a.18, a.19, a.36-a.39). Their workdescribes waveguides fabricated from polyimides,polyacrylates and polysiloxanes, and deuterated andperfluorinated versions of these polymers. The keyissues are the changes in propagation loss andrefractive index when waveguides of these materialsare exposed to changes of humidity and temperature.The negative thermo-optic (T-O) coefficient ofpolymers is a well-understood phenomenon, arisingthrough volume expansion and contraction astemperature is raised or lowered. PMMA for exampleshows a T-O coefficient of around –1 × 10-4 K-1. Thewater sorption properties are also well known formost commercial polymers but the effects of wateruptake on the refractive index and optical absorptionloss are less well characterised. Water exhibits avibrational mode (the second overtone of the O-Hstretching mode) centred on 1.41 µm and thus theabsorption loss measured at 1.3 or 1.55 µm, to eitherside of this vibration, will increase with sorbed watercontent. To measure these effects accurately, theresearchers used a ‘meander’ type of waveguidepattern that provided individual monomodewaveguides of total length 57 cm but fabricated ona more convenient substrate of dimensions 5 x 6 cm(a.38). Deuterated and fluorinated MMA monomerswere used to form the polymers from which thesechannel waveguide structures were fabricated byRIE. The fluorinated materials, with the lowerrefractive index were used as cladding layerpolymers. The results showed that a small, yetmeasurable, increase in loss at 1.3 µm can bedetected as the ambient humidity is raised to 100%relative humidity (RH) (the loss increases by about0.03 dB/cm). Such a loss increase is not too muchof a worry compared to changes in the refractiveindex of the waveguide materials. To study thesechanges, the researchers fabricated an arrayedwaveguide grating (AWG). This device can performthe function of demultiplexing or multiplexing


18

optical signals of different wavelengths betweeninput and output optical ports. The precise designand operation of this elegant device (a.40) lie outsidethe scope of this review but the important point isthat the transmission properties are a function of theeffective refractive index of the waveguidescomprising the device. Measurements of the centrewavelength of transmission for this device and theway this changes with %RH can reveal the effectiveindex change with humidity. On an increase in %RHthe effective index was seen to increase by around 2x 10-5 % RH-1. It is these changes that would requirethat devices from polymers of this type behermetically sealed.

Other polymer systems are found to be far lessaffected by water sorption. The polysiloxanes, forexample, were shown to exhibit exceptionally goodenvironmental stability (a.19). Polymers in this classare particularly hydrophobic. Waveguides werefabricated from a combination of polymers formedfrom deuterated and non-deuterated phenylsilylchloride monomers. These provided the core andcladding polymers, respectively. The exceptionalstability against water sorption was proved by anabsence of loss increase even under conditions of90% RH at 75 °C for 1000 hours. Similarly, thecommercial polymer ‘Cyclotene’ has a very lowreported moisture uptake. A member of the class ofBCB, Cyclotene (1,3bis(2-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-yethenyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane) hasbeen formulated as a polymer with high heatresistance and low moisture uptake and lowdielectric constant for the electronics industry as apassivation layer material. It also has excellentoptical properties (a.41) and channel waveguidesfabricated using a formulation containing thecrosslinking agent 2,6-bis(4 azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone, showed reasonably lowpropagation losses (0.8 dB/cm) at 1300 nm. Furtherimprovement would be possible with fluorinatedversions of this type of material.

Allied Signal, during the late 1990s, developed apolymeric waveguide technology based on partiallyhalogenated, photocurable polyacrylates (a.42). Thissystem provides polymers of exceptionally low lossat telecommunication wavelengths due in part tovibrational overtone shifting through halogenation butalso through considerations of refractive indexhomogeneity. In particular, the photo-curing process,which proceeds directly from the monomer mixtures,provides polymer crosslinked networks of very lowresidual stress. A further consideration in thesematerials is the resulting surface energy of the

resulting polymers. The Allied group made theinteresting connection between refractive index andsurface free energy, noting that low index and lowsurface energy were connected. Perfluorinatedpolymers, whilst of low refractive index, also possesswell-known low surface free energies that make themdifficult to bond to substrates or other layers duringdevice fabrication. Addition of small quantities ofchlorinated hydrocarbon raises both the index andsurface energy allowing better wetting and bondingproperties. Channel waveguides showed opticalpropagation losses of 0.08 dB/cm at 1550 nm. Thisexceptionally low value (for polymers) wasaccompanied by very good thermal stability andmoisture resistance. Cycling between dry and humid(85% RH) conditions at 85 ºC, showed no additionalloss that might be caused by O-H impurity stretchingovertones.

Passive devices fabricated in the polymer generallyare of identical design to those fabricated in othermaterial systems such as silica. Thus there areexamples of AWG (a.43, a.44), directional couplers(a.45, a.46) and grating wavelength filters (a.47), forexample, but interest increases in those passivedevices that have no equivalent comparison.

One rather inventive range of devices usesbirefringence in polymers, either artificially inducedor naturally arising, as a means to control the state ofpolarisation of light travelling through the device. Asoutlined in Section 3.1.3, polymers doped with dipolarrod-shaped molecules having anisotropy in thepolarisability may be processed using electric fieldpoling to provide a material with an inducedbirefringence. Hwang and co-workers have taken thisidea and extended the concept to provide a length ofwaveguide along which the birefringence graduallyrotates in the transverse plane (xy) (a.48). Polinginduces a birefringent system that has two principalaxes, a and b with a birefringence, ∆n = (na–nb). Asdepicted in Figure 11, the electrodes used for the polingmay be displaced laterally by varying distances, s, alongthe waveguide path so that the principal axes may rotatethrough a maximum of 45°. The field of the input lightof either of the two waveguide mode polarisations, Ex

and Ey, thus gradually transforms into field components,Ea and Eb. A phase difference will gradually accumulatebetween these two components so that after a lengthdetermined primarily by the induced birefringence, thestate of polarisation can be fully rotated through 90°.

The poled polymer also becomes an electro-opticmaterial as is discussed in Section 5.2.2 and thusdevices prepared using this method may not simply


19

act in a passive way to rotate the polarisation but mayalso act as active polarisation controllers, offeringfurther device functionality (a.49).

5 Functional Polymer Applications

What has excited the research community most aboutthe potential use of polymers in telecommunicationsis the flexibility afforded by the synthetic chemistry.It has been possible to add optical functionality topolymers that then provide a processible materialsystem suitable for device fabrication. At thesimplest level, the polymer acts as a ‘host’ matrixfor the active ‘guest’ moieties (28, 96, 247, 286, 325,336, 346, 437) but by incorporating these activegroups in the synthesis of the polymer itself, greaterstability and higher functional densities have beenachieved (58, 182, 257, 307, 308, 309, 312, 329, 341,354, 362, 370, 375, 423, 428, 435, 436). Using thisintr insic versati l i ty, polymers have beendemonstrated that either out-perform incumbentmaterials or have functional properties that areunique in themselves. Polymers have yet to make abig impact in the highly competit ive and

overpopulated world of telecommunication devicetechnologies, but it is in the realm of functionaldevices that the best chances for this lie.

5.1 Thermo-Optics

Polymers have certain thermal properties that indicatethey be considered for devices that rely on the thermo-optic response. These are the large thermo-opticcoefficient (the refractive index of polymers changesmarkedly with temperature) and the low thermalconductivity (417) (which means that the drive poweris concentrated close to the point of operation). Bothof these two features combine to provide devices thatshow markedly lower operating power than theequivalent devices fabricated in silica for example, butin addition, make possible the fabrication of deviceswhose operation would be prohibitive in practice forthis competing material system (199).

Application of a voltage to an electrode having a leakageresistance leads to heating and if this electrode is placedover the waveguide region of a device fabricated from apolymer, it produces a lowering of the refractive index

Figure 11

Positioning of the poling electrodes used to induce a 45º polar alignment in the fabrication of passive polymerpolarisation rotators. The induced principal axes (a and b) are rotated from the those of the waveguide coordinate

system (x and y) by an angle, θ, specified at a point at the centre of rotation (a.48).

(Reproduced with permission from W.Y. Hwang, J.J. Kim, T. Zyung, M.C. Oh and S.Y. Shin, IEEE Journal ofQuantum Electronics, 1996, 32, 1054. Copyright 1996, IEEE.)


20

in that region of the order of –10-4 K-1. The polymerexpands and thus lowers the polarisability density (seeEquation 6). To a propagating waveguide mode, thelowering of refractive index reduces the effectiverefractive index, changing the propagation velocity andthe power confinement characteristics. Both effects canthen provide a mechanism for device operation.

Consider the simplest configuration of routing switchbased on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (shown inFigure 12). At the device input, the incident power isfed into a coupler region. This first directional coupleracts as a 3 dB power splitter and distributes light equallyinto the two waveguide paths. These paths then separatefor a distance (LH) over which the thermo-optic effectcan be applied before being brought together to a regionover which directional coupling can determine the portat which the light is output. The heater element impartsa phase change to the light in the upper arm of theinterferometer so that when the two waves recombinein the output coupler device, their phase is shifted byπ. The second coupler would otherwise perform thereverse operation of the first so that in the event thatno phase shift is imparted, all the power would emergein port 1. If the phase change is π or integer multiplesthereof, the light emerges from port 2 and into the singlemode fibre (SMF).

The drive power required for this operation dependsnot only the device design but on the material thermo-optic properties. The phase change, ∆φ, imparted tothe mode propagating in the active arm of theinterferometer is given by:

∆ ∆φ πλ

= 2NLH (8)

where λ, N and L are the wavelength, effectiverefractive index and length of interaction, respectively.The change in effective refractive index can beapproximated, assuming that all layers of the devicehave similar thermo-optic coefficients, through:

∆ ∆Ndn

dTT= (9)

where dn

dT and ∆T are the thermo-optic coefficient and

temperature change, respectively. As mentionedpreviously, polymers generally have thermo-opticcoefficients of around –10-4 K-1 whereas silica has apositive thermo-optic coefficient (a.50) of around 2 x10-5 K-1. It is not only that the temperature changesrequired are a factor 5 or so smaller that gives polymerstheir fundamental advantage but also that the specificheat capacity is higher (~ 1-2 kJkg-1 K-1), and thethermal conductivity (~ 0.2 Wm-1 K-1), lower, than insilica (a.51) (0.75 kJkg-1 K-1, 1.3 Wm-1K -1,respectively). Comparisons of drive power show thatwhereas a silica-based T-O switch requires 500 mW ofdrive power, the equivalent polymer device (a.52) needsonly a tenth of this, around 4.8 mW.

The device described above can operate withexceptionally low drive powers but its response iscyclical and the reliability of the device requires thatthe design specification is stringently reproduced andmaintained throughout the device’s working life. Analternative device, a digital optical switch, has theadvantage that there are only two stable states ofoperation for the device. A schematic diagram of thewaveguide layout and positioning of the heater electrodesis given in Figure 13a. This so-called ‘X’ switch relies

Figure 12

Layout of the waveguides and electrodes used in a Mach-Zehnder thermo-optic switch. Optical power is fed tothe device through port 1 using a polarisation maintaining fibre (PMF) (a.52).

(Reproduced with permission from Y. Hida, H. Onose and S. Imamura, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,1993, 5, 782. Copyright 1993, IEEE.)


21

on ‘modal evolution’, the redistribution of optical powerbetween the waveguides, through the transition region(a.53, a.54). In the absence of applied heating, the lightsimply passes through and emerges from port 1.However, when power is applied to the heater electrodes,the light transfers to the alternative port and has a powertransfer characteristic shown schematically in Figure

13b. As can be seen, the range of drive power over whichthe power transfer saturates can be relatively wide. Thisgives designers and fabricators some rather more relaxedtolerances with which to work. Furthermore, the devicewould be essentially immune to the effects of ageingfrom whatever source this arose. Devices such as theseand similar types that have a ‘Y’ type waveguide

Figure 13a

Layout of the waveguides and electrodes used in an ‘X’ type thermo-optic switch (a.53).

(Reproduced with permission from N. Keil, H.H. Yao and C. Zawadzki, Electronics Letters, 1996, 32, 1470.Copyright 1996, IEE.)

Figure 13b

Switching characteristics of the ‘X’ type switch. A fixed electrical bias power of 45 mW is applied to electrode 2and the power applied to electrode 2´ is varied to produce the ‘bar’ state power switching characteristics shown. Thenumerical symbols, e.g., 1-1´, indicate power input-power output ports. Simply changing the bias power applied to

electrode 1 generates the ‘cross’ state where for example, light entering port 1 leaves through port 2´ (a.53).

(Reproduced with permission from N. Keil, H.H. Yao and C. Zawadzki, Electronics Letters, 1996, 32, 1470.Copyright 1996, IEE.)


22

geometry (a.55) (see Figure 1b) typically have drivepowers of a few 10s of mW which is acceptably low forthe telecom industry.

5.2 Electro-Optics

Among the functional properties of particular interest,the electro-optic (E-O) effect, a member of the familyof non-linear optical effects, rates as the most intensivelystudied in polymers (29, 50, 52, 55, 82, 106, 107, 116,211, 212, 223, 224, 317, 330, 331, 345, 347, 348, 351,354, 356, 378, 379, 380, 381, 388, 389, 393, 422, 423,426, 435, 438). The E-O effect in telecommunicationscan underpin the operation of many devices, but the onemost commonly cited is the intensity modulator. Thisdevice takes the continuous wave output from a lasersource and impresses a data stream on this carrier wave.It is thus an intrinsic component in time divisionmultiplexing. The arguments for the use of polymers insuch devices are twofold:

i) the potential electro-optic coefficient, r , forpolymers (> 50 pmV-1) can be far in excess ofconventional optical waveguide materials such aslithium niobate (31 pmV-1), III-V semiconductors(0.6 pmV-1), or poled silica (10 pmV-1)

ii) the refractive index of polymers at microwave drivefrequencies is very close to that at optical frequencies.

The former will be explained in due course in terms ofthe synthesis, formulation and processing of particularpolymers but the latter is an intrinsic property ofpolymers that continues to give them an opportunityto take a unique place in photonics technology.

The electro-optic response transduces an appliedelectrical field into a refractive index change and thusa phase change to light propagating in the material.The phase change produced, ∆φ, accumulates withpropagation distance, L, and is proportional to theapplied field, E, provided the frequency, f, of the appliedfield is low. At higher frequencies, depending on thearrangement of the electrodes, the phase change alsodepends on the frequency, generally reducing for fixedfield strength with increasing frequency. At lowfrequencies, we can ignore the details of the design ofthe device and simply relate these quantities through:

∆φ πλ

= − n rEL3 (10)

where n and r are the refractive index and electro-opticcoefficient, respectively.

5.2.1 High Frequency Operation

As an example to illustrate the effects of drivefrequency, we will consider the design features of anelectro-optic modulator of the Mach-Zehnder type,where the applied field is a microwave signal that isapplied to a microstrip electrode that runs parallel tothe optical waveguide. At low applied frequencies, theefficiency at which the field induces phase changes tothe propagating optical waveguide mode is constantalong the length of the electrode. However, this assumesthat the two waves (optical and electrical) do not de-phase appreciably along this path. At higherfrequencies, however, the microwave signal willusually travel with a slower phase velocity than theoptical wave and this incrementally reduces theefficiency of accumulated phase change along the path.This phase mismatch is related to the differences inthe optical and microwave refractive indices and forthis type of electrode design the relative phase changeas a function of frequency is given by:

∆φπ

ππf( ) = [ ]

[ ] = [ ]sin f f

f fo

o

sinc f fo (11)

where:

f c Ln n nm o m01

1= ( ) −[ ] − (12)

and nm and no are the microwave and optical refractiveindices, respectively.

Examination of Equations 11 and 12 shows that therelative phase change tends to unity, (i.e., dependentonly on the principles described in Equation 10), wheneither f ⇒ 0, or when nm = no. Interestingly, for thelatter condition, the device would operate at maximumefficiency for any frequency of applied microwavefield. In polymers, the ratio no/nm is close to 0.9 whereasfor the alternative inorganic material, lithium niobate,it is 0.07 (a.56).

This fundamental advantage has continued to driveinterest in the development of polymers capable ofexhibiting an electro-optic effect. The demonstrationof efficient electro-optic modulation at over 110 GHzof a modulator fabricated from an E-O polymer hasproved the basic capability of these materials (a.57).

5.2.2 Materials and Processing Considerations

The linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) requiresa material with a non-centric space group. In polymers


23

this can be achieved by inducing a polar alignment ofpolarisable dipolar groups by the application of anelectric field. Molecules showing a large firsthyperpolarisability, β, at telecommunicationwavelengths and also possessing a dipole moment, µ,to couple with the poling field, Ep, are usually attachedcovalently to a polymer matrix (these are then referredto as either ‘side chain’ or ‘main chain’ types, dependingon the method of covalent incorporation).

There has been a huge research effort over the past twodecades into the optimisation of molecular structure forthe non-linear optical responses that give rise to electro-optic effects. Running as a common thread through thiswork is the guiding principle that the molecular non-linearity is maximised in molecules possessing functionalgroups with differing electron affinity separated by aneasily polarisable π-conjugated spacer. A feature of suchmolecules is a strong charge transfer absorption band inthe visible region. Recent efforts have also concentratedon the steric properties of these model molecules (a.58).One of the inherent problems is that the large dipolemoment, the large linear polarisability and the planarityof the molecule all contribute to aggregation driven byvan-der-Waals forces. Aggregates cannot contribute to theelectro-optic effect and the maximum achievable responseis thus limited in part by the concentration of freemolecules that co-exist with the aggregated material. Theattachment of bulky side groups has been shown todramatically overcome this limitation. All these featuresare exemplified in the molecule shown in Figure 14.

The molecular constants, β and µ, may be related tothe electro-optic coefficient that can be achieved in apoled polymer through a simple relationship thatassumes the individual dipoles are free to rotate underthe influence of the poling field. At a temperature abovethe Tg in glassy polymers, thermal equilibrium isreached quickly since there is plenty of free volumeinto which the molecular dipoles can rotate. We canrepresent this condition through:

r CN p= ( )β θcos3 (13)

where C is a constant, N is the number density of freedipolar molecules and θ is the average polar angle ofdipoles after poling. The parameter, p, upon which θdepends, represents the ratio of the energy of interactionbetween the poling field and the dipole moment andthe thermal energy, for example:

pE

kTp=

µ(14)

Putting in some values for β and µ for the molecule ofFigure 14 shows that for moderate poling fields andtemperatures, electro-optic coefficients of up to 100pm/V should be achievable. Such values are far inexcess of alternative materials used in photonicwaveguide devices. Indeed, polymers using guest/hostincorporation of such molecules and poled under such

Figure 14

Structure of a molecule of the D-π-A type in which bulky substituents have been added along the chain toreduce the pairwise interactions between molecules that leads to aggregation and a reduction in the achievable

electro-optic response.


24

conditions have been fabricated into electro-opticdevices that exhibit exceptionally low drive voltages(a.59). For a phase change of π, we can rearrangeEquation 10 to provide a characteristic voltage, Vπ, thatis used to compare devices of similar design:

Vd

n Lrπλ= − 3 (15)

where the simplest relationship between voltage andfield, E=V/d has been assumed, with d the electrodeseparation. This voltage in practice does depend on theprecise geometry of the device (particularly the relativepositioning of electrodes and waveguides) butnevertheless is a defining property. Polymer deviceshave thus been demonstrated with Vπ < 1 V.

Poling at or above the Tg means that thermalequilibrium is established relatively quickly but for thealignment to remain stable, the temperature must bereduced to well below this value with the field appliedto ‘freeze’ it in. The free volume reduces and stericallyrestricts the dipoles from rotating. However, thiscondition is essentially metastable, as indeed is theconformational configuration of any polymer that hasbeen cooled at a finite rate from a temperature aboveTg. The trapped free volume in the polymer after coolingthrough Tg, has a distribution which slowly changes.Considered as a size spectrum of free volume sites,there will be a spectrum of relaxation ratescorresponding to the size distribution. The aligneddipolar molecules are supposed to occupy these sitesand therefore any measurement that directly reflectsthe average polar alignment can give an indication ofthe relaxation kinetics of the polymer. The mostuniversal way that the relaxation has been modelledhas been by applying the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts(KWW) stretched exponential function. Themeasurement used for illustration is the electro-opticcoefficient, which as shown in Equation 13 is directlyproportional to the polar order. Thus we represent theKWW expression as:

r t r t b( ) = ( ) −( )0 exp[ ]τ (16)

in which, τ is a characteristic relaxation time (the timetaken for the electro-optic coefficient to decay to 1/eof its original value, r(0)) and b is thephenomenological parameter that represents the spreadof free volume distribution.

The precise features of the decay of polar order howevermay not be amenable to such simple analyses as, forexample, those that relate the decay time to the

observed Tg of the polymer. Although limited successhas been found (a.60) by scaling the relaxation timesof Equation 16 to a scaling law, (Tg–T)/T, this onlyseems to apply for guest host polymers at temperaturesup to 50 °C below the Tg. The use of crosslinking inthe polymer lattice can produce polymers whose polarorder is substantially unchanged for long periods oftime at elevated temperatures (a.61).

5.3 Non-Linear Optics

The electro-optic effect is one manifestation of the classof second order non-linear optical phenomena. Non-linear optics can provide further functionality inmaterials that would make possible devices that wouldoperate under a purely optical stimulus. These devices,phase shifters and wavelength converters principally,would therefore further remove the need for electricalintervention in the telecommunication network andhelp in the move towards an ‘all-optical’ technology.

5.3.1 Intensity Dependent Refractive Index

Devices that operate in some way using the non-linearrefractive index, ñ, are of special interest. The intensitydependent change in index that arises can be of eithersign (positive or negative) dependent on the positionand strength of proximal resonances. In silica opticalfibres for example, this optical nonlinearity producesself-focussing of signal pulses that acts againstdispersion to produce solitons. The refractive index canbe given as:

n n n I= +0 2 (17)

where n0 is the unperturbed value (low field limit)whereas n2I represents the refractive index change, ∆n,achievable with intensity, I , determined by thecoefficient, n2. The most common figure of meritregarding the utility of the non-linear refractive indexis given as follows:

Wn= ∆

αλ(18)

where α is the absorption coefficient and λ thewavelength of interest. Devices such as directionalcouplers or Mach-Zehnder interferometers can beassessed using the ‘W’ value. Values of this parameterof greater than unity give some indication that amaterial may offer some promise for devices, alsoprovided that the response time of the non-linearrefraction is suitable, i.e., not of thermal origin.


25

Some mention needs to be made about fully conjugatedpolymers in this regard. During the 1980s and early1990s, classes of conjugated polymers based onpolythiophenes, polydiacetylenes, and others wereintensively investigated for their third order opticalnonlinearities (a.60). The delocalised π electronsystems in these polymers can be readily excited byincident light to produce non-linear polarisationresponses (76, 371, 385, 391, 395, 419).

The polydiacetylenes (PDA) have long been suggestedfor all-optical non-linear devices. These polymerscertainly have relatively large values for n2 but this isinvariably associated with a large value for α and it isdifficult therefore to find an operating wavelength wherethe ‘W’ value condition of Equation 18 is met. Thecurrent thinking regarding the class of PDA is that inonly one of the polymers can the relevant device figuresof merit be reached at telecommunications wavelengths(a.61). The material in question is poly(2,4-hexdiyne-1,6-diol-bis-p-toluene-sulfonate (PTS). This polymer ifgrown into a waveguide as a non-scattering single crystalhaving its principal non-linear crystal axis appropriatelyaligned could just provide adequate switching propertiesat 1600 nm (the measurement wavelength) at areasonably high bandwidth.

5.3.2 Cascaded Third Order Nonlinearities

As an alternative strategy, there is a possibility that thesecond order optical non-linearity in poled polymersmay be used to generate a so-called cascaded third ordernon-linear response (a.62).

The second order non-linear optical responses, suchas second harmonic generation, involve coupled wavesat fundamental and sum frequencies each propagatingwith velocities according to the dispersive conditionsimposed by the material or waveguide geometry. Thusthe constant interchanging of power betweenfundamental and second harmonic fields underdispersive conditions, (i.e., where phase matching isnot favoured) results in a build-up of phase delay inthe fundamental beam. This can be regarded as aneffective third order nonlinearity with an effective n2

value given by the following expression:

nd

cn keff

eff

2

2 2

04

2( ) =

[ ]( )π

ε λ∆(19)

where deff2( ) is the effective second order non-linear

coefficient

and ∆k n n= −42

πλ ω ω represents the wavevector

mismatch for second harmonic generation due todifferences in effective indexes at fundamental (nω) andsecond harmonic (n2ω) wavelengths. Notice that thereis apparently, the possibility of exceptionally largeeffective n2 values upon phase matching (∆k = 0). Thismethod of cascaded third order nonlinearity is of greatinterest and could be particularly relevant to the secondorder NLO studies being undertaken on electro-opticpolymer waveguides. However, whereas for electro-optics, there is a need for transparency only at thetelecommunications wavelengths, this method requirestransparency at both the fundamental and secondharmonic wavelengths. Since there is a fundamentalrelationship between the position of the lowest energyelectronic excitation and β, such a transparencyrequirement would inevitably mean a restriction on themaximum achievable second order response.

6 Conclusions and Outlook

The fact that polymers may be coated onto wafersubstrates and that they may be processed using standardsemiconductor device techniques has driven research anddevelopment interest in polymer photonic circuits foralmost three decades. However, the earliest publishedwork from Bell Laboratories explored the possibilitiesfor mass manufacturing using replication moulding,which was only revisited later during the 1990s whenthe requirement for low cost and high volume telecomphotonic devices became clear. Therefore, transferringconventional semiconductor processing methods(photolithography, RIE etching) to polymer processingwhilst allowing the demonstration and commercialdeployment of a limited range of polymer components,has in the meantime removed the potential unit costadvantage. Polymer devices that remain competitiveagainst their inorganic counterparts do so on fundamentalperformance issues alone. Thus the unique thermo-opticand electro-optic properties described previously willcontinue to be used to argue the case for their commercialacceptance. These are limited sectors of the whole markethowever since the deployment of wavelength divisionmultiplexing requires low cost passive devices, such asfilters, passive power dividers and couplers, all of whichcan be fabricated quite satisfactorily from low loss silicawaveguide technology in relatively large volumes. Unitcosts of semiconductor processing techniques forphotonic circuit manufacture remain relatively highhowever. Silica-based devices use a low refractive indexdifference to confine light to the channel waveguides.


26

This puts a limit on the minimum acceptable bendradius in the guide before losses become prohibitiveand the result is that devices take up a relatively largearea of each wafer. Whilst polymer technologies canin principle offer higher index contrast (and thus morecompact devices) only special formulations(fluorinated/halogenated) can offer comparablepropagation losses and reliability and there is thenthe lack of an industry standard allowing ‘secondsourcing’ for systems developers. It would thereforeappear that for wider acceptance, there is a need forpolymer technologists to pursue the cost advantagesproven in methods such as injection moulding whilstretaining the performance imperatives ofperfluorination and crosslinking.

During the latter part of the 1990s, a surge in the growthof the telecom sector was seen, fuelled by theexpectation that customer demand for bandwidth wouldvastly outstrip capacity. The investment communityresponded by funding a variety of start-up companiesin photonic component research and development andamong these a number of companies aiming to takepolymer technologies through to the market. Firstamong these was an offshoot of Akzo-Nobel who hadpatented a crosslinked polycarbonate system withrefractive index tuning and low loss as importantdefining features. A range of thermo-optic switchingdevices was available from Akzo-Nobel Electronicproducts and major telecom systems suppliers wereevaluating these devices with an eye to deployment. Aunit of Allied Signal then offered for sale its polymerwaveguide technology and this was bought by JDSFitel. Other start-up companies such as LightwaveMicrosystems and ZenPhotonics later advertisedthermo-optic polymer devices of various typesincluding variable optical attenuators and there alsoemerged a company offering a packaged polymerelectro-optic modulator for evaluation.

After the technology bust of 2000/2001 however, it isnot clear whether these companies or their successorswill fare better or worse than those basing their productofferings on alternative materials technologies. Thecurrent appetite is for lower cost over higherperformance. One way to achieve this is throughincreased integration of devices which in the limitmeans wafer scale integration. The III-V communitycurrently has the edge here, showing that sources,receivers, modulators and amplifiers can be fabricatedtogether on a single InP wafer. The other way is toreduce the unit cost of production. This will remain adoor through which it may prove possible to widen theparticipation of polymer technologies in this, althoughnow more steadily, growing field.

Abbreviations

AWG Arrayed waveguide grating (s)

BCB Benzocyclobutene polymers

CD Compact disk

DPMA Dihydroxypropylmethacrylate

DVD Digital video disk

DWDM Dense wavelength divisionmultiplexing

EDFA Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers

E-O Electro-optic effect

ITU International TelecommunicationsUnion

KWW Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts

MMA Methyl methacrylate

PDA Polydiacetylene (s)

PFBCB Perfluorinated benzocyclobutenepolymers

PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate

POF Polymer optical fibre

PTS Poly (2,4-hexdiyne-1,6-diol-bis-p-toluene-sulfonate

RH Relative humidity

RIE Reactive ion etching

SMF Single mode fibre

SOA Semiconductor optical amplifiers

TDM Time division multiplexing

Tg Glass transition temperature

TM Transverse magnetic

T-O Thermo-optic coefficient

VPAc Vinyl phenyl acetate

WDM Wavelength division multiplexing


27

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28

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References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 29

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conferenceproceedings.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1271-2SYNTHESIS AND LUMINESCENT PROPERTIESOF A NOVEL RIGID-ROD ALTERNATINGCOPOLYMER CONTAININGOLIGO(ETHYLENE OXIDE) SIDE CHAINSCheng Huang C; Huang W; Guo J; Yang C-ZSingapore,National University; Nanjing,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The discovery of a new of light-emitting devices withmobile ions incorporated into the active polymer layer,has resulted in the introduction of light-emitting chemicalcells (LECs). These original devices consist of twoelectrodes, and an active polymer layer blended withlithium triflate-doped polyethylene oxide (PEO) whichfacilitates ionic conductivity. An in situ light-emitting p-n junction is formed by simultaneous p-type and n-typeelectrochemical doping of electrolyte-containingconjugated polymer chains between two oppositelycharged electrodes. LECs have many advantages such aslow operating voltage, high quantum efficiency, highpower efficiency and non-sensibility to be work functionof the metal electrodes, etc. However the use of a polymerblend in these devices can result in phase separationbetween the emissive layer and the polymer electrolytewhich, in turn, could be detrimental to deviceperformance, such as response times which are necessaryfor application of LECs in flat panel displays. Whilevarious PPV derivatives substituted with alkoxy, alkyl,aryl, halogen and alkylsilyl side groups have been usedin LEDs, some oligo(ethylene oxide)grafted PPVs havebeen reported for LEC applications. Synthesis via theWittig reaction and characterisation are presented of anovel yellow-green light-emitting rigid-rod copolymer,poly((2,5-bis(triethoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)-alt-(1,4-phenylene vinylene), with an alternating structure inwhich one block is based on para-phenylene vinylene andthe other unit is liked with 2,5-substituted para-phenylenevinylene with ethoxy-terminated oligo(ethylene oxide)side chains, along with the fabrication and characterisationof the light-emitting devices from this soluble andprocessable copolymer with both electronic and ionic-conduction. 11 refs.CHINA; SINGAPORE

Accession no.835350

Item 2Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conferenceproceedings.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1405-6PHOTORESPONSIVE SELF-ASSEMBLEDMULTILAYER OF THREE NEW AZO

POLYELECTROLYTESTuoX; Chen Z; Wu L; Wang X; Liu DTsinghua,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Polymers bearing azobenzene chromophores haveattracted considerable attention due to their potentialapplications in optical data storage and optical controllingprocess. One of the most interesting properties ofazobenzene chromophores is the reversible cis-transisomerisation, which can be triggered or accelerated bylight or thermal effect. When irradiated with UV light,the stable trans form of azobenzene can be isomerised tocis form and cis-to-trans isomerisation can occur uponirradiation of visible light. The reversible isomerisationproperty has been extensively explored to design variousnew polymers with special functionalities. Three newpolyelectrolytes bearing azobenzene type chromophoresin side chains are synthesised and fabricated intomultilayer film by a layer-by-layer self-assemblytechnique. This technique was recently reported and hasbeen widely used to manipulate thin films, and to prepareacentric azo polymer multilayer films suited to non-linearoptical devices. The layer-by-layer adsorption ofphotoactive polyionic containing azobenzene groups hasrecently been reported. Polyacrylic acid-based polyanioncontaining three different types of chromophores issynthesised. The dependence of the rate of cis-transisomerisation on chemical structure of the chromophoresin self-assembled multilayers is studied. The photo-responsive behaviours of the chromophores in the self-assembled multilayers are compared with those in aqueoussolution and spin-coated films. 6 refs.CHINA

Accession no.835287

Item 3Composites Part A: Applied Science andManufacturing33A, No.1, 2002, p.27-34OPTIMISATION OF THE COATING OF A FIBREOPTICAL SENSOR EMBEDDED IN A CROSS-PLY GFRP LAMINATEBarton E N; Ogin S L; Thorne A M; Reed G TSurrey,University

The effect of thickness and Young’s modulus of the fibrecoating on the local stress distributions around an opticalfibre sensor embedded in the 0 deg. ply of a cross-plyGRP laminate is determined using finite element analysis.Three positions of the sensor are analysed (adjacent tothe 0/90 interface, in the middle of the 0 deg. ply or at thelaminate surface) and wide ranges of coating modulus(0.045-10 GPa) and coating thickness (5-70 mu m) areinvestigated. Results of the modelling are validatedagainst closed-form analytical solutions (where available)


30 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

and are summarised in the form of a design curve showingthe optimum combinations of coating thickness andcoating modulus for minimum sensor obtrusivity in suchlaminates. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835054

Item 4Chemical Week163, No.35, 19th Sept.2001, p.35-6WAITING FOR LIGHT AT THE END OF THEDOWNTURNSchmitt B; Morrison S

The fast-growing UV and EB radiation-curing chemicalssegment is not passing through the economic slowdownunscathed. Sales at some radiation-curing chemicalssuppliers have flattened or even dipped this year, the resultof slumps in the major end-use markets of printed circuitboards and automotive parts manufacturing. UV/EB-cured coatings, inks and adhesives are on track to average5%, 6% and 12% annual growth rates, respectively,through 2005. The long-term trends point to strongerdemand for the three principal categories of radiation-curing chemicals - photoinitiators, monomers andoligomers.WORLD

Accession no.834597

Item 5Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conferenceproceedings.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1118-9SIDE-CHAIN POLYURETHANE-IMIDES FORSECOND ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICSSui Y; Yin J; Hou Z; Zhu N; Lu J; Zhu Z; Wang ZShanghai,Jiao Tong University; Fudan,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Second order non-linear optical (NLO) polymers offergreat promise for in electro-optic modulators opticalinterconnects, and other devices due to their large linearelectro-optic coefficients, low dielectric constants,flexibility in fabrication and processing techniquescompatible with integrated technology. Recent studies onside-chain polyimides indicate that high Tg polymers suchas aromatic PIs are a promising choice of matrix materialsfor NLO polymers that may be utilised to reduce therelaxation of oriented dipoles. A common synthetic routefor those NLO PIs is the condensation polymerisation ofdianhydrides with diamines containing an NLOchromophore via a polyamic acid (PAA) prepolymerfollowed by a high temperature imidisation or a chemicalimidisation process. This method, however, often involvestedious synthesis of the chromophores containing diaminemonomers. Sometimes the fact that few chromophorescan survive the relatively harsh chemical conditions of

the monomer synthesis and the imidisation of the PAAsand the difficulty in the synthesis of chromophore-containing diamine compounds limit the type ofchromophores that may be incorporated into the PIbackbone. NLO PIs are prepared via an iscyanatoterminated urethane prepolymer instead of a PAAprepolymer. This new approach avoids troublesome NLO-diamine synthesis. This technique also permits versatilityin selection of the chromophores to be incorporated intothe PI backbone, in addition to providing two bondingsites for chromophore attachment to give betterorientational stability. The synthesised PIs, orpolyurethane-imides, might be a better matrix material,as processability and solubility are enhanced withoutlosing the advantageous properties of PIs. Theconventional DR-19 with di-hydroxy groups is used as atest NLO chromophore to characterise the novel syntheticapproach. 5 refs.CHINA

Accession no.833494

Item 6Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conferenceproceedings.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1116-7ALL-OPTICAL POLING OF A SIDE-CHAINPOLYURETHANE-IMIDE FOR SECOND-ORDER NON-LINEAR OPTICSYu X; Sui Y; Yin J; Li Q; Zhong X; Chen Y; Zhu Z;Wang ZShanghai,Jiao Tong University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Second-order non-linear optical polymers (NLO) offergreat promise for use in electro-optic modulators, opticalinterconnects and other devices due to their large linearelectro-optic coefficients, low dielectric constants,flexibility in fabrication, and processing techniquescompatible with integrated circuit technology. In contrastto crystalline materials, glassy polymers are isotropic, andtherefore require poling in order to orient their moleculardipoles and thus generate the desired NLO properties. Inthe most common electrical poling procedure glassy NLOpolymeric thin films are heated to elevated temperature(always above glass transition temperature Tg) to increasethe mobility of the non-linear components when a highvoltage electric field is applied. Through the electrostaticinteraction, the non-linear molecules align with theelectric field and then a non-centrosymmetry, which is arequirement for macroscopic second-order non-linearoptical properties, is generated. While maintaining theapplied field, the temperature is decreased to roomtemperature, and the non-linear molecules are ‘frozen’into their new orientation. Several years ago, a new polingmethod - all-optical poling (AOP) - was first proposed,which leads to an overall orientation of dipoles with thehelp of light only. A recent study on the characteristickinetics and the seeding parameters of AOP of side-chain



polyurethane-imide films containing an azobenzenechromophore is presented. 4 refs.CHINA

Accession no.833493

Item 7Polimery46, No.3, 2001, p.192-200PolishPARAMETERS CHARACTERISING THEINTERACTION BETWEEN INNERPROTECTIVE DUCT ANDOPTOTELECOMMUNICATION CABLEKlepka T

A method and apparatus for investigation of sections ofoptotelecommunication cables and protective ductssampled directly from commercial products are described.Examples are presented of results of investigations ofthree successive installations of telecommunication cablewith an outer layer of PE-HD in a protective also madefrom PE-HD and having a slip layer on the surface ofPTFE or with silicone polymer. 11 refs. Articles from thisjournal can be requested for translation by subscribers tothe Rapra produced International Polymer Science andTechnology.

Accession no.833001

Item 8Advanced Materials13, No.19, 2nd Oct. 2001, p.1483-7FUNCTIONALIZED FLUORINATEDHYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS FOR OPTICALWAVEGUIDE APPLICATIONSPitois C; Wiesmann D; Lindgren M; Hult ASweden,Royal Institute of Technology; IBM

Details are given of the use of fluorinated hyperbranchedpolyhydroxystyrene in optical waveguide applications.The control of refractive index over a wide range and UVcrosslinking for ease of processing and stable long-termmechanical properties is discussed. 17 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.832950

Item 9Polymer42, No.21, 2001, p.8511-6CHROMOPHORE FUNCTIONALISEDMALEIMIDE COPOLYMERS WITH HIGHPOLING STABILITIES OF THE NONLINEAROPTICAL EFFECT AT ELEVATEDTEMPERATURESamyn C; Ballet W; Verbiest T; Van Beylen M;Persoons ALeuven,Catholic University

Precursor polymers were synthesised by radicalcopolymerisation of maleimide with 4-phenylstyrene,indene or 1-adamantyl methacrylate. Chromophorefunctionalised copolymers were then synthesised byreacting the copolymers with hydroxyalkyl chromophoresunder Mitsunobu conditions. Second order susceptibilityvalues of up to 16 pm/V were obtained. The polymersshowed high glass transition temperatures of 222-228C,which resulted in a stable non-linear optical response atelevated temperatures. The polymers retained between72 and 90% of the original non-linear optical activity aftermore than 200 h of heating at 125C. 25 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831854

Item 10Polymer42, No.24, 2001, p.9863-66POLYMERIC PHOTOREFRACTIVECOMPOSITE FOR HOLOGRAPHICAPPLICATIONSWon-Jae Joo; Nam-Jun Kim; Hgundee Chun; In KyuMoon; Nakjoong KimHanyang,University

A polymeric composite based on a optically anisotropicchromophore doped polysiloxane was evaluated fordiffraction efficiency at 30 volts per micron usingdegenerative four-wave mixing, and its ability as aholographic data storage medium and phase conjugationmirror were demonstrated. The composite thickness was100 microns, and it was shown that a phase conjugationmirror could correct a distorted phase object beam. 19refs.KOREA

Accession no.831814

Item 11Journal of Materials Science Letters20, No.12, 15th June 2001, p. 1077-9BLUE-GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVEPHOTODIODE MADE FROM SOL-GELPROCESSED MATERIAL AND A POLYMERFan Q; Mcquillin B; Seddon A BSheffield,University; Sheffield,Hallam University;Nottingham,University

A low-cost photodiode responsive to blue-green light wasfabricated on indium tin oxide with sol-gel producedanatase TiO2 and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). The peak responsewas 15mA per watt at 500nm wavelength and the photonto current conversion efficiency was 9.4%. Thephotoresponse corresponded well to the UV-visiblespectrum of MEH-PPV itself, but with some losses atlower wavelength. These were ascribed to absorption bythe glass substrate and to formation of excitons so deep



within the polymer that they decayed before reaching theinterface with TiO2. The current-voltage characteristicsof the device in both the light and dark were reported.The stability of the devices was investigated. They showedno variation in photoelectronic response over 24 hours ofcontinuous irradiation in a vacuum, and there was littlechange in their response after four months storage inambient conditions. Some possible applications of thedevices were suggested. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831671

Item 12Journal of Macromolecular Science AA38, No.9, 2001, p.973-80SYNTHESIS OF POLYURETHANESCONTAININGDIOXYBENZYLIDENECYANOACETATE AS ANNLO-CHROMOPHORE FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAPPLICATIONSLee J-Y; Park E-JInje,University

Methyl 2,4-di-(2'-hydroxyethoxy)benzylidenecyano-acetate (3) is prepared by hydrolysis of methyl 2,4-di-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (2). Diol 3is condensed with 2,4-toluenediisocyanate and 3,3-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylenediisocyanate to yield PUs 4and 5 containing the NLO-chromophore 2,4-dioxybenzylidenecyanoacetate. The resulting PUs aresoluble in common organic solvents such as acetone andDMF. Tg values of the polymers obtained from DSCthermograms are in the range of 101-114 deg.C andelectro-optic coefficient (r33) of the poled polymer filmsis in the range of 12-15 pm/V at 633 nm. Polymers 4 and5 show thermal stability up to 300 deg.C in TGAthermograms, which is acceptable for NLO deviceapplications. 20 refs.KOREA

Accession no.831579

Item 13International Polymer Science and Technology28, No.9, 2001, p.T/61-9PARAMETERS CHARACTERISING THEINTERACTION BETWEEN INNERPROTECTIVE DUCT AND OPTO-TELECOMMUNICATION CABLEKlepka T

Details are given of the use of a test rig which has beendeveloped in order to identify the values of the mostimportant indices characterising the interaction betweenan inner jacket made of polyethylene and an opto-telecommunication cable with an outer covering also ofpolyethylene during installation and the pulling of the cablethrough the outer jacket. Data derived from the test rig can

be used in the design of jacket/cable systems. 11 refs.(Article translated from Polymery, No.3, 2001, p.192).EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.831546

Item 14Chemistry of Materials13, No.9, Sept. 2001, p.3043-50LOW V PI ELECTROOPTIC MODULATORSFROM CLD-1. CHROMOPHORE DESIGN ANDSYNTHESIS, MATERIAL PROCESSING, ANDCHARACTERIZATIONZhang C; Dalton L R; Oh M-C; Zhang H; Steier W HSouthern California,University

Details are given of the synthesis of a ring-locked,phenyltetraene-based, second-order nonlinear opticalchromophore. Thin films and waveguide devices wereprepared from chromophore/PMMA and chromophore/polycarbonate composites to study its electroopticalactivity, optical loss, and photostability. 22 refs.USA

Accession no.831091

Item 15Composites Science & Technology61, No.13, 2001, p.1863-9INTERACTION BETWEEN OPTICAL FIBRESENSORS AND MATRIX CRACKS IN CROSS-PLY GRP LAMINATES - PART 1: PASSIVEOPTICAL FIBRESBarton E N; Ogin S L; Thorne A M; Reed G T; LePage B HSurrey,University

An investigation was carried out into the effect of theobtrusivity of an optical fibre on matrix cracking in amodel glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin cross-plylaminate. It was found that the initiation and developmentof matrix cracks were insensitive to the presence of theoptical fibre in composites subjected to quasi-staticloading and cyclic loading when the peak strain wasgreater than the quasi-static cracking threshold. Whencyclic loading with a peak strain below the crackingthreshold was carried out, a reduction in matrix-crackgrowth rate in the vicinity of the optical fibre wasobserved. 18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.830497

Item 16Polymer42, No.23, 2001, p.9379-84NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES INNOVEL CROSSLINKED SYSTEM WITH HOST-GUEST AND SIDE CHAIN



Young-San Cho; Jae-Suk Lee; Gyoyin Cho; TatsuoWada; Hiroyuki SasabeKwangju,Institute of Science & Technology;Sunchon,National University; Japan,Institute ofPhysical & Chemical Research; Chitose,Institute ofScience & Technology

A crosslinkable polymer with host-guest and side chainsystem was studied to increase the content of NLOchromophores in second order nonlinear optics. A verylow poling temperature was applied, and the observedUV absorption difference before and after poling was duelargely to a low glass transition temperature of the polymerand high content of chromophores introduced by sidechain and guest molecules. Through crosslinked polymermatrices highly stable NLO properties were achieved.FTIR and 29Si solid state NMR was used to confirm thecrosslink relationship between polymer matrix andchromophore. The d33 values of modified DR1/polymerfilms are high and there is no change over 2 months atambient temperature. 27 refs.JAPAN; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.830114

Item 17Journal of Materials Chemistry11, No.9, Sept.2001, p.2271-81SIMPLE ZWITTERIONIC MEROCYANINES ASPOTENTIAL NLO CHROMOPHORESKay A J; Woolhouse A D; Gainsford G J; Haskell T G;Wyss C P; Giffin S M; McKinnie I T; Barnes T HIndustrial Research Ltd.; Otago,University;Auckland,University

A series of zwitterionic pyridylidene-based merocyaninesthat contained no interconnecting pi-bridge between thedonor and acceptor rings was synthesised and theirsecond-order non-linear optical properties evaluatedmainly by semi-empirical computational methods.Representative polymer-tetherable derivatives wereprepared, as were the corresponding TDI-based PUs. 41refs.NEW ZEALAND

Accession no.829611

Item 18Journal of Applied Polymer Science81, No.11, 12th Sept.2001, p.2744-53ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIES OF CARBONDIOXIDE FIXED-POLYMER/NEMATIC LCCOMPOSITE FILMSYeong Hee Cho; Byung Kyu KimPusan,National University

Preparation and electrooptic properties are reported for arange of UV cured polyurethane diacrylate filmscontaining dispersed liquid crystals/. The materials wereproduced with a variety of different chemicalcompositions of the cyclic carbonate used as a base for

the polymer, different end capping acrylates, differentcrosslink densities in the polymer and differentphotoinitiators for the final curing reaction. Morphologyof the films was studied using scanning electronmicroscopy and electrooptical properties were measuredby change of light transmission with applied voltage.Thermal properties of the films were assessed bydifferential scanning calorimetry. Greatest interaction withthe liquid crystal component of the film came with thereactants that gave the smaller domain sizes and contactangle measurements. These also had the highest thresholdand driving voltage requirements. 18 refs.USA

Accession no.829377

Item 19Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.13, 1st July 2001, p.2189-95A FACILE APPROACH TO PREPARE SOLUBLESIDE-CHAIN POLYIMIDES FOR SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICSYu Sui; Jie Yin; Zhanjia Hou; Na Zhu; Jiongxin Liu;Yangang Liu; Zikang Zhu; Zongguang WangShanghai,Jiao Tong University; Fudan,University

A new preparation method for second-order nonlinearoptical polyimides (NLO), that is simple and generallyapplicable has been developed. The method entails thepreparation of side-chain substituted polyimides viaisocyanate terminated prepolymers prepared directly fromNLO chromophore-containing diols. The polymers hadgood solubility and high glass transition temperatures andgood optical quality films were produced by spin coating.A study was also made of the second-order NLO activitiesand proposals were made for the factors which determinetheir growth. The new polymers exhibit a large second-order NLO activity. 31 refs.CHINA

Accession no.829312

Item 20Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics andOptical Applications. Conference proceedings.Charlotte, N.C., 23rd-24th October 2000, p.11-5HELPING PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBERCHALLENGE THE PERFORMANCE OF GLASSAND THE SIMPLICITY OF USE OF WIREShevchuk G JLucent Technologies(SPE)

Copper wire and optical fibre are among the most widelyused physical media for communications. They share manycommon traits, particularly as regards their interconnectionboth in-line in extending link lengths as well as at the linkends, attaching to sources and receivers of the signals tobe transported. Both types of interconnections in both media



have been implemented with connectors, which allowrepeated mating and de-mating. Where permanent joiningof two ends of the media are necessary, splices are used.Wire, however, has many forms of interconnection due tothe simplicity of making electrical connections.Interconnecting optical fibres on the other hand, requiresthe guiding of the light out of the end of one fibre into theend of another, without allowing too much of it to escapeat the interface. When comparing plastic optical fibre (POF)to glass fibre (GOF), there is significant simplification inits cutting and in eliminating the need for careful strippingof a coating. However, the simplification usually ends there,because additional effort is still needed to ensure that thePOF endface is smooth enough to maintain adequateguidance of the light. Additionally, connectors are toprovide accurate alignment of the fibre ends to each other.Any and/or simplification in these aspects could greatlyimprove the usability of POF. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.829147

Item 21European Design EngineerOct.2001, p.35-7GETTING A FIRM GRIP ON THE AUTOMATEDASSEMBLY OF PLANAR WAVEGUIDE DEVICESMobarhan K S; Heyler RNewport Corp.

Many of the optoelectronic devices designed in opticaltelecommunication networks are essentially passive opticalwaveguide structures that do not generate any light on theirown, but rather channel and guide the light coupled intothem to specific output ports. In this type of device one ofthe key manufacturing challenges is the alignment andattachment of the optical fibre (or fibre arrays) to thewaveguide device, which require submicron translationaland rotational positioning tolerances. In order to performthis alignment and attachment process, the automatedmanufacturing machine should be able to securely holdthe device as well as the optical fibres and move them withrespect to each other along the various linear and rotationalaxes. The fixtures holding the input and output fibre arraysare typically mounted on precision stages that make itpossible to move the fibres, with respect to the device alongx, y and z axes. It is also possible to adjust the pitch, roll,and yaw of the fibre arrays. Specialised kinematic grippingfixtures are available with adjustable and interchangeableblades designed to hold planar waveguide structures ofvarious sizes. Details are given.USA

Accession no.828970

Item 22Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.15, 1st August 2001, p.2571-80

SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL ANDELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVELPOLYETHERS CONTAINING ISOLATEDDISTYRYLBENZENE DERIVATIVES AND SIDE-AROMATIC 1,3,4-OXADIAZOLECHROMOPHORESYun Chen; Shiao-Ping LaiTaiwan,National Cheng Kung University

New polyethers were prepared with and withoutoxadiazole pendant groups. Cyclovoltammetricinvestigations indicated that the oxadiazole groupsretarded hole injection and decreased the barrier ofelectron injection in the electrooptical polymer. Solubilityof the polymer increased with increasing numbers ofmethoxy or ethoxy sidegroups in the distyrylbenzenesection of chain. Characterisation of the polymers utilisedspectroscopy, calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis andoptical and electrochemical studies. The polymers wereshown to be amorphous materials, blue emitters as bothfilms and solutions, and to be thermally stable. 24 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.828811

Item 23Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.15, 1st August 2001, p.2557-64LESSONS LEARNED FROM RESEARCH ONPHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERS ANDMOLECULAR MATERIALSLuping YuChicago,University

Photorefractive materials, whose refractive index alters onexposure to light, were first observed in 1966. This articlereviews the types of materials developed since that date,and particularly since the first polymer with these propertieswas developed in 1990, which have photorefractiveproperties. Advantages and limitations of various types ofpolymers on which work has been carried out at ChicagoUniversity, and in some cases their polymeric structure,are discussed, and the better materials for photooptic andelectrooptic response are indicated. 36 refs.USA

Accession no.828809

Item 24Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition39, No.15, 1st August 2001, p.1794-801PREPARATION OF POLYMER OPTICALFIBRES DOPED WITH NONLINEAR OPTICALACTIVE ORGANIC CHROMOPHORESGang-Ding Peng; Li A D QNew South Wales,University; WashingtonState,University

The preparation of two optically active chromophores, achiral type and a non-chiral type based on nitrostyryl



phenyl prolinol and nitrostyryl phenyl piperidinerespectively is described. The activity of these materialswhen incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate andpolyethyl methacrylate drawn into optical fibres isexamined. Strong fluorescence when excited by laserpulse is reported, with efficiency and life equivalent toconventional laser dyes but with the advantage of betterpolymer compatibility. 19 refs.AUSTRALIA; USA

Accession no.828808

Item 25Synthetic Metals122, No.2, 1st June 2001, p.275-7OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DIBLOCKCOPOLYMERSWei J H; Xie S J; Mei L MShandong,University

A tight binding model was used to study the electroopticalproperties of diblock copolymers. The light-emittingwavelength depended on the proportion and the bandstructure of the homopolymers. The results wereconsistent with quantum chemical calculations andexperiments. 13 refs.CHINA

Accession no.828720

Item 26Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.361, 2001, p.257-62COMPETITIVE OPTICAL NONLINEARITIESAND PHOTOINDUCED TRANSFORMATION OFEPOXY POLYMER BASED ON DIGLICIDYLETHER OF BISPHENOL AGayvoronsky V; Boldovsky D; Borshch A; Brodyn M;Kutsenko A; Voznyy V; Loginenko OUkraine,National Academy of Sciences

The competitive optical non-linearities (excited stateabsorption, absorption saturation and two-photonabsorption) of DGEBA-based epoxy resin were studiedusing the picosecond X-scan technique at 532 nm. Thecomplexity of the analysis was dealt with by selection ofthe part of the Z-scan curve which corresponded to themain contribution of the proper non-linear mechanism inrelation to other competitive mechanisms. The two-photonabsorption (TPA) coefficient (beta) was 4.0 + or -0.5 cm/gigawatt for the polymer. At high laser intensities (morethan 7 gigawatt/sq cm), photoinduced transformation intosome new configuration that was more absorbent at 532nm (beta 16.7 + or -3 cm/gigawatt for the photoproduct)took place. Up to a pumping irradiance of 20 gigawatt/sqcm, no optical damage of the polymer was observed. 6refs. (3rd International Conference on Electronic Processesin Organic Materials, Kharkiv, Ukraine, May 2000)UKRAINE

Accession no.827554

Item 27Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.361, 2001, p.135-42PHOTOCONDUCTING POLYMER-NEMATICLIQUID CRYSTAL HYBRID STRUCTURES THEPROMISING CHOICE FOR OPTICALINFORMATION PROCESSINGBartkiewicz S; Miniewicz A; Kajzar FWroclaw,Technical University; LETI; CEA

Recent progress in the development of a liquid crystallineoptically addressed spatial light modulator is outlined,together with the characterisation and performance of themodulator. The spatial light modulator is based onphotoconducting polymer-nematic liquid crystal hybridstructure and is used in various configurations ofholographic recording and reconstruction. The refractiveindex gratings arising in a system with photoconductingelectrode layer are tilted and phase shifted with respectto the light intensity pattern, thereby allowing for anextremely efficient energy transfer between the incomingbeams. Depending on optical systems used, several usefuloptical devices can be constructed, including phaseconjugate mirrors, Fourier optical correlators for patternrecognition, coherent light amplifiers, incoherent-to-coherent light converters. Their performances are directlylinked with physical properties of the materials used andthe principal photorefractive mechanism. 15 refs. (3rdInternational Conference on Electronic Processes inOrganic Materials, Kharkiv, Ukraine, May 2000)EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; FRANCE; POLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.827548

Item 28Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics202, No.9, 6th July 2001, p.1782-90ALL ORGANIC NLO SOL-GEL MATERIALCONTAINING A ONE-DIMENSIONALCARBAZOLE CHROMOPHOREWen-Jang Kuo; Ging-Ho Hsiue; Ru-Jong JengTaiwan,National Tsing Hua University;Taiwan,National Chung-Hsing University

A non-linear optical(NLO)-active polymer was developedby combining chromophoric photorefractivecharacteristics and film optical quality of melaminenetwork. A carbazole-containing NLO-phore wasobtained via a facile synthetic route, i.e. Knoevenagelcondensation. Guest-host prepolymer was obtained bydoping the chromophores into benzoguanamine matrix.After poling and curing process, a NLO-active organicsol-gel material with large second-order non-linearity andgood optical quality film was achieved. Thermal stabilityof the polymer was analysed via DSC and TGA. UV-visible spectra and second harmonic generationmeasurement were used to characterise the linear and non-linear optical properties. Reorientation dynamic stabilitywas used to study temp. dependence of NLO signal. The



d33 and d31 values for the polymer were 19 pm/V and 9pm/V, respectively. Long-term NLO stability wasinvestigated by measuring effective second harmonic(SH)coefficient as a function of time. The effective SHcoefficient retained 47% of its original value and levelledoff after 10 h of thermal ageing at 80C. 69 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.827423

Item 29Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.8, 15th April 2001, p.1162-8SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROOPTICALPROPERTIES OF SIDE-CHAINMETHACRYLATE POLYMERS CONTAINING ANEW AZOPHENYLBENZOXAZOLECHROMOPHOREBeltrani T; Bosch M; Centore R; Concilio S; Gunter P;Sirigu ANaples,University; Zurich,Institute of QuantumElectronics

The synthesis and characterisation of four methacrylatecopolymers obtained by radical addition polymerisationof methyl methacrylate as well as a methacrylateazophenylbenzoxazole chromophore are discussed.Molecular structures were identified. Electro-opticalproperties were examined. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826915

Item 30Glasgow, Blackie & Son Ltd., 1990, pp.xvii, 196, 6EENGINEERING POLYMERSNorth London,PolytechnicEdited by: Dyson R W

This book is aimed at those people who wish to gain ageneral appreciation of some of the polymeric materialscurrently in use as engineering materials. There are sixcontributors, all affiliated to the Polytechnic of NorthLondon. Main topics Cover Thermoplastic composites;Performance rubbers at high temperatures; Thermoplasticelastomers; Polymer foams; Long fibre reinforcedthermoset composites; Co-extruded films and containers;polymers in telecommunications and power transmission.Each chapter is well referenced.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826534

Item 31Polymer42, No.22, 2001, p.9253-9SYNTHESIS OF NONLINEAR OPTICALPOLYIMIDES CONTAINING BENZOTHIAZOLE

MOIETY AND THEIR ELECTRO-OPTICAL ANDTHERMAL PROPERTIESLeng W N; Zhou Y M; Xu Q H; Liu J ZNanjing,Southeast University

The synthesis and characterisation of a series of thermallystable second-order non-linear optical (NLO) polyimidesare reported. These polyimides were prepared by the ring-opening polyaddition of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropyl-idene)diphthalic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydridewith two aromatic diamines containing, as thechromophore, a benzothiazole moiety, and characterisedby FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, elementalanalysis, GPC and thermal analysis. A in-situ poling andtemperature ramping technique was used to obtain optimaltemperatures for corona poling and the largest second-order NLO response. 23 refs.CHINA

Accession no.826371

Item 32Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research40, No.17, 22nd Aug.2001, p.3740-8DIFFUSION-ASSISTED COEXTRUSIONPROCESS FOR THE FABRICATION OFGRADED-INDEX PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBERSIn-Sung Sohn, Chang-Won ParkFlorida,University

It is reported that graded-index optical fibres can befabricated by the coextrusion of two polymer compoundscontaining different proportions of refractive indexmodifying additives. The additives diffuse within theinterphase region between the two polymers, producinga smooth variation of refractive index. It was determinedby a mathematical model described in detail that a nearparabolic refractive index profile could not be achievedwithout excessively long residence times. The optical fibremodelled had a cladding of PMMA without additives anda core of PMMA containing benzyl butyl phthalate, benzylbenzoate and diphenyl phthalate. However, significantchanges in the refractive index profile could be achievedby coextruding more than two layers of material. Rayanalysis was used to estimate the bandwidth of two- andthree-layer coextruded fibres and the results suggestedthat a small variation of the refractive index profile cangive a significant increase in bandwidth. The diffusion-assisted coextrusion process could potentially be used tofabricate polymeric optical fibres with a bandwidth ofover 400 Mbps per 100 m. 24 refs.USA

Accession no.826317

Item 33Reactive & Functional Polymers48, No.1-3, May 2001, p.113-8SYNTHESIS OF POLYPHOSPHAZENES ASPOTENTIAL PHOTOREFRACTIVE



MATERIALSLi Z; Li J; Qin JWuhan,University

A new series of polyorganophosphazenes were designedfor potential photorefractive effect and synthesised via anucleophilic substitution reaction. The componentconcentration in the polymers was controlled by differentfeed ratios between hydroxyhexanyl carbazole andhydroxyhexanylnitrophenylazo carbazole. Structuralcharacterisation was undertaken using NMR, FTIR, UVvis spectroscopy, GPC and DSC. 12 refs.CHINA

Accession no.825749

Item 34Japan Chemical Week42, No.2128, 28th June 2001, p.6TAKING LEAP BASED ON CONSOLIDATEDMANAGEMENT OF BUS & SUBSIDIARY

Mitsubishi introduced a business unit system into itschemical operation in the spring of 1999. The company’sresin business is made up of business units specialisingin synthetic resins (general-purpose and engineeringplastics), PVC, specialty products (synthetic rubber,elastomers), and paints and housing materials. Most ofthe commercial rights relevant to domestic sales weretransferred to Mitsubishi Shoji Plastic (MSPC).Mitsubishi is consolidating the management of theSynthetic Resin BU and MSPC. In particular, MSPC issteadily expanding its business in engineering plastics forIT-related equipment. For overseas operations, Mitsubishicontinues to promote localisation in response to themanufacturing relocation of Japanese companies.

MITSUBISHI CORP.JAPAN

Accession no.825579

Item 35Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 1NEW MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR LIGHTGUIDE OF PMMAPark S J; Yoon K H; Park CBestner Inc.; Dankook,University; Fineoptics Inc.(SPE)

The formation of a micro-optical pattern on the surface ofa poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plate, used as a lightguide in optical display devices, is described. The patternwas formed by pressing an embossed metal plate into thesurface of the pre-heated PMMA. The influence of formingpressure and temperature, and depth of penetration of thetool on the characteristics of the light guide, includingdimensional accuracy, was investigated. 3 refs.KOREA; USA

Accession no.825397

Item 36Revista de Plasticos Modernos80, No.533, Nov.2000, p.494/502SpanishINNOVATIVE SYSTEM FOR THE EXTRUSIONAND COEXTRUSION OF HDPE TUBEASSEMBLIES FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONSAND OPTIC FIBRESFernandez F

Processes and machinery developed and patented byArvitec of Spain for the extrusion, coextrusion andwelding of multiple HDPE tube assemblies for use in thetelecommunications and optic fibre sectors are described.Some other developments by the Company in plastics tubeand pipe production are also reviewed.

ARVITECEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825297

Item 37Polymer Science Series A43, No.5, May 2001, p.511-8ELECTROOPTIC AND HYDRODYNAMICPROPERTIES OF IONOGENIC LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE COPOLYMERS IN SOLUTIONSAND MELTSPolushin S G; Mel’nikov A B; Polushina G E;Barmatov E B; Shibaev V P; Lezov A V; Ryumtsev E ISt.Petersburg,State University; Moscow,StateUniversity

The hydrodynamic and electrooptical properties ofcomb-shaped liquid crystalline copolymers containingcyanobiphenyl mesogenic groups and 0.7 to 73 mol %acrylic acid units were studied in THF solutions andin isotropic melts. It was established that the degree ofpolymerisation of the copolymers was independent oftheir composition and lay within the range 32 to 93.The degree of folding of the copolymermacromolecules increased with the fraction of acrylicacid units in the copolymer. The electric fieldbirefringence in solutions of the copolymers arose as aresult of the orientation of polar cyanobiphenyl groups.The Kerr constant decreased with increasing contentof acrylic acid in the copolymers. The temp.dependences of the Kerr constant and the relaxationtime of orientational order fluctuations in the vicinityof the isotropic liquid-nematic liquid crystal transitionwere studied. It was found that the dipole orientationtime and the relaxation time of orientational orderfluctuations sharply increased with the content ofacrylic acid, an observation indicative of an effect ofhydrogen bonding on the electrooptical characteristicsof the copolymers studied. 15 refs. (Full translation ofVys.Soed.A, 43, No.5, 2001, p.817-25)RUSSIA

Accession no.825184



Item 38Composite Interfaces7, No.4, 2001, p.277-86INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY LAYER ONSOUND PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL FIBERSKatok V B; Zabashita Y F; Senchurov S PUkraine,Scientific Engng.Center of Linear CableInstallations; Kiev,Shevchenko State University

Physical models of two-layered and three-layered opticalfibres were constructed. These models were used to calculateacoustic properties of optical fibres. Acoustic properties offibres with boundary layers and without boundary layercalculated from these models were compared. Thepropagation of acoustic cylindrical symmetric waves inoptical fibres was examined. This problem was treatedanalytically and numerically in continual approximation. Thepossibility of simultaneous propagation of two cylindricalsymmetric waves in optical fibres with a boundary layerwas shown (in a three-layered model). The physicalphenomenon of the presence of two waves in the fibre withboundary layer was proposed for study of the boundary layer.Formulae for the calculation of the properties of the boundarylayer from the acoustic experiment, verified by numericalcalculations, are presented. 5 refs.UKRAINE

Accession no.825158

Item 39Chemistry of Materials13, No.6, June 2001, p.2056-67ANTIFERROELECTRIC LIQUID-CRYSTALGELSArtal M C; Ros M B; Serrano J L; de la Fuente M R;Perez-Jubindo M AZaragoza,University; Pais Vasco,Universidad

The synthesis and characterisation of several mesogenicantiferroelectric gels, obtained by in-situphotopolymerisation of mixtures of a non-chiral diacrylateand a non-reactive compound with an antiferroelectricphase, were studied. Together with kinetic aspects fromtheir photopolymerisation processes, information wasobtained relating to the dielectric permittivity,spontaneous polarisation, optical response to an appliedelectric field and the influence that thephotopolymerisation conditions and the structuralcharacteristics of the network had on these properties. Itwas found that the polymer network not only stabilisedthe antiferroelectric orientation but also altered the electro-optical properties of the liquid crystal. 30 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825073

Item 40Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites20, No.11, 2001, p.971-81

SWELLING INTERACTION, PLASTICIZATION,AND ANTIOXIDANT EXTRACTION BETWEENFIBER OPTIC CABLE GELS ANDPOLYOLEFINSRisch B GAlcatel Telecommunications Cable

The effects of various water-blocking gels wereinvestigated in relation to swelling behaviour ofpolyolefins. Gel absorption was studied in PE andpropylene/ethylene copolymers as a function of temp. fora density range of 0.868 g/cc to 0.948 g/cc for PE and0.88 to 0.91 g/cc for propylene/ethylene copolymers. Theeffect of swelling on antioxidant extraction was alsostudied as a function of antioxidant molec.wt. and degreeof swelling. Both factors showed a strong effect on theamount of antioxidant extracted. A direct correlation wasfound between antioxidant extraction by gels andreduction in thermooxidative stability. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.824894

Item 41Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.353, 2000, p.525-37ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALSFOR NONLINEAR OPTICS APPLICATIONSLee K-S; Kim T-D; Min Y H; Yoon C S; Samoc M;Samoc AHannam,University; Korea,Advanced Institute ofScience & Technology; Australian National University

Preparation was carried out of three types of organic-inorganic hybrid materials by the sol-gel processablemonomers derived from 3-isocyanatopropyl-triethoxysilane with three different hydroxy-functionalised non-linear optical chromophores. Themeasured values of non-linear optical coefficient stronglydepended on conditions such as poling temperature,poling time and heating rate. The hybrid films heated at200 degrees Celsius exhibited d33 = 50-58 pm/V inMaker-fringe measurement. It was discovered that thethermal stabilities of the films were considerablyenhanced as poling time increased and a polingtemperature became higher. In addition, goodwaveguiding properties of the films were observed at 810nm and 1064 nm. The propagation losses of the films forTE mode were about 2 dB/cm at 810 nm and 0.5 dB/cmat 1064 nm. 21 refs.AUSTRALIA; KOREA

Accession no.824187

Item 42Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.353, 2000, p.451-69NOVEL PHOTONICS POLYMERS IN HIGH-SPEED TELECOMMUNICATIONIshigure T; Koike Y



Keio,University

A review is given of the recent status of the polymeroptical fibre (POF) for high speed data communicationand telecommunication. The advantage of perfluorinatedpolymer as the polymer matrix of low-loss and highbandwidth graded index (GI) POF is clarified. Theperfluorinated polymer can decrease the intrinsicabsorption loss compared with polymethyl methacrylate,which is the conventional material for POF. Moreover, ithas been discovered that low material dispersion of theperfluorinated polymer is another advantage to achievehigh bandwidth GI POF. For the first time is has beenclarified that the power distribution of modes formed bythe mode dependent attenuation were the dominant factorsof the higher bandwidth of the GI POF than theoreticallypredicted bandwidth. The effect of the mode coupling,however, was small. 10 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.824185

Item 43Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.353, 2000, p.417-26ELECTROOPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OFVARIOUS PDLC MATERIALSGrosicka E; Mucha MLodz,Technical University

Polymerisation Induced Phase Separation, SolutionInduced Phase Separation, and encapsulation techniqueswere used to prepare polymer dispersed liquid crystal(PDLC) materials. The objective was to compare andoptimise the electrooptical and switching properties ofthe PDLC films, which show a strong dependence oncuring time of the polymer matrix. This may be explainedby the effective increase of anchoring strength at theinterface of the polymer and liquid crystal, depending onthe area fraction of the interface, size and shape of liquidcrystal droplets, the polymer stiffness and resistivitychanging in the course of crosslinking polymerisation.PDLC films prepared from flexible amorphous polyesterresin containing dispersed nematic liquid crystal haveshown the best electrooptical and switching properties inthe case of polyester resin crosslinked with diacrylate andnematic liquid crystal mixture with matched refractiveindex to polyester matrix. 11 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.824183

Item 44Macromolecules34, No.12, 5th June 2001, p.4244-55SHG CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTPOLAR MATERIALS OBTAINED BY IN SITUPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONArtal C; Ros M B; Serrano J L; Pereda N; Etxebarria J;Folcia C L; Ortega J

Zaragoza,University; Bilbao,Universidad del PaisVasco

The structural, thermal and non-linear optical propertieswere studied for different polar materials based onmonoacrylates and diacrylates. The polymers examinedincluded side chain polymers, crosslinked copolymers,gels and anisotropic networks and they were prepared byin-situ photopolymerisation of their precursors in theferroelectric smectic C liquid crystal phase. The side chainpolymers and low crosslinking polymers were found tobe of most interest because of their non-linear opticalactivity and their ease of synthesis. These materialsproduced films which were stable at room temperatureand which showed second harmonic generation andelectrooptical responses without the application of apoling field. 24 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.824152

Item 45Advanced Materials & Composites News23, No.11, 4th June 2001, p.7COMPOSITE MATERIALS MAY AIDELECTRICAL SHORTAGE PROBLEMSCalifornia,Energy Commission; SouthernCalifornia,University

California,Energy Commission is partially funding aproject at the University of Southern California to developa glass fibre-reinforced plastics composite reinforcedpower cable, which will improve transmissionthroughputs and simultaneously act as a fibre opticcommunications cable. The composite material, calledComposite Reinforced Aluminum Conductor, mayincrease transmission rates by 15% and will be tested ona 222,000 volt line.USA

Accession no.824036

Item 46Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.354, 2001, p.123-42ORMOCER S - INORGANIC-ORGANIC HYBRIDMATERIALS FOR E/O-INTERCONNECTION-TECHNOLOGYPopall M; Dabek A; Robertson M E; Valizadeh S;Hagel O J; Buestrich R; Nagel R; Cergel L; Lambert D;Schaub MFraunhofer-Institut fuer Silicatforschung;Berlin,Technical University; Ericsson Components;IMC Microsystems; Motorola SPS; VLSI PackagingCorp.

Details are given of the development of ORMOCER shybrid inorganic-organic polymer system for potentialapplication in optical and electrical interconnectiontechnology. The photopatternable materials with negative



resist behaviour are composed of inorganic oxide structurescrosslinked or substituted by organic groups. Systematicvariation of composition combined with adaptation to microsystem technology are discussed. 26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823840

Item 47Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.354, 2001, p.49-53URETHANE-ACRYLATES AS MAINCOMPONENTS OF LACQUERS FORPROTECTIVE COATING OF SOMEMATERIALSTarasiuk B; Podkoscielny WLublin,Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

Details are given of the synthesis of urethane-acrylic UV-cured resins. Their use as protective soft, hard andintermediate coatings of optical fibres was investigated.7 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.823837

Item 48Advanced Materials13, No.12-13, 4th July 2001, p.1005-7REWRITABLE 3D BIT OPTICAL DATASTORAGE IN A PMMA-BASEDPHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERDay D; Gu M; Smallridge ASwinburne,University of Technology;Victoria,University

Details are given of continuous wave illumination for 3-D bit optical data storage under two-photon excitation ina new PMMA-based photorefractive polymer. Thephotorefractive mechanism using the diffraction patternproduced from an objective is discussed. 11 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.823618

Item 49Advanced Materials13, No.12-13, 4th July 2001, p.927-41SYSTEMATIC CONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOUR INCONDUCTING POLYMERS. EFFECTS OFHETEROGENEOUS DISORDERKaiser A BWellington,Victoria University

A review is given of systematic experimental trends ofthe conductivity and thermopower of different types ofconducting polymers. The patterns were used to infer theconduction mechanisms operating in the polymers andto construct a model that describes the essential features

of the conduction process. The conductivity of carbonnanotubes was also examined. 154 refs.NEW ZEALAND

Accession no.823615

Item 50Polymer42, No.15, 2001, p.6447-6451IMPROVEMENT IN LINEAR AND NONLINEAROPTICAL-PROPERTIES BY BLENDINGPOLY(N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE) WITH ANELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMERWatanabe O; Tsuchimori MToyota

An electro-optic polymer comprising a blend of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and a urethane-ureacopolymer (UU) had improved linear and nonlinearoptical properties. Mixed solutions of PVP and UU witha wide mixture ratio were used to obtain transparent filmswithout scattering. The absorptions coefficients andrefractive indices of the films decreased with the nonlinearoptical chromophore concentration. The opticalnonlinearity was enhanced by blending 10-20 w/w% PVPwith UU in spite of a decrease in the NLC chromophoreconcentration. There was no noticeable lowering of thetemporal stability of the blended film. The improvementresulting from the addition of a small amount of PVP wasexplained by the interaction between UU and PVP. Theblended films containing 10-20 w/w% PVP showed animprovement in temporal stability at 100 degree C byadditional heating during corona poling. 20 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.823566

Item 51Charlotte, NC., 2000, 19 papers. 29cms.PLASTICS FOR PORTABLE AND WIRELESSELECTRONICS AND OPTICAL APPLICATIONS.PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELDCHARLOTTE, NC., 23 TH-24TH OCT. 2000(SPE,Electrical & Electronic Div.; SPE,Carolinas Section)

The proceedings of this fourth conference includednineteen papers on plastics for portable and wirelesselectronics and optical applications. Topics includetechnology trends in portable wireless products andwireless networks, thin wall molding of engineeringresins, using conductive adhesives for groundingapplications, advanced thermoplastic composites forwireless, portable electronics and optical applications andliquid crystal polymer laminates for wireless applications.USA

Accession no.822849

Item 52Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.357, 2001, p.11-25



SYNTHESIS OF PHOTOCROSSLINKABLE NON-LINEAR OPTIC POLYIMIDES AND ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIESPark L S; Kim S J; Choi S Y; Kim G HKyungpook,National University; Tokyo,Institute ofTechnology

Photocrosslinkable polyimide-type non-linear optical(NLO) polymers are obtained by multi-step reactions.Polyimide substrate polymer (P05) made from 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl (HAB) and aromaticdianhydride (6FDA) has higher molecular weight than otherpolyimides due to the high nucleophilicity of the aminegroup in HAB compared to the one in 2,2'-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (Bis-AP-AF) with theelectron-withdrawing group. The introduction of DR-1chromophore into the polyimide substrate polymersdepends on the steric factor between the bulky DR-1chromophore and the substrate polyimide in the polymerreaction via the Mitsunobu reaction. In the DR-1 substitutedNLO polyimides, Tg decreases with increasing amount ofDR-1 chromophore. Photocrosslinkable (NLO) polyimide(P05-DR-cin) is obtained by the introduction of thephotoreactive cinnamoyl group into the DR-1 substitutedpolyimides. The electro-optic coefficient (r33) of the NLOpolymer is determined with an experimental set-up capableof real-time measurement by varying both the poling fieldand temperature. The electro-optic coefficient (r33) of thelinear NLO polymer (P05-DR) starts to show a decreaseof the r33 value from about 80 deg.C. The photocrosslinkedNLO polymer (P05-DR-cin), however, maintains a highr33 value up to 150 deg.C due to chromophores locked inthe polymer matrix with a network structure. 15 refs.JAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.822748

Item 53Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.359, 2001, p.31-9FABRICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OFQUASI-PHASEMATCHED NLO-WAVEGUIDESUSING LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERSPriebe G; Kentischer F; Kunze K; Macdonald R;Eichler H JBerlin,Optisches Institut

Side chain polymers are investigated for realisation of non-linear film and rib waveguides. Cyanobiphenyl and azo-chromophores are studied as non-linear optical side groupsby measuring the non-linear optical coefficients, therefractive indices and the transparency range. Periodicallypoled waveguides using electrode and Corona poling incombination with corrugated surfaces are fabricated. Firstexperience and results for the realisation of quasi-phase-matched NLO waveguides for second harmonic generationusing these polymers are presented. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.822735

Item 54Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.360, 2001, p.147-60MESOPHASE STRUCTURE OF CHIRAL LIQUIDCRYSTALLINE POLYSILOXANES FORELCTRO-OPTICAL APPLICATIONSGalli G; Cesarino C; Gallot B; Komitov L; Chiellini EPisa,University; CNRS; Chalmers University ofTechnology; Chalmers University of Technology

Homopolysiloxanes poly(1) and poly(2) andcopolysiloxanes (poly(1-co-3)) are synthesised. Theirmesophase structures are investigated by X-raydiffraction, and the electron density profiles along thelayer normal are derived. A linear response with theapplied electric field is detected in the chiral smectic (Cor A) are phases of poly(1) and poly(2). 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ITALY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.822714

Item 55Macromolecules34, No.14, 3rd July 2001, p.4774-9SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFNONLINEAR OPTICAL SIDE-CHAINPOLYIMIDES CONTAINING THEBENZOTHIAZOLE CHROMOPHORESLeng W; Zhou Y; Xu Q; Liu JNanjing,Southeast University

Details are given of the synthesis of a series of polyimide-based second-order non-linear optical materials. Data arepresented for the molecular structure, thermal properties,electrooptical properties and other physical properties. 19refs.CHINA

Accession no.822210

Item 56Macromolecules34, No.14, 3rd July 2001, p.4680-2SYNTHESES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERSDERIVED FROM ALKYLCARBAZOLESMorin J-F; Leclerc MQuebec,Universite Laval

Details are given of the synthesis of homo- andcopolymers derived from alkylcarbazoles. Somepreliminary studies of their physical properties arepresented. Potential applications in electrical,electrochemical, optical and electrooptical devices arementioned. 17 refs.CANADA

Accession no.822195

Item 57Patent Number: US 6185349 B1 20010206



MULTIMODAL POLYMER COMPOSITIONDammert R; Heino E; Korvenoja T; Martinsson HBorealis Polymers Oy

A multimodal polymer composition for fibre opticalcables and a fibre optical cable comprising thecomposition are disclosed. The composition ischaracterised in that it comprises a multimodalpolyethylene with a density of 0.920-0.965 g/cm3 and aviscosity at a shear stress of 2.7 kPa (eta2.7kPa) of atleast 150 kPa.s, said multimodal polyethylene comprisinga low molecular weight (LMW) ethylene homo- orcopolymer fraction and a high molecular weight (HMW)ethylene copolymer fraction, said multimodal polymercomposition having a weight ratio of the LMW fractionto the HMW fraction of (35-55):(65-45). Preferably, themultimodal polyethylene is a bimodal polyethylene andhas a shear thinning index (SHI), defined as the ratio ofthe viscosities at shear stresses of 2.7 and 210 kPa,respectively, of SHI. sub.2.7/210 =20-150. Also,preferably, the multimodal polyethylene has a MFR.sub.5of 0.1-2.0 g/10 min and a melt strength at 190 degree C.of at least 4 g. The multimodal polymer composition isparticularly useful as a material for slotted core elementsof fibre optical cables of the slotted core type.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.822080

Item 58Polymer42, No.18, 2001, p.7749-54SYNTHESIS OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL SIDE-CHAIN SOLUBLE POLYIMIDES FORELECTRO-OPTIC APPLICATIONSLeng W L; Zhou Y M; Xu Q H; Liu J ZNanjing,Southeast University

A new fluorine-containing hydroxyl polyimide, solublein common organic solvents, was synthesised. A non-linear optical chromophore was covalently bonded on tothe backbone of the polyimide using a mild Mitsunobucondensation reaction. A series of polyimides wasprepared by controlling the chromophore loading level.The resulting non-linear optical polyimides had relativelyhigh glass transition temperatures (greater than 180C) andthermal stability up to 280C. Films of high optical qualitywere prepared and their electrooptical properties werestudied. Large electrooptical coefficients of up to 25 pm/V at 0.83 micrometres were observed, together with highthermal stability of the poled films at 120C. 16 refs.CHINA

Accession no.822055

Item 59Synthetic Metals121, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.1495-6SECOND AND THIRD ORDER OPTICAL

PROCESSES IN ANISOTROPIC POLYMERWAVEGUIDESSchrader S; Flueraru C; Dietzel B; Motschmann H;Brehmer LPotsdam,Universitat; Teltow,Institute of Thin FilmTechnology & Microsensorics; Max-Planck-Institutfuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.

Second harmonic generation and linear optical propertiesof thin layer and optical waveguides obtained by aLangmuir-Blodgett method or by spin-coating coronapoling from maleic anhydride polymers carrying non-linear side chain optical (NLO) chromophores, frompolymethyl methacrylate/disperse red host-guest systems,and from 2-docosylamino-5-nitropyridine (DEANP)amphiphiles were studied. It was found that all thesematerials could be used to obtain high quality waveguideswith high non-linear optical coefficients. Phase matchingwas achieved for special waveguide structures. Theintensity distribution within the waveguides was assessedby computer simulation for the second and third harmonicwaves, based on “coupled amplitude equations”. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.821996

Item 60Macromolecular Rapid Communications22, No.8, 15th June 2001, p.601-6ENHANCED TEMPORAL STABILITY OF ANNLO POLYURETHANE VIA A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHROMOPHOREKuo W-J; Hsiue G-H; Jeng R-JTaiwan,National Tsing Hua University

A new non-linear optical-active PU, based on a two-dimensional non-linear optical chromophore wasinvestigated. After poling, fast relaxation of the effectivesecond harmonic coefficient was observed.Characterisation was undertaken using FTIR, protonNMR, GPC, DSC, TGA and UV vis spectroscopy. 36 refs.CHINA

Accession no.820201

Item 61Polimery46, No.1, 2001, p.53-9PolishMETHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFICIENCYOF QUASI-CUTTING OF RECYCLED OPTICAL-TELECOMMUNICATION PIPESFlizikowski J; Mlacko M

An original method for investigation of the efficiency ofquasi-cutting of thermoplastics pipe materials, especiallyrecycled materials from optical-telecommunication pipes,is presented. The efficiency of the grinding process andthe suitability of the product for further processing havebeen significantly increased. 15 refs. Articles from this



journal can be requested for translation by subscribers tothe Rapra produced International Polymer Science andTechnology.

Accession no.819990

Item 62Synthetic Metals122, No.1, 1st May 2001, p.123-6ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICES OFTHIOPHENE VINYLIC DERIVATIVESBrovelli F; Diaz F R; del Valle M A; Bernede J C;Molinie PPontificia,Universidad Catolica de Chile; EPSE;Nantes,Institut des Materiaux

Electropolymerisation in non-aqueous media andsubsequent electrical deposition on indium tin oxide glasselectrodes of different thiophene derivatives was carriedout, followed by evaluation of voltage-current curves andelectroluminescent response of the polymers.Electroluminescence response was found to occur at 2 to3 volts, but current injection depended on the polymer-metal interface, itself affected by film thickness. Someanomalous behaviour was noted when a reverse bias wasapplied. 12 refsCHILE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818478

Item 63Synthetic Metals122, No.1, 1st May 2001, p.119-21ALTERATION OF THE PHOTO ANDELECTROLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OFPOLY(P-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) UPONADDITION OF INDIUM CHLORIDEMorgado J; Thomas D S; Friend R H; Cacialli FLisbon,Instituto Superior Tecnico; CavendishLaboratory

Modifications to optical properties caused by addition ofdifferent molar ratios of indium chloride to the precursorsolution of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) werestudied. It was found that there were increases inelectroluminescence efficiency, but photoluminescenceefficiency changes depend very much on conversionconditions.Spectroscopic studies give no evidence ofcharge transfer doping of the PPV-indium chloride blends.Compared to the influence of indium-tin-oxide coatingson transport and luminescence properties, influences ofthe indium chloride appear additional. 11 refsEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818477

Item 64Synthetic Metals122, No.1, 1st May 2001, p.115-8

OLEDS BASED ON NEW OXADIAZOLEDERIVATIVESKaminorz Y; Schulz B; Schrader S; Brehmer LPotsdam,Universitat

Methods of improving the solubility of polymers andchemicals having electrooptical properties to allow betterand easier film forming characteristics were examined.These included modification of poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)sby introduction of pendant alkyl side chains andtetraphenylsilane or hexafluoroisopropylidene groups intothe main chain. A further option explored was to optimisea low molar mass oxadiazole compound and link it as aside chain on a polymethyl methacrylate main chain.Photooptical and electrooptical characteristics wereexamined and the feasibility of both methods ofpreparation of optically active materials was verified,providing the correct molecular structures weremaintained. 15 refsEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818476

Item 65Synthetic Metals122, No.1, 1st May 2001, p.111-3LIGHT EMITTING ELECTROCHEMICALCELLS BASED ON POLY(P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE) COPOLYMERS WITH ION-TRANSPORTING SIDE GROUPSMorgado J; Friend R H; Cacialli F; Chuah B S; Rost H;Moratti S C; Holmes A BLisbon,Instituto Superior Tecnico; CavendishLaboratory; Melville Laboratory

Comparison of the electrooptical characteristics of twocopolymers of polyphenylene vinylene, an alternatingcopolymer poly(2,3-dibutoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene-alt-2,5-bis(triethoxymethoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (DB-alt-BTEM-PPV) and a statistical copolymer poly(2,5-bis(dimethyloctylsilyl)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)-co-(2,5-bistriethoxymethoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (BDMOS-co-BTEM-PPV), was determined using spin coating fromsolution and addition of lithium triflate. The effect ofpolyethylene oxide (PEO) addition was also examinedand the PEO was found to improve theelectroluminescence efficiency, but increase the responsetime. PEO phase induced separation was considered tobe the cause of this behaviour. 10 refsEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818475

Item 66Synthetic Metals122, No.1, 1st May 2001, p.105-10ADVANCES IN POLYMERS FOR PLEDS: FROMA POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM TOINDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING



Becker H; Spreitzer H; Kreuder W; Kluge E; VestweberH; Schenk H; Treacher KCovion Organic Semiconductors

Industrialisation of manufacture of poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPV) for use in polymer light emitting diodes(PLED) is described using a glass lined vessel cascadeand dehydrohalogenisation polymerisation. A defect inthis particular type of polymerisation identified by nuclearmagnetic resonance spectroscopy, where head to headreactions occur in competition with the predominant headto tail reactions, results in tolane-bisbenzyl moieties(TBB). The presence of TBB in PPV will result in areduced service life of the PLED, an example being givenof a 30 times shorter life for 6 percent TBB contentcompared to 3 percent. Identification of this potentialdefect allows its control during industrial scalepolymerisation. Electrooptical performance andperformance in PLEDs of the PPVs are discussed. 9 refsEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818474

Item 67Chemistry of Materials13, No.4, April 2001, p.1230-7LARGE DYNAMIC RANGES INPHOTOREFRACTIVE NLO POLYMERS ANDNLO-POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUIDCRYSTALS USING A BIFUNCTIONALCHROMOPHORE AS A CHARGETRANSPORTERVan Steenwinkel D; Hendrickx E; Persoons A;Samyn CLeuven,University

The synthesis and characterisation of two photorefractiveside-chain polymethacrylates, functionalised with amino-donor-containing chromophores are reported. Carbazoleunits are neither copolymerised nor added to the polymersas separate components, and charge transport is providedby the chromophores. The polymer glass transitiontemperature is lowered to room temperature withappropriate plasticisers. After the addition of a sensitiser,(2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenylidene)malononitrile (TNFM) orC60, a charge-transfer (CT) complex is formed betweenthe chromophore and sensitiser, and photoconductivitycan be observed upon excitation of the CT complex at680 and 780 nm. The excellent photorefractive propertiesat both wavelengths are probed using the techniques offour-wave mixing and two-beam coupling. 33 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818022

Item 68Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition39, No.9, 1st May 2001, p.895-900

EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATUREON CHROMOPHORE REORIENTATION IN ANEW SYNDIOREGIC MAIN-CHAINHYDRAZONE NONLINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERHayden L M; Won-Kook Kim; Chafin A P; Lindsay G AMaryland,University; US,Naval Air Warfare CenterWeapons Div.

The temp. dependence of the reorientation activation volumeof a syndioregic main-chain hydrazone(SMCH) non-linearoptical polymer was measured using second harmonicgeneration(SHG). The decay of the SHG signal from poledfilms of SMCH was recorded at hydrostatic pressures up to2924 atm and at temps. between 25C below the Tg to 20Cabove it. The reorientation activation volume for pressuresless than 500 to 1000 atm and temps. above Tg decreased asthe temp. was increased. For pressures greater than 1000atm, reorientation activation volume was essentially constantfor all temps. In addition, the size of reorientation activationvolume indicated that the chromophore in this main chainwas internally flexible. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.817792

Item 69Patent Number: US 6181859 B1 20010130COATED OPTICAL FIBER AND METHOD OFMAKING THE SAMESuzuki A; Akasaka N; Matsuda YSumitomo Electric Industries Ltd.

A coated optical fibre comprising a drawn glass fibre,and a primary coating and a secondary coating which areformed by photo-curing primary and secondary coatingresins simultaneously applied to an outer periphery of theglass fiber, wherein an adhesion force S (g/cm) at aninterface between the primary coating resin after curingand the glass fibre is at least 1/13 ((g/cm)/degree C.) withrespect to a glass transition temperature Tg (degree C.)of the secondary coating resin after curing.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.817372

Item 70Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.356, 2001, p.175-83HYPERBRANCHED ARCHITECTURES FORNLO POLYMERSTajbakhsh A; Moratti S C; Koch A; Warner MCambridge,University

A new approach to nonlinear optical polymer architecturewas investigated. A hyperbranched polymer containingnon-linear optical chromophores was synthesised in threesteps. Characterisation was undertaken using FTIR, NMR,and GPC. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.817229



Item 71Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.358, 2001, p.251-62STUDIES OF THE POLYMER-STABILIZEDCHOLESTERIC TEXTURE FILMS DOPEDWITH SMCFuh A Y-G; Huang C-Y; Lin J-C; Lin C-H; Ko T-CTaiwan,National Cheng Kung University

Cells of polymer-stabilised cholesteric texture werefabricated by adding various ferroelectric liquid crystaldopant concentrations. The effect of adding ferroelectricliquid crystals on the electrooptical characteristics of thecells is discussed. 15 refs.CHINA

Accession no.817211

Item 72Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.358, 2001, p.23-35PERIODIC POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUIDCRYSTAL STRUCTURESSutherland R L; Natarajan L V; Tondiglia V P;Bunning T JUS,Air Force,Wright-Patterson Base

The physics of formation of periodic structures inpolymer-dispersed liquid crystals were analysed. Opticalproperties are discussed. Experimental confirmation ofthe concepts is presented. Possible electro-opticalapplications in devices are given. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.817207

Item 73Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.639-40STUDY OF THE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHTMEH-PPV NLO PROPERTIES IN THE-INFRARED RANGEZaopo A; Dubitsky Yu; Khudyakov D; Nadtochenko VPirelli Cavi e Sistemi SpA; Moscow,Institute ofChemical Physics

High molecular weight poly(2-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene) films were prepared byspin casting onto glass substrates and the nonlinear opticalproperties determined using the conventional Z-scantechnique over the range 1100-1700 nm. It was concludedthat the polymers had applications in telecommunicationsdevices. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816577

Item 74Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.579-80

PM3/FF STUDIES ON NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF POLYACENE AND ITSDERIVATIVESHu L H; Su Z M; Wang X J; Wang C G; Wang R S;Feng J KChangchun,Northeast Normal University;Jilin,University

The nonlinear optical properties of polyacenicsemiconductor materials were studied theoretically andexperimentally. The influence of the substituents -NO2and -NH2 was significant. The first-orderhyperpolarisability and the second-orderhyperpolarisability were determined and compared forthree stable structures: equal bond length; cis-structure;and the trans-structure. The NO2 and NH2 substitutedpolymers were typical donor-acceptor materials,exhibiting large first-order hyperpolarisability,indicating that the ladder-type polyacene was a candidatematerial for nonlinear optical applications. 11 refs.CHINA

Accession no.816554

Item 75Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.577-8THEORETICAL CHEMICAL STUDY ON NLOPROPERTIES OF POLYPYRIDINOPYRIDINEAND ITS DERIVATIVESSu Z M; Hu L H; Qiu Y Q; Sun S L; Duan H X;Feng J KChangchun,Northeast Normal University;Jilin,University

Quantum chemical calculations were used to determinethe influence of structure and the substituents -NO2 and-NH2 on the nonlinear optical properties ofpolypyridinopyridine. The first-order hyperpolarisabilityand the second-order hyperpolarisability were determinedand compared for three stable structures: equal bondlength; cis-structure; and the trans-structure. Theintroduction of NO2 and NH2 increased the effect of pull-push electron and pi-electron delocalisation, increasingthe first-order hyperpolarisability. It is proposed that PPYis a promising candidate material for nonlinear opticalapplications. 9 refs.CHINA

Accession no.816553

Item 76Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.565-6OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OFTHIN PDAS FILMS WITH VERY NARROWEXCITONIC BANDWIDTHPiccardo R; Alloisio M; Moggio I; Dell’Erba C;Comoretto D; Cuniberti C; Dellepiane GGenova,Universita



Soluble polycarbazolyldiacetylenes were synthesised withlong alkyl chains on the carbazolyl substituents. In thesolid state the chains assembled in hexagonal columnarstructures, and thin films exhibited very high third ordersusceptibilities. The influence of the substituents on theelectronic properties were studied by inserting -CO(CH2)nCH3 groups on the carbazolyl rings, sodecreasing the electron-donor effect of the carbazole. Theoptical and electronic properties of the resulting non-birefringent thin films were determined. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816547

Item 77Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.545-6INVESTIGATION OF THE THIRD ORDER NON-LINEAR OPTICAL COEFFICIENTS OF A NEWPOLY(HETERO-ARYLENE-ETHYNYLENE)AND ITS DERIVATIVEHotzel M; Rentsch S; Egbe D A M; Pautzsch T;Klemm EJena,Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat

Z-scan measurements on solutions of poly(2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diylethynylene-(2,5-dioctadecyloxy-1,4-phenylene)ethynylene), and a derivative of the polymerwith an added ruthenium complex, were made using 130fs pulses at 800 nm, to obtain the non-linear refractiveindex and the non-linear absorption coefficient. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816542

Item 78Patent Number: US 6180050 B1 20010130OPTICAL FORMATION DEVICE AND METHODArai M; Niino T; Nakagawa TJapan,Institute of Physical & Chemical Research; NTTData Corp.

Disclosed is a solid model creation apparatus, which issmall in size and inexpensive. A multiplicity of blue LEDsare prepared, optical fibres are connected thereto andGRIN lenses are arranged at the ends of the tips of therespective optical fibres to constitute an exposing head.The exposing head forms images of the end faces of therespective optical fibres in a photocurable resin exposureregion as light spots. The diameter of a light spot is, forexample, 0.5 mm, but the size of a pixel within theexposure region is much smaller, e.g. 62.5 micrometers.The multiplicity of optical fibres at the exposing headare arrayed in a matrix such that they are displaced instaggered fashion so that respective light spots are linedup at the pitch 62.5 micrometers of the pixels in theprimary scan (Y-axis) direction. As the exposing headscans the exposure region in the secondary scan (X-axis)

direction, all of the light spots capable of directing lightonto appropriate pixels, these being the respective pixelsto be cured within the exposure region, are turned on andmultiple exposure is carried out.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.816317

Item 79Macromolecular Rapid Communications22, No.5, 26th March 2001, p.358-62POLYDIETHYNYLBENZENE DERIVATIVESFOR NONLINEAR OPTICSZhan X; Yang M; Xu G; Liu X; Ye PHangzhou,Zhejiang University; Chinese Academy ofSciences

Details are given of the synthesis of a new series ofpolydiethynyl benzene derivatives with trans structure andlong conjugation side chains. Data for solubility andthermal stability are presented. Third-order nonlinearoptical properties were characterised. 16 refs.CHINA

Accession no.816191

Item 80Chemistry of Materials13, No.3, March 2001, p.927-31POST-FUNCTIONALISATION STRATEGY TODEVELOP PVK-BASED NONLINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERS WITH A HIGH DENSITY OFCHROMOPHORES AND IMPROVEDPROCESSABILITYLuo J; Qin J; Kang H; Ye CWuhan,University; Chinese Academy of Sciences

A new strategy for post-functionalisation performed onpoly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) is explored to developPVK-based nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers with a highdensity of chromophores and improved comprehensiveproperties. Thus, under the standard Vilsmeier reactionconditions, PVK is partially formulated to a high degree(up to 52% molar ratio), and these formyl groups of highreactivity are condensed with cyanoacetylated DR-1 toafford a DR-1 functionalised PVK in almost completeconversion. The Tg of the resulting polymer is 185 deg.C,and the orientation behaviour of its poled film is studiedby UV-visible spectroscopy. The NLO activity, estimatedto be 20 pm/V by in situ second harmonic generationmeasurement, remains unchanged at 120 deg.C for over1000 h after a minor initial drop. 22 refs.CHINA

Accession no.816129

Item 81Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.352, 2000, p.379-88ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATION OF LIGHT BY



A PLANAR WAVEGUIDE BASED ONFERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALSHermann D S; De Marco F; Scalia G; Sirleto L; RighiniG; Lindgren M; Abbate GNapoli,Universita Federico II; Chalmers University ofTechnology; CNR,Istituto di Ricerca sulle OndeElettromagnetiche; Sweden,Defence ResearchEstablishment; Linkoping,University

Electrooptical switching from a planar waveguide with aferroelectric liquid crystal overlayer is presented, togetherwith the operating principle and the parameters significantfor the operation of the device. Electrooptical responsetimes of 20 mu.us are found at best as well as a hightransmittance in the ON-state of the device. The contrastratio is 4:1 ON to OFF state. 19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816102

Item 82Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.10, 15th May 2001, p.1589-95CROSSLINKABLE MALEIMIDE COPOLYMERSFOR STABLE NLO PROPERTIESSerhatli I E; Yagci Y; Hattemer E; Zentel R;Schmaelzlin E; Hohenadl S; Braeuchle C; Meerholz KIstanbul,Technical University; Wuppertal,BergischeUniversitaet; Munchen,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat

Second-order non-linear optical (NLO) polymers basedon epoxy-substituted methyl vinyl isocyanates and N-substituted maleimides were synthesised andcharacterised. The photocrosslinking and thermalcrosslinking reactions of copolymers with differentchromophore contents were studied. The electroopticalcoefficients for crosslinked and non-crosslinked systemshad similar absolute values and relaxation dynamics. Theresults were discussed. 28 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;TURKEY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.815987

Item 83Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, pp.112. 30cms., 1/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis SeriesPOLYMERS FOR WIRE AND CABLE. CHANGESWITHIN AN INDUSTRYCousins KRapra Technology Ltd.

A European overview of polymer usage in the wire andcable industry is presented, which considers end-usesectors of automotive, rail transport, aerospace, buildingand construction, business machines and computernetworks, telecommunications, power generation anddistribution, electrical appliances and consumer

electronics, marine, offshore and undersea cables andgeneral engineering. Key market trends are analysed withrespect to new products, processes and machinerydevelopments. Current and anticipated effects ofEuropean legislation are also considered, including firehazards, recycling and waste recovery issues. A sectionon harmonisation of cable standards and specifications isincluded. Recent merger and acquisition activity in thepolymer manufacturing and cable making industries isanalysed, and a collection of profiles of the leadingcompanies these business sectors is given. Newtechnology such as multilayer extrusion, new cabledesigns, and R & D, and the threat from wirelesscommunication, are discussed.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.815480

Item 84Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe54, No.3, 2001, p.106/13DYNAMIC STIFFNESS OF NATURAL RUBBERCYLINDERS IN THE AUDIBLE FREQUENCYRANGE USING WAVE GUIDESKari L; Eriksson P; Stenberg BWallenberg M.,Laboratory for Sound & VibrationResearch; Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology

A waveguide model is applied in order to analyse thetemperature influence on the dynamic stiffness of acylindrical vibration isolator of natural rubber in theaudible frequency rate covering 20 to 20,000 Hz and -60to +60 degrees C. A nearly incompressible material modelis applied with shear modulus based on a fractionalderivative model, thereby reducing the parameter numberneeded to accurately fit measurement results. Employingthe method of reduced variables enlarges the frequencyrange available from measurements. Of particular interest,are the stiffness peaks and troughs, the low-frequencystiffness, the propagating and non-propagating modes, andtheir dependence on temperature. 23 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.815290

Item 85Patent Number: US 6169126 B1 20010102RADIATION-CURABLE OPTICAL FIBERPRIMARY COATING SYSTEMSzum D M; Chawla C P; Petisce J R; Pasternack G;Bishop T E; Snowwhite P E; Zahora E PDSM NV

Optical fibre primary coating systems are disclosed havingexcellent ribbon stripping and adhesion behaviour. Thecoatings are radiation-curable. The excellent stripping andadhesion behaviour can be inner primary coatingcomposition having a slip enhancing component and ahigh modulus outer primary coating composition.



Combination of means can be employed. Strippingbehaviour can be measured by crack propagation and fibrefriction measurements.USA

Accession no.815112

Item 86Synthetic Metals119, Nos.1-3, 15th March 2001, p.43-4EFFICIENT ELECTROLUMINESCENT POLY(P-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) COPOLYMERS FORAPPLICATION IN LEDSMartin R E; Geneste F; Riehn R; Chuah B S; CacialliF; Holmes A B; Friend R HCambridge,University

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s containing dialkoxysubstituents at the 2,3-positions of the phenylene ringswere synthesised, which exhibited significantly blue-shifted longest-wavelength absorption and emission bandscompared with 2,3-substituted polymers. Statisticalcopolymers, poly(2-dimethyloctylsilyl-stat-(2,3-dibutoxy-p-phenylene vinylene)) and poly(bis(2,5-dimethyloctylsilyl)-stat-(2,3-dibutoxy-p-phenylenevinylene)), were synthesised by the Gilchdehydrohalogenation route. Double layer light emittingdevices, consisting of indium tin oxide/polyethylenedioxythiophene/polymer/Ca, exhibited high electro-efficiencies with low turn-on voltages. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814383

Item 87Patent Number: US 6174987 B1 20010116POLYCARBONATES DERIVED FROMSPIROBIINDANOLS ANDDIHYDROXYAROMATIC COMPOUNDSGordon J L; Stewart K RMolecular OptoElectronics Corp.

Disclosed are linear polycarbonates, which containspirobiindanol derivatives regularly alternating in thepolymeric chain with derivatives of dihydroxyaromaticcompounds, such as biphenols and bisphenols. Theseclear spirobiindane-dihydroxyaromatic polycarbonatesexhibit high glass transition temperatures and goodmechanical and optical properties. The alternatingpolycarbonates are thermally stable and remain ductileeven at temperatures greater than 150C. They are usefulin high temperature processing and optical applicationsand exhibit indices of refraction that differ sufficientlyfrom those of randomly distributed SBI/BPApolycarbonates to make them useful in the manufactureof optical waveguides.USA

Accession no.814185

Item 88Patent Number: US 6174961 B1 20010116NONLINEAR-OPTICALLY ACTIVECOPOLYMERS, POLYADDUCTS PRODUCEDFROM THEM, AND THEIR USE FORNONLINEAR-OPTICAL MEDIAKanitz A; Hartmann H; Fricke C; Kuhne KSiemens AG

The non-linear, optically active copolymers are composedof a chromophore acrylate, a glycidyl-functional acrylateand an acrylate unit. The polyadducts are produced bycrosslinking these copolymers with a carboxyl-functionalpolyester. Both the copolymers and polyadducts possessan orientation stability in the crosslinked state and heatstability, which makes them highly suitable for producingelectrooptical and photonic components.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814163

Item 89Revista de Plasticos Modernos80, No.529, July 2000, p.35/7SpanishOPTIC FIBRES R & D CENTRELatti MNextrom

An account is given of the activities of a centre establishedby Nextrom in Vantaa, Finland, for research anddevelopment in optic fibres and optic fibre cables.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND;ITALY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812732

Item 90Patent Number: US 6162494 A1 20001219METHOD FOR MAKING AN OPTICAL SENSORHAVING IMPROVED BARRIER PROPERTIESKimball L M; Bauer L J; Fowler W V; Lynch L EOptical Sensors Inc.

A method of making a optical sensor for measuring thepH of a fluid includes the steps of applying a solutioncontaining (a) a cellulose acrylamide, (b) an acrylamide,and (c) a copolymerisable monomeric fluorescentindicator species to the distal end of an optical fibre andpolymerising the solution to form a pH sensor means.USA

Accession no.812616

Item 91Patent Number: US 6165394 A1 20001226METHOD OF FABRICATING A MOLD FORFABRICATING OPTICAL FIBER GUIDEBLOCKSShibata G; Yamashita T; Yoshida M



Hoya Corp.

In a grindstone for fabricating a mould which has opticalfibre engagement portions of an optical fibre guide blockused for aligning optical fibres, two main grindingsurfaces are provided to form the optical fibre engagementportions contacted with the sides of the optical fibres anda tip end portion which is contiguous to the two maingrinding surfaces and which has a contour containedwithin a predetermined area. The predetermined area hasa triangle shape which is defined by two tangent linesalong the two main grinding surfaces and a preselectedline drawn between two points determined on the twomain grinding surfaces. The two points are decided inaccordance with a predetermined formula.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.812575

Item 92Patent Number: US 6171698 B1 20010109RADIATION CURABLE COATINGCOMPOSITION FOR OPTICAL FIBERS ANDOPTICAL FIBERS COATED THEREBYKhudyakov I V; Overton B J; Purvis MAlcatel

A radiation curable coating composition for forming aprimary polymeric coating having good adhesion to a glassoptical fibre is disclosed. The coating composition is formedfrom a mixture of a base radiation curable liquidcomposition capable of forming a polymeric coating and ahydrolysed coupling agent mixture comprising N-beta( a m i n o e t h y l ) - g a m m a - a m i n o p r o p y l m e t h y l -dimethoxysilane, N-beta (aminoethyl)-gamma-amino-propyltrimethoxysilane, isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilaneand gamma-(trimethoxylsilyl)propyl acrylate.USA

Accession no.812441

Item 93Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.9, 1st May 2001, p.1419-25STUDY ON SIDE-CHAIN SECOND-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYIMIDES BASEDON NOVEL CHROMOPHORE-CONTAININGDIAMINES. II. COPOLYIMIDES POSSESSINGDIRECT PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC FEATURESSui Y; Lu J-X; Yin J; Liu Y-G; Zhu Z-K; Wang Z-GShanghai,Jiao Tong University

Second-order nonlinear optical copolyimides wereprepared by a traditional two-step process which includesa solution polycondensation followed by a chemicalimidisation. Photolithographic features of the polyimidesare discussed. Data concerning Tg, thermal degradationand solubilities are presented. 41 refs.CHINA

Accession no.812354

Item 94Journal of Applied Polymer Science80, No.9, 31st May 2001, p.1374-82NOVEL OPTICAL MATERIAL. POLYARYLATESWITH AZOMETHINE SIDE-CHAIN GROUPSZadrozna I; Myslek MWarsaw,University of Technology

Details are given of the preparation of nonlinear opticalpolymers in which an aromatic polyester is a matrix andchromophores are incorporated into the form of a sidechain. Monomers were based on bisaminohydroxy-phenylpropane containing azomethine bond and variouselectron-acceptor groups as substituents in the side-chainaromatic ring. The effect of the type of the electron-acceptor substituent, its substitution position in thearomatic ring with respect to the azomethine bond, andspecial monomer concentration on the optical, mechanicaland thermal properties of the whole system was studied.28 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.812314

Item 95Polymer42,No.9,p.4025-9NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFPOLYMERS CONTAINING A NEWAZOPHENYLBENZOXAZOLECHROMOPHOREBeltrani T; Bosch M; Centore R; Concilio S; Gunter P;Sirigu ANaples,University; ETH Zurich

Synthesis of the new highly extended chromophore 2-(4-(N,N-dihydroxyethylaminophenylazo)-phenyl)-benzoxazole (I) is described. This compound is used toobtain and characterise two polyurethane polymers, bypolycondensation with propyloxyterephthalic acid and2,4-tolylene diisocyanate(II), and one obtained bypolycondensation of 2-(4-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminophenyl)-6-nitro-benzoxazole with II. The polymerswere amorphous, had good optical clarity, adequatethermal stability above the glass transition temperature,and were soluble in common organic solvents. The secondorder nonlinear optical behaviour of the polymers wasstudied by measurement of the electrooptic coefficient offilms poled between parallel electrodes. The maximummeasured value of this coefficient was 6.5 pm/N for a1.552 micron incident laser wavelength. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.811087

Item 96Macromolecules34, No.6, 13th March 2001, p.2002-7NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND



CHROMOPHORE ELECTROSTATICINTERACTIONS FOR THE POLY(ETHERKETONE) GUEST-HOST POLYMER FILMSShi Wei; Zhang Zhenyu; Pan Qiwei; Gu Qingtian; YeLina; Fang Changshui; Xu Dong; Wei Hongzhen; YuJinzhongShandong,University; Chinese Academy of Sciences

Poly(ether ketone)-chromophore 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (DCNP) guest-hostsystem polymer films, doped with different amounts ofthe chromophore, were prepared. The attenuation of themacroscopic optical non-linearities at high chromophoreloading was discussed. This was demonstrated by the roleof chromophore electrostatic interactions at highchromophore loading in the guest-host polymer systems.28 refs.CHINA

Accession no.811076

Item 97Macromolecular Rapid Communications22, No.3, 23rd Feb.2001, p.185-8LARGE PHOTOINDUCED REFRACTIVE INDEXCHANGE IN A POLYIMIDE FILM BY CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEX FORMATION WITH APOLYMER-BOUND PHENYLAZIDEFRAGMENTKashiyama Y; Jionghao He; Machida S; Horie KTokyo,University

A large photoinduced change in the refractive index wasobserved for thermally stable transparent precursor filmscontaining phenylazide upon imidisation. Thephenylazide fragment formed a charge-transfer complexwith the imide group. In contrast to conventionalpolyimide films, the samples examined maintained hightransparency in the visible range of the spectrum. Thisvalue of refractive index change was adequate for themanufacture of thermally stable channel waveguides andother optical devices. 27 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.810868

Item 98Macromolecules34, No.5, 27th Feb.2001, p.1493-5SYNTHESIS AND NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF A NEW SYNDIOREGIC MAIN-CHAIN HYDRAZONE POLYMERHayden L M; Kim W-K; Chafin A P; Lindsay G AMaryland,University; US,Navy

A syndioregic main chain hydrazone polymer wassynthesised and the nonlinear optical properties of films,prepared by solution casting followed by corona polling,were studied. The thermal stability of the second-orderoptical susceptibility was determined by measuring thesecond harmonic generation whilst heating the sample at

a rate of 10 C/min. The nonlinearity was stable up to 140C, and retained 90% of the original value followingstorage at 100 C for 100 h. The relatively low nonlinearityof the polymer was attributed to the incorporation of alow beta chromophore. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.810723

Item 99Patent Number: US 6166156 A1 20001226METHOD FOR MAKING PHOTOCURABLEHALOFLUORINATED ACRYLATESWu C; Xu B; Yardley J T

Halofluorinated alkylene monomers are made by a methodcomprising the steps of: (a) subjecting a first polymerwhich is the reaction product of a fluorinated vinylmonomer and a vinyl comonomer to dehydrohalogenationto form a second polymer; (b) treating the second polymerwith an oxidising agent to form an oxidation productconsisting of a alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acid or an esterderivative thereof; and (c) treating said oxidation productwith a reducing agent to form a reduction productconsisting of a alpha, omega-diol. Preferably, the firstpolymer has a structure of -(CH2 CYZ(CF2 CFX)n )m -wherein X and Y=F, Cl or Br; X and Y may be the sameor different; Z=H, F, Cl, Br, alkyl or perfluoroalkylcontaining from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; n=aninteger larger than about 1; and m is an integer betweenabout 2 and about 10.sub.5. The alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids and alpha, omega-diols producedherein can be directly used as polycondensationmonomers. Alternatively, the alpha, omega-dicarboxylicacids and alpha, omega-diols can be further derivitisedto tri-, tetra- or other multifunctional alcohols which maybe directly used as condensation monomers or they maybe converted to acrylates which may be photocured inthe presence of a radical photoinitiator into transparentpolymers which are useful as optical waveguidingmaterials.USA

Accession no.810268

Item 100Polymers for Advanced Technologies12, Nos.3-4, March-April 2001, p.231-6BRANCHED EPOXY COPOLYMERS WITHOLIGO(BENZOATE) SIDE CHAINS CARRYINGDONOR AND ACCEPTOR FUNCTIONS INEACH ENDKimura T; Fukuda T; Matsuda H; Komoriya A; KazamaM; Kato M; Okada S; Nakanishi HJapan,National Institute of Materials & ChemicalResearch; Tokyo,Science University;Tohoku,University

Branched epoxy copolymers are synthesised witholigobenzoate to create unique second-order non-linear



optical (NLO) active polymers (PEA3-C3, PEA3-C3F6and PEA3-K) on the basis of new architecture. The cut-off wavelength of these polymers is satisfactorily shorterthan the visible region. Second-order NLO properties forpoled polymer films thus synthesised are investigated.These polymer films, after poling treatment, exhibit goodtransparency in visible region and the second-order non-linear optical coefficient. 14 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.810202

Item 101Synthetic Metals117, Nos.1-3, 15th Feb.2001, p.237-9SYNTHESIS OF POLY(ALKOXYPHENYLENEVINYLENE-CO-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) TYPECOPOLYMERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICPROPERTIESLee Soon Park; Yoon Soo Han; Sang Dae Kim; DongUk KimKyungpook,National University; Taegu,University

Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene-co-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (poly(MEHPV-co-PV) copolymers, synthesised by dehydrohalogenationwith potassium t-butoxide, showed random copolymerbehaviour. Poly(MEHPV-alt-PV) copolymers weresynthesised by the Horner-Emmons condensationreaction. Single layer light-emitting diodes werefabricated using poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) (PPV),MEH-PPV, poly((MEHPV-co-PV)S and poly(MEHPV-alt-PV) as emitting materials. The maximum wavelengthof electroluminescence for the poly(MEHPV-co-PV) witha MEHPV content of 61 mol% was closer to that of PPVthan was that of poly(MEHPV-alt-PV). Reasons for thiswere discussed. 6 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.809683

Item 102Patent Number: US 6140404 A1 20001031NON-LINEAR OPTICAL MATERIAL ANDPROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOFOno Y; Sato KFuji Xerox Co.Ltd.

This non-linear optical material, which is not susceptibleto modification by a cuprous halide incorporated therein,is produced at a low temperature by means of a simpleapparatus. It exhibits a non-linear response to incidentlight and comprises a particulate cuprous halide dispersedin a matrix, the cuprous halide having been separated outwith the reaction of a functional group contained in amatrix-forming substance having a functional group. Thematrix contains a compound for inhibiting themodification of the cuprous halide. The non-linear opticalmaterial may be produced by mixing a mixture of amatrix-forming substance having a functional group and

a compound for inhibiting the modification of a cuproushalide with a cuprous halide to form a uniform solution,and then allowing the functional group to undergo reactionto form a matrix while causing a particulate cuprous halideto separate out in the matrix.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.809200

Item 103Patent Number: US 6136880 A1 20001024RADIATION-CURABLE LIQUID RESINCOMPOSITION FOR COATING OPTICALFIBERSSnowwhite P E; Bishop T E; Szum D M; Komiya Z;Ishikawa M; Ukachi TDSM NV; JSR Corp.

A radiation-curable composition for optical fibre coatingscomprising about 10 wt.% to about 90 wt.% of at leastone radiation-curable oligomer (A), about 10 wt.% toabout 90 wt.% of at least one radiation-curable monomerdiluent (B), and an effective amount of at least onephotoinitiator (C) represented by a given formula whereinAr1 to Ar3 are aromatic groups which may have one ormore substitution groups.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.808955

Item 104Patent Number: US 6137935 A1 20001024METHOD FOR FABRICATING AN OPTICALCABLEBohme R; Wichura D; Nothofer KAlcatel

At least one optical fibre is surrounded by an extrudedtubular sheath, which comprises an inner layer and anouter layer and is produced in a single operational step.Tension elements are embedded in the tubular sheath forincreasing the tensile strength of the tubular sheath. Theoptical cable is particularly suited as an indoor cable oras a non-self-supporting cable for installation on groundwires or phase wires of high voltage transmission lines.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.808501

Item 105Journal of Materials Science Letters20, No.1, 1st Jan.2001, p.55-6DETECTION OF SIMULATED ACOUSTICEMISSION WITH MICHELSONINTERFEROMETRIC FIBER-OPTIC SENSORSTsuda H; Koo J-H; Kishi TAIST

Details are given of the response of Michelsoninterferometric fibre-optic sensors to acoustic emission



simulated by pencil lead break. Two types of simulatedacoustic emission sources with different directionality ofthe source motion were given to a thin CFRP plate.Response of the fibre-optic sensor to acoustic emissionwas compared with that of a conventional acousticemission sensor. 7 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.808089

Item 106Macromolecules34, No.2, 16th Jan.2001, p.253-61PROGRESS TOWARD DEVICE-QUALITYSECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALMATERIALS. 4. A TRILINK HIGH MU BETANLO CHROMOPHORE IN THERMOSETPOLYURETHANE: A “GUEST-HOST”APPROACH TO LARGER ELECTROOPTICCOEFFICIENTSCheng Zhang; Chuanguang Wang; Dalton L R; HuaZhang; Steier W HSouthern California,University

A trilinkable thiophene-containing second-order non-linear optical chromophore was synthesised from atrilinkable donor bridge and a tricyanofuran electronacceptor. A thermal stability study of this chromophoreindicated that the free hydroxyl group located close tothe cyano acceptor resulted in the chromophoredecomposing at a much lower temperature than suchchromophores with no hydroxyl groups. The thermalstability of the chromophore in PU film was significantlyimproved by masking the free hydroxyl groups with TDI.An enhancement of over 150% in poling efficiency couldbe achieved by reducing the degree of chromophoreattachment to the polymer backbone before applying anelectric poling field through a “guest-host” approach.Anchoring the chromophores to a three-dimensionalcrosslinked PU network at three points enhanced thethermal stability of poling induced electrooptical activityby 33C. 14 refs.USA

Accession no.807925

Item 107Macromolecules34, No.2, 16th Jan.2001, p.235-43ELECTRIC POLING AND RELAXATION OFTHERMOSET POLYURETHANE SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS:ROLE OF CROSS-LINKING AND MONOMERRIGIDITYCheng Zhang; Chuanguang Wang; Jinglin Yang; DaltonL R; Guilin Sun; Hua Zhang; Steier W HSouthern California,University

A high mu beta isophorone-derived phenyltetraenechromophore (CLD-5) was prepared. This was modified

with a hexyl group in the middle of the pi-conjugatedbridge to improve solubility and processability and wasdihydroxy-functionalised for covalent incorporation intocrosslinked PU polymer systems. When the chromophorewas incorporated into a TDI/triethanolamine (TEA)system, the electrooptical coefficient was 57.6 pm/V at1.06 micrometres. This was 28% higher than that obtainedwith the nonhexylated chromophore in this system. Twonew PU systems, poly((phenyl isocyanate)-co-formaldehyde) (PPIF)/TEA and PPIF/bisphenyl-1,1'-dimethanol (BPDM) were used to study the effect ofcrosslink density and monomer rigidity on electrical fieldpoling of chromophore dipoles and relaxation behaviourof poling-induced chromophore alignment. CLD-5/PPIF/TEA had the highest crosslink density (3.07 mmol/g) ofthe PU systems studied. It gained 38C in thermal stabilitybut lost 50% of electrooptical activity compared with theCLD-5?TDI/TEA system, which had a crosslink densityof 1.19 mmol/g. A higher electrooptical coefficient, loweroptical loss and the highest dynamic stability wereobtained for the CLD-5/PPIF/BFDM system. This hadthe lowest crosslink density and the most rigid monomers.Thus, excessive crosslinking had an adverse effect onelectrical poling of PU systems and crosslinking alonewas not enough to provide very high thermal stability ofelectric field-induced chromophore alignment. Using arigid monomer was important to obtain both good thermalstability and high poling efficiency. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.807924

Item 108Polymer42, No.7, 2001, p.3023-31SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFPHOTOCONDUCTING NON-LINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERS CONTAINING INDOLE-BENZOXAZOLE MOIETYHwang J; Moon H; Seo J; Park S Y; Aoyama T;Wada T; Sasabe HSeoul,National University; Japan,Institute of Physical& Chemical Research

2-(3-(6-Nitro-benzoxazol-2-yl)-indol-1-yl)ethanol(I) wassynthesised for use as a photoconducting non-linearoptical(NLO) chromophore with thermal and photo-chemical stabilities and broad transparency in the visibleregion. Methacrylate and acrylate esters of I weresynthesised and subsequently copolymerised with methylmethacrylate and methyl acrylate, respectively, to givephotoconducting NLO polymers. In order further toenhance the photoconductive sensitivity, hydrazone-containing methacrylate monomer was alsocopolymerised with I. In addition, studies were conductedof the use of the photoconducting plasticiser N’-(9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-carbazol-3-ylmethylene)-N,N-diphenylhydrazone was mixed with simple copolymer togive polymer composites with enhanced photo-



conductivity and reduced Tg. Photorefractivity wasdemonstrated for the 70:30 copolymer/plasticisercomposite doped with 0.2% thiapyrilium salt through two-beam coupling and four-wave mixing. 20 refs.JAPAN; SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.807203

Item 109Journal of Materials Chemistry11, No.2, Feb.2001, p.312-20SYNTHESIS AND THIRD ORDER NONLINEAROPTICS OF A NEW SOLUBLE CONJUGATEDPORPHYRIN POLYMERScreen T E O; Lawton K B; Wilson G S; Dolney N;Ispasoiu R; Goodson T; Martin S J; Bradley D D C;Anderson H LOxford,University; Wayne State,University;Sheffield,University

A soluble conjugated porphyrin polymer was prepared.MALDI-TOF mass spectra showed the presence ofoligomers with up to 13 repeat units and GPC gave a Mnof 53 kDa. The electronic absorption spectra of thispolymer exhibited an intense Q band at 800 nm in solutionand 853 nm in the solid state, demonstrating a high degreeof conjugation. Electroabsorption spectroscopy showedthat thin films of the porphyrin polymer had lowerresonant third-order non-linear optical susceptibility thanthe authors’ previously-prepared conjugated porphyrinpolymer, whereas closed z-scan measurements indicatedthat the off-resonance real susceptibility, at 1064 nm, wasvery large for both polymers. Open z-scan measurementswere also made at 1064 nm, demonstrating that the twopolymers exhibited similar non-linear absorption at thiswavelength. 32 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807146

Item 110Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.467-70LIGHT-EMITTING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL(LEC) USING POLYTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVEHan E-M; Gu H-B; Jin S-H; Lee S-H; Moon S-B; KimW-H; Lee K-SChonnam,National University; Pusan,NationalUniversity; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology

Solid-state polymer light-emitting electrochemical cellsare fabricated using thin films of blends of polymerelectrolytes and urethane-containing polythiophene(PURET) material. Various types of polymer electrolytes,such as polyacrylates and polyether esters, are prepared.The devices emit orange-red light with the maximumintensity at 590 nm at room temperature. The typicalvoltage (V) - current density (I) - luminance characteristicsof an ITO/PURET+ polymer electrolyte complexed with

LiClO4/Al cell under forward and reverse bias conditionsare measured. The I-V curve is symmetric at zero bias.The apparent threshold voltages for current injection andvisible light emission are around 2~3V. 5 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806512

Item 111Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.455-8IMPROVED QUANTUM EFFICIENCY BYOVERNEUTRALISATION OF IONOMERS USEDIN POLYMER LIGHT-EMITTING DIODESLee T-W; Park O O; Do L-M; Zyung TKorea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology;Korea,Electronics & Telecommunications ResearchInstitute

Polymer light-emitting diodes are fabricated using poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)as an emissive material, and sodium sulphonated PS(SSPS) ionomers with several different neutralisationlevels as an electron injecting and hole blocking layer.The SSPS with higher neutralisation level makes the ELdevice more efficient. Highest efficiency is found at 200%overneutralisation of the ionomer. The main reason forthis is that overneutralisation in the ionomer helps to forma more favourable morphology to block holes better bytightening the cluster. 4 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806509

Item 112Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.431-4SYNTHESIS OF CONJUGATED POLYMERSCONTAINING BIPHENYL GROUP AND THEIRELECTRO-OPTICAL PROPERTIESPark L S; Han Y S; Kim S DKorea,Kyungpook National University

Two types of conjugated polymer, poly(MEHPV-co-BPV)s and poly(MEHPV-alt-BPV), are synthesised bydehydrohalogenation and Horner-Emmonscondensation, respectively. Single layer type light-emitting diodes are fabricated utilising synthesisedpolymers and their electro-optical properties areexamined. Emission spectrum of poly(MEHPV-co-BPV)s have two peaks in the blue and orange regionwhich originate from BPV and MEHPV moietyrespectively. This may be due to the mixture of twohomopolymers or the macroblock nature of the BPV andMEHPV unit in the poly(MEHPV-co-BPV)s. However,LED made from poly(MEHPV-alt-BPV)s shows arelatively sharp single peak at the yellow-green regiondue to the alternating nature of the repeat units. 4 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806503



Item 113Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.111-4HIGH TG POLYARYLATE THIN FILMS FORPHOTONIC DEVICE APPLICATIONSSugihara O; Tomiki M; Fujimura H; Egami C;Okamoto N; Fujiwara M; Yasue KShizuoka,University; Unitika Ltd.

Polyarylates (PARs) with high glass transition temperatureare used for photonic devices. Optical properties areinvestigated. PARs show high thermal stability as well ashigh optical transparency. Electron-beam lithography canbe performed using PAR thin films and high-resolutionsurface relief gratings are fabricated by direct electron-beamwriting technique together with thermal development. 3 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.806471

Item 114Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.99-102RIGIDITY DEPENDENCE OF ALIGNMENT ANDRELAXATION IN MAIN-CHAIN NONLINEAROPTICAL POLYMERS MEASURED BYOPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL METHODChoi H-J; Lim T K; Keong M-J; Wu J W; Lee K-S; LeeS-M; So B-KKorea,University; Ewha Womens University

The dynamics of two main-chain non-linear opticalpolymers, PA-PS and PA-MS, are studied at varioustemperatures below Tg. In the characterisation, bothphoto-induced isomerisation method and secondharmonic generation are employed. In the case of non-polar alignment by the linearly polarised UV light, themain-chain of PA-PS polymer is found well re-alignedbut the main-chain of PA-MS polymer is not, because ofthe high rigidity. In the case of polar alignment by in-situcorona poling technique, double exponential functions fitwell to the data of both PA-PS and PA-MS polymerrelaxation data at all the temperature range. 5 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806469

Item 115Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.71-4POLYMERIC OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES USINGFLUORINATED POLYIMIDESHan K; You K; Kim E; Kim J; Jang W-H; Rhee T HSamsung Electronics Co.Ltd.

Fluorinated polyimides with high thermal stability andlow optical absorption loss are investigated for waveguideapplication. Rib-type optical waveguides are fabricatedusing these fluorinated polyimides. 5 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806463

Item 116Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.67-70SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALACTIVE POLYMETHACRYLATE ANDPOLYESTER CONTAINING AMETHLSULPHONYLBENZOTHIAZOLE AZOCHROMOPHOREKang J S; Kim J H; Lee C J; Choi D HKyung Hee,University; Korea,Institute of Science &Technology

Second-order non-linear optical copolymers aresynthesised to study effect of temperature on the temporalstability of the electro-optic effect. Heterocyclic azochromophore is synthesised to be anchored tomethacrylate and naphthalate polymer backbone. Thedecaying behaviour of the electro-optic response is tracedat different temperatures. The rates of relaxation areconsidered based on the difference in the polymerstructure. 3 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806462

Item 117Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.63-6ORIENTATIONAL RELAXATION DYNAMICS INMETHACRYLATE POLYMERS BY MEANS OFIN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTYHong H T; Cho K Jchoi D HKyung Hee,University

Side chain second-order non-linear optical (NLO)polymers are synthesised to study the relaxation dynamicsof the electro-optic effect. 2-(Methyl-(4-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)-vinyl)-phenyl)-amino)-ethanol issynthesised to be bound to methacrylate repeating unit.Homopolymer and copolymer are synthesised to comparethe temporal relaxation behaviour of second-order NLOproperties. A real time poled and probe technique isemployed to investigate the relationship betweenmeasurement temperature and electro-optic (EO)properties. The relaxation behaviour of the EO effect isanalysed below and above the glass transition temperature.4 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806461

Item 118Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.31-4PHOTOREFRACTIVE PROPERTIES IN ALIQUID CRYSTAL PANEL WITH PORPHYRINDISPERSED PVK LAYERSKim H-S; Kyong C-S; Sung G-Y; Kim M-R; Kim T-G;Ha C-S; Kwak C-H; Lee J-K



Pusan,National University; Yeungnam,University

Orientational photorefractive in nematic liquid crystals(NLC) on a poly(N-vinyl carbazole) film dispersed with5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-phenylporphyrinatozinc acrosspolyvinyl alcohol film are observed. The maximumdiffraction efficiency of 0.3-0.5% is measured. 3 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806453

Item 119Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.23-6SPONTANEOUS ORDERING OF NONLINEAROPTICAL GROUPS IN A POLYMER THIN FILMTHROUGH CROSS-LINKINGJung C; Lee C H; Ko J E; Lee H; Kim D; Rhee B KSogang,University

Polymer thin films with non-linear optical groups areprepared by spin-coating Poly-DR1-(anthranilic acid) onglass substrates. The films are heated to differenttemperatures and cooled down to obtain samples withvarious degrees of crosslinking. The visible absorptiondecreases for samples annealed at high temperatures.Strong second-harmonic signal generated from thepolymer film indicates that the non-linear side chains ofthe polymer are macroscopically aligned through the heattreatment without external field. 4 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806451

Item 120Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.15-8SIMPLE FABRICATION OF NONLINEARGRATINGS IN POLYMER FILM USINGSIMULTANEOUS PROCESS OF EMBOSSHEATING AND THERMAL POLINGNakanishi M; Yamaji H; Sugihara O; Fujimura H;Egami C; Okamoto NShizuoka,University

A simple fabrication technique of nonlinear polymericoptical waveguide patterns based on the simultaneousprocess of emboss heating and poling is introduced. Thepolyimide film on the nickel plate is used as mastergrating. The condition of the fabricated pattern dependson removal temperature and the stability of the mastergrating is investigated. The submicron surface reliefgrating with X is realised in the NLO polymer film. 5refs.JAPAN

Accession no.806449

Item 121Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.349, Sept.2000, p.1-4

NOVEL CHROMOPHORES FOR HIGHLYEFFICIENT PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALSJahng W S; Yoo D; Moon H; Moon I JK; Shin D-H;Joo M; Lee E; Kim NSeoul,National University

Barbituric acid derivatives are synthesised as electro-opticchromophores for photorefractive application. Whendoped with new chromophores the photorefractivecomposites, which consist of polysiloxane with pendantcarbazole as photoconducting host, show very large gaincoefficient. 5 refs.KOREA

Accession no.806446

Item 122Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.497-500CAVITY MODE POLARISATION SPLITTING INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORMICROCAVITIESVirgili T; Lidzey D G; Bradley D D C; Walker SSheffield,University

Angular-dependent reflectivity techniques are used toprobe the optical structure of microcavities containing apassive spacer layer, and also a fluorescent polymer,poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO), which was depositedbetween a dielectric and an aluminium mirror. Thereflectivity spectra exhibit a strong polarisationdependence with the cavity mode energy and photonlinewidths of the cavity mode different for the TE(transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic)polarisations. It was found that as the cavity mode ismoved away from the centre of the dielectric mirror stop-band, the difference between the energy of the TE andTM mode increases. This results in a significant splittingof up to 110 meV between the TE and TM polarisationsdetected at large angle. This effect was investigated byvarying the energy of the cavity mode with respect to thecentre of the mirror stop-band. Results are analysed usinga transfer-matrix model. Photoluminescence emissionfrom the PFO-containing microcavity was also measured.A splitting between TE and TM modes was found, whichis also manifested in the photoluminescence (PL)emission. This allows control of polarisation from anisotropic film, presenting a new method to control excitonemission. 14 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalTopical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-ConjugatedPolymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah,USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806444

Item 123Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.445-8



SYNTHESIS OF THIN FILM PHOTONIC CRYSTALSSubramania G; Constant K; Biswas R; Sigalas M M;Ho K-MIowa State University

A procedure is described for fabricating thin film photoniccrystals at optical length scales from a ceramic slurry ofnanocrystalline titania and polystyrene spheres. Self-assembly of the spheres is performed simultaneously withthe introduction of the dielectric background. Thin filmphotonic crystals are grown on glass or semiconductorsubstrates. The photonic crystals are characterised withboth surface and cross-sectional scanning electronmicroscope images. The photonic crystals exhibit areflection peak and transmission dip at the wavelength ofthe first stop band. 13 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806442

Item 124Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.439-43SITE-SPECIFIC SELF-ASSEMBLY OF SI/SIOXNANOPARTICLES ON MICROPATTERNEDPOLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) THIN FILMSPhely-Bobin T S; Muisener R J; Koberstein J T;Papadimitrakopoulos FConnecticut,University; Columbia University;ESSILOR

Recent efforts have focused on the design of 2D and 3Dassemblies with the goal of creating highly orderedsupramolecular structures. Ultrathin films patterned withtopologically different surface chemical functionality maybe used as a template for such elaborate architectures. Surfacefunctionalisation can be used to impose site-specificassembly and can further lead to the fabrication of highlyordered structures, of great importance in the microelectronicand optoelectronic industries. The fabrication of surfacemodified Si/SiOx nanoparticles and their self-assembly onvarious surfaces have recently been demonstrated, and thispaper reports the specific self-assembly of Si/SiOxnanoparticles on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) spin-castfilms. The desire to create regions of SiOx, which coexistwith silicones in a two-dimensional film, is motivated bythe difference in surface energies and affinity contrastbetween SiOx and PDMS. As presently reported, theselectivity of the deposition of Si/SiOx nanoparticles onPDMS versus UV/ozone converted SiOx offers a greatopportunity for the fabrication of periodic structures withlarge modulation in refractive index. 29 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806441

Item 125Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.389-91MOBILITY VARIATION WITH FIELD INCONDUCTING POLYMER FILMSRakhmanova S V; Conwell E MRochester,University

Poole-Frenkel (P-F) behaviour, i.e. the exponentialdependence of the mobility on the square root of the electricfield intensity, has been found for many conducting polymerfilms. It has been suggested that, as in molecularly dopedpolymers, this dependence is due to the interaction betweenthe charge carriers and randomly distributed permanentdipoles. However, the dipole concentration in the polymersis much too small. Monte Carlo simulations show thatintroduction of short-range correlation between the energiesof the hopping sites, on the scale of the coherence lengthmeasured by X-rays, can account for the measured fieldand temperature dependence of MEH-PPV films. It is alsoshown that homogeneity, while still permitting P-Fbehaviour, has important effects on the size, fielddependence and temperature dependence of the mobility.17 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.USA

Accession no.806440

Item 126Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.385-8HIGH HOLE MOBILITY IN THEMOLECULARLY ORDERED OLIGOSILANESOkumoto H; Yatabe T; Shimomura M; Kaito A;Minami N; Tanabe YJapan,National Institute of Materials & Chemical Research

A single-dispersed oligosilane with a mesophase (smecticB) was used to fabricate molecularly ordered films. Theircarrier transport properties were examined by the time-of-flight (TOF) transient photocurrent technique. Inpolycrystalline films of permethyldecasilane, molecularorientation almost parallel to bias electric field and a multi-layered structure were found, possessing large domain size(greater than 20 microns). This unique molecular orderresulted in non-dispersive TOF photocurrent with a clearplateau, whose hole mobility exceeded 0.001 sq. cm/V s at293 K. The high carrier mobility with small distributioncan be ascribed to their well-ordered hopping sites. Theunprecedented structure together with possible control ofhopping sites makes oligosilanes a new class of holetransport materials. 11 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.JAPAN

Accession no.806439



Item 127Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.373-7ELECTROSTATIC SELF-ASSEMBLY AS AMEANS TO CREATE ORGANICPHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICESDurstock M F; Taylor B; Spry R J; Chiang L; ReulbachS; Heitfeld K; Baur J WWright-Patterson Air Force Base;Dayton,University,Research Institute; Taipei,NationalTaiwan University

Much work has recently been done on makingphotovoltaic devices (solar cells) from thin films ofconjugated polymers and other organic systems. Theadvantages over conventional inorganic systems includethe potential to create lightweight, flexible andinexpensive structures, but the challenge has been to createmore highly efficient devices. To date, the primaryphotovoltaic device mechanism used is that ofphotoinduced charge transfer between an electron donorand acceptor. In this study, similar photovoltaic devicesare fabricated using a water-based electrostatic self-assembly procedure, as opposed to the more conventionalspin-coating and/or vacuum evaporation techniques. Inthis process, layers of oppositely charged species aresequentially adsorbed onto a substrate from an aqueoussolution and a film is built up due to the electrostaticattraction between the layers. The technique affordsmolecular level control over the architecture and givesbilayer thickness values of the order of tens of angstroms.By repeating this process a desired number of times andusing different cations and anions, complex architecturescan be created with very accurate control over thethickness and the interfaces. A number of systems areexamined, built from a variety of components includinga cationic PPV precursor, functionalised C60, andnumerous other polyelectrolytes. The devicecharacteristics of these films are reported as well as theoverall applicability of this technique to the fabricationof photovoltaic devices. 19 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.TAIWAN; USA

Accession no.806437

Item 128Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.369-72ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODESFABRICATED WITH SINGLE WALL CARBONNANOTUBES DISPERSED IN A HOLECONDUCTING BUFFER: THE ROLE OFCARBON NANOTUBES IN A HOLECONDUCTING POLYMERWoo H S; Czerw R; Webster S; Carroll D L; Park J W;Lee J H

Clemson,University; Chungju,National University;Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology

In order to investigate the role of single wall carbonnanotubes (SWNTs) in a hole conducting polymer,organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricatedwith a conjugated emissive copolymer, poly(3,6-N-2-ethylhexyl carbazolyl cyanoterephthalidene) (PECCP)and SWNTs dispersed in a hole conducting bufferpolymer, polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT). Devicesmade with SWNTs dispersed in PEDOT and devices madewithout SWNTs in the PEDOT emit green light at 2.37eV, as expected for PECCP. However, it was observedthat the device made with SWNTs in the buffer layershows a significant decrease in the electroluminescence(EL) compared to that of the device without the SWNTs.In contrast, the photoluminescence (PL) from the sameorganic layer combination, excited from the PECCP sideand measured through the PEDOT and the indium tinoxide glass, shows very little difference between the filmswith and without the SWNTs. The current-voltagecharacteristics of OLEDs with SWNTs show a lowercurrent-voltage power dependence near 1-2 V than thatof the device without SWNTs. The EL and the current-voltage data, together with the PL, suggest an electronicinteraction between the SWNTs and the host polymericmaterial, PEDOT. It is proposed that this electronicinteraction originates from the hole trapping nature ofSWNTs in a hole conducting polymer. 14 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.SOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.806436

Item 129Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.363-7MODE CHARACTERIZATION OF MICRORINGPOLYMER LASERSPolson R C; Levina G; Vardeny Z VUtah,University

Conducting polymer films coated on circular glass fibresoffer a low loss, high Q resonance structure forinvestigating photopumped lasers. The high Q structureallows simplification of the boundary conditions, that thefield goes to zero at the boundary. Solutions of the waveequation are then simply integer Bessel functions of highorder. The product of the refraction index and themicroring radius is needed to several decimal places tosuccessfully assign spectral emission lines to theappropriate Bessel function. A Fourier transform of theemission spectra consists of a series of diminishing peakswith a spacing given by the product of the refraction indexand the microring radius. This evaluated product can thenbe used to calculate the laser emission. 6 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on Optical



Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806435

Item 130Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.357-62NANOENGINEERING OF ORGANICSEMICONDUCTORS FOR LIGHT-EMITTINGDIODES: CONTROL OF CHARGE TRANSPORTLupton J M; Samuel I D W; Beavington R; Burn P L;Baessler HDurham,University; Oxford,University;Marburg,Universitat

The effect of intermolecular interactions on the propertiesof organic semiconductors was investigated using a familyof conjugated dendrimers as model systems. Increasingthe amount of branching, or generation number, of thesemolecules reduces the degree of interaction between thechromophores. The effect of this on both photophysicaland charge transporting properties is reported. It is foundthat an increase in generation gives rise to a reduction inthe red tail emission of the dendrimer. Time of flightmeasurements show a slowing of charge transport withincreasing generation, which is found to be related to thefilms becoming more insulating. The results show thatdendrimer generation provides an elegant way ofcontrolling intermolecular interactions. 20 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806434

Item 131Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.353-6SPECTROSCOPY OF CONDUCTING ANDINSULATING LADDER-TYPE POLY(PARA-PHENYLENE) DEVICE STRUCTURESWohlgenannt M; List E J W; Zenz C; Leising G;Graupner W; Vardeny Z VUtah,University; Graz,Technische Universitat;Virginia,Tech

Electroabsorption (EA) and charge-induced absorption(CIA) spectroscopic techniques were applied to methyl-substituted ladder-type poly(para-phenylene) (m-LPPP)sandwich device structures. The device structures wereeither of conducting (ITO/m-LPPP/Al) or insulating((ITO/SiO/m-LPPP/Al) type. For both devices a CIA bandwith its 0-0 transition at 1.95 eV was observed. From acomparison with doping induced and photoinducedabsorption spectra this band was assigned to polarons. In

addition, in the insulating device a derivative-like bandwith zero crossing was observed at 1.15 eV. In theconducting device two derivative bands were observedwith zero crossing at approx. 0.8 and 1.2 eV, respectively.Their intensity increased linearly with the modulus of theapplied electric field and the features were independentof the modulation frequency. These derivative-like bandswere tentatively assigned to a Stark-effect related tocharge transitions at the ITO and Al electrodes. At highcurrents in the conducting device a relatively broad,structureless CIA band peaking at 1.3 eV was alsoobserved, which was assigned to bipolarons. 10 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806433

Item 132Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.343-7PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BASED ONIONICALLY SELF-ASSEMBLEDNANOSTRUCTURESPiok T; Brands C; Neyman P J; Erlacher A; Soman C;Murray M A; Schroeder R; Graupner W; Heflin J R;Marciu D; Drake A; Miller M B; Wang H; Gibson H;Dorn H C; Leising G; Guzy M; Davis R MVirginia,Tech; Graz,Technische Universitat

The technique of ionically self-assembled monolayers(ISAMs) was used to produce photovoltaic devices ofwell-controlled thickness and composition. The ISAMnanostructure fabrication method simply involves thealternate dipping of a charge substrate into aqueouscationic and anionic solutions at room temperature.Several approaches were employed to combine thetetrahydrothiophenium precursor of poly(para-phenylene-vinylene) (PPV) with fullerenes and other organicmaterials. Modulation spectroscopy was used for theelectrooptical characterisation of the ISAM devices. Themodulation frequency dependence of the photocurrent canbe assigned to the influence of trapped charges takingpart in the photovoltaic process. 25 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806432

Item 133Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.333-7AGGREGATION QUENCHING IN THIN FILMSOF MEH-PPV STUDIED BY NEAR-FIELDSCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY ANDSPECTROSCOPY



Huser T; Yan MLawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Aggregates in thin films of conjugated polymers formexcimer states and significantly reduce the photo- andelectroluminescence efficiency in devices produced fromthese materials. Aggregate formation in thin films ofpoly(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) was studied using near-fieldscanning optical microscopy and spectroscopy. Localphotoluminescence spectroscopy and photobleachingexperiments were used to show that thin films of MEH-PPV are homogeneously aggregated and do not formaggregated domains. 17 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806431

Item 134Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.317-20DELOCALIZED POLARONS IN SELF-ASSEMBLED POLY(3-HEXYL THIOPHENE)NANOCRYSTALSOesterbacka R; An C P; Jiang X M; Vardeny Z V

The characteristic properties of charged excitations(polarons) in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRPHT) are studied using opticalspectroscopy. It was found that the increased interchaincoupling that exists in self-assembled lamellae in thesefilms drastically changes the properties of the polaronexcitations. The traditional self-localised polaron in onedimension delocalises in two dimensions, resulting in amuch reduced relaxation energy and multiple absorptionbands, the most dominant being in the mid-infrared (IR)spectral range. Also it has associated IR and Raman activevibrations with reverse absorption bands (anti-resonances,AR) compared with the continuum electron band. TheAR are attributed to the electron-phonon interaction. 18refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.

Accession no.806430

Item 135Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.289-91TRIPLET EXCITONS IN BBLYeates A T; Dudis D S; Connolly J WUS,Air Force,Wright-Patterson Base; Missouri-KansasCity,University

Electronic transitions in poly-benzimidazobenzo-phenanthroline (BBL) were modelled by applying abinitio Hartree-Fock techniques to the ground and triplet

states of various molecular analogues. It was found thatthe triplet states were strongly localized to a single unitcell, leading to a Frenkel exciton picture of the excitedstate. 17 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalTopical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-ConjugatedPolymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah,USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806428

Item 136Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.259-62ELECTRONIC DEFECTS AND CONJUGATIONLENGTH IN MESOSCOPIC PI-SYSTEMSDel Freo L; Painelli A; Girlando A; Soos Z GParma,University; Princeton,University

The intrinsic non-linearity of pi-conjugated materialsshows up clearly in the non-additivity of their physicalproperties. This offers unique opportunities for studyingdefects that limit the conjugation length in polymerswhose linear absorption and emission is generallydiscussed in terms of finite segments. A simple Huckelapproach is applied to the electronic and vibrationalproperties of polyenic chains and the following areconsidered: (a) a weak central bond due, for example, tochain torsion and (b) the more complex “defect” due to acentral para-conjugated phenyl. The phenyl generateslocal and extended states that are shown to breakconjugation much as a weak bond. Defects alter the lengthdependence of polyene properties and lead to the conceptof mesoscopic chain lengths. Comparable vibrational andelectronic contributions to the static secondhyperpolarisability are found. 10 refs. Proceedings of theFourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806426

Item 137Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.255-8SUBGAP ABSORPTION AND QUANTUMLATTICE FLUCTUATION IN POLYMERS:EFFECTS OF THE GROUND-STATEDEGENERACYZhang J; Wu C Q; Lin H QShanghai,Fudan University; Hong Kong,ChineseUniversity

By using a simple model of soliton-antisoliton pairs tosimulate the quantum lattice fluctuations in one-dimensional conjugated polymers, subgap opticalabsorption results from the transition between the lowestunoccupied and the highest occupied levels of the



conduction and valence bands, respectively, in the soliton-antisoliton excitations. There is no gap in the absorptioninduced by the quantum fluctuation. It is shown that theground state non-degeneracy suppresses the quantumfluctuations, so that the subgap absorption is reduced andthen there appears a clear onset in the absorption spectrumof non-degenerate polymers. The result is in goodagreement with experiments. 10 refs. Proceedings of theFourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.CHINA

Accession no.806425

Item 138Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.241-5MULTIPLE REDUCTION STATES WITHDIFFERENT CONDUCTIVITIES OFPOLYBENZIMIDAZOBENZOPHENANTHROLINE(BBL) STUDIED WITH INFRAREDSPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRYYohannes T; Neugebauer H; Jenekhe S A; Sariciftci N SJohannes-Kepler-University; Rochester,University

Polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL), aconjugated ladder polymer, has interesting features suchas n-type conductivity, good photoconductivity, largenonlinear optical properties and the highest electronaffinity among known n-type semiconducting polymers,which makes the material an interesting candidate foroptoelectronic applications. BBL can be reduced (n-doped) electrochemically and shows various reductionstates. Results are reported of FTIR spectro-electrochemical studies of the reduction reactions usingATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra were recorded in athree electrode spectroelectrochemical cell in situ duringcontinuous potential cycling of a BBL coated germaniumreflection element in contact with the electrolyte solutionunder applied potential. In contrast to most of the otherconjugated polymers, BBL shows four reversible redoxreactions during n-doping, corresponding to five differentforms of the polymer. From the spectral response, areduction scheme insulator to conductor to insulator toconductor to insulator was found. 9 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806424

Item 139Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.229-34EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS ONPHOTOPHYSICS AND EXCITON DYNAMICSOF PI-CONJUGATION ATTENUATED AND

METAL-CHELATED PHOTOCONDUCTINGPOLYMERSChen L X; Jaeger W J H; Gosztola D J; Niemczyk M P;Wasielewski M RArgonne National Laboratory; Evanston,NorthwesternUniversity

Effects of two types of chemical modifications onphotoconducting polymers consisting of polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) derivatives were studied by static andultrafast transient optical microscopy as well as semi-empirical ZINDO calculations. The first type ofmodification inserts 2,2'-bipyridyl-5-vinylene (bpyV)units in the PPV backbone, and the second type involvesmetal chelation with the pby sites. Photoluminescence(PL) and exciton dynamics of two polymers of givenstructure with PV:bpyV ratios of 1 and 3 were examinedin solution, and compared with those of the homopolymer,poly(2,5-bis(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)(BEH-PPV). Similar studies were carried out for severalmetal-chelated polymers. The results can be explainedby changes in pi-conjugation throughout the polymerbackbone. The attenuation in pi-conjugation by thechemical modifications transforms a conducting polymerfrom one-dimensional semiconductor to molecularaggregates. 19 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806423

Item 140Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.217-21A STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURALPHASES OF THE POLYMER POLY(9,9'-DIOCTYL FLUORENE) USING RAMANSPECTROSCOPYAriu M; Lidzey D G; Lavrentiev M; Bradley D D C;Jandke M; Strohriegl PSheffield,University; Bayreuth,University

The polymer poly(9,9'-dioctyl fluorene) (F8) can be easilydriven between a number of different structural phasesby different thermal or solvent treatments. The phasesthat were identified include (i) as-spin-coated, (ii) semi-crystalline, (iii) glassy, (iv) with an extended intrachainconformation. Atomic force microscopy was used toinvestigate the surface structures associated with thedifferent phases of the polymer and different solvents usedto cast the film. Raman spectroscopy was performed onthese samples to understand how the polymerconformation changes with the phases. Variations in therelative intensity of the peaks and shifts in energy wereobserved. The F8 spectrum was compared with a trimerof fluorene with butyl side chains and acrylate/hydroxyend-groups attached to the fluorene main chain via hexylspaces. A very small frequency dispersion in the



vibrational modes was identified in the vibrational modesconnected to an increase in the conjugation length.Therefore, assignment of the vibrational modes of thetrimer is very important in understanding the F8 spectrum.15 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806422

Item 141Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.207-11DIELECTRIC, RAMAN, CALORIMETRIC ANDX-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF APOLYCARBAZOLYLDIACETYLENEComoretto D; Parravicini G B; Tognini P; Stella A;Moggio I; Carpaneto L; Castellano M; Carnasciali MM; Dellapiane GIstituto Nazional per la Fisica della Materia;Genova,University; Pavia,University

The temperature dependence of the dielectric propertiesof poly(1,6-bis(3,6-didodecyl-N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne) (polyDCHD-S) from 30 to 400K is reported.The data obtained from these measurements areconfirmed, in selected temperature ranges, by FT-Ramanspectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-raydiffraction. The transition from the blue to the red formin polyDCHD-S is detected in correspondence to themonomer melting point (about 340K). Other transitions,above and below this feature, are reported and discussed.14 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806421

Item 142Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.203-6FTIR STUDIES OF CHARGEDPHOTOEXCITATIONS IN REGIO-REGULARAND REGIO-RANDOM POLY(3-ALKYLTHIOPHENE) FILMSJiang X M; An C P; Oesterbacka R; Vardeny Z VUtah,University

The low energy photoinduced absorption (PA) band ofphotogenerated polarons in a variety of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) films was studied, includingregio-regular and regio-random stereo orders, differentlengths of alkyl side groups, and various film preparationtechniques. In addition to the traditional one-dimensional

(1D) polaron PA bands, quasi-two-dimensional excitationswere observed in regio-regular P3AT films, where thepolymer chains self-organise to form 2D lamellarstructures. Due to increased interlayer and interchaincoupling, the two polaron energy levels split, resulting intwo allowed optical transitions where the low energy banddominates and red-shifts into the mid infrared range. Thelower energy band blue-shifts when the length of the alkylside group increases, or when using lower boiling pointsolvent, or when preparing films at higher temperature.13 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.USA

Accession no.806420

Item 143Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.193-7DENSITY OF STATES OF ENSEMBLES OFCONJUGATED MOLECULES DEDUCED FROMTHE PHOTOBLEACHING AND ABSORPTIONSPECTRAGraupner W; Wohlgenannt MVirginia,Tech; Utah,University

An interpretation is presented of both the absorptionspectra and the photobleaching spectra of differentconjugated molecules. Based on this quantitative analysisit is possible to show how the photobleaching spectra canbe used as a direct tool to probe the density of states in aconjugated material. Furthermore, this quantitativeanalysis can also explain the behaviour of the observedphotobleaching signal if external parameters such aspressure or modulation frequency and intensity of theexciting light source are varied. 30 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806419

Item 144Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.189-92PHOTOPHYSICS OF SEGMENTED BLOCK PPVCOPOLYMER DERIVATIVESKyllo E M; Gustafson T L; Wang D K; Sun R G;Epstein A JOhio,State University

The photophysics of the luminescent dimethoxy-substitutedchromophore, (2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-ethenylene-(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-ethenylene-(3,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene) was studied ina series of segmented block copolymer, monomer, andpolymer samples. Fluorescence lifetimes of the monomer



and segmented block copolymer solution and thin film weredetermined over a temperature range from 77 to 298 K.Comparison of absorbance and emission spectra and time-resolved fluorescence studies indicate exciton confinementin the chromophore moieties of the segmented blockcopolymer, leading to near unity quantum efficiency. Steadystate absorption spectra show an increasing blue-shiftedpeak upon formation of the spin-coated thin film.Conformational geometry in the monomer thin filmfacilitates excimer formation, especially evident at lowtemperatures. 16 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806418

Item 145Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.185-8EXCITATION ENERGY MIGRATION INHIGHLY EMISSIVE SEMICONDUCTINGPOLYMER BLENDS PROBED BYPHOTOLUMINESCENCE DETECTEDMAGNETIC RESONANCEList E J W; Partee J; Shinar J; Gadermaier C; LeisingG; Graupner WGraz,Technische Universitat; Iowa State University;Virginia,Tech

The excitation energy migration (EEM) in methyl-substituted ladder-type poly(para-phenylene) (m-LPPP)doped with small amounts of the red emitter poly(perylene-co-diethynylbenzene) (PPDB) was studied byphotoluminescence (PL) detected magnetic resonance(PLDMR). It is suggested that the EEM is a two-stepprocess: (i) migration within the host and (ii) transfer fromthe host to the guest. The contributions of the emissionsfrom m-LPPP and PPDB to the PL-enhancing polaronPLDMR at g=2, which are due to a reduction in the densityof polarons acting as singlet exciton (SE) quenchingcentres, evolve differently with temperature. This providesclear evidence for SE migration in m-LPPP. The tripletexciton (TE) PLDMR_ at g=4 shows a distinct peak foreach polymer, with the intensity of the PPDB feature beingproportional to its concentration. However, the spectraldependence recorded at the peak of each resonance is thesame. This rules out the triplet-triplet annihilationmechanism in these blends for simple energetic reasons.Instead it is proposed that the resonance at g=4 is due to anSE-quenching mechanism similar to that for the polaronresonance at g=2. At the field-for-resonance the number ofTEs decreases, and hence the PL increases. 17 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Conferenceon Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and PhotonicCrystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806417

Item 146Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.171-4SPECTROSCOPICAL EVIDENCES OFPHOTOINDUCED CHARGE TRANSFER INBLENDS OF C60 AND THIOPHENE-BASEDCOPOLYMERS WITH A TUNABLE ENERGY GAPLuzzati S; Panigoni M; Catellani MMilano,Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole

Photoinduced charge transfer in blends ofbuckminsterfullerene (C60) and thiophene-basedcopolymers with tunable energy gap is reported. Thephotoluminescence and steady state photoinducedabsorption spectra demonstrate electron transfer from thephotoexcited copolymer to C60. The efficiency of thecharge transfer depends on the degree of miscibility ofthe two components, which is easily controlled by thecopolymer composition. 25 refs. Proceedings of theFourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806416

Item 147Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.167-70OPTICAL ABSORPTION AND VIBRATIONALSPECTROSCOPY OF CONDUCTINGPOLYPYRROLE UNDER PRESSUREMikat J; Orgzall I; Hochheimer H DPotsdam,Universitat; Colorado,State University

Polypyrrole in its conducting form was chemicallysynthesized using p-toluenesulfonic acid as doping agent.UV-visible absorption and vibrational spectroscopy wasused for characterization of the electronic properties. Themeasurements were conducted under high pressure, upto 4 Gpa, which allows for observation of changes in thestructural parameters without changing the chemicalnature. The results are interpreted in terms of the stabilityof charge carriers. A change in the character of the chargecarriers from bipolarons to polarons is suggested. 25 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806415

Item 148Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.157-61ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF THECONDUCTING FORM OF POLYANILINE FROM



ELECTROABSORPTION MEASUREMENTSPremvardhan L; Peteanu L A; Pen-Cheng Wang;MacDiarmid A GCarnegie-Mellon University; Pennsylvania,University

The polaron band at approx. 1.4 eV of d,l-camphorsulphonicacid-doped polyaniline in a polymethyl methacrylate matrixwas studied used electroabsorption (Stark effect)spectroscopy at 298 K. A very small change in dipole momenton excitation in the order of 1.4 D was measured as well anaverage change in polarizability of only -1.3 Angstrom. Theelectroabsorption signal in this region showed evidence ofheterogeneity in the absorption band. 18 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806414

Item 149Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.153-6FIELD ENHANCED PHOTOLUMINESCENCEOF ISOLATED CHAINS OF 3BCMU IN THEIRMONOMER SINGLE CRYSTALSMoeller S; Weiser G; Lecuiller R; Lapersonne-Meyer CMarburg,Philipps Universitat; Paris VI,Universite;Paris VII,Universite

Monomer single crystals of 3BCMU (poly-5,7-dodecadiyne-1,12-diol-bis(3-butoxy-carbonylurethane))contain, in addition to a small amount of blue polymerchains with excitons at 1.9 eV, a very small fraction ofconjugated bonds with excitons at 2.28 eV detected bytheir resonant and strong fluorescence. Their behaviourin electric fields was studied and the quadratic Stark shiftcommon to polydiacetylene was found inelectroabsorption spectra. The luminescence respondedto electric fields by significant enhancement by a fewpercent in fields that are too small to observe the Starkeffect. The enhancement increase was sublinear with fieldand was attributed to excitons generated by carriersinjected from band states of regular blue chains into chainsegments of different confirmation. 9 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806413

Item 150Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.149-52ELECTROABSORPTION ANDPHOTOCONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF THEFRENKEL EXCITONS AND NEGATIVEPOLARONS IN POLY(2,5-PYRIDINEDIYL)Feller F; Monkman A P

Durham,University

Electroabsorption and photocurrent measurements arepresented of disordered and oriented films of the conjugatedpolymer poly(2,5-pyridinediyl) (PPY). The electroabsorptionspectrum is dominated by a Stark-red-shift of the first allowedoptical transition at 3.2 eV and by the emergence of anormally one-photon forbidden state at 3.7 eV. The spectrumwas successfully fitted to a linear combination of the linearabsorption spectrum and its first and second derivativerevealing the transition at 3.2 eV to be due to Frenkelexcitons. Polarized EA spectroscopy on oriented filmsallowed separation of the parallel and perpendicularcomponents (with respect to the polymer chain axis) of thefirst allowed optical transition. Analysis of the spectraindicates the existence of a small number of delocalisedWannier-like excitons photogenerated by light polarizedperpendicular to the polymer chains. Photoconductivitymeasurements were carried out on ITO/PPY/Au (semi-transparent) sandwich cells using the four possible directionsof the applied electric field and illumination directions.Analysis of the results showed that the photocurrentoriginates from the dissociation of excitons, which arephotogenerated inside the polymer near the negativeelectrode. Evidence is given for the electron transportingproperties of PPY. 17 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City,Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806412

Item 151Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.145-8MODIFICATION OF POLYMER LIGHTEMISSION BY LATERAL MICROSTRUCTURESafonov A N; Jory M; Matterson B J; Lupton J M; SaltM G; Wasey J A E; Barnes W L; Samuel I D WDurham,University; Exeter,University

The use of wavelength-scale microstructure to control theintensity, spectrum and polarisation of light emission fromthin polymer films is reported. It is shown that periodiccorrugation of the emissive layer can substantially increasethe efficiency of light emission. Detailed photoluminescencestudies of the angle dependence of the emission togetherwith theoretical modelling show that the observed emissionenhancement is associated with a Bragg scattering ofwaveguided light out of the polymer layer. The use of thisapproach to increase the efficiency of a light-emitting diodeis demonstrated. 14 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City,Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806411



Item 152Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.139-43ORIGIN OF THE DELAYED EMISSION INFILMS OF A LADDER-TYPE POLY(PARA-PHENYLENE)Hertel D; Romanovskii Yu V; Schweitzer B; Scherf U;Bassler HMarburg,Philipps University; Russian Academy ofSciences; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Polymerforschung

Observations of delayed fluorescence (DF) andphosphorescence (P) from films of the ladder-typepoly(para-phenylene) (MeLPPP) are reported. Delayedemission occurs upon pulsed optical excitation. DF varieslinearly with pump light intensity, while P shows asublinear intensity dependence. It is argued that singlet-singlet annihilation is responsible for the sublinearphosphorescence intensity dependence, because theintensity dependence of the prompt fluorescence showsthe same behaviour above excitation intensities of 1microJoule/pulse. Both DF and P decay according to apower law. The data analysis reveals that the DF is causedby recombination of geminate electron hole pairs ratherthan triplet-triplet annihilation. This conclusion issupported by investigations of the response of the DF toan applied electric field. 22 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806410

Item 153Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.127-33OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FILMS OFPOLYCARBAZOLYLDIACETYLENE PDCHD-HSFOR PHOTONIC APPLICATIONSGiorgetti E; Margheri G; Gelli F; Sottini S; ComorettoD; Cravino A; Cuniberti C; Dell’Erba C; Moggio I;Dellepiane GCNR,Istituto di Ricerca sulle Onde Elettromagnetiche;Genova,University

Spun films of polycarbazolyldiacetylene polyDCHD-HSwere prepared from toluene solutions with a thicknessranging from 9 nm up to 3.6 micrometres. Thicker filmswere characterized as waveguides at 849 and 1321 nm; 5dB/cm propagation losses were measured at 1321 nm.The off-resonance third-order nonlinearity of ultra-thinsamples (9-14 nm) was measured at 1064 nm withpicosecond pulses and using surface plasmonspectroscopy. A very large value was detected for the realpart of the third-order susceptibility. 9 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806409

Item 154Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.115-21PHOTOEXCITED SPECTROSCOPY AND INSITU ELECTROCHEMICAL SPECTROSCOPYIN CONJUGATED POLYMERS: ACOMPARATIVE STUDYNeugebauer H; Kvarnstroem C; Cravino A; YohannesT; Sariciftci N SJohannes-Kepler-University

A comparison of doping and photoinduced IRAV spectraof conjugated polymers with more complex structures ispresented. Differences in behaviour regarding thecomparison of p- and n-doped states of different materialswere observed. In contrast, a comparison between dopedand photoinduced IRAV spectra often show a similar bandpattern. The results found do not agree with the predictionsgiven by theoretical descriptions, which were developedfor simpler structures. From these theories, the same IRAVpattern for p- and n-doping, but differences tophotoinduced IRAV, should be expected. 34 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806408

Item 155Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.107-10EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICALSTUDIES OF THE ANISOTROPICAL COMPLEXDIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF HIGHLYSTRETCH-ORIENTED POLY(P-PHENYLENE-VINYLENE)Comoretto D; Dellepiane G; Marabelli F; Tognini P;Stella A; Cornil J; dos Santos D A; Bredas J L; Moses DGenova,University; Pavia,University; MonsHainaut,University; California,University at SantaBarbara

A spectroscopic determination of the anisotropicalcomplex optical constants of highly stretch-orientedpoly(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPV) is presented, by meansof Kramers-Kronig transformation of the reflectivityspectra and inversion of reflectance and transmittanceover the transparent spectral region. The experimental dataare discussed and compared with those obtained fromquantum chemical calculations extended to include theelectronic correlation in an 11-ring PPV oligomer. On thebasis of this comparison a new assignment of the opticaltransitions in PPV is proposed. 15 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on Optical



Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806406

Item 156Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.101-5FIRST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATION OFOPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTRA INCONJUGATED POLYMERS: ROLE OFELECTRON-HOLE INTERACTIONRohlfing M; Tiago M L; Louie S GMuenster,University; California,University at Berkeley;Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Experimental and theoretical studies have shown thatexcitonic effects play an important role in the opticalproperties of conjugated polymers. The optical absorptionspectrum of trans-polyacetylene, for example, can beunderstood as completely dominated by the formation ofexciton bound states. A recently developed first-principlesmethod for computing the excitonic effects and opticalspectrum, with no adjustable parameters, is reviewed. Thistheory is used to study the absorption spectrum of twoconjugated polymers: trans-polyacetylene andpolyphenylenevinylene (PPV). 27 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806405

Item 157Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.95-9OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DISUBSTITUTEDPOLYACETYLENE THIN FILMSFujii A; Hidayat R; Sonoda T; Fujisawa T; Ozaki M;Vardeny Z V; Teraguchi M; Masuda T; Yoshino KOsaka,University; Utah,University; Kyoto,University

Studies of the optical properties of thin films of noveldisubstituted acetylene polymers such as poly(1-phenyl-2-p-n-butylphenylacetylene) (PDPA-nBu) and poly(1-n-hexyl-2-phenylacetylene) (PHxPA) show that thesepolymers exhibit high photoluminescence (PL) quantumefficiency compared with unsubstituted ormonosubstituted polyacetylene. The polarisationdependence of PL and Raman scattering of PDPA-nBuand PHxPA were studied in order to clarify the emissionmechanism. Assuming the model of short polyeneconjugation length in the acetylene polymers, the averageconjugation length was estimated from the respectivestretching vibration frequency of the carbon-carbondouble bond. The emission mechanisms of PHxPA andPDPA-nBu are discussed in relation to the electronic

excited states of these polymers. 15 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.806404

Item 158Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.91-4PHOTOEXCITATIONS IN DISUBSTITUTEDPOLYACETYLENE: SOLITONS ANDPOLARONSGontia I; Frolov S V; Liess M; Vardeny Z V;Ehrenfreund E; Tada K; Kajii H; Hidayat R; Fujii A;Yoshino K; Teraguchi M; Masuda TUtah,University; Technion-Israel Institute ofTechnology; Osaka,University; Kyoto,University

Photoexcitations in films of disubstituted polyacetylene,a pi-conjugated polymer with degenerate ground state,are discussed. The polymer in its pristine form supportscharged and neutral topological soliton excitations. Photo-oxidised films or polymer/C60 blends also exhibit polaronexcitations. At the same time the polymers show a strongemission band with high quantum efficiency, which leadsto stimulated emission in thin films and lasing incylindrical micron-cavities. 8 refs. Proceedings of theFourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.ISRAEL; JAPAN; USA

Accession no.806403

Item 159Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.87-90PHOTOPHYSICS OF PHENYL-SUBSTITUTEDPOLYACETYLENES, THEORYShukla A; Ghosh H; Mazumdar SJapan Science & Technology Corp.; Indian Institute ofTechnology; Arizona,University

A theoretical study is presented of the electronic structuresof poly-phenylacetylene (PPA) and poly-diphenylacetylene(PDPA). Strong photoluminescence (PL) in PDPA is dueto the occurrence of the 2Ag two-photon state above theoptical 1Bu, in spite of the polyene backbone. This reversedenergy ordering (as compared to linear polyenes and trans-polyacetylene, t-PA) is a sign of reduced effective electroncorrelations in PPA and PDPA. The optical gaps of thesubstituted materials are smaller than polyenes of the samechain length. 8 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalTopical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-ConjugatedPolymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah,USA, 15-19 February 2000.INDIA; JAPAN; USA

Accession no.806402



Item 160Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.81-5DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHLYEMISSIVE PARA-PHENYLENE-TYPEMOLECULAR FILMS BYPHOTOLUMINESCENCE-DETECTEDMAGNETIC RESONANCE AND THERMALLYSTIMULATED CHARGE TRANSPORTList E J W; Kim C H; Shinar J; Pogantsch A; PetritschK; Leising G; Graupner WGraz,Technische Universitat; Iowa State University;Virginia,Tech

A new combined photoluminescence-detected magneticresonance (PLDMR) and thermally stimulated current(TSC) study of defects in wide bandgap amorphousmethyl-substituted ladder-type poly(para-phenylene) (m-LPPP) and polycrystalline para-hexaphenyl (PHP) films,both with PL quantum yields of approx. 30%, is described.As TSC probes the density of mobile charge carriers afterdetrapping and PLDMR reveals the influence of trappedcharges of the PL, their combination yields theconcentration of traps, their energetic position, and theircontribution to PL quenching. A comparison of thePLDMR and TSC results shows that the interaction andhence the non-radiative quenching of singlet excitons atpolarons is stronger in PHP than in m-LPPP due to a higherdiffusivity of singlet excitons in PHP. Furthermore, it isshown that PLDMR results are in agreement withphotoinduced absorption results of pristine and photo-oxidised m-LPPP. 17 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806401

Item 161Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.75-9TRIPLET STATE SPECTROSCOPY OFCONJUGATED POLYMERS STUDIED BYPULSE RADIOLYSISMonkman A P; Burrows H D; Miguel M da G;Hamblett I; Navaratnam SDurham,University; Coimbra,University;Manchester,Paterson Institute for Cancer Research

The energies and kinetics of triplet states in solubleluminescent conjugated polymers were elucidated usingpulse radiolysis. The technique is explained using poly(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexoxy)-p-phenylenevinylene(MEH-PPV) as an example, together with its use instudying triplet states in conjugated polymers. Tripletenergy transfer is used to determine energy gaps and thekinetics of triplet-triplet absorption yields triplet lifetimes.In the case of MEH-PPV, the triplet decay rate shows nochange at concentrations up to 50 mg/l, indicating that

self-quenching of triplets is not significant. However, ifvery high electron beam doses are used, high intra-chaintriplet concentrations can be generated. In this highconcentration regime triplet-triplet annihilation becomeseffective, as determined by the onset of delayedfluorescence. 23 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806400

Item 162Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.71-3ARE BREATHER EXCITONS THE PRIMARYPHOTOEXCITATIONS IN CONJUGATEDPOLYMERS?Kanner G S; Vardeny Z V; Lanzani G; Zheng L XNorthern Arizona,University; Utah,University;Milano,Politecnico

A new interpretation of photoexcitations in trans-polyacetylene and polydiacetylene-4BCMU is discussed.Based on the results of picosecond photoinducedabsorption and resonant Raman scattering, it is postulatedthat breather excitons may be the primary speciesphotogenerated in these, and perhaps other, conjugatedpolymers. 17 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalTopical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-ConjugatedPolymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah,USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806399

Item 163Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.67-70FEMTOSECOND EXCITON DYNAMICS INDOO-PPV FILMSKorovyanko O J; Shkunov M N; Levina G A; Vardeny Z VUtah,University

Femtosecond photoinduced absorption decay was usedto study the ultrafast exciton dynamics in DOO-PPVfilms. The exciton dynamics were found to contain anultrafast decay component of about 2 ps that remainsunchanged at intensities up to five times the thresholdexcitation intensity for the phenomenon of emissionspectral narrowing. It is argued that amplified spontaneousemission of waveguided or leaky modes, depending onfilm thickness and excitation geometry, is the dominantmechanism for both spectral narrowing and ultrafast decaycomponents. In very thin films it was found that theprocess of amplification of leaky waves may beresponsible for the amplification of the 0-0 emission bandrather than the 0-1 band, which has usually been observed



at high excitation intensities in thicker films. 12 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.USA

Accession no.806398

Item 164Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.61-5STUDIES OF TRANSIENT STIMULATEDEMISSION IN DOO-PPV FILMSHuang J D; Frolov S; Vardeny Z; Lee C W; Wong K SUtah,University; Hong Kong,University of Science &Technology

The stimulated emission band in neat 2,5-dioctyloxypoly(p-phenylenevinylene) (DOO-PPV) films wasexperimentally and theoretically investigated. Spectralnarrowing due to ASE was observed at moderately highexcitation intensities. A complex ASE build-up and decaydynamics as a function of excitation intensity and stripelength was observed. It was also found that the excitonenergy relaxation process within inhomogeneouslybroadened energy distribution becomes faster when ASEoccurs. A theoretical model taking into account thepolymer film gain and loss, the propagation effect andthe time dependent exciton generation process isdeveloped and used to explain the experimental data. 16refs. Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.HONG KONG; USA

Accession no.806397

Item 165Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.57-60SUB-10 FS EXCITED STATE EVOLUTION INPOLYCARBAZOLYLDIACETYLENE-POLYETHYLENE BLENDSCerullo G; Lanzani G; Zavelani-Rossi M; De SilvestriS; Comoretto D; Moggio I; Dellepiane GIstituto Nazional per la Fisica della Materia;Milano,Politecnico; Genova,Universita

Sub-10 femtosecond time-resolved optical dynamics inpolycarbazolyldiacetylene blended in a polyethylenematrix, which is a prototype of single chain systems, isreported. Transmission difference data reveal an ultrafastkinetics that is assigned to the rapid internal conversiontaking place following photoexcitation. Oscillations in thetime-dependent traces are assigned to impulsivestimulated resonant Raman scattering, based on thecomparison with cw Raman data. 10 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on Optical

Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806396

Item 166Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.53-6PROBING OF THE 2AG STATE INNANOPOLYACETYLENE ON THE TIME SCALEFROM FEMTOSECONDS TO MILLISECONDSGolovnin I V; Paraschuk D Yu; Pan X Y; Chigarev N V;Knize R J; Zhdanov B V; Kobryanskii V MMoscow,Lomonosov University; US,Air ForceAcademy; Moscow,Institute of Chemical Physics

The dynamic properties of the 2Ag state in films ofnanopolyacetylene were measured using photoinducedspectroscopy and photoinduced polarimetry methods bothin the transient and cw regime. The excitation densityper polyacetylene nanoparticle was no more than oneabsorbed pump proton. Using femtosecond pulses, therise time (greater than or equal to 0.2 ps) and the decaytime (approx. 1 ps) of the photoinduced response fromthe 2Ag state of trans-nanopolyacetylene were evaluated.The longest relaxation time, approx. 7 microseconds, wasmeasured at room temperature. Using picosecond pulsesand a novel photoinduced polarimetry method, the firstmeasurements of the transient polarisation response of aconjugated material have been achieved. The observedpolarisation signal is associated with a small photoinduceddichroism and birefringence in the 2Ag state. The decaytime of the polarisation signal was approx. 0.3 ns. 9 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.806395

Item 167Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.45-8OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES IN POLYENES:ROLE OF INTRINSIC LOCALIZED MODESSaxena A; Kivshar Y S; Bishop A RLos Alamos National Laboratory; Australian NationalUniversity

A simple theoretical model is used to demonstrate theeffect of intrinsic localised modes such as breathers onnonlinear optical properties. Enhancement of opticalnonlinearities in ab initio numerical simulations of finitepolyenes had previously been observed. Experimentalimplications of the results are discussed. 24 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers



and Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.AUSTRALIA; USA

Accession no.806394

Item 168Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.41-4PHOTOLUMINESCENCE DECAY DYNAMICSOF DENDRITICALLY SUBSTITUTEDCONJUGATED POLYMERSJakubiak R; Bao Z; Rothberg L JRochester,University; Lucent Bell Laboratories

Subnanosecond photoluminescence (PL) decay dynamicsof dendron decorated poly(phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs)in solutions and as neat films are reported. Previous PLstudies revealed that two conformations of the polymer,with distinct luminescence quantum yields and PL, areresponsible for the photophysics of these polymers. Theseconformations are characteristic of isolated andaggregated chains. From the decay dynamics, energytransfer between the two species is evident andrepopulation of exciton states occurs in aggregated regionsof the sample. 12 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806393

Item 169Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.35-40INTERCHAIN AND INTRACHAIN EXCITONTRANSPORT IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS:ULTRAFAST STUDIES OF ENERGYMIGRATION IN ALIGNED MEH-PPV/MESOPOROUS SILICA COMPOSITESSchwartz B J; Nguyen T-Q; Wu J; Tolbert S HCalifornia,University at Los Angeles

Composite samples consisting of chains of thesemiconducting polymer MEH-PPV embedded into thechannels of oriented, hexagonal nanoporous silica glassallow control over energy transfer and exciton migrationin the polymer. The composite samples are characterisedby two polymer environments: randomly oriented andfilm-like segments with short conjugation length outsidethe channels, and well aligned, long conjugation segmentsthat are isolated by encapsulation within the porous glass.Ultrafast emission anisotropy measurements show thatexcitons migrate unidirectionally from the polymersegments outside the pores to the oriented chains withinthe pores, leading to a spontaneous increase in emissionpolarisation with time. Because the chains in the poresare isolated, the observed increase in polarisation can onlytake place by exciton migration along the polymer

backbone. The anisotropy measurements show that energymigration along the backbone occurs more slowly thanForster energy transfer between polymer chains; transferalong the chain probably takes place by a thermally-activated hopping mechanism. Similar timescales forintra- and interchain energy transfer are also observedfor MEH-PPV chains in solution. All the results providenew insights for optimising the use of conjugatedpolymers in optoelectronic devices. 37 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806392

Item 170Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.31-4PHOTOPHYSICS OF PHENYL DISUBSTITUTEDPOLYACETYLENES: PICOSECONDPHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND FEMTOSECONDPHOTOINDUCED ABSORPTION STUDIES OFPDPA-N-BUGustafson T L; Kyllo E M; Frost T L; Sun R G; Lim H;Wang D K; Epstein A J; Lefumeux C; Burdzinski G;Buntinx G; Poizat OOhio,State University; Lille,Universite des Sciences etTechnologies

Picosecond (ps) photoluminescence (PL) decays of phenyl-disubstituted polyacetylenes (PDPA) with an attached n-butyl group (PDPA-n-Bu) in solution and as thin films wereobtained. In solution, only a single exponential decay wasobserved at all emission wavelengths over the range 2.15-2.50 eV. The PL lifetime in solution was 190 ps. The PLdecays in thin films could not be satisfactorily fitted usinga single exponential, and are significantly lower in thinfilms than in solution. Also, the PL decay times vary withemission wavelength in thin films, with longer PL decaytimes observed at lower emission energies. Thefemtosecond (fs) photoinduced absorption (PA) spectra ofPDPA-n-Bu in solution over the range 1.70-2.95 eV wasalso obtained. These data exhibit fast ground state bleachingat high energy, along with the growth of a broad PA featureat low energies that decays with a time constant consistentwith the PL decay time in solution. At long times (greaterthan 200 ps) the growth of a long-lived PA feature peakedat 2.3 eV was seen that persisted for hundreds ofnanoseconds. A broad feature in the infrared PA wasobserved at 0.23 eV whose dynamics are the same as theband at 2.3 eV. These two long-lived bands were assignedto polaron transitions. 27 refs. Proceedings of the FourthInternational Topical Conference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806391



Item 171Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.27-30FEMTOSECOND PHOTO-CURRENTEXCITATION CROSS-CORRELATION ON ALADDER TYPE POLYMERZenz C; Lanzani G; Cerullo G; Graupner W; Leising G;Scherf U; DeSilvestri SSassari,University; Milano,Politecnico;Graz,Technische Universitat; Virginia,Tech; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Polymerforschung

Transient photocurrent cross-correlation experimentswere carried out on methyl-substituted ladder-typepoly(para-phenylene) (m-LPPP). In this experiment, thefirst pulse at 390 nm created singlet excitons (S0 to S1)that were re-excited to a higher lying state by the timedelayed second pulse at 780 nm (S1 to Sn). The changein (390 nm)-induced photocurrent caused by the 780 nmpulses was measured as a function of blue-red time delay.Measurements showed that the charge generation rate isgreatly increased if the exciton is re-excited within thefirst picosecond, demonstrating the role of excitonmigration in the ionisation process. For longer time delays,a charge generation rate that follows the excited statepopulation was observed, suggesting enhanceddissociation from a higher lying state. 21 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806390

Item 172Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.23-6EXCITONIC PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF4BCMU POLYDIACETYLENE SINGLECRYSTALSMoeller S; Weiser G; Lapersonne-Meyer CMarburg,Philipps Universitat; Paris VI,Universite;Paris VII,Universite

Thermal annealing of 4BCMU single crystals increasesthe transition energy of excitons from 2.0 to 2.3 eV and asimilar increase is observed for the free carrier gapresolved by electroabsorption spectra. This modificationleads to a significant change of the photocurrent threshold,which after the transformation shifts to the excitonicabsorption edge. Because the exciton binding energy of0.5 eV is not altered, this excitonic photoconductivitycannot be due to dissociation of excitons. It is proposedthat Auger excitation of trapped carriers into free carrierstates acquire energy from recombination of free excitons.The crucial step is the escape from the chain, whichrequires sufficient excess energy of these excited carriers.This energy is provided by excitons of 2.3 eV but not bythose of 2 eV. 19 refs. Proceedings of the Fourth

International Topical Conference on Optical Probes ofpi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, Salt LakeCity, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806389

Item 173Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.19-22MECHANISM OF CARRIER GENERATION ANDRECOMBINATION IN CONJUGATEDPOLYMERSMoses D; Dogariu A; Heeger A JCalifornia,University at Santa Barbara

Transient excited-state absorption measurements in thespectral region spanning the infrared active vibrational(IRAV) modes in prototypical luminescent polymers,poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV), and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-(phenylene vinylene)) (MEH-PPV),reveal charge carrier generation within 100 fs afterphotoexcitation. The photocarrier quantum efficiency inMEH-PPV is approx. 0.1 in zero applied electric field.There is no correlation between the temporal behaviourof the photoinduced IRAV signals and the exciton lifetime.Thus, carriers are photoexcited directly and not generatedvia a secondary process from exciton annihilation. Dataindicate that the carrier recombination rate is sensitive tothe strength of the interchain interaction. 23 refs.Proceedings of the Fourth International TopicalConference on Optical Probes of pi-Conjugated Polymersand Photonic Crystals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19February 2000.USA

Accession no.806388

Item 174Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.15-8TRIPLET STATE DYNAMICS IN POLY(2,5-PYRIDINE DIYL)Wong K S; Law C W Y; Sun T; Monkman A P;Vaschetto M E; Hartwell L J; Horsburgh L E; BurrowsH D; Miguel M da GHong Kong,University of Science & Technology;Durham,University; Coimbra,University

Pulse radiolysis was used to determine the triplet stateenergy (2.3 eV) of poly(2,5-pyridine diyl) (PPY) film,which was found to be coincident with the emission energy.Detailed time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and pump-probe measurements were applied to study the photoexcitedstate relaxation dynamics. In films, a very large spectralred-shift (approx. 0.35 eV) for the PL occurred within thefirst 100 ps whereas no spectral red-shift was observed forthe PPY in solution. This result provides clear evidencefor the evolution of short-lived single emission (S1 to S0)



at approx. 450 nm to long-lived triplet emission (T1 to S0)at approx. 520 nm for the PPY thin film. Streak camerameasurement indicates the long-lived component has adecay time constant of several ns. The picosecond photo-induced triplet state absorption (T1 to T2 transition) peaksat approx. 600 nm as measured by pump-probe, which isconsistent with both the radiolysis and cw photo-inducedabsorption measurements. A triplet lifetime of approx. 6ns was measured, which is again consistent with the streakcamera measurement. These results suggest that the long-life component of the emission from PPY film is in factphosphorescence. Furthermore, there is evidence thatoxygen plays a very important role in the fast tripletradiative lifetime in PPY films. 27 refs. Proceedings of theFourth International Topical Conference on Optical Probesof pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals, SaltLake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HONGKONG; PORTUGAL; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806387

Item 175Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.9-13ULTRAFAST CHARGE PHOTOGENERATION INCONJUGATED POLYMER THIN FILMSSilva C; Stevens M A; Russell D M; Setayesh S;Muellen K; Friend R HCavendish Laboratory; Max-Planck-Institut fuerPolymerforschung

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy on thin filmsof blue-emitting derivatives of polyindenofluorene (PIF) isreported. Probe wavelength and pump intensity dependencemeasurements allow the separation of the broadly overlapped1Bu exciton and charge pair absorption spectra. It was foundthat charge pairs are produced within the instrumentresolution (approx. 100 fs) followed by exciton-excitonbimolecular annihilation on a picosecond timescale. Twopossible mechanisms for ultrafast charge generation areconsidered: direct charge separation of nascent 1Bu excitonsby static quenching at intrinsic defects and sequentialtransitions to produce highly energetic excitons thatdissociate efficiently. Photophysical modelling of intensity-dependent data reveals that sequential absorption followedby charge separation is the most likely mechanism forultrafast charge pair generation, with the ratio of excited-state to ground-state absorption cross-section times theeffective yield of charge pairs approx. 0.1. These observationsare consistent with previous photocurrent measurements andquantum chemical calculations assigning highly excitedstates to greatly delocalised excitons. 11 refs. Proceedingsof the Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806386

Item 176Synthetic Metals116, Nos.1-3, 15th Jan.2001, p.5-7MULTIPLE PULSE TRANSIENTSPECTROSCOPY IN LUMINESCENT PI-CONJUGATED POLYMERSFrolov S V; Bao Z; Wohlgenannt M; Vardeny Z VBell Laboratories,Lucent Technologies;Utah,University

Relaxation processes between even and odd parityexcitons in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivativepolymers were examined using a multiple femtosecondpulse transient spectroscopy. By tuning the energy of re-excitation and probe pulses across a wide spectral range,it was possible to measure a complete spectrum of the1Bu exciton and also probe its counterparts: higher lyingmAg and kAg excitons. Dramatically different relaxationpaths were found for two later states: whereas the majorityof mAg excitons experience an ultrafast internalconversion back to their 1Bu state, most kAg excitonstransform into a non-emissive state, which was attributedto weakly bound polaron pairs. 11 refs. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Topical Conference on OpticalProbes of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Photonic Crystals,Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 15-19 February 2000.USA

Accession no.806385

Item 177Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 1998, pp.xxxvi.914. 25cms.6128HANDBOOK OF LIQUID CRYSTALS VOL.1FUNDAMENTALSEdited by: Demus D; Goodby J; Gray GW; Spiess HW;Vill V(Hull,University; Max-Planck-Institut fuerPolymerforschung; Hamburg,University)

This book contains nine heavily referenced chapters onliquid crystals in general. It discusses the history of thefield, the nomenclature of liquid crystals and the physicaltheory related to the liquid crystalline state. Syntheticstrategies are described and the theory of symmetric andchiral liquid crystals discussed. The physical propertiesof liquid crystals and the techniques used to measure themare described in great detail and a final chapter coversthe applications of liquid crystalline materials.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806383

Item 178Patent Number: EP 1070682 A1 20010124RADIATION CURABLE RESIN COMPOSITIONKomiya Z; Abel A G M; Alkema D P W; Mase MDSM NV; JSR Corp.

This composition comprises a (meth)acrylate urethanecompound derived from a polypropylene glycol or a



propylene oxide/ethylene oxide copolymer glycol havinga molecular weight between 1,000 and 13,000 and anamount of unsaturation less than 0.01 meq/g. It hasimproved liquid stability, can produce cured productshaving superior mechanical characteristics bypolymerisation and can be used as a coating material foroptical fibres, adhesives and the like. The composition isparticularly suitable as a coating material for optical fibresfor which long-term stability is required.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERNEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.806306

Item 179Reactive & Functional Polymers46, No.3, 2001, p.225-31POLYSILOXANE-BASED PHOTOREFRACTIVEMATERIALS WITH DUAL-FUNCTIONDOPANTSWu S; Zeng F; Li F; Li JSouth China,University of Technology

Photorefractive polymer systems are investigated basedon functionalised polysiloxane doped with a single smallmolecule species that has the dual function of providingboth charge-transport and optical non-linearity. Detailedstudies including photoconductivity, carrier mobility, etc.are conducted. The non-local character of thephotorefractivity is demonstrated through asymmetricenergy transfer in a two-beam coupling experiment. Nettwo-beam coupling gains are observed for the systems.Finally, the field dependence of the gain coefficient isdescribed. 32 refs.CHINA

Accession no.806279

Item 180Reactive & Functional Polymers46, No.3, 2001, p.213-23SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFTWO NOVEL FUNCTIONAL LADDER-LIKEPOLYSILSESQUIOXANES FOR NONLINEAROPTICAL RESPONSELiu C; Liu Y; Feng J; Yuan Q; Xie P; Dai D; Zhang RChinese Academy of Sciences; China PetrochemicalCorp.

Two novel functional ladder-like polysilsesquioxanes withdouble-chain macromolecular backbones and non-linearoptical (NLO) chromophore-containing side chains forNLO applications (NLO-T1 and NLO-T2) are synthesisedsuccessfully for the first time via the introduction of theNLO chromophores to the side chains of the ladder-likepolychloropropylsilsesquioxane (Cl-T1) with ladder-likepoly(4-chloromethylphenyl)ethylsilsesquioxane (Cl-T2),respectively, by an etherification reaction. The obtainedpolymers are characterised by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, 29Si NMR, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning

calorimetry, thermogravImetric analysis, vapour pressureosmometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The poled thinfilms of the above two ladder-like NLO polymers showd33 coefficients of 9.2 and 9.6 pm V-1, respectively.Compared with the corresponding single main chainpolymers, the poled thin films of the synthesised ladder-like NLO polymers demonstrate a much higher thermalstability of SHG. 13 refs.CHINA

Accession no.806278

Item 181Patent Number: EP 1063539 A2 20001227RESIN COMPOSITION FOR OPTICAL FIBERLOOSE TUBES, OPTICAL FIBER LOOSE TUBEAND PRODUCTION PROCESS THEREOFOhno M; Sugie K; Sasaki S; Oki HTeijin Ltd.; Hitachi Cable Ltd.

This composition contains (A) 100 parts by weight ofpolybutylene terephthalate having a terminal carboxylgroup concentration of 10 eq/ton or less and an intrinsicviscosity of 1.0 to 1.2 and (B) 0.005 to 0.1 part by weightof polyethylene wax. The optical fibre loose tube isproduced by extrusion moulding the above compositionat a haul-off speed of 200 m/min or more.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.806225

Item 182Polymer42, No.8, 2001, p.3315-22HIGH GLASS TRANSITION CHROMOPHOREFUNCTIONALISED POLYIMIDES FORSECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALAPPLICATIONSVan den Broeck K; Verbiest T; Degryse J; Van BeylenM; Persoons A; Samyn CLeuven,Catholic University

The synthesis of donor-embedded side chain polyimidesand chromophore-functionalised polyimides and the non-linear optical properties of these polyimides are reported.The donor-embedded side chain polyimides wereproduced by the polycondensation of adiaminochromophore and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropyidene)diphthalic anhydride and the chromophore-functionalisedpolyimides were obtained by functionalisation of therespective hydroxyl polyimides with hydroalkylchromophores by means of the Mitsunobu reaction. Thesenon-linear optical polymers exhibited Tgs from 218 to298C and the donor-embedded polyimide lost only 10%of its non-linearity after 200 h. heating at 125C. 29 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806129



Item 183Patent Number: US 6132650 A1 20001017METHOD AND APPARATUS FORMANUFACTURING DISTRIBUTEDREFRACTIVE INDEX PLASTIC OPTICAL-FIBERNakamura TSumitomo Wiring Systems Ltd.

A base polymer is mixed with a non-polymerisablecompound having a higher refractive index to form a fibrematerial. This material is continuously transformed intoa fibre in a fibre-preparing unit. The fibre is dipped indiffusion tanks containing monomer substances to diffusethese substances into the fibre and cured in a heater topolymerise these substances. By alternatingly repeatingthis procedure, the monomer substances and the non-polymerisable compound are diffused in the fibre andform a graded refractive index. Next, the fibre is drawn,coated with a cladding and coiled. This method can beperformed with a high running ratio, minimising thenecessity of scaling-up of the facilities when theproduction is increased, and easily confers a desired indexgrading on the fibre. It also allows continued manufactureof a graded refractive index plastic optical-fibre with adesired length and of constant quality.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.806085

Item 184Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology19, Nos.1-3, Dec.2000, p.687-90NEAR- AND MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPYOF SOL-GEL DERIVED ORMOSIL FILMS FORPHOTONICS FROM TETRAMETHOXYSILANEAND TRIMETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-METHACRYLATETadanaga K; Ellis B; Seddon A BSheffield,University

Ormosil (organically modified silicate) dipped thin filmsand cast films were prepared using tetramethoxysilaneand trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate(TMSPM).Structural changes during thermally-inducedpolymerisation of the organic groups were investigatedusing near- and mid-IR spectroscopy. IR spectra of theormosil dipped thin films, dried at 60C, showed thatfurther heat treatment of the films at 160C led to the freeradical polymerisation of C:C bonds in TMSPM. In themid-IR spectra, the intensity of the band at around 3500/cm, due to O-H bonds, increased with the progress ofpolymerisation of vinyl groups. Near-IR spectra of thecast films showed that this increase in intensity of the O-H band was due to the increase of monomeric watermolecules hydrogen bonded to silanols. It was suggestedthat optical loss measurements should be made in a dryatmosphere or, with a cover coating to protect the ormosilfrom adsorption of water, to reduce this source of opticalloss for waveguides based on TMSPM. 19 refs. (10th

International Workshop on Glass and Ceramics, Hybridsand Nanocomposites from Gels, ‘Sol-Gel ‘99’,Yokohama, Japan, Sept.1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.805112

Item 185Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition39, No.1, 1st Jan.2001, p.253-62SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFDIFFERENT POLY(1-VINYLINDOLE)S FORPHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALSBrustolin F; Castelvetro V; Ciardelli F; Ruggeri G;Colligiani APisa,University; Napoli,Universita Federico II

Poly(1-vinylpyrrole), poly(1-vinylindole) and somemethyl-substituted compounds of poly(1-vinylindole)were considered as possible replacements for poly(1-vinylcarbazole), a component commonly employed fororganic photorefractive materials. The optimumconditions for both monomer synthesis andpolymerisation were determined. The Tg values of thenew polymeric substrates were constantly lower than thatof poly(1-vinylcarbazole), which could lead to materialsthat required a lower amount of plasticiser in the finalphotorefractive blend to display photorefractive behaviourat room temp. The verified higher electric dipole momentsof the pyrrole and indole derivatives could also improvethe compatibility of the optically non-linear componentrequired in the system, typically an azo molecule, byincreasing its solubility inside the blend. All the vinylmonomers and polymers synthesised gave clearspectroscopic evidence of the formation of charge-transfercomplexes with 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenylidene malonitrile,an efficient sensitiser for photoconductivity. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.804988

Item 186Polymer Composites21, No.6, Dec.2000, p.857-63RELAXATION OF THE AXIAL STRAININDUCED STRESSES IN DOUBLE-COATEDOPTICAL FIBERSSham-Tsong ShiueFeng Chia,University

Axial strain-induced stresses in double-coated optical fibreswere analysed using the viscoelastic theory and therelaxation of stresses was considered. A closed formsolution of the axial strain-induced viscoelastic stresses wasobtained. The axial strain-induced stresses wereproportional to the applied axial strain and were a functionof the material’s properties and thickness. If the applied



axial strain increased linearly, the induced stresses increasedwith time, but if the axial strain was fixed, apart from theaxial stress in the glass fibre, the stresses decreasedexponentially with time. Apart from the axial stress in theglass fibre, the axial strain-induced stresses decreased withincreasing relaxation time of the polymeric coating. Acompressive interfacial radial stress resulted in an increaseof the transmission losses and a tensile interfacial radialstress possibly resulted in debonding at the interface of theglass fibre and primary coating. 17 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.804947

Item 187Patent Number: US 6126867 A1 20001003 2000NONLINEAR-OPTICALLY ACTIVECOPOLYMERS, POLYMER MATERIALSPRODUCED FROM THEM, ANDELECTROOPTICAL AND PHOTONICCOMPONENTS CONSTRUCTED THEREFROMKanitz A; Fricke CSiemens AG

The invention relates to nonlinear-optically activecopolymers, to crosslinked NLO polymer materialsproduced from them and having high orientation stability,and to electrooptical and photonic components comprisingthese polymer materials. The copolymers of the inventionare of a given general formula 1 in which W is preferablya chromophoric group of a given general formula 2. Thechromophores employed in accordance with the inventionexhibit high thermal stability and so can be processed atelevated temperatures while retaining the optical activity.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.804827

Item 188Plastics News(USA)12, No.45, 8th Jan.2001, p.20-1ELECTRONICS MARKET RINGING WITHOPTIMISMRenstrom R

The US electronic equipment markets are examined, withparticular reference to trends in demand for mobile phones,desktop and laptop computers, computer printers, anddocument copiers. It is forecast that shipments of mobilecommunications devices will continue to grow dramaticallywith another boom year ahead, according to researchanalysts. The growth in demand for mobile phones isexamined, and in particular, sales of internet-enableddevices. Although desktop computers continue as amainstay, growth is reported to be slowly declining, anddemand for portable computers is said to be continuing.

BLUETOOTHUSA

Accession no.803103

Item 189Patent Number: US 6129865 A1 20001010MANUFACTURING METHOD OF MULTIFIBERCONNECTOR FERRULE FOR RIBBON-TYPEOPTICAL CABLEJeong M Y; Chun O G; Ahn S H; Choy T G; Chun H JKorea,Electronics & Telecommunications ResearchInstitute; Korea Telecom

A high degree of precision is achieved by reverse directionconnection dependent merely on the predetermined heightof a reference plane. The reference plane is formed byrelatively easy plane processing as the method ofmaintaining precise height and directivity of flow is addedto the inside of a mould.KOREA; USA

Accession no.802890

Item 190Patent Number: US 6129864 A1 20001010PROCESS FOR PRODUCING OPTICALWAVEGUIDE SUBSTRATEImaeda M; Kawaguchi T; Inoue T; Yamauchi MNGK Insulators Ltd.

Disclosed is a process for producing an optical waveguidesubstrate including a ridge-shaped structural portioncontaining at least an optical waveguide. It involvesforming an optical waveguide-forming layer on a substratebody to prepare a substrate workpiece and forming theridge-shaped structural portion at the substrate workpieceby grinding.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.802889

Item 191ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.276-7SYNTHESIS AND NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF A NEW SYNDIOREGIC MAIN-CHAIN HYDRAZONE POLYMERLindsay G A; Chifin A P; Hayden L M; Kim W-KUS,Navy; Maryland,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The synthesis, linear optical and NLO properties of a newsyndioregic main-chain polymer having loss optical lossin the visible wavelengths and a high thermal stabilityare presented. The main purpose for preparing thispolymer is for a study comparing the relative relaxationrates of a chromophore in the syndioregic configurationand in the side-chain configuration. This NLO polymermay also be useful for light modulation in the blue-greenregion of the visible spectrum. Use of the hydrazonechromophore in the NLO polymer is motivated by resultsreported on side-chain hydrazone polymers. Thesyndioregic polymer of the present study, AC2729,exhibits low optical loss and good thermal stability of



the NLO properties but has a low absolute non-linearity.8 refs.USA

Accession no.802771

Item 192ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.272-3SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFNEW CHIRAL MONOMERS WHICH CAN BEUSED IN THE DESIGN OF NONLINEAROPTICAL POLYMERSPercino J; Chapela V M; Sosa A; Ortega-Martinez R;Rodriguez A APuebla,Universidad Autonoma; Mexico,UniversidadNacional Autonoma(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Extensive development of organic non-linear optical(NLO) materials has resulted in compounds potentiallysuitable for applications in optical telecommunication anddata storage devices. Much of the research has beendirected toward materials that produce second-harmonicgeneration (SHG), the frequency doubling of laser light.Organic materials possess several attractive properties fortheir study. Second harmonic generation in the solid stateis restricted to materials that crystallise in non-centrosymmetric space groups, but approximately 75%of all organic materials crystallise in centrosymmetricspace groups and therefore SHG-inactive. The synthesisof monomers by means of optically active pure substancesattached to methacryloyl chloride, which can be used inthe design of organic nonlinear optical materials, isdescribed. 16 refs.MEXICO

Accession no.802769

Item 193ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.264-5OPTICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL ANDTHERMAL PROPERTIES IN LIGHT EMITTINGPOLYMERSZheng M; Sarker A M; Gurel E E; Lahti P M; Karasz F EAmherst,Massachusetts University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

It has been previously shown that PPV related copolymerscontaining aromatic conjugated and aliphatic nonconjugated blocks are soluble, have good film formingand mechanical properties and are suitable for fabricationof light emitting applications. These alternating blockcopolymers also provide exciton confinement due to themicrophase separated domains and can be designed toprovide emission at any selected portion of the spectrum.Such copolymers have shown to be efficient light emitting

electroluminescent materials in several LED architectures.Synthesised copolymers to date have glass transitiontemperatures (Tg) 50 deg.C above ambient as a result ofthe methylene soft block incorporated into the backbone.The synthesis and properties of additional copolymerswith well-defined conjugated segments and with m-xylenespacer unit in the soft block are described. The effect ofm-xylene block and selected substituents on thechromophore unit is investigated by optical, thermal andelectrochemical techniques. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.802765

Item 194ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.261-2NOVEL SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAROPTICAL MATERIAL WITH AMPHIPHILICSIDE CHAINSLiu G; Baker G LMichigan,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

An attempt is made to exploit phase separation to preparecrystalline materials with aligned dipole moments. Thehydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of amphiphilicmolecules generally segregate to form ordered structuresin solution and in the solid state. For example, simple ABsurfactants based on ethylene oxide (EO) oligomers andlinear alkyl (C) chains phase separate and crystallise inlamellar structures. If a molecule with a strong dipolemoment is inserted at the junction between an (EO)m anda (C)n chain, the driving force for phase separation mightbe large enough to overcome the normal antiparallelpairing of the dipoles. This method should lead to non-centrosymmetric arrays of polar molecules. This approachis tested by preparing p-nitroaniline derivatives thatcontain pendant (C)n and (EO)m chains and examiningtheir properties. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.802763

Item 195ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.260NOVEL DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES FOR SELF-ASSEMBLED NON-LINEAR OPTIC THIN FILMSGuzy M E; Shah S; Davis R M; Van Cott K E; Heflin JR; Wang H; Gibson H WVirginia Tech(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Materials exhibiting second-order harmonic generationcomprise a class of nonlinear optical (NLO) materialsuseful for applications in electrooptic modulators and forspectroscopy. At present, electro-optic modulators that



convert electrical signals into optical signals for fibre opticcommunications are based on inorganic NLO crystals thatare difficult and expensive to fabricate. Polymeric NLOdevices could, in principle, be fabricated more quickly,be less costly, and could have several key performanceadvantages over inorganic devices. However, polymericelectro-optic devices based on poling to orientchromophores currently do not meet performance andstability requirements needed for applications. As analternative to the poling approach, a self-assemblytechnique for fabricating polymeric films with orientedchromophores is examined. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.802762

Item 196ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.258-9NEW O- AND P-METHACRYLOYLAMINOPHENYLARSONICMONOMERS FOR SECOND ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALSPercino J; Chapela V M; Ortega-Martinez R; RodriguezA APuebla,Universidad Autonoma; Mexico,UniversidadNacional Autonoma(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The development of new polymeric materials, usingmethacryloyl-based derivatives, which can feature non-linear optical properties, is described. Attention has beenfocused on monomers with an attached group, i.e. the -AsO(OH)2 group. New organic molecules, o- and p-methacryloylaminophenylarsonic acids are reported. Ina first approach it may be speculated that the presence ofthe attached group in the molecular unit results in secondharmonic generation. 13 refs.MEXICO

Accession no.802761

Item 197ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.254-5MOLECULAR ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTINGDEVICES UTILISING END-CAPPEDOLIGOTHIOPHENE OLIGOHETEROCYCLESAS LIGHT EMISSION CENTRESKushto G; Mitschke U; Bauerle P; Kafafi ZUS,Naval Research Laboratory; Ulm,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The evaluation of the photoluminescence andelectroluminescence properties of any possible moleculardopants is of significant importance. The results of a studyfound that the derivatisation of the central thiophene ringin the end-capped quinquethiophene oligomer to a furan,

oxazole or 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring significantly increasesthe photoluminescence quantum yield of the material. Inaddition, the molecular orbital energetics of thederivatives are altered from those of the parent material,expanding the possibility of using these new materials ascharge transport materials in OLEDs and other organicsemi-conducting devices. In an attempt to further elucidatethe properties of these materials and evaluate theirpossible utility as emission centres in MOLED structures,an investigation is undertaken of the absolutephotoluminescence quantum yields of each of thederivatised quinquethiophenes dispersed in a suitable hostmaterial. Inaddition, the most efficient of the emitters isincorporated into multilayer MOLED devices and theeffects of dopant concentration on the device efficienciesare evaluated. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802759

Item 198ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.243-4COMPACT EO POLYMER VIBRATION SENSORUTILISING RIDGE AND SLAB-MODEWAVEGUIDESYacoubian A; Lin W; Olson D; Bechtel JIPITEK Corp.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The use of integrated optical interferometers for sensingapplications has been extensively investigated. Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometer based polymerintegrated optical circuits are often long due to therequired low angle waveguide bends. Long devices resultin high propagation loss, material wastage and low yieldper wafer. Furthermore, directional coupler basedMichelson interferometers impose additional difficulties,such as high fabrication precision and the close proximityof the input and output waveguides that make it difficultto couple light in and out. To overcome these problems, anew device design is proposed that is much shorter, doesnot use a directional coupler for splitting light, and theinput and output ports are located on perpendicular facesof the sample. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.802752

Item 199ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.241-2POLYMERIC THIN-FILM THERMO-OPTICBEAM DEFLECTORHan X; Li B; Ni J; Tang SRadiant Research Inc.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)



A thermo-optical beam defector based on a hybrid thin-film made from fluorinated acrylic polymers and GeO2-doped silica is reported. The thin-film waveguide beamdeflector consists of a SiO2 bottom cladding layer, a topcladding layer containing the low refraction index of afluorinated polyacrylate and a guiding layer ofalternatively positioned fluorinated polyacrylate anddoped silica microprisms, which is cascaded in a lineararray pattern. The beam deflection is achieved throughthe temperature changes in both polymer and doped silicamicroprism. Such a novel device concept takes advantageof the opposite thermo-optic responses between the opticalpolymers and optical glasses. 3.7 degree of beam defectionangle is obtained from the temperature increase from 20to 80 deg.C with the power consumption of about 100mW. 15 refs.USA

Accession no.802751

Item 200ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.239-40COVALENT SELF-ASSEMBLY APPROACH TOIMPROVEMENT OF INTERFACIAL OLEDANODE/HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERCONTACTSCui J; Qingwu W; Marks T JNorthwestern University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

A procedure is reported that employs an interlinked hole-conducting self-assembled, densely-packed monolayerand multilayers thereof to improve the interfacial stabilityand charge injection efficiency at the ITO/HTL interface.A self-assembled TPD moiety, triphenylamine (SA-TPA)functionalised with trichlorosilyl groups, is used as theITO modifying layer. The substantial influence of thisnano-regular, uniformly grown, covalent-bondedinterlayer on the electroluminescence performance ofconventional OLED devices is described.USA

Accession no.802750

Item 201ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.229-30OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES AND MODULATORSBASED ON LOW-LOSS INDEX-TUNABLE EOPOLYMERSAshley P R; Lindsay G A; Herman W N; Cites J SUS,Army; US,Navy; Aegis Technologies(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

For a given optical waveguide dimension in a Mach-Zehnder modulator, the difference between the index ofrefraction of the core and cladding materials must be

designed to achieve an adequate trade-off between opticalloss and V pi. The optimum index of refraction differencecan be estimated by modelling wherein one of theparameters is varied while the others are fixed. Howeverdue to margins of error in reproducing the refractive indexand in determining thickness of the core and claddinglayers, best results are achieved when a final timing isperformed which includes consideration of changes inmaterial properties during the poling process. Afluorinated non-linear optical polymer, whose index offraction can be tuned by design, and a method forminimising the optical loss in active devices in Mach-Zehnder optical modulators, are reported. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.802745

Item 202ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.224-5NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ANEW PURE LIQUID PHTHALOCYANINEFlom S R; Shirk J S; Pong R G S; Snow A W;Maya E MUS,Naval Research Laboratory(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Recently, a pure liquid phthalocyanine thin film, madeby peripherally substituting polyethylene oxide chainsonto the phthalocyanine rings, has been shown to lead togood limiting performance coupled with novelphotovoltaic response. This viscous liquid formedexcellent, stable, non-scattering films. It was suggestedthat the long lifetime observed in the lead substitutedpolyethylene oxide phthalocyanines might be due to afacile excited state charge transfer and subsequenttrapping to give a long lived excited state. In order toexplore this possibility, an attempt was made to measurethe nonlinear optical and photoelectric properties ondiluted samples. However, the Pb ion was found to belabile in the polyethylene oxide substituted material whenit is dissolved in a number of solvents. Since other Pbphthalocyanines are stable in deoxygenated solution, analternative was sought to the polyethylene oxidesubstituents. Another substituent that can givephthalocyanines liquid properties ispolydimethylsiloxane. It has several advantages includingthe greater inertness of the polydimethylsiloxane moietycompared to polyethylene oxide. The linear and non-linearoptical properties of thin films of the first member of anew series of polysiloxyphthalocyanines are reported. 12refs.USA

Accession no.802743

Item 203ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.



Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.210-1CHARGE TRANSPORT HETEROCYCLICLIQUID CRYSTALS FOR ORGANIC LIGHTEMITTING DIODE APPLICATIONSTwieg R J; Gu S; Semyonov A; Sukhomlinova L;Malliaras G G; Fan R; Singer K; Ostroverkhova O;Shiyanovskaya IKent State University; Cornell University; CaseWestern Reserve University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The synthesis and physical properties of a variety ofheterocyclic liquid crystalline materials are reported.Electrochemical behaviour of some of them is evaluatedand charge transport properties investigated by the time-of-flight technique. Also described are fabrication andproperties of single and multilayer devices containingthese materials that operate at room temperature. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.802736

Item 204ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.204-5EFFICIENT LIGHT-EMITTING WITHPOLYFLUORENES EMITTING LAYER ANDTHERMALLY POLYMERISED AMINE-CONTAINING HOLE TRANSPORTING LAYERJiang X Z; Liu S; Ma H; Zheng X; Liu M S; Jen A K YWashington,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

During the last decade, polymer light-emitting diodes(PLEDs) have been intensively investigated due to theirgreat potential in large-screen flat panel colour displaysand backlights for liquid crystal displays. A balanced holeand electron injection/transport is required for good deviceperformance. Since few polymers are both hole andelectron injecting/transporting materials, multilayerdevice configuration is frequently employed to fabricatehigh performance devices. To date, polyfluorene and itsderivatives (PFs) have attracted much attention becauseof their good film-forming ability, thermal stability andhigh solid state fluorescence efficiency. The facilesubstitution at the 9-position of the fluorene moleculeprovides good control over polymer properties such asprocessability and morphology. Another way to tune theproperties of fluorene-based polymers is throughcopolymerisation, which can be carried out via the Suzukicoupling reaction. A series of binaphthyl-containing PFshave been developed for PLED application. To enablethe fabrication of multilayer devices, a series oftriphenylamine and tetraphenyldiamine (TPD)-containinghole transporting materials has also been developed. Thehole transporting layer (HTL) using these materials isfabricated by spin-coating their monomer precursorsolutions onto indium tin oxide glass substrates followedby curing at 225 deg.C. High brightness and efficiency

blue PLED is demonstrated. Double-layer PLEDs arereported using TPD-containing polymer as the HTL andPFs as the electron transport/emitting layer. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.802733

Item 205ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.196-7INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE NONLINEARRESPONSE MECHANISMS OF PTSFlom S R; Lindle J R; Bartoli F J; Liu M; Stegeman G IUS,Naval Research Laboratory; CentralFlorida,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The non-linear optical response mechanisms observed insingle crystals of the polydiacetylene, poly(2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol-bis(p-toluenesulphonate) (pTS) havebeen extensively studied. In particular, the effects andinteractions of two-, three- and four-photon absorptionand refraction in pTS have recently been investigated. Anecessary consequence of any linear or non-linearabsorption is the creation of excited state populations.The original goal in undertaking non-linear optical studiesof pTS was to assess the importance of the excited statepopulation on the overall non-linear response, particularlynear the band edge where the small band tail one-photonabsorption might well complicate the interpretation of thenonlinear optical data. Previous reports have demonstratedthat the dominant non-linear response mechanism in thespectral region between between 700 and 750 nm is two-photon absorption. Transient absorption studies have alsobeen performed in addition to the single pulse non-lineartransmission measurements. In these two pulseexperiments the white light continuum probes the samplebefore, during and after the arrival of the intense pumppulse. Large induced absorption is observed throughoutthe region between 750 and 950 nm and is attributed toexcited state absorption from the two-photon state. Inaddition, strong emission peaks from stimulated Ramanprocesses are observed. The time and intensitydependence of these induced spectral features and theirinterdependence is described. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.802729

Item 206ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.190-1PHOTOCONDUCTIVE FATIGUE STUDIES INFAST PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERSHerlocker J A; Ferrio K B; Hendrickx E; Zhang Y;Wang J F; Mash E; Peyghambarian N; Kippelen BArizona,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)



Soon after the first observation of photorefractivity in apolymer, guest-host polymer composites were doped withbirefringent chromophores, enhancing the indexmodulation through dipole reorientation by thephotorefractive space-charge field. Subsequently, guest-host polymers have been refined to produce nearly 100%diffraction efficiency, improved dynamic range, increasedshelf-life and ever-improving response times. Guest-hostphotorefractive polymer composites present the possibilityof economical media for holographic recording and opticaldata processing. In contrast to the aforementionedimprovements in these materials, lesser consideration hasbeen given to photoconductive fatigue and opticaloperating lifetime. The stability of photorefractivepolymer composites initially optimised for short responsetimes and large index modulations under continuous-useconditions is examined. A systematic study is presentedof response timesevolving with exposure for a series ofchromophores with ionisation potentials progressivelyhigher than that of the host polymer. The results showthat the response time can be dramatically stabilised overextended exposure. Measurements that illuminate themechanisms contributing to this stabilisation are reported,although a full explanation remains a subject of activeresearch. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.802726

Item 207ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.188-9PHOTOCONDUCTIVE MECHANISMS IN THEDYNAMIC PHOTOREFRACTIVE RESPONSE INPOLYMER COMPOSITESOstroverkhova O; Singer K DCase Western Reserve University; Kent StateUniversity(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Photorefractive materials (PR) are characterised by theirability to create a space charge field under the influenceof low intensity coherent optical beams producing a spatialmodulation of the refractive index. A variety ofapplications such as holographic data storage, imageprocessing, adaptive optics and telecommunications hasbeen suggested for such materials. Almost all of theseapplications require fast response times. The speedlimitations of the PR effect in organic materials are yetnot clearly understood, although recently several studieshave been directed towards making a connection betweenthe photorefractive and photoconductive properties. Astudy of photorefractive speed is presented along withstudies of carrier mobility, photoconductivity andquantum efficiency for several polyvinyl carbazole-basedphotorefractive materials. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.802725

Item 208ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.172-3DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OFNONCENTROSYMMETRIC ORGANIC THINFILMS WITH HYDROGEN MAIN CHAINPOLYMERSLandsorf C; Simpson J; Jacobsen J; Dyer D JSouthern Illinois,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Organic thin films formed by chemical transformationsor through self-assembly processes are intellectuallyfascinating and technologically important. Chemists andmaterials scientists are particularly interested indeveloping methodologies that allow for the ‘controlled’synthesis of large supramolecular assemblies with well-defined structures. A major goal is to design self-assembling organic thin films with a non-centrosymmetricpolar architecture. Many emerging technologies requirematerials that exhibit thermodynamically stable non-centrosymmetric architecture. For instance, non-linearoptics (NLO) provides an approach for the manipulationof light with electro-optic devices. Second-order NLOeffects require acentric orientation of highly polarisablemolecules with large first molecular hyperpolarisability.The great potential for organic NLO materials is derivedfrom well-developed synthetic methodologies that maybe used to tailor the properties of a material to specificfunctions. In addition, organic materials are easilyprocessed into thin films on surfaces like silicon.Currently, however, NLO active organic materials haveyet to be incorporated into commercial devices due toseveral key problems. Specifically needed are materialswith larger NLO response and improved polar stability.15 refs.USA

Accession no.802717

Item 209ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.171NEW CROSSLINKABLE POLYESTERS FORPHOTONIC APPLICATIONSSun S; Maaref S; Alam E; Saulter J; Wyatt SNorfolk,State University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

A facile protocol has recently been explored anddeveloped to synthesise processable and easilycrosslinkable NLO polyester systems. Preliminary dataon maleic anhydride and similar co-monomers condensingwith a NLO chromophore such as Disperse Red-19 (DR-19) demonstrate that the synthesised unsaturatedpolyesters are processable, stable and good quality thinfilms can easily be obtained via spin coating. In addition,these polyester thin films can easily be thermally



crosslinked at polymer glass transition state in air. Theaim is to develop convenient and inexpensive syntheticand fabrication protocols to fabricate photonic polymerthin films with the capability of being either thermally orphoto crosslinked. These thermal or photo crosslinkablephotonic functional polymer thin films have potentialapplications in wave-guide device fabrication. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.802716

Item 210ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.169-70ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATION (40 MHZ) INTRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION USINGSINGLE-CRYSTAL THIN-FILMS OF DASTBhowmik A K; Tan S; Ahyi A C; Mishra A; Thakur MAuburn,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Electro-optic (EO) modulation in organic materials isattractive as they offer high bandwidth operation. Thelarge second order susceptibilities of organic crystals canlead to devices with a very short interaction length. Single-crystal films of the organic molecular salt, DAST, haverecently been shown to possess the largest known electro-optic coefficient. This exceptionally large electro-opticcoefficient may lead to many novel device architecturesfor applications in high-speed optical signal processing.New results for EO modulation in DAST single-crystalfilms are discussed with both transmission and reflectiongeometries. Measurements are performed as a functionof the frequency of the applied electric field up to 40 MHz.2 refs.USA

Accession no.802715

Item 211ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.167-8RECENT PROGRESS IN FABRICATINGWIDEBAND POLYMER ELECTROOPTICMODULATORS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONSBarto R R; Ermer S E; Anderson W W; Girton D G;Dries L J; Taylor R E; Van Eck T E; Eades W D; MossA S; Mendenilla G SLockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Electro-optic (EO) polymers have been investigated formany years as the active switching components forphotonic modulators. Photonic modulators and switchesare of interest for RF signal distribution and control inspace systems because of the inherent high bandwidth,light weight and immunity to electromagneticinterference. For an external modulator the sensitivity is

described by the half-wave voltage figure of merit, V pi.In an RF photonic link, maximum gain and minimal noisefigure would be achieved by minimising V pi and also bymaximising the detected photocurrent, which requiresminimising optical loss. In addition to the keyperformance requirements of high sensitivity and lowoptical loss, there are also many survivabilityrequirements for space applications that are very mission-specific. Progress in the development of polymer basedhigh sensitivity EO devices for space applications isdiscussed. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.802714

Item 212ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.165-6NOVEL PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE-CONTAINING THERMOSET POLYMERS ANDDENDRIMERS FOR ELECTRO-OPTICDEVICESMa H; Chen B; Dalton L R; Jen A K YWashington,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

A large number of highly non-linear chromophores hasbeen synthesised and some of these exhibit very largemacroscopic nonlinearities in guest/host poled polymers.In order to realise a stable dipole alignment, it is commonpractice to utilise either high glass transition temperaturepolymers with NLO chromophores as side-chain orcrosslinkable polymers with NLO chromophores that canbe locked within the polymer network. Recently,perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymers have been foundto be excellent matrices for E-O materials due to thecombination of excellent processability and highperformance such as low dielectric constant, low moistureabsorption, good thermal and thermal oxidative stability,high glass-transition temperature and optical transparency.Novel perfluorocyclobutane-containing thermosetpolymers and dendrimers for electro-optic devices aredescribed. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.802713

Item 213ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.529-30CONTROLLING CONJUGATED POLYMERPHOTOPHYSICS: ROLE OF INTERCHAINSPACING WITHIN TWO-DIMENSIONALASSEMBLIESMcQuade D T; Kim J; Swager T MMassachusetts,Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)



Data are presented demonstrating that interchain distancehas a strong influence on the spectral properties ofpolyphenylene ethynylenes and provides a strategy forcontrolling polymer spacing and thus film characteristics.Utilising this approach, sensors are currently beingdeveloped which take advantage of the orientation andthe higher density that the edge-on structure provides. 18refs.USA

Accession no.802372

Item 214Composites Part A: Applied Science andManufacturing32A, No.2, 2001, p.189-96STATIC STRENGTH OF CFRP LAMINATESWITH EMBEDDED FIBRE-OPTIC EDGECONNECTORSSjogren B ASweden,Aeronautical Research Institute

The effect of embedded fibre-optic ferrules on the staticstrength of aircraft composite structures made from carbonfibre/epoxy prepreg was investigated in tension andcompression. Fractography was employed to to determinethe governing failure mechanisms in tension andcompression. It was found that the ferrules had aconsiderably large effect on static strength, which wasattributed mainly to extensive ply waviness occurringwhen the ferrules were embedded. 12 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.801516

Item 215Chinese Journal of Polymer Science19, No.1, Jan.2001, p.39-44PREPARATION AND SECOND-ORDEROPTICAL NONLINEARITY OF NOVELPHENOXYSILICON NETWORKS BY SOL-GELPROCESSHuang X; Wang J; Zhang L-z; Cai Z-g; Liang Z-xZhongshan,University

Several phenoxysilicon networks were produced by anextended sol-gel process involving the alcoholysis oftrialkoxysilane with the aromatic hydroxyl groups ofchromophore-containing glycidyl phenolic resin. Filmswere prepared by spin coating solutions of the sols ontovarious substrates, poled and crosslinked at 170C and thesecond-order non-linear optical coefficients and theirdecay as a function of time at room temperature and 120Cinvestigated. These networks were found to exhibit goodsecond-order non-linear optical coefficient stability, whichwas attributed to the locking in of the orientation of thechromophores in the networks. 12 refs.CHINA

Accession no.801454

Item 216Patent Number: US 6122428 A1 20000919RADIATION-CURABLE COMPOSITION FOROPTICAL FIBER MATRIX MATERIALDuecker D CBorden Chemical Inc.

A curable composition is disclosed that is useful forsecuring colour coded optical fibers in a matrix of anoptical fibre cable. The matrix material can be strippedfrom the individual fibres without removing the colorcoding associated with the individual fibres. The matrixmaterial is also resistant to solvents used in thestripping process.USA

Accession no.800975

Item 217Analytical Chemistry72, No.24, 15th Dec.2000, p.5967-72STUDY OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THEACOUSTIC WAVEGUIDE SENSORGizeli ECambridge,University

The sensitivity of the acoustic waveguide sensor to massdeposition in the presence of liquid was optimised as afunction of the over-layer thickness. The waveguidegeometry consisted of a 0.2 to 2.2 micrometre PMMAover-layer deposited on the surface of a shear acousticwave device and supported a Love wave. The responseof each polymer-coated waveguide was initially assessedby monitoring the frequency and insertion loss of thedevice in the presence of air. Sensitivity to viscous andmass loading was studied by recording the amplitude andphase of the wave during the application of water and ofa supported lipid bilayer, respectively, on the devicesurface. 31 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.800750

Item 218Patent Number: US 6107402 A1 20000822OPTICAL POLYMER COMPOSITIONKim E-J; Han K-S; Jang W-H; Rhee T-HSamSung Electronics Co.Ltd.

Polymers having the same repeating units with differentpolymerisation ratios are mixed in an arbitrary ratio. Anoptical material having a desired refractive index can beproduced by adjusting the mixing ratio based on weight.With such a composition, it is easy to adjust the differencein refractive indices between a core and a claddingforming an optical waveguide.KOREA; USA

Accession no.800056



Item 219Patent Number: US 6107361 A1 20000822SOLVENT-FREE, RADIATION-CURABLE,OPTICAL GLASS FIBER COATINGCOMPOSITION AND SOLVENT-FREE METHODFOR MAKING A SOLVENT-FREE, RADIATION-CURABLE, OPTICAL GLASS FIBER COATINGCOMPOSITIONTortorello A J; Murphy E JDSM NV

The coating composition contains a) a urethane oligomerwith a functional group capable of polymerisation in thepresence of actinic radiation and an average functionalityof at least about 1.2, having a vinyl addition polymer, asbackbone, b) a urethane compound having a functionalgroup capable of polymerisation in the presence of actinicradiation, with an average functionality of at least about1, containing an organic moiety having about 5 or morecarbon atoms, as backbone and c) a reactive diluent.USA

Accession no.800017

Item 220Patent Number: US 6110593 A1 20000829RADIATION-CURABLE OPTICAL FIBERPRIMARY COATING SYSTEMSzum D M; Chawla C P; Petisce J R; Pasternack G;Bishop T E; Snowwhite P E; Zahora E PDSM NV

This has excellent ribbon stripping and adhesionbehaviour. The excellent stripping and adhesion behaviorcan be provided by an inner primary coating compositionhaving a slip enhancing component and a high modulusouter primary coating composition. Stripping behaviourcan be measured by crack propagation and fibre frictionmeasurements.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799901

Item 221Patent Number: US 6110592 A1 20000829METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF APOLYMERIC MIXTURE FOR CABLEINSULATORS AND COATINGS, POLYMERICMIXTURE THUS PRODUCED AND CABLESCONTAINING ITGrizante R E; Zaopo A; Castellani LPirelli Cavi SpA

A polymeric mixture for cable insulators and coatings andsheaths for optical fibre cables is produced by completelymixing (i) from 50 to 80 parts (w/w) of a firstthermoplastic polymer, which is amorphous, highlyresistant to flames and combustion and consists of anaromatic polyester of isophthalic and terephthalic acidwith bisphenol A, and (ii) from 20 to 50 parts (w/w) of at

least a second thermoplastic polymer consisting of anelastomeric polyether-ester block copolymer having aShore D hardness greater than 50 and a Vicat softeningpoint greater than 170C for less than 10 min. to producea homogeneous composition.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799900

Item 222Plastics Additives & Compounding2, No.9, Sept. 2000, p.8WIRE AND CABLE PREDICTED TO GROW

The European market for plastics in wire and cableapplications is examined with reference to a report fromFrost & Sullivan. The market is predicted to rise from811.5 million US dollars in 1999 to 959 million US dollarsby 2006. The use of plastics in cable covering is reportedto be growing at a higher rate than the cable market as awhole, with plastics replacing traditional materials suchas rubber and electrical paper. Rapid developments intelecommunications and information technology areproviding new opportunities for plastics, but Europeanplastics suppliers are facing competition from USmanufacturers and the growth of in-house plasticscompounding by cable manufacturers. The industry isfurther analysed in terms of markets, consumption trends,and suppliers.

FROST & SULLIVANEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.799499

Item 223Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.914-5NOVEL URETHANE-UREA COPOLYMERSCONTAINING SILOXANE LINKAGES FORELECTRO-OPTIC APPLICATIONSWang C; Zhang C; Zhou C; Chen M; Dalton L R; SunG; Zhang H; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the study ofpolymer-based materials exhibiting efficient second-ordernonlinear optical (NLO) properties due to their potentialapplications in the photonics-based industries. One of thekey issues in realising this potential application is thetemporal stability of NLO polymers. For second-orderNLO polymers utilising an external electric field toachieve the effective poling of the randomly orientedchromophores, the resulting NLO signal isthermodynamically unstable, especially at elevatedtemperatures. Various strategies have been used to preventthe randomisation of the aligned chromophores in thepolymer matrix. In this regard, the polyfunctionalised PUs



have been intensely investigated, and have offeredreasonable number density of high mu beta chromophores,high poling efficiency, good solubility, as well as easypreparation and processing. To further enhance thetemporal stability of this kind of polymer, a newmethodology is developed that introduces urea groups anddimethylsiloxane units simultaneously into the mainchains of PUs. A series of urethane-urea copolymerscontaining siloxane linkages of different length isprepared, showing improved temporal stability, lowoptical loss and good solubility in common organicsolvents. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.798811

Item 224Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.912-3CHROMOPHORE INCORPORATEDFLUORINATED AROMATIC POLYESTER FORELECTRO-OPTIC APPLICATIONSZhang C; Wang C; Zhou C; Lee M; Chen M; Dalton LR; Zhang H; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Polymeric electro-optic materials have been of greatinterest for many years. For practical applications, thematerials must satisfy three key requirements: highelectro-optic coefficient (r33), good thermal stability ofchromophore dipole alignment which is generally inducedby electric field poling, and low optical loss atcommunication wavelengths. In previous studies,emphasis was placed on various PU systems and achievedhigh r33 and good temporal stability were obtained.However, optical loss still remains an issue. Covalentincorporation of chromophores into polymer systemsenhances thermal stability and material homogeneity, butit also introduces difficulty in polymer synthesis. Due tothe limited stability, covalent attachment of very high mubeta chromophores into rigid polymers such as polyimidesand polyarylethers has to be performed afterpolymerisation to avoid harsh polymerisation conditionssuch as high temperature, strong acid/base. Post-polymerisation method may introduce new problems suchas low yield, poor repeatability of loading density. Thedirect incorporation of hydroxy-functionalised CLDchromophore into fluorinated aromatic polyester isreported, together with preliminary results on the electricfield poling behaviour and thermal stability of the newmaterial. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.798810

Item 225Journal of Applied Polymer Science79, No.1, 3rd Jan.2001, p.176-82

EVALUATION OF HALOGENATED POLYIMIDEETCHING FOR OPTICAL WAVEGUIDEFABRICATION BY USING INDUCTIVELYCOUPLED PLASMAHan K; Kim J; Jang W-HSamsung Electronics

By using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) oxygenplasma etching of a series of halogenated polyimides wasperformed for low-loss waveguide fabrication.Investigations were carried out on the effects of etchingparameters such as ICP power, rf power, and 02 flow rateon the etching rate and etching profile of polymer films.The increase in the etch rate with the ICP power and therf power was identified. Both the vertical profile andsidewall roughness were found to be related to the ionenergy (dc bias). By optimising these parameters, avertical profile and a smooth sidewall were obtained by500 W of ICP power, 150 W of rf power, 5 mTorr ofchamber pressure, and 40 sccm of the 02 flow rate. 15refs.

Accession no.798788

Item 226Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 297FIBER-OPTIC ELECTRIC FIELD SENSORSUSING POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUIDCRYSTAL COATINGS AND EVANESCENT-FIELD INTERACTIONSTabib-Azar M; Sutapan B; Srikhirin T; Lando JCase Western Reserve University(SPE)

An optical fibre was coated with a mixture of liquid crystal(E7) and poly(methyl methacrylate), to prepare an electricfield sensor. Phase separation resulted in micron-sizeddroplets of liquid crystal in the polymer matrix. In theabsence of an applied electric field, directors in thedroplets had no preferred orientation and were randomlydistributed, and light was scattered due to the mismatchof the refractive indices between the droplets and matrix.When a field was applied, the directors aligned themselvesparallel to the field, and the effective refractive indexbecame equal to the ordinary refractive index of thedroplets, and because this had the same value as that ofthe matrix, the film appeared transparent. The resultingchange in the optical properties of the coating changedthe transmission output of the fibre, and it was possibleto detect the electric field by monitoring the light intensity,changes being detected by evanescent wave interaction.11 refs.USA

Accession no.798579

Item 227Polymer42, No.3, 2001, p.1101-7



SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF BI-FUNCTIONAL PHOTOREFRACTIVEPOLYMERSChen Y; He Y; Wang F; Chen H; Gong QMainz,University; Peking,University; Berlin,TechnicalUniversity

Azo derivatives as electro-optic chromophores andcarbazolyl groups as photoconductive moieties werecovalently linked onto an acrylate backbone in thesynthesis of a bi-functional photorefractive acrylatepolymer. Photorefractive experiments were carried outto determine the synthesised polymers’ properties. 21 refs.CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798383

Item 228Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1311OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ACTINOMETER BASEDON A DUAL CLADDING CONFIGURATIONHoyt A E; Harrah L A; Coons N C; Powers T MAdherent Technologies Inc.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The results of fabrication of optical waveguideactinometers for UV light on fused silica rods actingoptical waveguides are presented. Fused silica rods areused to demonstrate the figuration and to test the analyticalexpression for their sensitivity. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.798357

Item 229Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1309-10NOVEL PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERSSENSITISED BY METALLOPORPHYRINWang Q; Wang L; Yu LChicago,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Porphyrin and its derivatives are well-known modelcompounds for photosynthetic processes that involvecharge separation. In natural photosynthetic systems, theprimary electron transfer step occurs from a porphyrin-base complex. A feasible incorporation of metalmetalloporphyrin into conjugated polymers has beendemonstrated using the Heck coupling reaction. Thesepolymers have shown large photoconductivity andrelatively high quantum yield for photocharge generation,which are essential to a high photorefractive response.The results of the synthesis and characterisation of a novelfully functionalised photorefractive polymer using zincporphyrin as a photosensitiser are reported. It is foundthat this system is a high-performance photorefractive

material with large net optical gain and high diffractionefficiency. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.798356

Item 230Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1307-8POLYCYANURATE BASED WAVEGUIDES WITHLOW LOSS AND HIGH THERMAL STABILITYBauer J; Dreyer C; Bauer M; Zawadzki C; Yilmaz S;Wirges W; Yao H; Keil NFraunhofer-Institut fuer Zuverlassigkeit &Mikrointegration; Heinrich-Hertz-Institut fuerNachrichtentechnik(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

New polycyanurate copolymers with adjustable refractiveindices for optical waveguide applications and single-mode channel waveguides based on these materials arefabricated. These polymers have glass transitiontemperatures above 250 deg.C and thermal stabilities inthe same range and show good processability. Propagationlosses of slab waveguides, obtained from certaindicyanate/monocyanate copolymers, of ~0.6 dB/cm at1550 nm and nearly equal insertion losses of thecorresponding channel waveguides are found. Thesevalues remain on a low level in a wide wavelength rangearound 1550 nm. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798355

Item 231Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1306CONTROLLED REFRACTIVE INDEX OPTICALCOATING MATERIALSSchuman P DOptical Polymer Research Inc.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Fluorinated methacrylate and acrylate polymers arereceiving much attention due to an increasing interestin optical fibre applications. Further experimentationon fluorinated methacrylate and acrylate polymersencompasses character isat ion of pr imary andsecondary relaxations via dielectric spectroscopy anddynamic mechanical spectroscopy. These studiesreveal that fluorinated methacrylate and acrylatepolymers are optimum materials for fibre claddingapplications. The development of coating systemsbased on fluorinated acrylate and methacrylatepolymers is described. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.798354



Item 232Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1302-3SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF OPTICALLYACTIVE POLYURETHANE IONOMERSCONTAINING ERBIUMGu Q; Risen W MBrown University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Optically active PU acid copolymers are synthesisedwhich are soluble and which contain photocrosslinkablechain segments. Solutions of their ionomers are alsoformed with erbium and other metal ions. Films of eachof these are photocrosslinked inked and imaged. The PUacid copolymers are synthesised with a cyclictriisocyanate and with optically active forms of tartaricacid and with polybutadiene diol as chain extenders. Thereaction conditions exert a reasonably strong influenceover the optical rotatory properties of the products, asshown by the results presented. The erbium ionomers,made by reacting the acid copolymer solutions witherbium acetylacetonate in a modified solvent system, havean optical activity that has a different wavelengthdependence from that of the acid copolymers. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.798352

Item 233Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1300-1OPTIMISING PERFORMANCE OFPHOTOCURED ADHESIVES IN OPTICALFIBRE COMPONENTSDower W V; Oxman J D3M Co.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

A ferruleless interconnect design for optical fibre cablingwhich uses moulded plastic plug ends is assembled witha photocured adhesive. This process requires bonding theduplex connector plugs to both the polyimide and thepolymer-coated glass fibre elements of the optic fibrecable. To optimise adhesive performance, the opticalproperties of the materials of the plug and the cable areanalysed. These properties are used to explain the relativeperformance of several visible-light cured adhesives andthe inferior performance of ultraviolet-cured adhesives.2 refs.USA

Accession no.798351

Item 234Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1295

NLO-CONTAINING POLYMERS WITH VERYLOW NEAR-IR ABSORPTIONBelfield K D; Stegeman G I; Najjar O; Schafer K J;Meier J; Pliska TCentral Florida,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

An attempt is made to address the key nonlinearity-losstrade-off, which must ultimately be faced, throughmolecular design of NLO chromophore functionality.Progress in the preparation and characterisation of organicpolymers containing NLO chromophores with the goal ofachieving minimal near-IR absorption while maintaininghigh nonlinearity is reported. One strategy to accomplishthis involves using the phosphonate group as electron-moieties in NLO chromophores, employing syntheticmethodology. Another strategy being pursued utiliseselectron-donor/electron-acceptor substituted fluorenederivatives, in which the fluorene ring system serves as athermally and photochemically robust pi-electron bridge.The nonlinearity of chromophore containing polymers ischaracterised by a standard Maker fringe technique, afterpoling. Waveguide loss is measured in a planar waveguideof 1.1 mu m thickness at 780 nm. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.798348

Item 235Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1293-4PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE (PFCB)POLYMERS FOR OPTICAL FIBRES ANDDIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDESShah H; Hoeglund A; Radler M; Langhoff C; Smith DWClemson,University; Dow Chemical Co.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Initial optical and thermal data are compared for polymersprepared from bis-trifluorovinyloxybiphenyl (BPVE),tris-trifluorovinyloxyphenylethane (TVE) and their 50wt.% copolymer (TVE-co-BPVE). The thermosettingpolymer from TVE has previously been reported as apotential waveguide material and an attenuation of 0.25dB/cm at 1515-1565 nm is determined. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.798347

Item 236Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1289-90UV-TRANSPARENT COATINGS FOR THEFABRICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE GRATINGSSimoff D A; Espindola R P; Paczkowski M A; Atkins RM; A; Wang N P; Hale ALucent Technologies



(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The development of polymeric coatings that are transparentenough to permit irradiation of the fibre through thepolymer coating to generate gratings in the core isdescribed. This achievement can enable mass-productionof fibre gratings by eliminating the cumbersome strippingand re-coating steps. The manufacture of glass optical fibresinvolves coating them in situ with a protective polymericmaterial. The technology of choice employs UV-curableacrylates because of their extremely high cure speed andbecause the reaction can be triggered at will. These twoproperties enable a fast production rate while ensuringpractically unlimited pot life of the liquid coating. Becausethe photoinitiators employed in these coatings have veryhigh absorbances in the 240-260 nm region, attempts towrite gratings through the coatings generally fail becausethe intensity that reaches the fibre core is too low to inducesignificant index changes. Increasing the intensity of thegrating-writing laser is not an option because the polymerwould be damaged or even destroyed. One way tocircumvent this problem is to fabricate fibre with athermally-cured transparent coating, but this approachcreates some manufacturing and performance concerns.Another option is to replace the photoinitiator with onethat is more transparent in the 240-260 nm region. Thedevelopment of coatings that achieve improvedtransparency through the use of alternate photoinitiators isdescribed. Even better results obtained using a differentfamily of coatings are also presented. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.798345

Item 237Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1287-8FLUORESCENT OPTICAL FIBRES FOR DATATRANSMISSIONPoisel H; Klein K F; Levin V MNurnberg,Fachhochschule G-S.Ohm; Giessen-Friedberg,University of Applied Sciences; RPC(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Usually fluorescent polymer optical fibres and datatransmission belong to different worlds: until recentlyfluorescent fibres have been used for sensor applicationsor for decorative purpose whereas data transmission isusually done with clear undoped fibres. It is shown that acombination of both worlds opens the door to newapplications in data transmission systems. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798344

Item 238Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.

New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1283-4WAVELENGTH-TUNABLE FIBRE GRATINGSHale A; Abramov A; Windeler R S; Strasser T ALucent Technologies(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The last few years have seen a tremendous increase inthe data transmission capacity of optical fibres. The abilityto transmit simultaneously a large number of closelyspaced wavelengths through a single optical fibre (WDM- wavelength division multiplexing) has been in great partresponsible for this progress. Although the idea of usingWDM is not new, it was not until the advent of opticalamplifiers that WDM became practical. Erbium-dopedfibre amplifiers (EDFA) are widely used to amplify signalsin the 1530-nm wavelength range. However, becausethese amplifiers do not have a flat gain response over thewavelength region of interest, it is necessary to ‘flatten’their gain. One way to achieve this is by using gainequalisers based on long-period fibre gratings. Long-period fibre gratings can be designed to couple thefundamental mode in a single-mode fibre to forward-propagating cladding modes, which decay relativelyrapidly as they propagate along the fibre axis owing toscattering losses and bends in the fibre. Because thecoupling is wavelength-range the fibre grating acts as awavelength-selective loss element. This property makeslong-period fibre gratings very well suited to be employedas gain-equalisers in broadband amplifiers or as band-rejection filters in a variety of applications. Although itis well understood how one can design long-period fibregratings with fixed responses, the dynamics of opticalcommunication networks requires the ability to tune theresponse of wavelength-selective devices. The design ofwavelength tunable long-period fibre gratings based onsilica fibres that employ a specially tailored polymer asan optical outer cladding, where the tunability is achievedby varying the temperature, is outlined. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.798342

Item 239Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1279-80PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBRES-PIPE-DREAM ORREALITY?Quan XLucent Technologies(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

There has been interest in plastic optical fibres (POF) sincethe advent of optical fibre communications. The aim hasbeen to build extremely low-cost optical networks fromPOF manufactured with inexpensive, continuousextrusion processes. Large-diameter POF can be used dueto the low elastic modulus of polymers. This relaxes thealignment tolerances needed in these networks which candramatically decrease overall system costs since simple



injection-moulded connectors can be used. Installationcosts are also expected to be substantially lower due tosimpler end-face preparation techniques. To balance allthese potential advantages, there has been a number ofissues preventing the widespread adoption of POF.However, recent research results offer the promise offinally overcoming some of these obstacles. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.798340

Item 240Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1271-2PERMANENT PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOROPTICAL FIBRESWalker C B; Novack J C; Berger T P3M Co.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Optical fibre will be included in the next generation localarea network for data transmission. Standard glass opticalfibre consists of a glass core, a glass cladding, and two buffercoats that bring the total fibre diameter to 250 micron. Buffercoats are required for protection against microbending andfor abrasion resistance. However, when standard glass opticalfibre is stripped of its buffer coats to permit insertion intoferruled connectors, bare glass is exposed. A disproportionatepercentage of failures has been observed at the stripped fibresites. 3M has developed a fibre identified as GGP with apermanent protective polymeric layer that demonstratesimproved performance. The chemistry of GGP is discussed.USA

Accession no.798336

Item 241Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1269-70TRANSPARENT FLUOROCARBON POLYMERBLENDS FOR FIBRE CLADDINGAPPLICATIONSCalves M C; Harmon J PSouth Florida,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Fluorocarbon methacrylate blends are important transparentmaterials for applications in plastic optical devices. Earlystudies focused on the miscibility of blends composed ofmethacrylate and vinylidene difluoride homopolymers. Itwas later recognised that blends of methacrylatecopolymers and fluorocarbon copolymers exhibit a greatermiscibility range. This study on optically stable vinylidenedifluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and methylmethacrylate/ethyl acrylate copolymer blends reports UV/vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry,dynamic mechanical analysis and refractive index data.USA

Accession no.798335

Item 242Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1265-6DEVELOPMENT OF NEWSPECTROELECTROCHEMICAL WAVEGUIDESENSORSRoss S E; Seliskar C J; Heineman W RCincinnati,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The significant problem in chemical sensor developmentis achieving adequate selectivity for determination of ananalyte in a real sample where interferences often confusethe sensor measurement. To date, sensing has beendemonstrated based on a novel selectivity concept bychallenging prototype sensors with various mixturescontaining the analyte and certain direct interferences.As an essential component in the selectivity concept, aseries of chemically-selective optical materials is preparedby the sol-gel process. To achieve the first level ofselectivity, the sol-gel processed films are blended withorganic polyelectrolytes, i.e. they contain ion-exchangemoieties. These polyelectrolyte-containing silicacomposites are less brittle than the parent silica glass dueto the incorporation of the organic polyelectrolyte. Thecombination of a new sensor concept employing threemodes of selectivity and a novel spectroelectrochemicalsensor design based on planar waveguide technology aredescribed. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.798333

Item 243Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1256-7TUTORIAL ON OPTICAL POLYMERS FORFIBRES AND WAVEGUIDESHarmon J PSouth Florida,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

There has been much recent interest in using polymers ascore and cladding materials in plastic optical fibres ascladding materials for silica fibres and as waveguides.The identification and optimisation of polymers for usein these applications are described. 14 refs.USA

Accession no.798328

Item 244Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1156-7POLYMER FILLED NEMATICS: A NEW CLASSOF LIGHT SCATTERING ELECTRO-OPTICALDEVICES



Van Boxtel M C W; Broer D J; Bastiaansen C W MEindhoven,University of Technology; Philips ResearchLaboratories(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Recently, electro-optical switches consisting of acontinuous liquid crystal (LC) phase and a dispersed,spherical inorganic phase with small diameter have beeninvestigated. These LCDs can be switched from ascattering to a transparent state due to polydomainformation of the LC in the off-state and homeotropicalignment of the LC in the on-state. Due to the small sizeof the dispersed particles, refractive index matchingbetween the two phases is not required. A new displayprinciple is presented, based on a mixture of LC and well-controlled polymer spheres. These blends are designedwith the objective of improving command over themorphology of the blends and thus to improve the opticaland electro-optical properties. These polymer/LCmixtures consist of sub-micron sized crosslinked polymerparticles dispersed in a continuous LC matrix and arereferred to as the so-called ‘polymer filled nematics’.Some initial experimental results are presented concerningsynthesis of the polymer particles and characterisation ofthe polymer/liquid crystal blends. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798279

Item 245Polymers for Advanced Technologies11, Nos.8-12, Aug./Dec.2000, p.601-11POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR DEVICES INOPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMSBlythe A R; Vinson J RCorning Cables

A review is presented of the literature on recent developmentsof polymers as materials for optical communication systems.Particular attention is paid to polymer optical fibres, planarwaveguides and their fabrication, couplers and splitters,thermo-optic switches, diffraction gratings, non-linear opticaldevices, and sources and amplifiers. 55 refs. (5th InternationalSymposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Tokyo,Aug./Sept.1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798044

Item 246Polymers for Advanced Technologies11, Nos.8-12, Aug./Dec.2000, p.597-600OPTICAL FUNCTIONAL WAVEGUIDE DEVICESUSING OPTICALLY ACTIVE POLYMERSMuto S; Tatsuzawa YYamanashi,University

Functional devices such as waveguide-type opticalmodulator and optical isolator using optically active

polymers and diamagnetic polymer were proposed. Thesedevices were based on the reciprocal and/or non-reciprocal TE-TM mode conversion caused by the off-diagonal element of the dielectric tensor in the corepolymer. As the structures of these devices were verysimple, they could easily be assembled. These operationsin the blue wavelength region were analysed theoreticallyand experimentally. Polymers used were poly-L-menthylmethacrylate and L-menthyl methacrylate-benzylmethacrylate copolymer. 5 refs. (5th InternationalSymposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies,Tokyo, Aug./Sept.1999)JAPAN

Accession no.798043

Item 247Polymers for Advanced Technologies11, Nos.8-12, Aug./Dec.2000, p.553-9ORGANIC MATERIALS FOR OPTICALSWITCHINGKar A KHeriot-Watt University

Both conjugated polymers and guest-host organicmaterials were investigated as potential candidates foroptical switching applications. The non-linear opticalproperties were characterised and their suitability wascompared with that of the standard switching criteria.Particular attention is paid to ultrafast non-linear refractionin polydiacetylene nanocrystals and to the characterisationof the third-order non-linear optical response ofzwitterionic thin films. 20 refs. (5th InternationalSymposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies,Tokyo, Aug./Sept.1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798036

Item 248Reactive & Functional Polymers46, No.1, Nov.2000, p.59-65SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF ANEW LAMBDA-TYPE POLYMER FORNONLINEAR OPTICS BASED ON CARBAZOLEDERIVATIVE SALTMeng F; Ren Q; Xu D; Yuan D; Lu M; Zhang G; GuoS; Zhao X; Wang X; Fang C; Xu G; Liu X; Ye PShandong,University; Chinese Academy of Sciences

Details are given of the synthesis of a new polymercontaining carbazole derivative salt by thecopolymerisation of diformylhexylcarbazole withhexylbimethylpyridinium ditetraphenylborate. Thesecond order non-linear optical properties of polymerfilms were determined. 35 refs.CHINA

Accession no.797882



Item 249Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.732-3SECOND ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALPOLYURETHANE NETWORKS CONTAININGAZO SIDE GROUPSWang H; Yang C; Jing X; Wang Q; Chen T; Han X;Wang FChinese Academy of Sciences(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Interest in polymeric non-linear optical (NLO) materialshas grown tremendously for the past two decades.Compared with doped composites or side chain polymers,crosslinked second order NLO polymers with NLOchromophores covalently bonded to the polymerbackbones have demonstrated improved temporal andthermal stability of their non-linearities. Several polymersystems, such as thermosetting epoxy polymers, PUs andpolyacrylates have been studied. The NLO properties ofthese polymers are stable up to 140 deg.C for a long time.Thermosetting PUs containing NLO side groups aresynthesised and demonstrate a long-term NLO thermalstability at 80 deg.C. 6 refs.CHINA

Accession no.797233

Item 250Patent Number: US 6106948 A1 20000822NONLINEAR OPTICAL STRUCTURE ANDMETHODS OF MAKINGWang X; Balasubramanian S; Li L; Tripathy S; KumarJMassachusetts,University

A multilayer structure having macroscopic second ordernonlinear optical properties is made by contacting asubstrate having ionic adsorption sites with a first chargedpolyion, ceasing contact of the substrate with the firstcharged polyion and then contacting the substrate with asecond charged polyion having a charge opposite to thatof the first charged polyion. At least one of the polyionsincludes a non-linear optical chromophoric side chain.USA

Accession no.796585

Item 251Patent Number: US 6093334 A1 20000725GLASS WAVE GUIDE ELEMENT AND METHODOF MANUFACTURING THE SAMESuzuki R; Uetsuka H; Kobayashi D; Arai H; Tamura KHitachi Cable Ltd.

A glass waveguide element, which is small in size andamenable to integration and mass-production, includes acore having a diffraction grating formed on an undercladding, an over cladding covering the core and a heaterfor changing the Bragg wavelength of the diffraction

grating, the heater being arranged on the over cladding.The core and a central portion of both claddings in asurrounding portion around the core are continuouslyseparated along a longitudinal direction of the core fromthe substrate through a gap. The core and the surroundingportion around the core are spatially intermittentlyseparated in a width direction of the core from asurrounding portion of both claddings through a gap. Thewaveguide is formed by etching to form gaps spacedintermittently along both sides of a core with undercladding and over cladding and then removing a patternedsilicon film from underneath the core.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.794610

Item 252Polymer Bulletin45, No.2, Sept.2000, p.145-50OPTICAL WAVEGUIDING IN NOVELPHOSPHAZENE POLYMER FILMSRojo G; Agullo-Lopez F; Carreido G A; Garcia AlonsoF J; Fidalgo Martinez J IMadrid,Universidad Autonoma; Oviedo,University

Highly confining optical waveguides of two solublephosphazene polymers with glass transition temperaturesof 150C or above were prepared on glass and quartzsurfaces. One of the phosphazene polymers contained the4-((4'-nitrophenyl)azo phenoxy) non-linear optical sidegroup. Film thicknesses of 0.5-2 micrometres and indexsteps of about 0.2 for quartz and 0.1 for glass at awavelength of 0.633 micrometres were achieved. Fromone to five well-defined modes were observed, dependingon the film thickness and the index step. The refractiveindex dispersion was fitted to a Sellmeier equation.Waveguide losses were estimated to be around 10 dB/cm. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.794368

Item 253Patent Number: US 6077928 A1 20000620BIS(DIALKYLMALEIMIDE) DERIVATIVE ANDPOLYETHERIMIDE FOR OPTICALCOMMUNICATIONS FORMED THEREFROMSuh D-H; Chung E-Y; Rhee T-HSamSung Electronics Co.Ltd.

Disclosed are a bis(disubstituted maleimide) derivativeand a polyetherimide for optical communications. Thepolyetherimide has a high refractive index so that whenusing such polyetherimide as a material for the core of anoptical fibre, the range of the materials that can be selectedfor the cladding becomes wide. Coating and adhesion toa substrate are improved, resulting in good film formingproperty and heat stability. Because the polyetherimidecan minimise optical loss at a near infrared wavelength



range, the polyetherimide is very useful as an opticalmaterial in the optical communications field adopting thelight of near infrared wavelength.KOREA; USA

Accession no.793500

Item 254Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.275-7FILMS OF A NOVEL POLYDIACETYLENE FORPHOTONICS STUDIESCravino A; Moggio I; Dell’Erba C; Comoretto D;Cuniberti C; Dellepiane G; Giorgetti E; Grando D;Margheri M; Sottini SGenova,Universita; Florence,Istituto di Ricerca sulleOnde Elettromagnetiche

A polycarbazolyldiacetylene which was highly solublein several organic solvents was prepared. The electronicabsorption spectra in different solvents showed thepresence of the red form of the polymer with the excitonicabsorption peak around 540 nm. Thin films with thicknessin the range 0.02 to 2.5 micrometres were prepared bythe spin casting technique to characterise the linear opticalproperties and test the possibility of obtaining guidedpropagation of light. Films from chloroform solution,despite having marked surface roughness, allowedmeasurement of the TE and TM refractive indices at both849 and 1321 wavelengths. Higher quality films, obtainedfrom toluene, gave a marked improvement in thewaveguiding properties. The results appeared to bepromising for future photonics applications. 6 refs.(European Materials Research Society, Strasbourg,France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792590

Item 255Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.251-6SYNTHESIS AND MICROWAVECHARACTERIZATIONS OF CROSSLINKEDOLIGOIMIDEBes L; Boutevin B; Rousseau A; Mercier R; Bellini B;Decoster D; Larchanche J F; Vilcot J PMontpellier,Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie;Laboratoire des Materiaux Organiques a ProprietesSpecifiques; Villeneuve,Institut d’Electronique et deMicroelectronique du Nord; CNRS

A microwave characterisation of polymers forelectrooptical devices was carried out as a collaborationbetween chemical and physical research groups. Thesynthesis and characterisation of telechelic oligoimidesfunctionalised with trialkoxysilane end groups werestudied. Addition of a crosslinking agent, tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, and thermal curing were shown

to lead to network formation, with the trialkoxysilyl endgroups as crosslinking sites. The network formation wasconfirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The resulting materialexhibited a Tg above 300C and a thermal decompositiontemp. above 450C. The permittivity from 250 MHz to 40GHz was determined by spin coating the polymer on astructure as close as possible to a travelling waveelectrooptical modulator. 10 refs. (European MaterialsResearch Society, Strasbourg, France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792588

Item 256Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.245-50SUBGLASS TRANSITION AND RELAXATIONOF ORIENTED CHROMOPHORES INPOLYIMIDES FOR SECOND ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICSChauvin J; Nakatani K; Delaire J A; Faure S; MercierR; Sillion BCachan,Ecole Normale Superieure; LMOPS

Side chain polyimides(PIs) bearing disperse red 1(DR1)or NPP groups were synthesised and characterised. Thecopolymers were soluble in organic solvents and had avery high Tg. Dielectric loss measurements at differentfrequencies provided evidence for a subglass transitiontemp. round 120C. Relaxation kinetics of polar order ofnon-linear optical chromophores were also measured bysecond harmonic generation at different temps. over awide range extending from 80 to 180C. An Arrhenius plotof the effective relaxation time clearly showed that therewas a transition temp. near the subglass transition withtwo different activation energies for PI-DR1. Anextrapolation of the low temp. regime to room temp.allowed a relaxation time of about 1.25 years to bepredicted. The subglass transition temp. value alsocoincided with the temp. at which an oriented PI-DR1films started to disorient when heated gradually from roomtemp. A physical ageing procedure was described whichresulted in an increase in the thermal stability. 18 refs.(European Materials Research Society, Strasbourg,France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792587

Item 257Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.241-4NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHGLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATUREPOLYPHOSPHAZENE FILMSRojo G; Agullo-Lopez F; Carriedo G A; Garcia AlonsoF J; Fidalgo Martinez J IMadrid,Universidad Autonoma; Oviedo,University



Polyphosphazenes with high Tgs were prepared in whichthe 4-((4'-nitrophenyl)azo)phenoxy chromophore wasincorporated as a side chain group at a concentration ofabout 30 wt %. The non-linear optical properties ofpolyphosphazene films were studied. The threecomponents of the second-order NLO susceptibility tensorfor corona poled films were determined for a poling fieldof 6 kV and a temp. of 140C. The thermal stability of thesecond-order NLO response was found to be very high atroom temp. The third-order NLO susceptibility was alsodetermined for the unsubstituted and substituted polymers.19 refs. (European Materials Research Society,Strasbourg, France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792586

Item 258Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.151-5ELECTRIC FIELD DEPENDENCE OF POLINGRESPONSE FOR NEMATIC LIQUIDCRYSTALLINE MAIN CHAIN POLYMERSWITH LARGE SECOND ORDER OPTICALNONLINEARITIESKoch A T H; Warner M; Fridrikh S V; Toussaere E;Zyss J; Schwarzwaelder C E; Tajbakhsh A R; Moratti SC; Friend R HCambridge,University; Cachan,Ecole NormaleSuperieure

Second-order non-linear optical properties were studiedfor a semiflexible main chain random copolymer with ahead to tail structure synthesised from 4-carboxy-4'-(N-(11-hydroxyundecyl)-N-methylamino)-azobenzene andhydroxybenzoic acid. This polymer exhibited a nematicliquid crystal mesophase with a nematic-isotropictransition temp. of 200C. A complex phase behaviour wasobserved for the polymer and it was shown that thepolymer films could be readily annealed into largehomogeneously aligned monodomains in deviceconfigurations. Measurements of the field-dependentpoling behaviour were carried out by means of anellipsometric set-up after Teng and Man. Three distinctivefield regions were found which corresponded to differentmechanisms in the response of the polymer chains. Nosaturation in the poling response could be detected forfields up to 100,000,000 V/m. 22 refs. (EuropeanMaterials Research Society, Strasbourg, France,June1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792582

Item 259Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.109-19TOWARDS NON-LINEAR PHOTONICS IN ALL-

OPTICALLY POLED POLYMERMICROCAVITIESPiron R; Toussaere E; Josse D; Brasselet S; Zyss JCachan,Ecole Normale Superieure

An overview is given of the application of macroscopicmolecular orientation techniques to quadratic non-linearphotonics and a brief historical review is presented of thedevelopment of all-optical poling. The basic principlesof all-optical poling are described. The definition andlinear characterisation of the microcavity structure areconsidered and photoinduced birefringence and three-wave orientation of polymer microcavities are discussed.62 refs. (European Materials Research Society,Strasbourg, France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792577

Item 260Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.33-56FDA-ODA WAVEGUIDES ETCHED BY IONSHRINKAGETrigaud T; Aubry C; Chiron D; Moliton J P;Colombeau BLimoges,University

6FDA-ODA (PI2566), a fluorinated polyimide from DuPont, was used as a bulk material for the fabrication oflow-cost waveguides for use in optical telecommunications.Dry etching of the polymer was carried out by means ofion shrinkage with energetic ions. As ion-bombardedpolymers showed losses higher than 2.3 db/cm, guides weremade from virgin 6FDA-ODA. Fabrication conditions andwaveguiding properties of the products are discussed. 7refs. (European Materials Research Society, Strasbourg,France, June 1999)

DU PONTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792565

Item 261Synthetic Metals115, Nos.1-3, 1st Nov.2000, p.13-20POLYMER WAVEGUIDE DEVICES WITHPASSIVE PIGTAILING: AN APPLICATION OFLIGA TECHNOLOGYBauer H D; Ehrfeld W; Harder M; Paatzsch T; Popp M;Smaglinksi IInstitut fuer Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH

A combination of precision mechanics and LIGA(lithography/electroforming/moulding) was used to obtainmetallic three-level tools for compression moulding oftransparent thermoplastic polymers. These tools could beused for production of waveguide preforms and fibrepositioning grooves in the same process step. A time-



consuming active pigtailing could thus be avoided. Asecond polymeric material, usually a casting resin oroptical adhesive, was used as a waveguide core material,immersion medium and to fix the cover plate of the devicesimultaneously. 13 refs. (European Materials ResearchSociety, Strasbourg, France, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792562

Item 262Patent Number: US 6074577 A1 20000613METHOD OF MOLDING AN OPTICALCONNECTOR FERRULEKatsura H; Honjo M; Kakii T; Sakurai W; Shibata MSumitomo Electric Industries Ltd.

An end-face-side core from which an optical fibre holeforming pin is projected is fastened by a mould to a fibre-side core from which an optical fibre hole forming pinand a cavity forming member (for example, a tape fibrehole forming rectangular body) are projected, while theend-face-side core and the fibre-side core are opposed toeach other, the cavity forming member being behind theoptical fibre hole forming pin and larger than the opticalfibre hole forming pin. A resin is injected into a cavityformed in the mould. The mould is opened, the end-face-side core and the fibre-side core are slid in directions inwhich the end-face-side core and the fibre-side core areseparated from each other, and a moulded product is thentaken out.USA

Accession no.792200

Item 263Patent Number: US 6074511 A1 20000613METHOD OF JOINING PLASTIC OPTICALFIBERS TO EACH OTHERTakano Y; Sugiyama NAsahi Glass Co.Ltd.

Solvent splicing is carried out by means of an organicsolvent capable of dissolving or swelling the plasticmaterial of the optical fibres.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.792197

Item 264Applied Organometallic Chemistry14, No.10, Oct.2000, p.640-3DEGENERATE FOUR-WAVE MIXINGMEASUREMENTS OF THE X(3) NON-LINEAROPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYARYLENE-ETHYNYLENESILYLENESAntipov O L; Domrachev G A; Douglas W E; Guy D M H;Klapshina L G; Koritin A I; Kuzhelev A S; Semenov V VRussian Academy of Sciences; MontpellierII,Universite

The third-order optical non-linearity in solution of aseries of polyarylene-ethynylenesilylenes containing avariety of backbone arylene groups and substituents atsilicon is studied by using the degenerate four-wavemixing technique at 1064 nm with a 6 ns pulse duration.Thermal grating effects may be neglected under theexperimental set-ups employed. The results obtained aregreater by more than two orders of magnitude than thosepreviously measured for some of the polymers using theZ-scan technique at the same wavelength. The electroniccontribution to the fast non-linearity is greater than thenuclear (orientational) contribution by a factor of at least4. The presence of a single 8-(dimethylamino)naphthylligand at silicone affording pentacoordination has abeneficial effect on the X(3) properties. The high X(3)properties of the polymers confirm the presence ofextensive through-Si conjugation along the backbone.18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792121

Item 265Composite Structures47, Nos.1-4, Dec.1999, p.759-65STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS OFEMBEDDED OPTICAL FIBRES IN COMPOSITESTRUCTURESHadzic R; John S; Herszberg IRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology

The virtues of having sensors in manufactured goods forincreased functionality purposes are well documented.Benefits include sophisticated structures requiring lessmaintenance and repair, increased safety and reliability,and avoidance of ‘over design’. Although many schemesof sensing are available, these so-called ‘smart’ productsin the near future will increasingly rely on the optical fibres(OF) principles because of numerous inherent advantages.OFs are small, lightweight, possess geometrical flexibility,EMI immunity, operate over a wide range of environmentalconditions and can be configured to respond to manyphysical parameters. The suitability of embedding OF incommonly used carbon fibre composites is reported. Thesepanels are designed, manufactured and tested for the effectsof typical fibre-optic geometrical and physical parameterssuch as types of fibre coating polymers, fibre diameter andfibre distribution. Corroboration of these test results withfinite element results are shown. Based on tensile andcompression tests on OF-embedded composites, it is shownthat significant deterioration on strength is observed beyonda certain OF density level. Emphasis is on the macroscopiceffect of having optical fibres in composites from astructural integrity point of view. To this end, an expositionon the theoretical considerations using continuummechanics the energy principles is provided. 6 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.792090



Item 266Journal of Materials Science Letters19, No.18, 15th Sept.2000, p.1673-5EFFECT OF THE ANGLE BETWEEN OPTICALFIBRE AND ADJACENT LAYER ON THEMECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CARBON/EPOXY LAMINATES WITH EMBEDDED FIBRE-OPTIC SENSORKim M S; Lee S; Hwang WPohang,University of Science & Technology

An extensive evaluation of the influence of anglesbetween an embedded optical fibre and adjacent layeron the mechanical behaviour of composite laminateshas not yet been firmly reported. This issue is addressedby quantifying the effects of optical fibre orientationon the tensile behaviour of carbon/epoxy laminates.10 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.791472

Item 267Patent Number: US 6071441 A 20000606METHOD OF MANUFACTURINGDISTRIBUTED REFRACTIVE INDEX OPTICALFIBERKoganezawa K; Yoshihara N; Onishi T; Tsukamoto TAsahi Glass Co.Ltd.

A cylindrical base material having an outer and inner atleast two layer structure is produced by using a cylindricalmoulded body made of a low-refractive-index materialas a mould, and forming at least one layer made of a layer-forming material having a relatively high refractive indexin the inner surface of the cylindrical moulded body bythe rotational moulding, wherein the centrifugal forceduring the rotational moulding is changed.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.790803

Item 268Patent Number: US 6084050 A1 20000704THERMO-OPTIC DEVICESOoba N; Watanabe T; Kurihara T; Imamura S;Hayashida S; Tamamura T; Ishii T; Inoue Y; Toyoda SNippon Telegraph & Telephone Corp.

In a digital thermo-optic switch and an optical ADM filterof the present invention, functional components such asa splitter and a grating structure part formed in the courseof an optical circuit as a component are composed ofsilicone materials which are superior in heat resistance,reduced loss, and low birefringence, thereby achievingsufficiently practical thermal stability, low loss at 1.55 to1.58 mu.m band, wavelength selectivity, and costreduction.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.790411

Item 269Patent Number: EP 1038922 A2 20000927POLYARYLENE SULFIDE RESINCOMPOSITION FOR OPTICALTELECOMMUNICATION MEMBERSMurakami T; Iga T; Suzuki SIdemitsu Petrochemical Co.Ltd.

Disclosed is a polyarylene sulphide resin compositionhaving extremely high dimensional accuracy and suitable,e.g. for fibre-optics connector members. A compositionfor optical telecommunication members comprises (A)from 20 to 35% by weight of a polyarylene sulphidehaving a crystallisation temperature, as measured by DSC,of not lower than 250C and (B) from 65 to 80% by weightof silica, preferably spherical silica having a mean particlesize of from 1 to 10 micrometers.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.789456

Item 270Polymer41, No.26, Dec.2000, p.9155-61REFRACTIVE INDEX DISTRIBUTION OFGRADED POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATEPREFORM DESCRIBED BY SELF-DIFFUSIONAPPROACHES OF FREE-VOLUME THEORY INA TERNARY SYSTEMZhang F; Wang X; Zhang QHefei,University of Science & Technology

A series of graded index PMMA preforms with monomer/dopant = 5:1, 7:1, 10:1 is made by an interfacial-gelpolymerisation procedure, in which polymerisation isperformed in a PMMA tube and a dopant, bromobenzene(BB), is used as a higher refractive index molecule. Thegraded index is formed by the diffusion of the molecules.While describing the process of interfacial-gelpolymerisation, the distribution of the polymerconcentration at the radial direction of the tube is assumedto be w =a(r/R)2 + b. According to the self-diffusionapproach of the free-volume theory in ternary systemsand its application in a high-conversion polymerisationsystem, a model of forming the graded index isestablished, and a quadratic refractive index (RI)distribution on the cross-section of the preform isobtained. Compared with the theory in a binary system,the result is more identical with experiments in both thechanging trend and the value of RI. TheRI distributionsof preforms prepared with different MMA/BB aresimulated. The effect of MMA/BB on the RI distributionis also discussed. 25 refs.CHINA

Accession no.789386

Item 271Polymer Engineering and Science



40, No.9, Sept.2000, p.1996-9POLYMER-POLYMER MISCIBILITY STUDYFOR PLASTIC GRADIENT INDEX OPTICALFIBERBongsoo Lee; Choi W Y; Walker J KNanoptics Inc.

Several polymer systems were investigated to testpolymer-polymer miscibility for fabrication of plasticgradient index(GRIN) materials. The systems includedmethyl methacrylate(MMA)/benzyl methacrylate(BMA),MMA/trifluoroethyl methacrylate(3FMA) and BMA/3FMA copolymers. The BMA/MMA and MMA/3FMAcopolymers offered the advantages of polymeric materialswith no low molec.wt. additives, a controlled numericalaperture up to about 0.25 and low moisture absorption.The results should be useful for producing plastic GRINfibre using a new extrusion process and GRIN preformsusing interfacial-gel copolymerisation method. 21 refs.USA

Accession no.788872

Item 272Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1275-6NEW HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHT EMITTINGMATERIALMin Zheng; Fenglian Bai; Yuliang Li; Gui Yu; ChunheYang; Daoben ZhuChinese Academy of Sciences

A high efficiency light emitting copolymer,poly(phenylene vinylene-co-triphenylamine) wassynthesised by reaction between 4,4'-diformyltriphenylamine and 1,4-xylene-bis(dimethyl phosphate).The copolymer was highly soluble in common solventsand could easily be processed into thin amorphous films.The fluorescence quantum yield in chloroform solutionwas almost 1.00. The thin films exhibited bothphotoluminescence and electroluminescence, emittinggreen light. Homogeneous dispersions of the copolymerin a polyvinyl carbazole (PVK) matrix resulted inthorough energy transfer due to overlaps of the emissionspectrum of PVK and the absorption spectrum of thecopolymer. Light emitting diodes were fabricatedconsisting of indium tin oxide/copolymer/aluminium,with a threshold voltage of 1.5 V. 10 refs. Presented atthe International Conference on Science and Technologyof Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.CHINA

Accession no.787938

Item 273Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1158ELECTROLUMINESCENCE ANDPHOTOLUMINESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS

OF POLY(DISILANYLENEOLIGOPHENYLENE)SAND POLY(DISILANYLENEOLIGO-THIENYLENE)SYoshino K; Hirohata M; Sonoda T; Hidayat R; Fujii A;Naka A; Ishikawa MOsaka,University; Kurashiki,University of Science &Arts

The optical absorption spectra, photoluminescence (PL)and electroluminescence (EL) in poly(disilanyleneoligophenylene)s (PDSiOP) and poly(disilanyleneoligothienylene)s (PDSiOT) were dependent upon thelengths of the oligophenylene and oligothienylene units.Blue and green EL was observed in PDSiOP withterphenyl and quaterphenyl oligophenylenes, respectively.In PDSiOT the EL colour changed from green to red whenthe length of the oligothienylene increased from three toseven thiophene rings. The stability of the polymers wasmuch higher than that of polysilanylene and increasedwith increasing length of the oligophenylene and andoligothienylene units. Spectral narrowing of the PL wasobserved on intense light excitation. 3 refs. Presented atthe International Conference on Science and Technologyof Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.JAPAN

Accession no.787736

Item 274Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1155-6DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS OFNANOSTRUCTURED POLY(P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE)Markart P; Zojer E; Tasch S; Smith R; Gin D; Leising GGraz,Technische Universitat; California,University atBerkeley

An aqueous solution of of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)(PPV) precursor was mixed with a self-assemblingmonomer to obtain an inverted hexagonal lyotropic liquidcrystalline mesophase, giving hexagonally packednanoscale tubular channels filled with PPV chains. Thenanocomposite was used as the emissive layer in thefabrication of light emitting diodes. The current-voltagecharacteristics, the electroluminescence spectra andperformance of the device were compared with that ofpure PPV LEDs. 5 refs. Presented at the InternationalConference on Science and Technology of SyntheticMetals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787734

Item 275Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1138-9TURN ON BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT EMITTINGELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS



Wenzl F P; Holzer L; Tasch S; Scherf U; Mullen K;Winkler B; Mau A W H; Dai L; Leising GGraz,Technische Universitat; Max-Planck-Institut fuerPolymerforschung; CSIRO,Div.of Molecular Science

To improve the device response time, salt dissociationin light emitting electrochemical cells (LEC) wasinvestigated using infrared spectroscopy. The activelayers consisted of blends of methyl-substituted ladder-type poly(p-phenylene) blended with poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) and lithium triflate, or blends of poly(2,5-bis(triethoxymethoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) withPEO and lithium triflate. The results were comparedwith those from measurements are on the active layerof LECs fabricated using conjugated polymers withshort ethylene oxide side chains attached to thebackbone, to establish the ionic species which werepresent. The triflate ions exhibited differentdissociation behaviour in LECs fabricated from blendsof high molecular weight PEO compared with systemswith short ethylene oxide chains attached to theconjugated polymer backbone. Most of the ions wereassociated at room temperature in the former whilstthe latter exhibited no phase separation, and free ionswere present to some extent. 22 refs. Presented at theInternational Conference on Science and Technologyof Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France,12-18 July 1998.AUSTRALIA; AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787726

Item 276Patent Number: US 6057034 A1 20000502COATING COMPOSITION FOR OPTICALFIBERYamazaki K; Nishimura M; Uemura T; Yamamoto A;Kozakai S; Asano MTakeda Chemical Industries Ltd.; Shin-Etsu ChemicalCo.Ltd.

This contains a polyurethane (meth)acrylate oligomer (A),which is based on a urethane prepolymer having anequivalent ratio of NCO group in a polyisocyanate (a) toOH group in a polyol (b) of more than 3.0. The oligomer(A) has a mixing weight ratio of an oligomer (d) having anumber-average molecular weight of 800 or less to anoligomer (e) having a number-average molecular weightof 1,000 or more of 30/70 to 70/30. The coatingcomposition has a low viscosity and is suitable for rapidfibre-drawing in the production of optical fibres. Curedmaterials obtained from the coating composition have ahigh elastic modulus and high elongation and exhibit aslight change of elastic modulus with a change oftemperature to improve the long-term reliability of opticalfibres.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.787477

Item 277Patent Number: US 6057018 A1 20000502BLEND OF NON PLASTICIZED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE AND ETHER-BASEDPOLYURETHANESchmidt I WSiecor Corp.

A telecommunications cable includes an extruded plasticmember formed of an extruded blend of a non-plasticisedpolyvinyl chloride and an ether-based polyurethane. Theblend may be used in the extrusion of tubes or ribbonsholding light waveguides or metallic conductors.USA

Accession no.787474

Item 278Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1115LIGHT EMITTING DIODES OF THEMULTILAYER STRUCTURES WITH MODIFIEDPVK POLYMERSSanetra J; Armatys P; Chrzaszcz R; Pielichowski J;Barta P; Niziol SCracow,University of Technology; Cracow,Universityof Mining & Metallurgy

The electroluminescence of poly(N-vinyl carbazole)(PVK), with iodine substituted in positions 3 and 6,wasevaluated to determine the suitability of using PVK forthe fabrication of LEDs. The photoluminescence andelectroluminescence decreased, and it was concluded thatthe resulting polymers were unsuitable for LEDfabrication. 2 refs. Presented at the InternationalConference on Science and Technology of SyntheticMetals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.787257

Item 279Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1091-2INDEX OF REFRACTION AND WAVEGUIDINGIN THIN FILMS OF A CONJUGATED POLYMERWHICH EXHIBITS STIMULATED EMISSIONMiller E K; McGehee M D; Diaz-Garcia M; Srikant V;Heeger A JCalifornia,University at Santa Barbara

Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were made onthin films of the soluble derivative of poly(paraphenylenevinylene), poly(2-butyl-5-(2'-ethyl)hexyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene), in the emission region of the spectrum. Thefilms were birefringent, with a higher and more dispersiveindex of refraction for light polarised with the electricfield in the plane of the film. The anisotropy was attributedto preferential in-plane orientation of the polymer chains.As a consequence of this orientation, on typical substrates



including glass and quartz, only transverse-electricwaveguide modes propagated in the polymer, whilsttransverse-magnetic modes were evanescent. Theimplications of this on amplified spontaneous emission,and the design of in-plane laser structures are discussed.13 refs. Presented at the International Conference onScience and Technology of Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98),Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.USA

Accession no.787253

Item 280Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1046-9LIGHT-EMITTING ELECTROCHEMICALCELLS WITH MICROSECOND RESPONSETIMES BASED ON PPPS AND NOVEL PPVSTasch S; Holzer L; Wenzl F P; Gao J; Winkler B; DaiL; Mau A W H; Sotgiu R; Sampietro M; Scherf U;Mullen K; Heeger A J; Leising GGraz,Technische Universitat; California,University atSanta Barbara; CSIRO,Div.of Molecular Science;Milano,Politecnico; Max-Planck-Institut fuerPolymerforschung

Light emitting electrochemical cells were prepared by spincasting blends of a ladder-type poly(paraphenylene),polyethylene oxide and lithium triflate, or blends of apoly(phenylene vinylene) and lithium triflate, onto glasssubstrates coated with indium tin oxide, aluminium, silveror gold. An electrode of aluminium, silver or gold wasevaporated on top of the film. It was established that theresponse times could be decreased to severalmicroseconds by minimising phase separation in theactive layer. Efficient devices were obtained withextremely low onset voltages. 21 refs. Presented at theInternational Conference on Science and Technology ofSynthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.AUSTRALIA; AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; ITALY; USA; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.787236

Item 281Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1026-9ROLE OF IONIC SPECIES IN DETERMININGCHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER LEDSMacDiarmid A G; Huang FPennsylvania,University

The electroluminescence of aluminium/poly(methoxyethylhexyloxyphenylenevinylene)/indiumtin oxide (Al/MEH-PPV/ITO) and Al/MEH-PPV/polyaniline (emeraldine base)/ITO was studied as afunction of time and applied voltage, and it was concludedthat even traces of ionic species in the emissive polymer

layer in Al/MEH-PPV/ITO or in the non-emissiveemeraldine base layer in Al/MEH-PPV/EB/ITO coulddramatically change characteristics of the LEDs, includingimproved quantum yield and/or operation in both forwardand reverse bias modes, due to reduction of electron/holeinjection energies facilitated by ion diffusionphenomenon. 16 refs. Presented at the InternationalConference on Science and Technology of SyntheticMetals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.USA

Accession no.787231

Item 282Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.1024-5SYNTHESIS OF PORPHYRIN-PPVCOPOLYMERS FOR APPLICATIONS IN LEDSIqbal R; Yahioglu G; Milgrom L; Moratti S C; HolmesA B; Cacialli F; Morgado J; Friend R HCambridge,University; Imperial College

Poly(2-methoxy-5-ethylhexyloxyphenylenevinylene-co-porphyrin) copolymers with the porphyrin units attachedas side groups were synthesised to control aggregationand the associated fluorescence quenching. Thefluorescence was dominated by the porphyrin units,emission being red-shifted due to efficient exciton transferto the fluorescence porphyrin unit. 9 refs. Presented atthe International Conference on Science and Technologyof Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier, France, 12-18 July 1998.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787230

Item 283Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.338, 2000, p.141-9SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIESOF NEW SIDE-CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINEPOLYMERS BASED ON THE BAYLIS-HILLMANREACTIONLavrenko P; Yevlampieva N; Okatova O; Polushin S;Lacey D; Hall A WRussian Academy of Sciences; St.Petersburg,StateUniversity; Hull,University

A new methodology is employed in synthesis of two side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers with cyanobiphenylenemesogenic groups and variation of -CN, -COCH3 and -OH groups displacement in the backbone surrounding.Hydrodynamic and electrooptical (the Kerr effect)methods are used to study their molecular properties insolution in benzene and chloroform. Electroopticalproperties of polymers are compared with the same onesof homologous series of alkoxycyanobiphenylenes as themodel compounds of the polymer mesogenic groups.Different mobility of the side-chain mesogenic groups in



polymers under investigation is observed and related tothe chemical and dipole structure. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; RUSSIA; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.786874

Item 284Patent Number: US 6068796 A1 20000530SUB-MINIATURE OPTICAL FIBER CABLES,AND APPARATUSES AND METHODS FORMAKING THE SUB-MINIATURE OPTICALFIBER CABLESGraham L; Holman J R; Mathis T D; Viriyayuthakorn MLucent Technologies Inc.

A simplex optical fibre cable of this invention includes anoptical fibre, a buffer preferably of nylon, surrounding andin contact with the optical fibre, a yarn layer with strengthfibres, preferably aramid fibres, disposed about the bufferand a sheath preferably formed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)surrounding and in contact with the yarn layer. In cross-section, the simplex optical fibre cable has a diameter lessthan 2.0 millimeters (mm), and thus is much smaller indiameter than optical fibre cables presently available.Preferably, if the buffer is relatively thin providing limitedprotection to the optical fibre, a slick substance such astalc is applied to an outer surface of the buffer before theyarn layer is disposed thereon. The slick substance allowsthe buffer of the optical fibre to slide to a degree in contactwith the yarn layer and thus reduces fatigue caused by axialmovement of a ferrule of the connector terminating theoptical fibre cable. On the other hand, if the buffer isrelatively thick, a friction-reducing substance such asModaflo TM can be applied to the optical fibre to allowthe buffer to be stripped relatively easily. A zip-cord duplexoptical fibre cable of this invention includes essentially twosimplex optical fibre cables with their respective sheathsjoining at a middle portion along the axial length of thesimplex optical fibre cables. Thus, in cross-section, the zip-cord duplex optical fibre cable has a figure-eight shapewith a relatively thin portion in the middle which can bemanually pulled apart to separate the zip-cord duplexoptical fibre cable into separate simplex optical fibre cables.This feature of the invention allows the zip-cord duplexoptical fibre cable to be split at its ends to allow connectorsattached to respective ends of the optical fibre cables forconnection to respective spaced connector receptacles. Asecond duplex optical fibre cable of this invention includestwo simplex optical fibre cables arranged side-by-side withan oversheath extruded about and holding together the twosimplex optical fibre cables. In cross-section, the twoduplex optical fibre cables of this invention are less than2.0 mm in height and 4.0 mm in width, and thus are muchsmaller than currently available duplex optical fibre cables.The invention also includes die assemblies and methodsfor making the simplex and duplex optical fibre cables.USA

Accession no.786120

Item 285Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.7, 15th Aug.2000, p. 506-12SYNTHESIS OF A PHOTO-CROSSLINKEDSTABLE NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERAND APPLICATION TO EXTERNAL ELECTRO-OPTIC MEASUREMENTZhang D; Sun J; Shen J; Yi MChina,State Key Laboratory on IntegratedOptoelectronics; Jilin,University

Using bisphenol-A as the polymer backbone, p-nitroaniline as the chromophore and cinnamyl group asthe photo-sensitiser, a photocrosslinked side-chainsecond-order nonlinear optical polymer was synthesised.The polymer was characterised and an electro-optical filmproduced by spin coating and an external electro-opticmeasurement system was established based on the film.15 refs.CHINA

Accession no.786055

Item 286Macromolecules33, No.15, 25th July 2000, p.5747-50EFFECT OF PRESSURE DURING POLING ONTHE RELAXATION OF A GUEST-HOST NLOPOLYMERWon-Kook Kim; Hayden L MMaryland,University

The effect of applying pressure during poling andglassification on the sub-Tg relaxation of PMMA dopedwith Disperse Red 1 was studied. The thermal stabilityof chi(2) in this guest-host system was studied usingsecond harmonic generation decay techniques. Thedepoling temp. was also determined as a function of thepoling pressure. As many polymeric materials areprocessed near Tg under pressure and subsequently cooledto sub-Tg, resulting in non-equilibrium conditions, thisstudy could provide useful information not only for non-linear optical polymer device fabrication but also forpolymer processing. 23 refs.USA

Accession no.786020

Item 287Polymers for Advanced Technologies11, No.7, July 2000, p.349-58SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFPHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERS WITHTRIPHENYLAMINE UNIT AND NLOCHROMOPHORE UNIT ON A SIDE CHAINSang-Hun Park; Ogino K; Sato HTokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology

Acrylate-type copolymers(TPA-DCV) were synthesisedwhich consisted of triphenylamine(TPA) unit as a holetransport agent and dicyanovinyl aniline(DCV) as a second-



order non-linear optical chromophore on a side chain. Thepolymers exhibited good solubility and adequatemorphological stability after film formation. The diffractionefficiency and gain coefficient increased as the Tgdecreased. A TPA-DCV composite doped with fullereneand dibutyl phthalate had a high photoconductivity of0.0000000000051 S/cm at an applied electric field of 50V/micrometre. Diffraction efficiency and response rate weremeasured as functions of the parameters determining thephotoconductivity, e.g. applied electric field, density of thephotocharges generated and writing beam intensity. Themaximum diffraction efficiency and gain coefficient were12.9% and 64/cm, respectively, at an applied electric fieldof 80 V/micrometre. The maximum response time of 700msec was obtained at an applied electric field of 80V/micrometre. Photoconductivity, response rate anddiffraction efficiency increased with the increase of appliedelectric field. Field dependence of the response rate wasattributed to the charge generation efficiency and/or thedrift mobility. A similar power dependence of thephotoconductivity and the response rate on the writingbeam intensity was observed. The response rate anddiffraction efficiency showed a good linear relationshipwith the log of the photoconductivity. 33 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.785914

Item 288Synthetic Metals102, No.1-3, June 1999, p.943-4NOVEL PROCESSABLE POLYDIACETYLENEFOR PHOTONICS STUDIESCravino A; Moggio I; Dell’Erba C; Comoretto D;Cuniberti C; Dellepiane G; Giorgetti E; Grando D;Sottini SGenoa,University; CNR,Istituto di Ricerca sulle OndeElettromagnetiche

Polycarbazolyldiacetylene was synthesised, and wassoluble in common organic solvents, forming homogeneousfilms. The electronic spectra of the polymer in differentsolvents was determined. The polymer was considered tobe a candidate material for waveguide applications. 3 refs.Presented at the International Conference on Science andTechnology of Synthetic Metals (ICSM ’98), Montpellier,France, 12-18 July 1998.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.784968

Item 289Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition38, No.15, 1st Aug. 2000, p.2824-39MAIN-CHAIN SYNDIOREGIC NONLINEAROPTICAL POLYMERS. II. EXTENDED PICONJUGATION AND IMPROVED THERMALPROPERTIES

Stenger-Smith J D; Zarras P; Hollins R A; Chafin A P;Merwin L H; Yee R; Lindsay G A; Herman W N; GratzR F; Nickel E GUS,Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Div.; US,Navy;Virginia,Mary Washington College; Porphyrins &Intermediates

Attempts to synthesise processable non-linear opticalpolymers having Tgs above 200C, heat stabilities above300C and r33 values higher than 15 pm/V at 1.3micrometers are reported. The refractive indices, opticalloss and non-linear optical coefficients of the polymersproduced, including polymers with extended piconjugation in the chromophore and chromophores withimproved heat stability, are discussed. 60 refs.USA

Accession no.784307

Item 290Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.10, 6th Sept.2000, p.2172-7SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED POLYIMIDESAND THEIR APPLICATION TO PASSIVEOPTICAL WAVEGUIDESHan K; Jang W H; Rhee T HSamsung Electronics Co.Ltd.

Fluorinated and chlorofluorinated polyimides with highthermal stability and low optical absorption loss in theoptical communication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 mum are investigated for low-loss passive waveguideapplications. These polyimides are prepared frompyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), with 1,4-bis-(4-amino-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)tetrafluorobenzene (ATPT),1,4-bis-(4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzene(ATPB), and 1,3-bis-(4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)-4-6-dichlorobenzene (ATPD). Control of therefractive indices of the polymers is achieved from1.5397-1.5671 for TE polarisation and 1.5239-1.5513 forTM polarisation at 1.55 mu m by copolymerisation ofPMDA/ATPT and PMDA/ATPB. As the amount ofPMDA/ATPT is increased, the refractive indices of thepolymers are decreased. Rib-type optical waveguides arefabricated using these fluorinated polyimides. Thewaveguides exhibit a low propagation loss of less than0.5 dB/cm at 1.55 umu m. 17 refs.KOREA

Accession no.784171

Item 291Proceedings of the National Science Council Republicof China24, No.4, July 2000, p.310-5ALIGNING MECHANISM OF AN IN SITUPOLED NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERPREPARED USING THE CHEMICAL VAPOURDEPOSITION METHODYang P-K; Huang J-Y; Jou J-H



Taiwan,National Chiao-Tung University;Tsinghua,University

Second harmonic (SH) microscopy is applied toinvestigate an in-plane electric-field poled polymer. It isshown that the local orientation of the non-linear optical(NLO) chromophore can be deduced from two SH imagesobtained with different polarisation combinations. Amodel is developed to illustrate the aligning dynamics ofNLO chromophores during the film deposition process.20 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.783967

Item 292Patent Number: US 6048911 A1 20000411COATED OPTICAL FIBERSShustack P J; Wilson D ABorden Chemical Inc.

Coated optical fibres comprise a glass optical fibre and aradiation-cured coating formed from a radiation-curableliquid coating composition. The liquid coatingcomposition comprises at least one aliphatic urethaneacrylate oligomer, at least one acrylated or methacrylatedcompound selected from the group consisting of isobornylacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, alkanediol diacrylate,alkanediol dimethacrylates, alkoxylated derivativesthereof, and mixtures thereof, and a photoinitiator. In oneembodiment, the compositions further include a siliconecompatibility agent which reduces the coefficient offriction of the radiation-cured coating withoutdisadvantageously effecting other physical properties ofthe liquid coating compositions or the cured coating, andparticularly without disadvantageously effecting theoptical clarity of the liquid coating compositions. In asecond embodiment, the liquid coating compositionsfurther comprise at least one silicone compatibility agentand at least one functionalised silicone compound whichreduces the coefficient of friction of the radiation-curedcoating while additional advantageous physical propertiesof the liquid coating composition and the cured coating,particularly optical clarity, are maintained. The liquidcoating composition exhibits a UV absorbance at 500 nmrelative to distilled water of less than about 0.04.USA

Accession no.783559

Item 293Chemistry of Materials12, No.6, June 2000, p.1679-93ULTRAHIGH-TEMPERATURE POLYMERS FORSECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICS.SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ROBUST,PROCESSABLE, CHROMOPHORE-EMBEDDEDPOLYIMIDESDavey M H; Lee V Y; Wu L-M; Moylan C R; VolksenW; Knoesen A; Miller R D; Marks T J

Northwestern University; IBM; California,University;Adven Polymers

A general, convergent approach to the synthesis of a seriesof stilbene- and azo-based donor-acceptor, second-ordernonlinear optical chromophores is reported. Threechromophores were used to prepare six high Tgpolyimides. The chemical, thermal, microstructural, linearoptical, and nonlinear optical characterisation of thesepolymers are described. 40 refs.USA

Accession no.782944

Item 294Journal of Applied Medical Polymers4, No.1, Spring 2000, p.15-9HIGH BRIGHTNESS PLASTIC GRADED INDEXIMAGE GUIDES FOR ULTRATHINENDOSCOPESBongsoo Lee; Choi W Y; Walker J KNanoptics Inc.

High brightness image guides with pixel size less than 5micrometres were fabricated with plastic graded indexoptical fibres prepared from methyl methacrylate andbenzyl methacrylate. The image brightness was measuredand compared with that of existing glass step index imageguides. The image brightness of the plastic graded indeximage guide was more than a factor of two higher than thatof the glass step index image guides with the samenumerical aperture and same microfibre diameter. Possibleuses of this new design of optical systems in defence,industrial and medical applications are discussed. 13 refs.USA

Accession no.782646

Item 295Patent Number: US 6042943 A1 20000328OPTICAL FIBER CONTAINING A RADIATIONCURABLE PRIMARY COATING COMPOSITIONLevy A CLevy A.C.,& Associates Inc.; Master Adhesives Inc.

The coating is composed of a component having a firstend and a second end, a saturated aliphatic backbone, andat least one epoxide group at the first end of the componentand at least one reactive functional group at the secondend, a mixture of acrylate monomers composed of a firstmonomer having one acrylate group or vinyl ether groupand a second monomer having at least two acrylate groups,functional groups or vinyl ether groups and aphotoinitiator.USA

Accession no.782405

Item 296Patent Number: US 6043294 A1 20000328METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR



OPTICALLY ENHANCING CHEMICALREACTIONSHed A ZGate Technologies International Inc.

The chemical reaction is effected utilising light of anappropriate frequency supplied preferably via opticalfibres to one or more light extractors having light-emissivesurfaces in contact with the reactants. The light can beconcentrated before being delivered. Wave guides and anumber of such extractors can be provided within thevessel.USA

Accession no.781363

Item 297Advanced Materials for Optics & Electronics9, No.5, Sept./Oct.1999, p.195-203SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF AMODIFIED CROSSLINKABLEPOLYURETHANE NON-LINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERZhao Li; Yuxia Zhou; Yuquan ShenBeijing,Institute of Photographic Chemistry

Hydroxyl groups formed during the reaction of diglycidylether of bisphenol A and aniline were used to formcrosslinkable PU. The very active diisocyanate groups asa pure reagent were only introduced to the reaction systemat the last step of the crosslinking reaction, which greatlyimproved the preparation procedure. A very good film-forming property was found and a second-order non-linearoptical coefficient value as high as 320 pm/V wasmeasured for the poled polymer film. 13 refs.CHINA

Accession no.781066

Item 298Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.1, 5th July 2000, p.189-94PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECT IN A NEWCOMPOSITE BASED ON BIFUNCTIONAL HOSTPOLYMERYi-Wang Chen; Yuan-Kang He; Hui-Ying Chen; FengWang; Zhi-Jian Chen; Qi-Huang GongPeking,University

A photorefractive composite based on a bifunctionalmethacrylate copolymer with N-methacryloxypropyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)azo carbazole and N-methacryloxypropylcarbazole as pendant side chains, which had high stabilityand potential applications, was synthesised. A two-beamcoupling gain coefficient of 9.4/cm and an electroopticalcoefficient of 9.3 pm/V were measured at the appliedelectric field of 92.4 V/micrometre by a typical two-beamcoupling experiment technique. 17 refs.CHINA

Accession no.780023

Item 299Patent Number: US 6028159 A1 20000222POLYAMIDEIMIDE FOR OPTICALCOMMUNICATIONS AND METHOD FORPREPARING THE SAMESuh D-H; Chung E-Y; Rhee T-HSamsung Electronics Co.Ltd.; Korea,Research Instituteof Chemical Technology

A polyamideimide for optical communications, having aminimum light absorption loss in a near infrared lightwavelength range, high thermal stability and excellentfilm processibility, and a method for preparing the sameare provided. The polyamideimide has a higher refractiveindex than the conventional fluorinated polyamideimide.Thus, when using such polyamideimide as a material fora core of an optical fibre, the selection range on thematerial for cladding becomes wide. Also the coatingproperty and adhesiveness to a substrate are improved,thereby providing a good film processibility and heatresistance.KOREA; USA

Accession no.779938

Item 300Polymer41, No.16, 2000, p.6049-54HIGH GLASS TRANSITION CHROMOPHOREFUNCTIONALISED POLY(MALEIMIDE-STYRENE)S FOR SECOND-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL APPLICATIONSSamyn C; Verbiest T; Kesters E; Van den Broeck K;Van Beylen M; Persoons ALeuven,University

Non-linear optical(NLO) polymers with high Tgs wereprepared by polymer analogous reaction of maleicanhydride copolymers with aminoalkyl-functionalisedazo- and stilbene chromophores. The polymers exhibitedTgs from 178 to 228C, which resulted in stable NLO-response at elevated temps. Poled films of the polymerswere characterised by second harmonic generation andshowed a non-linear optical response that was stable atelevated temps. One of the polymer systems, for example,lost only 24% of its non-linearity after 1000h of heatingat 125C. 23 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778477

Item 301Journal of Materials Science Letters19, No.1, 1st Jan. 2000, p.27-8EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THENONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE IN FE:PVABulinski M; Iova I; Belea ABucharest,University; Rumania,National Institute ofMaterial Physics



Polymer materials are of growing interest for the optical dataprocessing technologies. There are potential applications aspermanent and transient data storage materials or as basicmaterials for the fabrication of the active and passive lightguides. The metal ion doped polymers represent a new classof organic materials for nonlinear optics. Among suchmaterials, the ferric chloride doped polyvinyl alcohol(Fe:PVA) and the dichromate polyvinyl alcohol (DCPVA)seem to be suitable materials for real time holographicrecording. Although their optical performances have beenpartially analysed, only a little information is available onthe physics of the mechanism for the light induced changeof the refractive index. A mechanism based on themodifications in the valence state of the metal ion haspreviously been proposed. The optical parameters are relatedto the Fe2+ contents. Optical, m-line and Mossbauerspectroscopy are used as complementary techniques relatingthe optical and the local parameters. 6 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.778211

Item 302Reactive & Functional Polymers44, No.2, May 2000, p.183-8THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF AROMATIC POLYISOIMIDESMorino S; Yamashita T; Horie K; Wada T; Sasabe HTokyo,Institute of Technology; Tokyo,University;RIKEN

Several aromatic polyisoimides were prepared and theirthird-order nonlinear susceptibilities were measured byoptical third-harmonic generation. Thermal stabilities arediscussed. 21 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.777775

Item 303Patent Number: US 6031061 A1 20000229BIS(TRIALKYLTRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE)DERIVATIVE AND POLYESTERIMIDE FOROPTICAL COMMUNICATIONSSuh D; Chung S; Rhee TSamSung Electronics Co.Ltd.

Disclosed are a bis(trisubstituted trimellitic anhydride)derivative and a polyesterimide for optical communications.The polyesterimide has a high refractive index so that whenusing such a polyesterimide as a material for the core of anoptical fibre, the range of materials that can be selected forthe cladding becomes wide. Coating property and adhesionto a substrate are also improved, thereby providing a goodfilm forming property and heat stability. Because thepolyesterimide can minimise optical loss at a near infraredwavelength range, it is very useful as an optical material inthe optical communications field, adopting light with a nearinfrared wavelength.KOREA; USA

Accession no.777055

Item 304Polymer41, No.13, 2000, p.5011-20SYNTHESIS OF POLYURETHANES ANDPOLYIMIDES FOR PHOTOREFRACTIVEAPPLICATIONSBelfield K D; Najjar O; Sriram S RCentral Florida,University; Detroit,Mercy University

Functionalised polyimides produced by two methods, 1)formation of a brominated polyimide derivate withsubsequent Heck coupling with a styrene derivative, and2) direct polycondensation of a fully functionalisedtriarylamine diamine analog with 4,4'-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, were well defined,bearing charge transporting and nonlinear opticalfunctionality covalently attached to each repeat unit. Thenon linear optical moities contained phosphonate esterand nitro electron-withdrawing groups. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.774655

Item 305Patent Number: US 6013205 A 20000111METHOD AND APPARATUS FORMANUFACTURING DISTRIBUTEDREFRACTIVE INDEX PLASTIC OPTICAL-FIBRENakamura T; Yuuki HSumitomo Wiring Systems Ltd.

A plastic optical fibre is provided with a desired lengthand a desired graded refractive index. To this end, a basepolymer is first mixed with a non-polymerisablecompound having a higher refractive index to obtain afibre material. This material is then melted and continuallyspun into a fibre. The fibre is dipped into a polymerisablemonomer and heated, during which both the non-polymerisable monomer and the polymerisable monomerdiffuse inside the fibre, thereby grading the refractiveindex. When the fibre is heated, the diffused polymerisablemonomer is polymerised and the fibre is hardened. Thefibre is further coated with a cladding to form the desiredplastic optical fibre. Various devices are provided forcarrying out the above described processes.JAPAN

Accession no.774472

Item 306Polimeros: Ciencia e TecnologiaNo.4, Oct./Dec.1999, p.148-55PortugueseGRADIENT REFRACTIVE INDEX POLYMEROPTICAL FILMSBartoli J R; Costa R A; Verdonck P; Mansano R D;Carreno MEPUSPFluorinated PMMA optical films were produced by CF4+ H2 plasma polymerisation and characterised by ESCA,



FTIR spectroscopy, gravimetry, contact anglemeasurements, refractometry and ellipsometry. It wasfound that a hydrofluorocarbon polymer was depositedon the exposed films and that fluorine concentrationincreased gradually with fluorinated film depth. Thesurface of the films had a lower refractive index than thatof the PMMA, indicating a gradient refractive index,which is the reciprocal of fluorine concentration. Thepossibility of producing graded-index polymerwaveguides and optical fibres having higher transmissionrates is considered. 27 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.774208

Item 307Polymer Journal (Japan)32, No.1, 2000, p.8-14NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYURETHANEFUNCTIONALIZED WITH AHETEROAROMATIC THIOPHENE RINGHAVING A TRICYANOVINYL GROUPHan Young Woo; Hong-Ku Shim; Kwang-Sup LeeKorea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology;Hannam,University

A new non-linear optical-functionalised PU with a highlynon-linear heteroaromatic thiophene chromophore witha tricyanovinyl group in the side chain was synthesisedand characterised. The polymer was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and was processed into films with goodoptical quality by spin casting at about 100C. No weightloss was observed up to a temperature of 266C and a glasstransition was noted at 176C. The polymer showed highsecond-order non-linearity with a second-order non-linearoptical coefficient of 51 pm/V. A high orientationalstability of the aligned chromophores was observed up toabout 150C. This resulted from the rigidity of the polymerbackbone caused by interechain hydrogen bridgesbetween neighbouring PU chains. 30 refs.KOREA

Accession no.773458

Item 308Journal of Applied Polymer Science76, No.3, 18th April 2000, p.290-5SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFSIDE-CHAIN POLYIMIDES FOR SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICS VIA A POST-AZO-COUPLING REACTIONYan-Gang Liu; Yu Sui; Jie Yin; Jian Gao; Zi-Kang Zhu;De-Yin Huang; Zong-Guang WangShanghai,Jiao Tong University

Non-linear optical side chain polyimides were synthesisedby a two-stage method. A preimidised organosolublepolyimide with a benzene moiety pendant from the mainchains was prepared, followed by the covalent bondingof the non-linear optical chromophores onto the polyimide

backbone by a post-azo-coupling reaction. The glasstransition temperature of the polyimides decreased by only10-20C after functionalisation. This was a much smallerdecrease in glass transition temperature than when thechromophores were chemically bonded to the polyimidemain chains via an ether linkage using a post-Mitsunobucondensation reaction. The thermal stability and solubilityof the polyimides were investigated and the results werediscussed. 47 refs.CHINA

Accession no.773412

Item 309Macromolecules33, No.7, 4th April 2000, p.2355-8SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OFPOLY(P-PHENYLENE) WITH NONLINEAROPTICAL SIDE CHAINSTaylor D K; Samulski E TNorth Carolina,University

Nonlinear optical poly(p-phenylene) with 4'-(N,N-diethylamino)-2,5-dichlorobenzophenone in the sidechain (70.1 wt% substitution) was synthesised using anickel catalyst. The polymer was thermally stable up to400 C, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 186 C.The stability of the polar chromophore orientationaldistribution following removal of the external pollingelectric field, at temperatures below Tg, was evaluatedby monitoring the second harmonic generation intensityas a function of time. High stability was observed. Astretched exponential was used to fit the relaxation data.20 refs.USA

Accession no.773173

Item 310Journal of Macromolecular Science BB38, Nos. 5 & 6, 1999, p. 1095-9.DIFFUSION OF ACETOPHENONE INPEROXIDE CROSS-LINKED CABLECOMPOUNDSWutzler A; Radusch H-J; Gehrmann KHalle,Martin-Luther-Universitat; Dow BSLOlefinverbund GmbH

An investigation using Fourier transform infraredmicroscopy was carried out into the diffusion ofacetophenone in peroxide cross-linked low-densitypolyethylene in a medium voltage cable construction.Storage of the cable in acetophenone under a normal climateand for a period of up to two years was examined and thediffusion rate and coefficient of diffusion were determined.The coefficient of diffusion was found to be independentof the morphology of the cables investigated. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.773139



Item 311Journal of Applied Polymer Science76, No.9, 31st May 2000, p.1448-56FABRICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OFPLANAR AND CHANNEL POLYMERWAVEGUIDES. II. POLY(P-PHENYLENEBENZOBISTHIAZOLE) (PBZT) FILMSCintavey L A; Clarson S J; Husband D M; deBrabander G N; Boyd J TCincinnati,University; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

The preparation of solutions of PBZT in methanesulphonic acid and characterisation of such solutionscontaining less than 0.04 wt.% of PBZT by dilute solutionviscometry are described. Also described are the spincoating of thin-film planar PBZT waveguides from a 0.5wt.% solution of PBZT onto oxidised silicon wafers andmeasurement of their optical attenuation. The effects ofthe thickness of the oxide layer on the silicon substrateand the wavelength of the incident light on waveguideoptical losses are discussed. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.772408

Item 312High Performance Polymers12, No.1, March 2000, p.169-76SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFAROMATIC POLYIMIDES BEARINGNONLINEAR OPTICAL CHROMOPHORESBes L; Rousseau A; Boutevin B; Mercier R; Sillion B;Toussaere EEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpell.;Laboratoire des Materiaux Organiques a ProprietesSpecifiques; Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan

The synthesis and characterisation of two polyimidesprepared by the condensation polymerisation of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride with 4-(4-amino,2-hydroxy)phenoxyaniline and 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, respectively,are reported. The physical properties of the polyimides,such as the second harmonic coefficient, temperaturestability of the poling-induced polar order and heatstability, are also reported. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.772069

Item 313Fullerene Science and Technology8, Nos.1-2, 2000, p.55-64NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFCOPOLYMERS OFBENZYLAMINOFULLERENE WITH METHYLMETHACRYLATE OR ETHYLMETHACRYLATEXuan Sun; Zhihua Lu; Suat Hong Goh; Wei Ji

Singapore,National University

Non-linear optical properties of a C60 derivative,benzylaminofullerene, and its copolymers with methylmethacrylate or ethyl methacrylate were observed byusing 7 nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm provided by afrequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Thesecopolymers were shown to be promising materials foroptical limiting applications. 21 refs.SINGAPORE

Accession no.771960

Item 314Polymer41, No.14, 2000, p.5237-45SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANOVEL POLYIMIDE-BASED SECOND-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALKim T-D; Lee K-S; Lee G U; Kim O-KHannam,University; US,Naval Research Laboratory

A high second-order nonlinear optical polyimide wassynthesised by the Mitsunobu reaction of a diol-typechromophore and a diimide, which did not requireimidisation at high temperature. The polymer was solublein common polar organic solvents, giving optical qualityfilms by spin coating. The glass transition temperaturewas 186 C. 36 refs.KOREA; USA

Accession no.771790

Item 315High Performance Polymers11, No.3, Sept.1999, p.273-9PHOTOINDUCED NONLINEAR OPTICALEFFECTS IN 1,4-CIS-POLYBUTADIENEPOLYMERSTkaczyk S; Kityk I V; Benet S; Mefleh ACzestochowa,Pedagogical University;Perpignan,University

Photoinduced non-linear optics phenomena in 1,4-cis-polybutadiene were investigated. Both an externalelectrostatic field as well as UV laser photoinducing lightlead to enhancement of the local non-centrosymmetrydetermining optical second harmonic generation (SHG).Using ab initio quantum chemical calculations andexperimental nonlinear optics data it was shown thatvalues of the external field exist corresponding to themaximal SHG values. Low temperature ordering (below10 K), due to decrease of thermoreorientation, andhydrostatic pressure induced strength also favourphotoinduced SHG. Time resolved HG measurementsindicate an existence of at least two short-timecomponents (about picosecond range) that may be causedby different mechanisms of the phenomenon observed.Both experimentally and theoretically it has been shownthat the degree of non-centrosymmetry for thecorresponding butadiene bonds is closely connected with



the UV-photoinducing power, temperature, hydrostaticpressure and delaying time between the photoinducingand probing beams. 24 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; FRANCE; POLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.771401

Item 316Macromolecular SymposiaVol.146, Nov.1999, p.153-62ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ANDORGANIC MATERIALS WITH NON-LINEAROPTICAL PROPERTIESVoigt-Martin I G; Kolb U; Kothe H; Yakimanski A V;Ri-Cheng Yu; Matveeva G N; Tenkovtsev A VMainz,University; St.Petersburg,Institute ofMacromol.Compounds

Electron microscopy studies were conducted of the crystalstructures of a number of bisbenzylidene cyclohexanones.It was shown that some of these compounds were efficientcrystalline non-linear optically active(NLO) chromo-phores with second harmonic generation properties.Appropriately functionalised chromophores of this typecould be used as a polycondensation comonomer toproduce partly crystalline main chain NLO-activepolymers. Electron diffraction crystal structural data,obtained for very small crystals, permitted reasonableestimates to be made of macroscopic crystal NLO-coefficients, relating quantum-chemically calculatedmolecular first hyperpolarisability components to crystalaxes. 23 refs. (IUPAC 3rd International Symposium onMolecular Order and Mobility in Polymer Systems,St.Petersburg, Russia, June 1999)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.770310

Item 317Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition38, No.3, 1st Feb.2000, p.546-59SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFMAIN-CHAIN NLO OLIGOMERS ANDPOLYMER THAT CONTAIN 4-DIALKYLAMINO-4'-(ALKYLSULPHONYL)AZOBENZENECHROMOPHORESHuang D; Zhang C; Dalton L R; Weber W PSouthern California,University

A w-amino carboxylic acid monomer that contains anonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore is prepared by aconvergent synthesis. Strategies for selective protection/deprotection of the amino and carboxylic acidfunctionalities are developed. The protected monomer,4-(N-(4-benzyloxycarbonyl)butyl-N-methylaminol-4'-

(2" ,5"-bis(decyloxy)-4"-(phthal imido-methyl)

benzylsulphonyl)azobenzene, can be deprotectedselectively or sequentially to give HOOC-monomer-N-phthaloyl, benzyl-OOC-monomer-NH, or HOOC-monomer-NH2. Sequential synthesis is performed to yieldmain-chain NLO dimers and tetramers. This isaccomplished by selective deprotection anddicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling. The HOOC-monomer-NH2 is polymerised by treatment withdiphenylphosphoryl azide to give a main-chain NLOpolyamide. The monomer, dimer, tetramer and polymerNLO materials are characterised by 1H,13C, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopy as well as by gel permeationchromatography, differential scanning calorimetry andelemental analysis. The NLO properties of these materialsare measured. Thin films of the oligomers and polymerare prepared by spin casting on indium-tin oxide coatedglass. The second-order NLO properties of the oligomersand polymer thin films are studied by in situ coronapoling/second-harmonic generation and attenuated totalreflection methods. The optimal poling temperatures aresignificantly lower than the melting temperatures or glass-transition temperatures of the oligomers and polymer. Thepoling efficiency increases in the following order:monomer, oligomers and polymer. An electro-opticcoefficient of 4 pm/V at 1.06 mu is obtained for thepolymer. 44 refs.USA

Accession no.769783

Item 318Applied Spectroscopy54, No.2, Feb.2000, p.202-8IR CHEMICAL SENSOR FOR DETECTION OFAROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUEOUSSOLUTIONS USING ALKYLATEDPOLYSTYRENE-COATED ATR WAVEGUIDESYang J; Huang Y-SChung-Yuan,Christian University

Polystyrene was derivatised with various alkyl groupchain lengths in an attempt to increase the performanceof solid-phase microextraction-IR/ATR for detectingaromatic compounds in aqueous solutions. The extractionproperties of the alkylated polystyrenes with differentchain lengths were compared and the effect of the chainlength of the alkyl group in the PS on the extraction oflow and high polarity aromatic compounds examined. 31refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.769517

Item 319Polymer Engineering and Science39, No.12, Dec.1999, p.2482-6POLYPYRROLE CONDUCTIVE POLYMERCHARACTERISTICS AS AN OPTICAL DISPLAYDEVICE



Al-Attar H A; Al-Kabbi A S; Faris F AJordan,Al Al-Bayt University; Basrah,University;Amman,Applied Science University

The redox electrochemically prepared thin films ofpolypyrrole is studied. A semi-empirical formula toexplain the redox behaviour is formulated and it seemsapplicable to the reduction dynamic. The redox dynamicis dominated by a diffusion process, depending on therelation between the film thickness and the rise time (t1/2) of the process. The diffusion coefficient, D, is measuredto be 2 x 10-9 sq.cm/sec for perchloride (ClO4) aniondopant and 1.1 x 10-9 sq.cm/sec for para-toluenesulphonate (PTS-) anion dopant. The polypyrrolefilms exhibit a colour change during the oxidation andreduction processes. The electrooptical properties of thesefilms are studied. 10 refs.JORDAN

Accession no.769335

Item 320Chinese Journal of Polymer Science17, No.5, 1999, p.435-40EPOXY/(METHYL METHACRYLATE)INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKFOR NONLINEAR OPTICSLing-zhi Zhang; Zhi-gang Cai; Quan-dong Ying; Zhao-xi LiangZhongshan,University

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) consisting ofa thermally crosslinked epoxy-based polymerincorporating acryloyl groups, and PMMA formed byTDI/methyl methacrylate with hydroxyl groups in the sidechain was synthesised and characterised. The poled/curedIPN showed only one glass transition temperature andwas transparent and homogeneous. The IPN had a second-order non-linear optical coefficient of 1.72 x 10 to theminus 7 esu and it showed long-term stability of thesecond-order non-linear optical coefficient at 25C formore than 1000 h. 15 refs.CHINA

Accession no.768122

Item 321Chinese Journal of Polymer Science17, No.5, 1999, p.417-22SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL SELF-ASSEMBLINGNLO POLYMERIC FILMShou-fa Han; Dao-rong Dai; Ze Li; Gang Wu; Rong-ben ZhangChinese Academy of Sciences

A chromophore (N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(L)-prolinol) wasbound to a structurally controlled cage-like crosslinkingorganosilicon polymer to prepare a modified non-linearoptical polymeric film by in-situ poling and a sol-gelprocess. This modified film had a better thermal stability

than a doped non-linear optical polymeric film and thereasons for this were discussed. The coefficient of secondharmonic generation for the modified polymeric film was2.0 x 10 to the minus 8 esu when measured by IRdichroism. The modified film had a low decay of thesecond harmonic generation signal, retaining 94% of theinitial value after 50 days at room temperature. Theseproperties were comparable with those of the doped film,so the modified film also had the main advantages of thedoped film. 18 refs.CHINA

Accession no.768119

Item 322Advanced Materials12, No.3, 3rd Feb.2000, p.167-81POLYMER NETWORK-STABILISED LIQUIDCRYSTALSDierking IDarmstadt,Technical University

A review is presented on the manufacture, structure,electrooptical properties and applications of polymernetwork-stabilised liquid crystals obtained bypolymerising a bifunctional photoreactive monomerdissolved in a liquid crystalline phase. Consideration isgiven to the effect of polymerisation conditions onmorphology, transfer of anisotropic liquid crystallineorder to the network, influence of network morphologyon network-stabilised nematics, ferroelectric smectics andcholesterics and the relationship between polymerisationconditions, network morphology and electroopticalproperties. 87 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766469

Item 323Patent Number: US 6001958 A 19991214CROSSLINKABLE POLYMER, PARTICULARLYFOR OPTICAL AND NON-LINEAR OPTICALUSE, MATERIALS OR DEVICES USING THESAME, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THEPOLYMERTapolsky G H; Chan Y P; Meyrueix R; Lecomte J-P;Dickens MFlamel Technologies

The invention relates to a crosslinkable polymer for usein optics and non-linear optics, which comprises at leastone chromophore, characterised in that it has, on at leasttwo of its ends, at least one reactive end group of adifferent chemical type from the group predominantlyused in polymerisation and the preparation of a polymerskeleton. The reactive end group comprises at least oneCC, CN, CS, SS or NS double bond and/or triple bond,and/or an epoxy group and/or a thiol group of a derivativeof the groups, and the polymerisation groups are selected



from at least one of the following groups: urethane, ester,amide, imide, ether, carbon-carbon, sulphide, silane andsiloxane, urethane and ester groups being particularlypreferred. Application in optical and opto-electronicmaterials and devices.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766453

Item 324Polymer News24, No.10, Oct.1999, p.343-8PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS ANDPHOTOPHYSICAL PROCESSESHrdlovic PSlovak Academy of Sciences

Liquid crystalline (LC) polymers are widely used in hightensile strength fibre materials such as Kevlar and Lydar,which can be found in products such as replacementasbestos, motorcycle helmets and flame protection suits.However, there is growing research and developmentinterest in using other functional properties of LCpolymers for optical and electro-optical uses. LC polymersare organic materials that combine liquid crystallinemolecules with polymer backbone. The LC structural unitcan be part of the backbone itself to form the main chainliquid crystalline (MCLC) polymers. These units can beattached to the backbone as pendants to form side chainliquid crystalline (SCLC) polymers. MCLC polymers aremore viscous than SCLC polymers and therefore are lessfunctional for electro-optic applications. However, forphotosensitive applications MCLC polymers are of equalimportance because the activity can occur in thepolymerisation process itself. Many effects that areobserved in LC polymers are in fact photo-activatedprocesses. The photo-activity can occur in the polymerbackbone through the polymerisation process or in theliquid crystalline mesogen by isomerisation processeswhich can change the phase or the alignment of the LCmolecule. By adding other functional groups to thepolymer backbone, it is possible to provide additionaloptical effects. 17 refs.SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA

Accession no.765059

Item 325Journal of Materials Science Letters19, No.2, 15th Jan. 2000, p.147-9ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIES OF POLEDGUEST-HOST ORGANIC POLYMER DCNP/PEK-C THIN FILMSShi W; Fang C; Pan Q; Sun X; Gu Q; Xu D; Yu JShandong,University; Academia Sinica

A guest-host system composed of 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole, as a chromophoremolecule, and polyetherketone was prepared and thin

films obtained from solutions thereof by spin coating ontoan indium-tin oxide glass substrate. The electroopticalproperties of these films poled at about 180C just bekowthe Tg were investigated and their orientational orderparameter, macroscopic second-order non-linearpolarisability and electro-optic coefficient determined. 10refs.CHINA

Accession no.764319

Item 326Macromolecular Rapid Communications21, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-15SECOND-ORDER NON-LINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERSSamyn C; Verbiest T; Persoons AKU Leuven

This comprehensive review sets out an overview of thenon-linear optical properties of polymers and theiradvantages and disadvantages in electrooptic andfrequency doubling devices. Secondly, polymers whichhave been used for the purpose, and the more recent uptakeof such polymers as polyimides and polymaleimides havebeen examined and discussed. The third section of thereview speculates on the use of new polymer systemswhich have been developed, and their problem solvingpotential is examined. 116 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.763900

Item 327Patent Number: US 6005137 A 19991221HALOGENATED ACRYLATES AND POLYMERSDERIVED THEREFROMMoore G G I; McCormick F B; Chattoraj M; Cross EM; Liu J J; Roberts R R; Schulz J F3M Innovative Properties Co.

The halogenated acrylates and polyacrylates providematerials having tailorable optical and physical properties.The polymers may be used as in optical devices, such asoptical waveguides and interconnecting devices.USA

Accession no.763181

Item 328Advanced Materials12, No.1, 7th Jan.2000, p.51-3PHOTOLUMINESCENCE,ELECTROLUMINESCENCE, NONLINEAROPTICAL, AND HUMIDITY SENSITIVEPROPERTIES OF POLYDIETHYNYLBENZENEPREPARED WITH A NICKEL ACETYLIDECATALYSTZhan X; Yang M; Lei Z; Li Y; Liu Y; Yu G; Zhu D



Zhejiang,University; Chinese Academy of Sciences

Details are given of the photoluminescence,electroluminescence, nonlinear optical, and humiditysensitive properties of polydiethynylbenzene. Doping andconductivity of polydiethynylbenzene are also discussed.14 refs.CHINA

Accession no.762098

Item 329Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics200, No.12, Dec.1999, p.2629-35SYNTHESIS AND NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF HIGH GLASS TRANSITIONPOLYIMIDESVan den Broeck K; Verbiest T; Van Beylen M; PersoonsA; Samyn CLeuven,University

Non-linear optical(NLO) properties with Tgs as high as275C were prepared by covalent bonding of achromophore to the backbone of hydroxyl polyimides viaa Mitsunobu reaction. NLO side chain polyimides withdifferent polymer backbones and different chromophoreswere prepared and characterised by second harmonicgeneration. Poled films of the polymers exhibited a verygood NLO response that was stable at elevated temps. 24refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.761974

Item 330Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.327, 1999, p.23-6POLING BEHAVIOUR OF ELECTRO-OPTICPOLYMERS WITH PERFLUORINATEDCHROMOPHORESPark K H; Shin D-H; Lee S-D; Lee C J; Kim NSeoul,National University

A fluorinated perfuorobutyl side chain modifiedbenzoxazole NLO chromophore was synthesised and thepoling behaviour of the NLO polyester producedtherefrom was examined. The method used was by asecond harmonic generation and a simple reflectionmeasurement. The electro-optic coefficient of thepolyester was measured in the range 8-10pm/V at 1.3um.3 refs.KOREA

Accession no.761843

Item 331Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.327, 1999, p.1-4MOLECULAR ALIGNMENT RELAXATION INPOLED NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMER

BEARING A HETEROCYCLIC AZOCHROMOPHOREKang J S; Hong H T; Choi D HKyung Hee,University

Second-order nonlinear optical copolymers weresynthesised to study effects of temperature on the temporalstability of the electro-optic effect. A heterocyclic azochromophore was synthesised bound to a methacrylateand naphthalate backbone. Corona poling was used togive the relationship between the second harmonic signaland sample temperature. This work showed that thedecaying behaviour of the second harmonic signal wastraced at a different temperature which is in the vicinityof the glass transition temperature. 3 refs.KOREA

Accession no.761840

Item 332Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research38, No.12, Dec.1999, p.4675-81STUDY ON THE MISCIBILITY OF SELECTEDBLENDS OF METHYL METHACRYLATE-BENZYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMERSJoohyeon Park; Kookheon Char; Park C WSeoul,National University; Florida,University

The blend compatibility of the above copolymers withdifferent monomer compositions was studied in order toinvestigate their potential use as plastic optical fibres.Copolymers with variable comonomer composition werefirst synthesised and the blend compatibility between themwas investigated by solution blending and melt blending.The results obtained by proton NMR, ellipsometry andDSC indicated that the copolymers synthesised in thisstudy were random copolymers, with their refractive indexand the Tg varying linearly with monomer content. Whilethe solution-blended samples indicated immiscibilitybetween copolymers with large differences in theirmonomer composition, melt-blended samples indicatedmiscibility, showing single Tg and homogeneity by SEM.The difference between the results of solution blends andmelt blends could be attributed to the slow kinetics ofphase separation and the intensive shear energy inputduring melt blending. These results suggested that therandom copolymers were appropriate materials forapplication in the coextrusion method of Park and Walkerfor the fabrication of gradient-index plastic optical fibres.24 refs.KOREA; USA

Accession no.761353

Item 333Polymer41, No.4, 2000, p.1325-35EFFECT OF POLYMER STRUCTURE ON THEMORPHOLOGY AND ELECTRO-OPTICPROPERTIES OF UV CURABLE PNLCS



Kim B K; Cho Y H; Lee J SPusan,National University

Films of polymer network liquid crystals were preparedusing a UV curable polyurethane acrylate and a nematicliquid crystal mixture. Because the oligomers were highlyviscous and immiscible with the liquid crystal, reactivediluents were used. The influence of the length of thepolyurethane segment, the molecular weight andfunctionality of the polyol (polypropylene glycol), andthe type of hard segment were studied in terms of themorphology, the voltage-transmittance relationship, theoff-state transmittance-temperature relationship, and thethermal properties of the films. Increasing the prepolymermolecular weight increased the polymer-liquid crystalphase separation, decreased the threshold and drivingvoltages, and gave a smaller nematic-isotropic transitiontemperature depression. Increasing the functionality anddecreasing the molecular weight of the polypropyleneglycol resulted in smaller domain sizes, smaller decaytimes, increases in the threshold and driving voltages, alonger rise time, and a greater depression of the nematic-isotropic transition temperature. 33 refs.KOREA

Accession no.760693

Item 334Patent Number: EP 970978 A1 20000112RADIATION-CURABLE LIQUID RESINCOMPOSITION SUITABLE FOR COATINGOPTICAL FIBRES AND OPTICAL FIBRECOATED THEREWITHYamamoto A; Kozakai S; Iwasaki SShin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd.

This composition contains an organopolysiloxane, whichhas a (meth)acryl group at either end of the chain, containsat least 15 mol % of aromatic hydrocarbon groups basedon all the organic groups, and is free of urethane bonds, acompound having at least one ethylenically unsaturatedgroup in the molecule and a photopolymerisation catalyst.It has a low viscosity and cures to a product having a lowYoung’s modulus, which changes little at low temperatures.JAPAN

Accession no.760397

Item 335Advanced Materials11, No.16, 10th Nov.1999, p.1387-91PHOTOINDUCED MOTIONS IN AZOBENZENE-BASED AMORPHOUS POLYMERS: POSSIBLEPHOTONIC DEVICESNatansohn A; Rochon PKingston,Queen’s University; Kingston,Royal MilitaryCollege

The photoinduced orientation and randomisationprocesses in films of azobenzene-based amorphouspolymers are discussed, together with their possible

exploitation in reversible optical storage, waveguides andgratings, and as photorefractive materials. 26 refs.CANADA

Accession no.760021

Item 336Journal of Applied Polymer Science74, No.14, 27th Dec.1999, p.3522-34STRUCTURE, GROWTH, AND MORPHOLOGYIN PARA NITROANILINE DISPERSEDPOLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE GUEST-HOST NLO COMPOSITESSaujanya C; Dhumal A; Mitra A; Radhakrishnan SIndia,National Chemical Laboratory

The structure, growth and morphology of composite filmsmade by dispersing p-nitroaniline(PNA) in PMMA wereinvestigated with respect to different crystallisationmethods, composition and application of electric field.The wide-angle X-ray diffraction scans showed largevariations in intensity of different reflections and theoccurrence of a new crystalline structure, possibly due tocomplex formation between PNA and PMMA. Thepresence of this complex was further confirmed by IRspectroscopy and thermal analysis. In a certain range ofcomposition (30 to 40% PNA), spherulitic morphologywas observed, which otherwise consisted of needle-shaped crystals dispersed in amorphous matrix. Thetransparency of these films also depended strongly on thecrystallisation conditions and highly transparent filmscould be obtained, even at high PNA content, byapplication of electric field. These results could beexplained on the basis of the intermolecular interactionbetween PNA and PMMA, as well as preferential growthdirection and orientation of the PNA crystals. 29 refs.INDIA

Accession no.760004

Item 337Macromolecular SymposiaNo.142, Aug.1999, p.61-71SYNTHESIS OF NONLINEAR POLYMERS WITHLARGE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SENSITIVITYAND TRANSPARENCYPyun S Y; Moon H; Lee J K; Kim N; Park S YSeoul,National University; Korea,Institute of Science& Technology

Novel non-linear optical (NLO) chromophore, 2-(3-(2-(4-methyl-sulphonylphenyl)vinyl)carbazol-9-yl)ethanol issynthesised and subsequently reacted with methacryloylchloride to give a photoconducting NLO monomer (M1). 2-Methylacrylic acid 2-(3-(diphenylhydrazono-methylcarbazol-9-yl)ethyl ester (M2) is also synthesised asa comonomer to enhance the carrier mobility of the NLOpolymer. Photoconducting NLO polymers, P1 and P2, areobtained by the copolymerisation of M1 with methylmethacrylate and M2, respectively. These polymers are well



soluble in organic solvents and show glass transition at 177and 196 deg.C, respectively. Polymer films of P1 and P2 areoptically clear, and are transparent at wavelengths longerthan 420 nm. The electro-optic coefficient (r33) of poled P1films is measured to be ~5 pm/V at 632.8 nm. Thephotoconductive sensitivities of P1 and P2 are 6.2 x 10 -14S.cm-2/mW.cm-2 and 5.6 x 10-11 S.cm-1/mW.cm-2. 12 refs.KOREA

Accession no.759450

Item 338Patent Number: US 5938987 A 19990817METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FORPRODUCING A BASIC ELEMENT OF A MULTI-ELEMENT OPTICAL CABLEPaivinen TNK Cables OY

A coating tool is used to form a tubular sheathing arounda single optical fibre or a fibre bundle formed of severaloptical fibres; a pulling device is placed after the coatingtool for pulling the sheathing and the fibres forward as aunit. In order to produce a stable product, the tension ofthe fibres passed to the coating tool is kept continuouslyat a controlled level. The direction of travel of the fibresand the sheathing is kept straight before and at the pullingdevice; the pulling device is spaced from the coating toolat a distance depending on the production rate of theproduction line, so that desired sliding of the fibres insidethe sheathing is provided at the pulling device.FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758926

Item 339Patent Number: US 5938986 A 19990817METHOD AND APPARATUS FORMANUFACTURING A GRADED REFRACTIVEINDEX PLASTIC OPTICAL-FIBRENakamura TSumitomo Wiring Systems Ltd.

A plastic optical fibre is provided having a desired lengthand graded refractive index. A base polymer is mixed witha non-polymerisable compound having a higher refractiveindex to obtain a material which is then transformedcontinuously into a fibre in a fibre-preparing unit. Aplurality of diffusion tanks are each provided with asolution, each solution having a level of viscosity differentfrom one another. the fibre is then dipped successively intothe solution in the order from a lowest viscosity level to ahigher viscosity level. During this process the non-polymerisable compound and polymerisable compounddiffuse inside the fibre and form a graded refractive indexdistribution. The polymerisable compound is thenpolymerised and hardened in a drying-and-heating unit.The fibre thus obtained is drawn and coated with a cladding.JAPAN

Accession no.758925

Item 340Reactive & Functional Polymers42, No.1, 15th Sept.1999, p.73-86SYNTHESIS OF PHOTOCONDUCTINGNONLINEAR OPTICAL SIDE-CHAINPOLYMERS CONTAINING CARBAZOLEDERIVATIVESKim D W; Moon H; Park S Y; Hong S ISeoul,University

Photoconducting nonlinear optical side-chain polymerscontaining carbazole derivatives were prepared. Twomultifunctional monomers were prepared, 2-methyl-acrylic acid 6-(3-(2-cyano-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-vinyl)-carbazol-9-yl) hexyl ester (M1) and 2-methyl-acrylic acid6-(3-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)-vinyl)-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl ester(M2), these possessed photoconductivity and nonlinearoptical properties (NLO). Polymers (P1, P2) were thenobtained by copolymerising these monomers with methylmethacrylate. A charge transporting monomer, 2-methyl-acrylic acid 6-(3-diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)-carbozolyl-9-yl)hexyl ester (M3) was also prepared andcopolymerised with M1 or M2 to give photoconductingNLO polymers (P3, P4) with enhanced photoconductivity.Spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatographyanalyses was used to determine polymerisation. Highoptical quality films could be made by spin coating thepolymers. 26 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.758370

Item 341Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics200, No.10, Oct.1999, p.2309-19NOVEL POLYAMIDES FOR SECOND-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICS WITH SIDE-CHAIN AZO-NLO-PHORESNemoto N; Miyata F; Kamiyama T; Nagase Y; Abe J;Shirai YSagami Chemical Research Center; Tokyo,Institute ofPolytechnics

The syntheses of two kinds of polyamides bycondensation polymerisation using 3-(N-methyl-4-((4-methylsulphonylphenyl)azo)anilino)-1-propyl 3,5-diaminobenzoate and 5-(3-(4-(4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenylazo)phenyl)sulphonylpropyl)oxyisophthalic acidor 5-(3-(N-methyl-4-((4-methylsulphonylphenyl)azo)anilino)-1-propyl)oxyisophthalic acid is reported. Thethermal, linear optical and second-order NLO propertiesof these polyamides are also described. 8 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.757739

Item 342Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.20, 15th Oct.1999, p.3854-60



SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OFPOLYSILOXANE-BASED ELECTROOPTICMATERIALSWu S; Zeng F; Li F; Zhu Y; Li JSouth China,University of Technology

A new functionalised polysiloxane material is synthesised.The polysiloxane-based electrooptic material with side-chain charge-transporting functionalities and non-linearoptical chromophores is investigated through a three-stepsynthetic route. Elementary analysis and NMR spectraindicate that the polymer has a high degree of substitution.Detailed physical properties show that the polymer has aglass transition of around 91 deg.C, and itsphotoconductivity and electrooptic coefficient increasewith the increasing applied electric field. Photorefractivityof the system is demonstrated through the asymmetricenergy transfer in a two-beam coupling experiment. 26refs.CHINA

Accession no.757004

Item 343Patent Number: US 5958584 A 19990928RADIATION-CURABLE, OPTICAL GLASSFIBER COATING COMPOSITION ANDOPTICAL GLASS FIBER DRAWING METHODPetisce J RDSM NV

Provided is a radiation-curable, optical glass fibre coatingcomposition containing at least one radiation-curableoligomer or monomer, and at least one chromophoricindicator selected so as to be susceptible to destructionof its chromophoric characteristic upon exposure toradiation and present in an amount which becomessubstantially colourless when exposed to a level ofradiation sufficient to cure said radiation-curable, opticalglass fibre coating composition, wherein said at least onechromophoric indicator has a colour which isdistinguishable from a base colour of said radiation-curable, optical glass fibre coating composition in curedform. The invention further provides a coated optical glassfibre and a method of making a coated optical glass fibreand a method of making a coated optical glass on a fibredrawing tower. Also provided is a cable andtelecommunications system.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755597

Item 344Macromolecules32, No.9, 4th May 1999, p.2903-9LOW-LOSS PASSIVE OPTICAL WAVEGUIDESBASED ON PHOTOSENSITIVEPOLY(PENTAFLUOROSTYRENE-CO-GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE)

Pitois C; Vukmirovic S; Hult A; Wiesmann D;Robertsson MStockholm,Royal Institute of Technology; IBM ZurichResearch Laboratory; Ericsson Components AB

Low loss optical waveguides were fabricated fromfluorinated copolymers designed to incorporatephotochemical amplification based on acid catalysis. Coreand cladding layers were made, for single-mode channelwaveguides, from the poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-glycidylmethacrylate) copolymer series and, for multimode ridgewaveguides, from poly(tert-butyl methacrylate-co-glycidylmethacrylate) as the cladding and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) as core layer. Reactivity ratios wereobtained for the pentafluorostyrene and glycidyl methacrylatemonomers in free radical copolymerisation. Variation of thecopolymer composition allowed precise control over therefractive index measured at 589, 633 and 1550 nm. Theseamorphous copolymers were photocrosslinked by contactprinting and developed by wet etching to produce highquality ridge waveguides with very smooth top surfaces. Lowloss single-mode waveguides exhibit averaged losses overeight channel waveguides as low as 0.39 dB/cm at 1320 nmand 0.42 dB/cm at 1550 nm. Thermal properties (DSC Tgand TGA thermal stability) were examined and optical losseswere measured after two different annealings at 200 and250C for 1 hour. 24 refs.SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.754752

Item 345Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.19, 1st Oct.1999, p.3715-22SYNTHESIS OF NONLINEAR OPTICALMALEIMIDE COPOLYMER BY POLYMERREACTION AND THEIR ELECTRO-OPTICALPROPERTIESGi Heon Kim; Chang Dae Keum; Sung Jin Kim; LeeSoon ParkKyungpook,National University; Tokyo,Institute ofTechnology

Thermally-stable poly(alpha-methylstyrene-co-maleimide)(MSMI) and poly(alpha-methylstyrene-co-4-carboxyphenyl maleimide)(MSCM) substrate polymerswere prepared by free radical polymerisation ofcomonomers. The introduction of a Disperse Red 1(DR1)chromophore to the maleimide units of MSMI substratepolymer by the Mitsunobu reaction was dependent on thereaction solvent. The degree of substitution of DR1 intothe MSMI polymer was found to be 91.1 mol % and 0.4mol % by UV spectrometers in the THF and DMF solvent,respectively. DR1 chromophore was, however, substitutedin the MSCM polymer at 33.0 mol % by Mitsunobureaction in the THF solvent. Both substrate and non-linearoptical(NLO) polymer exhibited high thermal stabilitydue to the incorporation of maleimide units in the polymer



chain. The Tg and initial decomposition temp.(Ti) of theNLO polymer were in the range of Tg of 185C and Ti310 to 345C. The electrooptical coefficient of MSMI-THFwas higher than that of MSCM-DR due to an increaseddegree of substitution of DR1 chromophore. 12 refs.JAPAN; KOREA

Accession no.754116

Item 346Chemistry of Materials11, No.9, Sept.1999, p.2554-61ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROOPTICCOEFFICIENT OF DOPED FILMS THROUGHOPTIMIZATION OF CHROMOPHOREENVIRONMENTBanach M J; Alexander M D; Caracci S; Vaia R ACincinnati,University; Dayton,University,ResearchInstitute; US,Air Force Research Laboratory

The dependence of electrooptical coefficient on electronicproperties of the host polymer and specific chromophore-host interactions was examined. The chromophores usedwere Disperse Red 1 and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4H-pyran and the polymerswere polycyclohexyl methacrylate, poly(tert-butylmethacrylate), PMMA, polyvinyl pyridine, PS andstyrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer. The resultsobtained demonstrated the potential associated withmodification of guest-host interactions in chromophore-doped polymer films for the development of highly non-linear, stable electrooptical materials. 42 refs.USA

Accession no.754106

Item 347Chemistry of Materials11, No.9, Sept.1999, p.2285-8PROGRESS TOWARD DEVICE-QUALITYSECOND-ORDER NLO MATERIALS. III.ELECTROOPTIC ACTIVITY OF POLYMERSCONTAINING E,E,E-(4-(N,N-DIALKYLAMINO)PHENYL)PENTADIENYLIDENE-3-PHENYL-5-ISOXAZOLONECHROMOPHORESFang Wang; Harper A W; Lee M S; Dalton L R; HuaZhang; Altao Chen; Steier W H; Marder S RSouthern California,University; Arizona,University

PMMA doped with the ethyl form of the abovechromophore and thermosetting PUs derived fromdifunctionalised and trifunctionalised analogues of thischromophore were prepared and evaluated for use aselectrooptical materials. It was shown that polymericmaterials characterised by electrooptical coefficients higherthan those of the dominant commercial material lithiumniobate were obtained with chromophores based on polyenebridges and isoxazolone acceptor segments. 29 refs.USA

Accession no.754095

Item 348Journal of Macromolecular Science A36, No.10, 1999, p.1503-19SYNTHESIS AND ELECTRO-OPTICALPROPERTIES OF POLY(2-ETHYNYLPYRIDINIUM TOSYLATE) HAVINGPROPAGYL SIDE CHAINYeong-Soon Gal; Won-Chul Lee; Seok-Joo Lee; Jong-Wook Park; Jang-Myoun Ko; Jong-Han ChunKyungil,University; Korea,Advanced Institute ofScience & Technology; Chungju,National University;Taejon,National University of Technology

A conjugated ionic polymer was prepared by thepolymerisation of 2-ethynylpyridine with propargyltosylate in refluxing methanol. The polymerisationproceeded well in homogeneous manner to give arelatively high yield of polymer. The resulting poly(2-ethynylpyridinium tosylate)s having propargyl sidechains(poly(EPT-P)) were hygroscopic and soluble inwater, methanol, DMF and DMSO. The intrinsicviscosities of the polymers were in the range 0.08 to 0.29dL/g. Instrumental analyses using NMR, IR and UV-visible spectroscopies and elemental analyses indicatedthat the resulting poly(EPT-P) had a conjugated ionicpolymer backbone carrying N-propargyl-2-pyridiniumtosylate. Thermal and electrooptical properties of thepolymers were also studied. 48 refs.KOREA

Accession no.754075

Item 349Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et PlastiquesNo.779, Sept.1999, p.33/8FrenchMICROPROCESSING: PROCESSES,EQUIPMENT AND APPLICATIONSPommereau C

Injection and compression moulding processes andmachinery for the production of plastics microcomponentsare examined, and applications of this technology in themanufacture of components for the telecommunications,medical and related sectors are described.

MAINZ,INSTITUT FUER MIKROTECHNIK;BATTENFELD GMBH; DR.BOY GMBH;FERROMATIK MILACRON GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.752793

Item 350Journal of Materials Chemistry9, No.9, Sept.1999, p.2251-8PHOTOCONDUCTIVE PROPERTIES OF PVK-BASED PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERCOMPOSITES DOPED WITH FLUORINATEDSTYRENE CHROMOPHORES



Hendrickx E; Yadong Zhang; Ferrio K B; Herlocker JA; Anderson J; Armstrong N R; Mash E A; Persoons AP; Peyghambarian N; Kippelen BArizona,University

Nine anisotropic chromophores, with different degreesof fluorination, were prepared and the effect of thechromophore’s ionisation potential on charge-transfercomplexation, photoconductivity and response time inphotorefractive polymer mixtures based on polyvinylcarbazole was studied. (2,4,7-Trinitrofluoren-9-ylidene)malonitrile(TNFDM) or C60 provided thesensitisation. Evidence of strong complexation betweenTNFDM and the chromophore was found. At high electricfields, the photoconductivity decayed during illuminationand reached a limiting value that correlated with thechromophore’s ionisation potential. A build-up of C60-radical anions was observed simultaneously. The strongdecline in photoconductivity correlated with an increasein the photorefractive grating build-up time. 15 refs.USA

Accession no.751103

Item 351Journal of Materials Chemistry9, No.9, Sept.1999, p.1905-20FROM MOLECULES TO OPTO-CHIPS:ORGANIC ELECTRO-OPTIC MATERIALSDalton L R; Steier W H; Robinson B H; Chang Zhang;Ren A; Garner S; Chen A; Londergan T; Irwin L;Carlson B; Fifield L; Phelan G; Kincaid C; Amend J;Jen AWashington,University; SouthernCalifornia,University; Northeastern University

A review of the literature on organic electroopticalmaterials is presented, covering applications ofelectrooptical materials (from cable television togyroscopes), Pockell’s effect, application of electroopticalmaterials in simple device structures, polymericmodulators versus lithium niobate modulators, molecularhyperpolarisability, translation of hyperpolarisability intomacroscopic electrooptical activity, stabilisingelectrooptical activity by lattice hardening, controllingoptical loss in electrooptical materials, fabrication ofburied channel waveguides, mode matching of polymericelectrooptical waveguides to silica fibres, vertical andhorizontal integration of modulators with very large scaleintegration semiconductor electronics, fabrication andevaluation of prototype devices, and field test performanceand comparison with the competition. 155 refs.USA

Accession no.751082

Item 352Journal of Materials Chemistry9, No.9, Sept.1999, p.1865-73HIGHLY STABLE, FUNCTIONALIZED

POLYIMIDES FOR SECOND ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICSSaadeh H; Yu D; Wang L M; Yu L PChicago,University

Attempts to develop polyimides functionalised with non-linear optical(NLO) chromophores for applications insecond-order non-linear optical devices are described.Several general synthetic approaches to these materialsare outlined. Detailed physical characterisation indicatedthat these materials were quite promising in stabilisingthe dipole orientation. Large optical non-linearity wasobserved in a few of the systems in which a NLOchromophore exhibiting large mu beta value wasincorporated. A synthetic challenge was, however, toincorporate these NLO chromophores exhibiting bettermu beta values into polyimide backbones (because of thesensitivity of these chromophores towards chemicalmanipulation). A possible solution involving usingpalladium-catalysed coupling reaction is discussed andan example presented. 23 refs.USA

Accession no.751079

Item 353Journal of Coatings Technology71, No.891, April 1999, p.53-7STUDY OF UV-CURABLE COATINGS FOROPTICAL FIBERSGexing Shen; Xiouning Qu; Wanneng She; XiaomengYu; Qunzhen Sun; Hanning ChenHubei Research Institute of Chemistry

Three types of UV-curable prepolymers, urethaneacrylate(UA), polysilicone acrylate(SA) and epoxyacrylate(EA), were prepared. These prepolymers weremixed in different proportions to modify the properties ofan optical fibre coating. The component-property andstructure-property relationships of the mixed coatings werestudied. When the proportion of the SA:UA:EA mixturewas 5:4:3, it was used for a single coating, while a ratio of6:5:2 was used for a primary buffer coating. These mixturecoatings were applied to optical fibres. 11 refs.CHINA

Accession no.748396

Item 354Chemistry of Materials11, No.8, Aug.1999, p.2218-25CONVENIENT MODULAR APPROACH OFFUNCTIONALIZING AROMATICPOLYQUINOLINES FOR ELECTROOPTICDEVICESHong Ma; Jen A K Y; Jianyao Wu; Xiaoming Wu; SenLiu; Ching-Fong Shu; Dalton L R; Marder S R;Thayumanavan SNortheastern University; Taiwan,National Chiao-TungUniversity; Washington,University; Arizona,University



A method was developed for manufacture of second-ordernon-linear optical(NLO) side-chain aromatic polyquinolines.This method utilised the ease of incorporation of NLOchromophores into the pendent phenyl moieties of parentpolyquinolines at the final stage via a mild Mitsunobureaction, which resulted in the synthesis of NLOpolyquinolines with a broad range of polymer backbonesand great flexibility in the selection of chromophores. TheNLO side-chain polyquinolines synthesised possessed highTg, good processability and high thermal stability. The resultsobtained for electrooptic activity, optical loss and long-termstability of the poling-induced polar order demonstrated theadvantages of this design approach. The suitability of thesepolymers in the development of electrooptical devices wasdemonstrated. 47 refs.TAIWAN; USA

Accession no.748384

Item 355Kobunshi Ronbunshu56, No.6, 1999, p.361-9JapaneseNONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THEMAIN-CHAIN TYPE LIQUID CRYSTALLINEPOLYMERSAsada T; Tanaka HKyoto,University

The second harmonic generations(SHG) of liquidcrystalline main chain type polymers were investigated.The sample polymers were copolymers of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in variouscomposition ratios. The SHG of the film samples wasmarkedly affected not only by the polymerisationconditions but also by the preparation conditions of thefilms. SHGs for the samples processed by mechanicalstretching and for electrically poled samples werecompared. The non-linear optical coefficients (d(exp)) ofthe electrically poled samples evaluated by the Maker-Fringe method were 2 to 2.5 times larger than those ofthe mechanically oriented sample whose d(exp) was about5 pm/V. The high SHG of the main chain-type NLOpolymers mainly originated from the additivity ofhyperpolarisability of the individual unit due to head-to-tail bonding. To improve the conversion efficiency, theeffect of piling mechanically oriented films wasinvestigated. Quasi-phase matching was also performedby piling mechanically oriented films. 21 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.748334

Item 356Polymer40, No.22, 1999, p.6157-67SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFNOVEL POLYIMIDE-BASED NLO MATERIALSFROM POLYHYDROXY-IMIDES CONTAININGALICYCLIC UNITS. II

Kim E H A; Moon I K; Kim H K; Lee M-H; Han S-G;Yi M H; Choi K-YHannam,University; Korea,Research Institute ofChemical Technology

A series of polyimide-based second-order nonlinearoptical (NLO) materials are synthesised frompolyhydroxy-imides containing alicyclic units, followedby the Mitsunobu reaction with NLO chromophores. Theresulting polymers are highly soluble in aprotic polarsolvents such as DMF, DMAc, NMP, etc. The NLOpolyimides exhibit the inherent viscosity range of 0.22-0.50 dL/g. Molecular structural characterisation for theresulting polymers is achieved by 1H-NMR, FT-IR andUV-visible spectroscopies. The glass transitiontemperature for the resulting NLO polyimides is in therange of 161 deg.C-233 deg.C and most of them showedhigh thermal stability. The polymer solutions can be spincoated on the indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass or quartz discsubstrates to form the optical quality thin films. Theelectro-optic coefficients (r33) at the wavelength of 1.3mu for polymer thin films poled around the glass transitiontemperature are in the range of 2-6 pm/V. Long-termthermal stability of the dipole alignment is observed upto ca. 140 deg.C. 13 refs.KOREA

Accession no.748017

Item 357Patent Number: US 5928574 A 19990727METHOD OF MAKING OPTICAL FIBREDiMarcello F V; Huff R G; Kranz K S; Walz F WLucent Technologies Inc.

Fibre bow can be greatly reduced if the fibre being drawnfrom a heated optical fibre preform is caused to runthrough a tubular cooling chamber, which extends fromthe draw furnace and comprises a tube having an innerdiameter of less than 35 mm, preferably less than 20 mm.The cooling chamber preferably includes an upper coolingchamber with a transition element providing a smoothtransition between the two chambers and is desirably freeof turbulence-causing air leaks and/or geometricalfeatures.USA

Accession no.744732

Item 358Journal of Materials Science Letters18, No.11, 1st June 1999, p.833-6SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF (60)FULLERENE-BASED NONLINEAR OPTICALPOLYACRYLONITRILE DERIVATIVESXiao L; Chen Y; Cai R; Huang Z-E; Qian SFudan,University

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have gained increasinginterest, particularly in the past decades, for their realised



and potential applications in many fields of photonics,optical communication and laser technology. Along withmetallophthalocyanines and mixed metal clusters, C60and other fullerenes have emerged as promising candidatematerials for the nonlinear optical applications owing totheir intrinsic NLO properties which primarily originatefrom their large pi-electron conjugations and strongelectron affinity. However the ability to fabricate NLOdevices based on C60 has been limited due to poorprocessability and multiaddition of organic group.Therefore, the main key to the development of C60-basedNLO materials is to synthesise highly soluble C60derivatives with excellent NLO properties under very mildconditions. The highly soluble (60) fullerene-basedpolyacrylonitrile (PAN) derivatives with different C60contents are synthesised using a previously reported one-pot experiment procedure, and initial results of aninvestigation into their third-order nonlinear opticalresponse by optical-heterdyne-detected optical-Kerr-effect (OHDOKE) technique are described. 13 refs.CHINA

Accession no.744384

Item 359Patent Number: US 5856384 A 19990105POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDSHAVING NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIESGarito A F; Yamada S; Panackal APennsylvania,University

Devices and materials containing certain stable,polycyclic aromatic compounds exhibit sensible, secondorder nonlinear optical effects. In general, usefulpolycyclic aromatic compounds possess electron-donatingand electron-withdrawing chemical functionality but nocentre of inversion symmetry on either the molecular orcrystalline unit cell level.USA

Accession no.743787

Item 360Polymer Bulletin42, No.4, April 1999, p.403-9SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OFNONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERS BASED ONPOLY(ETHER IMIDES) FORELECTROOPTICAL DEVICESHyung-Jong Lee; Myung-Hyun Lee; Min-Cheol Oh;Seon Gyu HanKorea,Electronics & Telecommunications ResearchInstitute

Non-linear optical polyether-imides(PEIs) with adequatethermal stability were synthesised by direct coupling ofhydroxy PEIs and NLO chromophores with a quantitativeyield. The resultant amorphous NLO PEIs exhibited goodsolubility in common organic solvents, providing optical-quality thin films by spin coating. The Tgs of the polymers

were at about 180C. The electrooptical coefficient of PEI-disperse red 1 was 12.3 pm/V with an electrical polingfield of 100 V/micrometre and it decayed about 10% over10 months at 90C under atmospheric conditions. 11 refs.KOREA

Accession no.743301

Item 361Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.14, 15th July 1999, p.2355-61CROSSLINKABLE POLYMERS FOR OPTICALWAVEGUIDE DEVICES. II. FLUORINATEDETHER KETONE OLIGOMERS BEARINGETHYNYL GROUP AT THE CHAIN ENDLee H-J; Lee M-H; Oh M-C; Ahn J-H; Han S GKorea,Electronics & Telecommunications ResearchInstitute

Fluorinated ether ketone oligomers bearing acrosslinkable ethynyl group at the chain end areinvestigated for low-loss polymer optical waveguidedevices. These oligomers are designed to achieve lowbirefringence and were synthesised by the reaction of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol with an excessdecafluorobenzophenone, followed by reaction with(phenylethynyl)phenol or ethynylphenol. The molecularweights and polydispersities of the oligomers determinedby GPC with polystyrene standard are in the range of6600-8500 g/mol and 1.79 -2.04, respectively. By spincoating and thermal crosslinking, the polymer solutionseasily provide good optical quality thin films. The curedfilms show good chemical resistance and high thermalstability up to 460 deg.C under nitrogen. At 1.55 mu mwavelength, the refractive index and birefringence of thefilms show in the range of 1.5104-1.5172 and 0.0078-0.0014, respectively. The propagation loss of the single-mode channel waveguide is measured to be less than 0.5dB/cm at 1.55 gm. 14 refs.KOREA

Accession no.743132

Item 362Chemistry of Materials11,No.6,June 1999,p.1406-8SIDE-CHAIN NON-LINEAR OPTICALPOLYMERS CONTAINING A STYRYLFURAN-BASED CHROMOPHORE WITH LARGEELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIESSong S; Lee S J; Cho B R; Shin D-H; Park K H; Lee CJ; Kim NKorea,University; Korea,Institute of Science &Technology

The synthesis of methyl methacrylate and maleimidecopolymers containing 5-(5'-(p-diethylaminostyryl)furfurylidene)-N,N’-diethylthiobarbituric acid in the sidechain is described. These copolymers were characterised



by solubility, weight-average molec.wt. and Tgmeasurements and UV-visible spectroscopy and exhibiteda specified electro-optic coefficient and good heatstability. 12 refs.KOREA

Accession no.741348

Item 363Patent Number: US 5911023 A 19990608POLYOLEFIN MATERIALS SUITABLE FOROPTICAL FIBRE CABLE COMPONENTSRisch B G; Holder J DAlcatel Alsthom Compagnie Generale d’Electricite

Optical fibre cable components, such as buffer tubes, fillerrods or jackets, are produced using a polyolefin having ahigh melt flow index. The advantages of using materialswith a high melt flow index are most evident whenprocessing thermoplastic materials, such as nucleatedcopolymers of ethylene and propylene at high line speeds(shear rates) of over 50M/min. The components exhibitimproved crystallinity, crystallisation rates, crushresistance, reduced post-extrusion shrinkage, improvedgel compatibility and improved excess fibre lengthcontrol.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741171

Item 364ACS Polymeric Materials Science &Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings.Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.404-5.012SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OFALUMINIUM PHTHALOCYANINE SIDE-CHAINPOLYIMIDE FOR THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAROPTICSSakai Y; Ueda M; Yahagi A; Tanno NYamagata,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

A side-chain third-order nonlinear optical polyimide wasprepared by the reaction of poly(hydroxyimide) withaluminium phthalocyanine in the presence of silvertriflate. The polymer was characterised using infraredspectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetricanalysis, and elemental analysis. The Z-scan techniquewas used to study its non-linear optical properties, and tomeasure the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. 8 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.738958

Item 365Patent Number: US 5905833 A 19990518OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE HAVING AN IMPROVEDFILLING MATERIAL WITHIN ITS CORESheu J JLucent Technologies Inc.

Optical fibres and filling material are disposed within atubular member disposed within a sheath system, whichmay include longitudinally extending strength membersin addition to a plastic jacket. The filling materialcomprises at least two different hydrocarbons, as an oilconstituent, and/or two different fumed silicas, as part ofa thickening agent. The hydrocarbon(s) may be a syntheticoil, such as a poly-alpha-olefin, a mineral oil or mixturethereof, the combination of oils being used to help lowtemperature properties and better incorporate a gellingsystem, which may include a copolymer. A copolymer isused mainly to reduce oil separation. The filling materialis capable of passing a standard for Compound Flow(Drip) Test for Filled Optical Cable and has a critical-yield stress of less than about 0.002 psi.USA

Accession no.738877

Item 366Patent Number: US 5904983 A 19990518CORROSION-RESISTANT OPTICAL FIBRESAND WAVEGUIDESChan M G; Inniss D; Katz H E; Kuck V J; Schilling M LLucent Technologies Inc.

The optical fibre includes a core-cladding assemblysurrounded by a thin quasi metal oxide film, preferably10 nm in depth. Over time, particularly under the influenceof elevated temperatures, the initially deposited reagentsof the thin film oxidise or hydrolyse, removing the organiccomponents, and bonding a quasi metal oxide film on thesurface of the cladding. The resulting film significantlyretards corrosion by blocking environmental fluids fromreacting with flaws in the cladding surface of the fibre,thus improving the mechanical performance andreliability of the optical fibre. The thin film also protectsthe fibre from incidental abrasions. Alternatively, the quasimetal oxide reagents are deposited into a protectivepolymer layer of the fibre or a filling compound of a fibrecable, rather than directly onto the cladding surface, thesame protective effect being achieved when the reagentsdiffuse through the polymer layer or filling compound tothe core-cladding surface.USA

Accession no.738739

Item 367Patent Number: EP 924274 A2 19990623RADIATION-CURABLE OLIGOMERS,RADIATION-CURABLE COMPOSITIONS,COATED OPTICAL GLASS FIBRES, ANDRIBBON ASSEMBLIESMontgomery E I; Noren G KDSM NV

An inner primary coating composition comprises at leastone radiation-curable oligomer having a number-averagemolec.wt. of at least 2,000 and containing a polyester



backbone, carbon-containing side chains, each havingfrom about 3 to 30 carbon atoms and being connected tothe polyester backbone, and at least one radiation-curablefunctional group bound to the polyester backbone, and,optionally, at least one diluent monomer. The side chainscomprise at least about 5% of the number-averagemolec.wt. of the oligomer. The oligomer is present in anamount sufficient to provide a coating having thefunctional capability of releasing from a surface of anoptical glass fibre as a coherent layer.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.738232

Item 368ACS Polymeric Materials Science &Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings.Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.183-4. 012NOVEL POLYMERS FOR SINGLE-LAYERLIGHT-EMITTING DIODESZhonghua Peng; Jianheng ZhangMissouri-Kansas City,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Poly(phenylenevinylene)s containing rigid oxadiazoleunits as main-chain substituents were synthesised andcharacterised by UV vis spectroscopy. The polymers weresoluble in common organic solvents and were highlyfluorescent. Single-layer LED devices were prepared byspin-coating polymer solution onto coated glasssubstrates. Uniform orange emission, easily observableunder normal lighting conditions, was obtained underforward bias. Efficiencies up to 20 times that ofpolyphenylenevinylene were achieved. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.737753

Item 369Patent Number: US 5773486 A 19980630METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OFOPTICAL GRATINGSChandross E A; Paczkowski M A; Simoff D ALucent Technologies Inc.

The specification describes techniques for themanufacture of optical gratings in optical fibres. Thegrating pattern is written into the core of the fibre withoutremoving the fibre coating. Coating compositions withhigh transparency to the actinic (writing) radiation butwhich are UV curable are described in detail. The coatingcompositions contain a UV photoinitiator that absorbssufficient UV radiation to effectively cure the polymerbut is relatively transparent to UV radiation used forwriting the grating. The photoinitiator is one or morecompounds selected from a specified group of aliphaticand cycloaliphatic ketones.USA

Accession no.737225

Item 370Journal of Materials Science34, No.7, 1st April 1999, p.1513-7SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF A SERIES OF POLYESTERSCONTAINING PUSH-PULL AZOBENZENECHROMOPHORE IN THEIR SIDE CHAINShen Yuquan; Qiu Ling; Li Zao; Zhang Xinxin; ZhaoYuxia; Zhai Jianfeng; Delaire J A; Nakatani K; Atassi YAcademia Sinica; CNRS

The values of the second harmonic coefficients(d33) of aseries of polyester non-linear optical polymers, differingin their electron withdrawing substituent, were measuredexperimentally. The observed order of contribution of thesubstituents towards the d33 value was rationalised by afrequency factor dependence. Very high photostability andthe highest d33 value among the series of polymers werefound for the polyester with 2,4-dinitro substituents inthe side chain. A possible influence of intermolecularinteraction was also indicated. 10 refs.CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.733320

Item 371Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research38, No.5, May 1999, p.1759-74PROBING STRUCTURE-PROPERTYRELATIONSHIPS IN THIRD-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERS: THIRDHARMONIC GENERATION SPECTROSCOPYAND THEORETICAL MODELING OFSYSTEMATICALLY DERIVATIZEDCONJUGATED AROMATIC POLYIMINESChen-Jen Yang; Jenekhe S A; Meth J S; Vanherzeele HRochester,University; DuPont Central Research &Development

Results are presented of a study in which picosecond thirdharmonic generation spectroscopy in the range 0.9 to 2.4micrometres and sum-over-states theoretical modelling wereused to investigate the third-order non-linear opticalproperties of a series of nine conjugated aromatic polyiminesdesigned to elucidate structure-third-order susceptibilityrelationships in conjugated polymers. 124 refs.USA

Accession no.733237

Item 372Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics200, No.5, May 1999, p.1150-6STUDY OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSEOF TRANS-(CH)N WITH A CHAIN LENGTHDEPENDENT SCREENED POTENTIALSiregar R E; Tjia M OIndonesia,Padjadjaran University; Bandung,InstitutTeknologi



A chain length dependent screening factor was introducedin the Ohno potential for the study of non-linear opticaleffects in trans-(CH)N within the general scheme of thePariser-Parr-Popple pi electron model without therestriction of zero differential overlap. It was shown thata calculation employing the much simpler scheme ofsingle electron configuration interaction produced the 1/N behaviour of the low-lying excited energies of polyeneswhich agreed well with experimental results. It was alsofound that all the important features of the third harmonicgeneration(THG) spectrum known for N = 10 could beobtained in the same scheme on the basis of four low-lying excitation states. The third-order static polarisabilitycalculated for varying N exhibited a growth followingthe power law N to the power of b, with b 3.23 for N 10or less. The excited state THG spectrum calculated for N= 10 also showed the general feature and enhancementfactor consistent with those obtained previously bydifferent researchers. 26 refs.INDONESIA

Accession no.733224

Item 373Reactive & Functional Polymers40, No.2, 15th May 1999, p.177-84NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERS WITHNOVEL BENZOXAZOLE CHROMOPHORES. V.LINEAR AND CROSSLINKEDPOLYURETHANES USING NITROTHIOPHENEAND NITROPHENOL AS ELECTRONACCEPTORSKi Hong Park; Jong Tae Lim; Sangyup Song; Yong SukLee; Chul Joo Lee; Nakjoong KimKorea,Institute of Science & Technology

Two diol monomers, with benzoxazole-based non-linearoptical(NLO) chromophores, one of which had anadditional hydroxyl group as a crosslinkable moiety andthe other had a nitrothiophene group as an electronwithdrawing unit, were synthesised. The diol monomerswere polymerised with 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) to give NLO PUs, respectively. Linear PUwith hydroxyl groups could be crosslinked between sidechain chromophores themselves after poling using anadditional crosslinking agent such as tetramethyl-1,3-xylylene diisocyanate. Temporal stability of electroopticalcoefficient of a crosslinked PU was improved comparedwith that of a linear PU. The second harmonic generationcoefficient(d33) of linear PU with benzoxazole-thiophenechromophores was 94 pm/V and non-resonant d33 valuewas 17.1 pm/V calculated by two-level model equation.19 refs. (Pt.IV, ibid, p.169-75)SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.731999

Item 374Reactive & Functional Polymers40, No.2, 15th May 1999, p.169-75

NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERS WITHNOVEL BENZOXAZOLE CHROMOPHORES. IV.SYNTHESIS OF MALEIMIDE-STYRENE ANDMALEIMIDE-METHACRYLATE COPOLYMERSKi Hong Park; Jong Tae Lim; Sangyup Song; MiGyung Kwak; Chul Joo Lee; Nakjoong KimKorea,Institute of Science & Technology

Four non-linear optical(NLO) maleimide copolymerswere synthesised by radical copolymerisation of N-phenylmaleimide and methacrylate-based or styrene-based monomer with benzoxazole chromophores,respectively. The copolymers had high Tgs of 158C andexhibited good thermal stability. The most transparent filmwas prepared from an alternating copolymer(PMIBz 2)derived from N-phenylmaleimide and styrene-based NLOmonomer. The second harmonic generation coefficientand electro-optical coefficient(r33) of a poled PMIBz 2was 45 pm/V (at 1.064 micrometres) and 6.1 pm/V (at1.3 micrometres), respectively. The temporal stability ofR33 of PMIBz 2 was superior to that of only methacrylate-based copolymer. 12 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.731998

Item 375Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.9, 1st May 1999, p.1321-9SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF A SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL SIDE-CHAINPOLYIMIDESakai Y; Ueda M; Fukuda T; Matsuda HYamagata,University; Japan,National Institute ofMaterials & Chemical Research

A thermally stable aromatic polyimide with side chainsecond-order non-linear optical chromophores wasdeveloped. The polyimide was prepared by the ring-opening polyaddition of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride with a new diamine having two N-ethyl-N-(4-((6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)-2-aminoethanol units as the non-linear opticalchromophore, followed by poling during or after thethermal imidisation process. The corona poling processof the non-linear optical-substituted poly(amic acid) tothe polyimide was also studied in detail by measuringthe second harmonic generation from the polymer films.19 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.731818

Item 376Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.9, 1st May 1999, p.1245-54CHARACTERISATION OF A SIDE CHAINPOLYMER FOR SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR



OPTICAL PROPERTIESSharma P R S; Zhou P; Frisch H L; Van Wagenen E A;Korenowski G MNew York,State University; Printing DevelopmentsInc.; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Characterisation of copolymers of methyl methacrylateand 2-propenoic acid,2-methyl-,2-((((4-methyl-3-(((2-m e t h y l - 4 - n i t r o p h e n y l ) a m i n o ) c a r b o n y l )aminophenyl)carbonyl)oxy)ethyl ester (PAMEE)exhibiting non-linear optical properties was reported. 58refs.USA

Accession no.731810

Item 377Acta Polymerica50, No.4, April 1999, p.156-62GRAFTED CARBON FIBRES AND THEIRPHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. IV.GRAFTING OF CYANO-BIPHENYLCONTAINING LIQUID-CRYSTALLINEMONOMERS ONTO MODIFIED CARBONFIBRESSelimovic M; Bismarck A; Pfaffernoschke M; Springer JBerlin,Technical University

A simple, reproducible, already introduced graftingmethod of methacrylic monomers onto carbon fibres isapplied to cyanobiphenyl containing liquid crystalmonomers. Development of liquid crystalline phases wasfaster and more uniform in the presence of carbon fibres.Applying a voltage to the grafted carbon fibres causedphase transitions of the liquid crystals. By varying spacerlength of the grafted liquid crystal polymers thephysicomechanical properties, e.g. wetting andelectrokinetic behaviour (zeta potential) were significantlyinfluenced. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.731807

Item 378Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.160-1. 012A TRIFUNCTIONALISED HIGH MU BETACHROMOPHORE AND ITS 3DPOLYURETHANE NETWORK WITHENHANCED NLO ALIGNMENT STABILITYFOR ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICEAPPLICATIONSRen A S,Chen M; Lee M S; He M; Dalton L R; ZhangH; Sun G; Garner S M; Steier W HSouthern California,University; Washington,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materialshave been an important area of research for the past two

decades. Numerous studies of molecularhyperpolarisability and macroscopic nonlinearity (r33)have focused on the structural properties of thechromophores and their underlying interactions. Over theyears, much progress has been made in achieving largebulk nonlinearity for poled polymeric materials.Polymeric materials demonstrating comparablenonlinearity to the conventional inorganic crystals,LiNbO3, have emerged recently. These materials showpromise for a number of photonic devices vital to theevolution of new technologies, such as ultra-highbandwidth telecommunications and informationprocessing. Much research effort has been directed towarddevice applicable polymeric electro-optic (EO) materials.The design of a hydroxyl derivatised acceptor andsynthesis of the chromophore with three hydroxyl groupsat the two ends of the molecule are described. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.730010

Item 379Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.156-7. 012A NOVEL TRILINKABLE HIGH MU BETA NLOCHROMOPHORE FOR POLYMERIC ELECTRO-OPTIC MATERIAL WITH ENHANCEDTHERMAL STABILITYZhang C; Ren A S; Dalton L RSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materialshave been pursued for over 20 years. Among many of therequirements that device quality electro-optic materialshave to simultaneously satisfy, the thermal stabilityrequirement has been paid the most attention. The generalway to solve the thermal stability problem is to covalentlyincorporate functionalised NLO chromophores intopolymer systems by two different approaches. A verypromising FTC chromophore which was based on athienostilbene bridge and 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran acceptor was previouslyreported. To further increase the thermal stability of FTCmaterial by adding a third point of attachment, atrihydroxy functionalised donor-bridge was developed.The trilinkable version of FTC derived from the donor-bridge and the acceptor has unfortunately very lowsolubility in solvents like dioxane, chloroform. To addressthe solubility problem, a dibutyl-substituted version of3-cyano-5,5-dibutyl-2-dicyanomethylene-4-methyl-2,5-dihydrofuran has recently been developed. Thechromophore made from the donor-bridge and this newacceptor has shown great solubility in common organicsolvents and allows for further improving thermal stabilityof FrC electro-optical material. The syntheticmethodology of the trifunctionalised thienostilbene donor-bridges, the synthesis and physical properties of the new



trilinkable chromophore are reported. A polymerisationscheme for incorporation of the new tri-linkable highchromophore is also proposed. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.730008

Item 380Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.51-2. 012INVESTIGATION ON NEW POLYURETHANESAND INCORPORATION OF A SOLUBLE HIGHMU BETA CHROMOPHORE FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC APPLICATIONSZhang C; Wang C; Dalton L R; Sun G; Zhang H; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Organic polymeric second-order nonlinear optic (NLO)materials have been of great interest for many years.Development of device quality material has beenextremely challenging as all material requirements arecritical and interrelated, and optimising one of theproperties often causes the attenuation of others. Forexample, hydroxy functionality makes it possible tocovalently incorporate chromophores into PUs, polyestersand other polymers, but causes reduced solubility due tointerchromophore hydrogen bonding. High Tg polymers(typically polyimides) are good for high thermal stability,but their harsh synthesis and processing are lethal to mosthigh mu beta chromophores. Substantial studies on PUsystems have been conducted, and it has beendemonstrated that they have great potential in NLOapplication due to ease of synthesis and, most of all, theirexcellent compatibility with all high mu betachromophores due to the mild synthesis and processingconditions. A synthetic scheme is developed to derivatisethe CLD-2 chromophore with a hexyl group. Thederivatised chromophore exhibits much improvedsolubility and is studied in TDI/TEA PU as well as twonew PUs. It is shown that the thermal stability of PU NLOmaterials can be improved by either increasing crosslinkdensity or by using more rigid crosslinkers. The secondapproach is superior to the first with higher temporalstability, better poling efficiency, and lower optical loss.6 refs.USA

Accession no.729954

Item 381Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.49-50. 012THERMALLY STABLE POLYENE-BASED NLOCHROMOPHORE AND ITS POLYMERS WITHVERY HIGH ELECTRO-OPTICALCOEFFICIENTS

Zhang C; Ren A S; Wang F; Dalton L R; Lee S-S;Garner S M; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materialshave received increasing attention for applications inoptical signal processing and telecommunication. Toobtain device quality material the NLO chromophoreshave to possess simultaneously high molecularnonlinearity, good thermal and good chemical, lowabsorption, weak chromophore-chromophore staticinteraction, and appropriate functionality to allow forcovalent incorporation into polymer systems. In the pasttwo years significant progress has been achieved inunderstanding the correlation between electrostaticinteraction and characteristics of chromophores and inthe design and synthesis of chromophores that satisfythose criteria. A methodology to synthesise a ring-lockedaminophenylpolyenal donor-bridge allowing essentiallyall acceptors bearing acidic methyl or methylene groupsto be coupled is described. This methodology greatlybroadens the scope of polyene-bridged chromophoreswithout sacrificing thermal stability and transparency.New chromophores with aminophenyltetraene as donor-bridge and a tricyano derivatised furan as acceptor showexceptionally high nonlinearity and have brought r33coefficients in both guest-host and covalently-attachedcrosslinked systems to new levels. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.729953

Item 382Chimica e l’industria80, No.5, June 1998, p.597-605POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS. I.CONCEPT, PREPARATION AND MATERIALSHakemi H A; Santangelo MSniaricerche

The operation principles and morphological andelectrooptical properties of polymer dispersed liquidcrystal film devices are examined. The preparation ofthese devices by polymerisation-, solvent- and thermally-induced phase separation techniques is discussed, andtypes of liquid crystals, thermosetting and thermoplasticpolymer matrices, supports and spacers used in thistechnology are reviewed. 29 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726251

Item 383Polymer Bulletin42, No.2, Feb.1999, p.175-81SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OFNONLINEAR OPTICAL CHROMOPHORES ANDPOLYMERS CONTAINING 6-



NITROQUINOLINE AS PI-ELECTRONACCEPTORYong Ha Hwang; Jong Lae Kim; Soo Young Park;Sung Il HongSeoul,National University

Two non-linear optical(NLO) methacrylate monomers,2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(ethyl-(4-(2-(6-nitro-quinolin-2-yl)-vinyl)-phenyl)-amino)-ethyl ester and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 6-(3-(2-(6-nitro-quinolin-2-yl)-vinyl)-carbazol-9-yl)-hexyl ester, were synthesised andcopolymerised with methyl methacrylate to give NLOpolymers, P1 and P2. These polymers were shown to besoluble in organic solvents and showed Tgs at 145C and114C, respectively. The number-average molec.wts. were26,600 for P1 and 9300 for P2. The second harmonicgeneration coefficients of corona-poled films of P1 andP2 measured with 1.064 micrometres Nd-YAG laser were32.2 pm/V and 17.6 pm/V, respectively. 9 refs.KOREA

Accession no.725280

Item 384Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer ChemistryEdition37, No.5, 1st March 1999, p.603-8NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOMESIDE CHAIN COPOLYMERS BASED ONBENZOXAZOLE CONTAININGCHROMOPHORESCentore R; Concilio S; Panunzi B; Sirigu A; Tirelli NNapoli,Universita Federico II; Zurich,EidgenossischeTechnische Hochschule

Methyl methacrylate was copolymerised with acrylatemonomers that contained cyanophenylbenzoxazole units,nitrophenylbenzoxazole units or isomericnitrobenzoxazolylphenyl units plus hexamethylene spacersand optionally oxybenzoate or tertiary amine units in theside chains. Maximum mole fraction of chromophore was0.26, decomposition temperatures were 310-325C and Tgvalues were 101-103C or 76-92C, depending on thearrangement of the phenylbenzoxazole unit. The phasebehaviour of all polymers was investigated by DSC, X-raydiffraction and polarising microscopy. Some wereamorphous and some showed smectic A liquid crystallinephase behaviour. Nonlinear optical properties were examinedby second harmonic generation measurements on thin films(about 1 micrometre thick) electrically poled by coronadischarge. Second order susceptibility coefficients andaverage relaxation times relative to the time stability of thechromophore poling were measured. 23 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.724100

Item 385Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer ChemistryEdition

37, No.3, 1st Feb.1999, p.277-82SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(1-NAPHTHYLACETYLENE) AND POLY(9-ANTHRYLACETYLENE)Nanjo K; Karim S M A; Nomura R; Wada T; Sasabe H;Masuda TKyoto,University

Poly(1-naphthylacetylene) (PNA) and poly(1-anthrylacetylene) (PAA) were prepared from thecorresponding monomers using various transition metalcatalysts. Tungsten hexachloride-based catalysts producedgood yields of dark purple PNA. However, molybdenumand rhodium catalysts resulted in the formation of insolublered PNAs. Tungsten hexachloride and molybdenumpentachloride-based catalysts produced insoluble PAAs inmoderate to good yields. Copolymerisation of 1-naphthylacetylene with 9-anthrylacetylene using a tungstenhexachloride-triphenyl bismuth catalyst yielded a solublecopolymer with the largest third-order non-linear opticalsusceptibilities of all the substituted polyacetylenes so farsynthesised. 15 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.724040

Item 386Molecular Crystals & Liquid CrystalsVol.318, 1998, p.39-57NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THEMAIN-CHAIN TYPE LIQUID CRYSTALLINEPOLYMERS AND ELECTRIC FIELDSAsada TKyoto,University

The second harmonic generations of liquid crystallinemain-chain polymers were investigated. Data arepresented for hydroxynaphthoic acid-hydroxybenzoicacid copolymers in various composition ratios. Nonlinearoptical properties are discussed. 15 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.723300

Item 387Patent Number: US 5845034 A 19981201RADIATION-CURABLE, OPTICAL GLASSFIBRE COATING COMPOSITION ANDOPTICAL GLASS FIBRE DRAWING METHODPetisce J RDSM NV

The above composition contains at least one radiation-curable oligomer or monomer and at least onechromophoric indicator susceptible to destruction of itschromophoric characteristic upon exposure to radiationand present in an amount, which becomes substantiallycolourless when exposed to a level of radiation sufficientto cure the composition. The indicator has a colour,which is distinguishable from a base colour of the



composition in cured form. A cable and communicationssystem is also disclosed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721985

Item 388ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering,Spring Meeting 1998. Volume 78. Conferenceproceedings.Dallas, Tx., Spring 1998, p.44-5. 012THERMOSETTING POLYURETHANES WITHLARGE AND STABLE MACROSCOPICNONLINEARITIES FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAPPLICATIONSChen J; Zhu J; Todorova G; Dalton L R; Garner S M;Chen A; Lee S-S; Chuyanov V; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materialshave been intensely pursued for the past two decades. Thesuperior non-linearity, along with the inherent ultra-fastresponse and large laser damage threshold, suggests thatorganic NLO materials are ideal for electro-optic andtelecommunication applications. Remarkable progress hasbeen made in the design and synthesis of chromophoreswith exceptionally high mu beta values. Nevertheless,translation of the microscopic non-linearity to largemacroscopic non-linearity (r33) is not an easy task. Inaddition, for a material to be practically used for electro-optic device applications, several criteria must also befulfilled: good photo-, electro- and chemical stabilities ofchromophores, good processability, high temporal stabilityof chromophore alignment and low optical loss at theoperating wavelength. Unfortunately, a material that meetsall of the addressed device-quality criteria has not yet beenbe realised. The synthesis and incorporation of hydroxyl-functionalised AII-1 (APII-2) into rigid three-dimensionalPU thermosetting network are reported. Not only hassignificantly improved temporal stability of dipolealignment been achieved, but also the bulk non-linearityr33 is further increased. Moreover, the optimum loadingdensity of XL APII-2 polymers is 40 wt.%, significantlyhigher than any other XL NLO polymers. This observationindicates that the deleterious intermolecular electrostaticinteractions are less pronounced in this system.Consequently, light scattering optical loss is also greatlyreduced. The large non-linearity along with other propertieswell qualify this material for device application such asMach-Zelinder modulator. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.719154

Item 389ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering,Spring Meeting 1998. Volume 78. Conferenceproceedings.

Dallas, Tx., Spring 1998, p.42-3. 012HIGH ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENT FROMA POLYMER CONTAINING HIGH MBCHROMOPHORESWang F; Ren A S; He M; Harper A W; Dalton L R;Garner S M; Zhang H; Chen A; Steier W HSouthern California,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

In the past few years, tremendous effort has been madetowards the optimisation of molecular nonlinearity (mubeta). Mu beta values greater than 10,000 x 10 -48 esu (at1.9 mu) have been achieved for several molecules.However, high molecular non-linearity is only one of themany criteria for a chromophore to be useful for deviceapplications. Others include thermal stability (~300deg.C), chemical stability, low intrinsic optical loss causedby chromophore absorption and perhaps most importantly,the ability to sufficiently arrange noncentro-symmetricallyin polymer matrices to give high electrooptic properties.Examples can be found give good results in one or twoaspects of the above mentioned criteria. There are alwaystrade-offs among the many criteria of a chromophore. Forexample, molecular nonlinearity has often been sacrificedin order to increase the thermal stability of a chromophore,and absorption maxima of chromophores which give highmu beta values above 6000 x 10 -48 esu often exceed650 nm which can lead to unacceptably high absorptiveoptical loss. Also, translation of microscopic nonlinearitymu beta to macroscopic non-linearity (r33) is oftendifficult, and careful molecular design is needed to defeatthe electrostatic interactions between chromophores.Preliminary results on a polymer system incorporating anovel NLO chromophore are reported, which addressesmost of the criteria for device applications. Resultsindicate that the new chromophore has excellent solubilitywhich is essential for materials processibility, highchromophore thermal stability (-300 deg.C), relativelylow chromophore absorption maximum which results ina low optical loss when doped in PMMA and one of thehighest electro-optic coefficients for a polymeric materialto date. These attributes make materials based on this newchromophore attractive for electro-optic deviceapplications. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.719153

Item 390Journal of Applied Polymer Science71, No. 7, 14th Feb. 1999, p.1081-7PHOTOCROSSLINKED POLYMER ANDINTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKFOR NONLINEAR OPTICSLingzhi Zhang; Zhigang Cai; Qingshui Yu; ZhaoxiLiangZhongshan,University

Glycidyl methacrylate was free radical polymerised andthe polymer was chemically modified by reaction of some



of the glycidyl groups with 4-nitro-4'-hydroxyl stilbeneto give a photocrosslinkable nonlinear optical copolymer.Ring-opening polymerisation of an epoxy resin wasinitiated by 4-nitroaniline to give an epoxy polymercarrying 4-nitroaniline moieties. Acryloyl groups wereintroduced by reaction of the hydroxy groups of the epoxypolymer with acryloyl chloride to give anotherphotocrosslinkable polymer. By using the sulphonium saltcationic photoinitiator bis(4-phenylsulphonium)phenylsulphide bishexafluorophosphate, which caninduce cationic or/and radical polymerisation, it waspossible to crosslink the glycidyl methacrylate copolymerand interpenetrating polymer networks of the twopolymers. The poled and photocrosslinked polymer filmsand interpenetrating polymer network films exhibitedrelatively stable second order nonlinear optical activity.The influence of stilbene isomerisation in glycidylmethacrylate copolymer films with different crosslinkdensities on the second harmonic generation stability wasalso investigated. Owing to the physical entanglementsbetween the networks, the IPN samples had an enhancedtemporal nonlinear optical stability compared withphotocrosslinked glycidyl methacrylate copolymernetworks. Crosslink density of cured films had a greateffect on the isomerisation of stilbenes and, hence, thesecond harmonic generation stability. 21 refs.CHINA

Accession no.718457

Item 391Macromolecules31, No.26, 29th Dec.1998, p.9174-80POLYDIACETYLENES FROMASYMMETRICALLY SUBSTITUTEDDIACETYLENES CONTAINING HETEROARYLSIDE GROUPS FOR THIRD-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIESSarkar A; Okada S; Nakanishi H; Matsuda HTohoku,University; Japan,National Institute ofMaterials & Chemical Research

Synthesis of a series of asymmetrically substituteddiacetylenes containing a thienyl moiety or a quinoylmoiety as one of the side groups directly bound todiacetylene and a urethane group as the other one wascarried out. Various spectroscopic techniques, such asFTIR, solid state carbon-13 NMR and visible absorptionspectroscopies, and powder X-ray diffraction were usedto elucidate the structures of the polydiacetylenes. 30 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.716017

Item 392Polymer40, No.8, April 1999, p.1917-22BIREFRINGENCE IN STRONG FLOWS OFPOLYMER SOLUTIONSWiest J M

Alabama,University

The constitutive relation for the refractive index of dilutesolutions of flexible polymer molecules is obtained, andcalculations of the intrinsic birefringence exhibited inuniaxial elongational flow were presented. The polymermolecules were modelled as chains of beads connectedby finitely extensible non-linear elastic springs under thePeterlin approximation. 43 refs.USA

Accession no.715916

Item 393Polymer40, No.7, 1999, p.1709-17TIME-RESOLVED STUDY OF ELECTRO-OPTICPROPERTY IN ITACONATE COPOLYMERBEARING AN AMINONITROSTILBENECHROMOPHOREDong Hoon ChoiKyung Hee,University

A second-order non-linear optical itaconate/methylmethacrylate copolymer was synthesised in which anaminonitrostilbene chromophore was bound to theitaconate polymer backbone. The effects of temperatureand time on the electrooptical effect were studied. A timeresolved investigation of the electrooptical properties ofthe copolymer was carried out using a pulse polingtechnique and the molecular origins of the electroopticaleffect were discussed. 15 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.714049

Item 394Polymer Science Series A40, No.10, Oct.1998, p.970-4ELECTROOPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ADISUBSTITUTED AROMATIC POLYESTER INMIXED SOLVENTSTsetkov N V; Ksenofontov I V; Didenko S A; BelyaevaE V; Tsvetkov V NSt.Petersburg,State University; Russian Academy ofSciences

Details are given of the electrooptical properties of adisubstituted aromatic polyester in polar solvents. Theformation of an effective electrooptical dipole of apolymer chain due to the orientational correlation betweenthe polar groups of a macromolecule and the dipoles ofsolvent molecules is discussed. 8 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.711467

Item 395Journal of Materials Science Letters17, No.17, 1st Sept.1998, p.1449-51POLYDIACETYLENES HAVING QUINOLYL



SIDE GROUPS FOR THIRD-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALSSarkar A; Okada S; Nakanishi H; Matsuda HTohoku,University; Japan,National Institute forMaterials & Chemical Research

A series of quinoline-containing novel diacetylenes isreported that topochemically polymerise to givepolydiacetylenes. Solid state polymerisation of themonomers was carried out using UV or gamma-radiation.14 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.709307

Item 396Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics199, No.11, Nov.1998, p.2433-7NEW SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL(NLO) EPOXY POLYMER TREATED BY SOL-GEL PROCESSINGChong-Bok Yoon; Hong-Ku ShimKorea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology

A nitrostilbene compound, 4-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)vinyl)phenylamine, was reacted with the diglycidyl etherof bisphenol A to give a linear prepolymer with nonlinearoptical chromophore side chain. The remaining hydroxylgroups of the epoxy prepolymer were further functionalisedby reaction with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate toproduce a material capable of crosslinking through a sol-gel reaction. Crosslinking at 220C was preceeded by coronapoling at 100C and accompanied by electric field poling.Second harmonic generation tests on the crosslinkedpolymer showed high nonlinearity (d33 value 41 pm/V).At room temperature, the poled polymer exhibited nosignificant decay in nonlinear optical coefficient afterseveral days. Polymer film maintained its nonlinear opticalactivity over 90% at 100C for 1000 seconds, and slowlydecayed to 40% of the original values at 150C. 19 refs.KOREA

Accession no.708638

Item 397Macromolecules31, No.22, 3rd Nov.1998, p.7764-9NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERS. III. NLOPOLYIMIDE WITH DIPOLE MOMENTSALIGNED TRANSVERSE TO THE IMIDELINKAGETsutsumi N; Morishima M; Sakai WKyoto,Institute of Technology

A new class of nonlinear optical polyimides is presentedfor second harmonic generation. The orientationalstability of aligned nonlinear optical chromophores whichgenerate the second harmonic light is discussed in relationto the rigid structure of the polyimide backbone. 17 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.707919

Item 398Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer ChemistryEdition36, No.16, 30th Nov.1998, p.2881-7CROSSLINKABLE FLUORINATEDPOLY(ARYLENE ETHERS) BEARING PHENYLETHYNYL MOIETY FOR LOW-LOSS POLYMEROPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DEVICESHyung-Jong Lee; Eun-Mi Lee; Myung-Hyun Lee; Min-Cheol Oh; Joo-Heon Ahn; Seon Gyu Han; Hae Geun KimSouth Korea,Electronics & TelecommunicationsRes.Inst.

Crosslinkable fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s with hightransparency and high thermal stability were investigatedfor low-loss optical waveguide materials. The polymersbearing phenyl ethynyl moiety at the polymer chain endwere synthesised by the reaction of 4,4'-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene)diphenol with an excessdecafluorobiphenyl, followed by the reaction of 4-phenylethynyl phenol. Chemical resistance, thermal stability andsharp-cleaving property were improved. 20 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.705652

Item 399Journal of Materials Chemistry8, No.11, Nov.1998, p.2353-5POLY(5-TERT-BUTYL)BENZOTHIOPHENE: ASOLUBLE FORM OFPOLYISOTHIANAPHTHENE WITH A LARGENONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSEDrury A; Burbridge S; Davey A P; Blau W JDublin,Trinity College

A soluble form of polybenzothiophene, poly(5-tert-butyl)benzothiophene, was produced and chemicallycharacterised. NMR spectroscopy indicated that there wasa large quinoidal character contribution to the ground stateof the polymer. The third-order non-linear opticalproperties of the polymer were investigated and it wasfound that the response was relatively large in the near-IR region. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; IRELAND;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.704926

Item 400Advanced Materials for Optics & Electronics8, No.5, Sept.-Oct.1998, p.247-62MOLECULAR DESIGN AND PROPERTIES OFSIDE CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINEPOLYMERS FOR APPLICATIONS INOPTOELECTRONICSKajzar F; Noel CCEA; LETI; ESPCI

Several side chain liquid crystalline polymers weresynthesised for quadratic non-linear optical applications.The active chromophore was a charge transfer biphenyl



derivative which possessed mesogenic properties. Theliquid crystalline behaviour of these polymers wasestablished by DSC, optical microscopy and X-raydiffraction. The active chromophores were oriented bythe standard corona poling technique and the degree ofaxial ordering was determined as a function of polingconditions by linear optical absorption. Growth of thesecond-harmonic generation(SHG) signal was used toprobe the induction of polar order. These experimentsclearly indicated that liquid crystallinity resulted in anenhancement of the polar order over that of isotropicmaterials. The second-order NLO susceptibility tensorcomponents d31 and d33 were measured by the SHGtechnique. The d33/d31 ratio was found to be much largerthan 3, in agreement with molecular statistical models.Values of d33 up to 30-35 pm/V were obtained at 1064nm basic wavelength. These values were essentially notresonance-enhanced, as the chromophore absorptionoccurred below 350 nm. 31 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.704911

Item 401Polymer Bulletin41, No.4, Oct.1998, p.455-61CHARACTERISATION OF CHLORO-FLUORINATED POLYARYLENE ETHERS FOROPTICAL WAVEGUIDE APPLICATIONHan K; Suh D H; Rhee T HSamsung Electronics; Hanyang,University

Details are given of the synthesis of optical polymers fromhexafluoroisopropylidinediphenol and decafluoro-biphenyl. Optical properties such as refractive index andabsorption behaviour in the near IR region of the polymerswere characterised. Embedded optical waveguides werefabricated by using fluorinated and chloro-fluorinatedpolyarylene ethers. 10 refs.KOREA

Accession no.702929

Item 402Synthetic Metals95, No.2, 15th June 1998, p.101-5LINEAR AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL SPECTRAOF POLYAZOMETHINES FABRICATED BYCHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONMcElvain J; Tatsuura S; Wudl F; Heeger A JCalifornia,University at Santa Barbara; FujitsuLaboratories

Third-harmonic generation(THG) measurements wereconducted on vapour-deposited thin films of twopolyazomethines, poly(nitrilo-1,4-phenylenenitrilo-methylidyne-1,4-phenylenemethylidyne) (PNPP) andpoly(ni tr i lo-2,5-azinylni t r i lomethylidyne-1,4-phenylenemethylidyne) covering pump energies from 0.6

to 1.4 eV. The THG data showed the presence of a strongthree-photon resonance centred near 0.9 eV for bothsamples, an additional weaker structure being observedfor the PNPP near 1.2 eV. The peak values of the third-order susceptibility were determined and off-resonancevalues were found to be nearly an order of magnitudesmaller. The THG spectrum was also obtained for anoriented PNPP film grown on an obliquely evaporatedsilica pattern. An enhancement by nearly a factor of threein the peak non-linear optical susceptibility was observedrelative to that of the unoriented PNPP film, demonstratingthat a moderate degree of molecular orientation wasachieved. 14 refs.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.702811

Item 403Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.238-46. 6EHIGH PERFORMANCE HALOGEN-FREEFLAME RETARDANT INSULATION TO MEETSTRINGENT EUROPEANTELECOMMUNICATION SPECIFICATIONSLien KEnviro Care Compounds AS(Institute of Materials)

With the rapid advances in IT/communication technology,indoor telecommunication cables have the potential forflame, smoke and toxic, irritant and corrosive gases to bespread throughout buildings. In the past five years therehas been an increasing usage of halogen-free flameretardant compounds in telecommunication cables.Emphasis is placed on the development of the insulationcompound 1092 for indoor telecommunication coppercables. A review of European telecommunicationspecifications for FR insulation is presented. Due to morestringent flame spread tests specified fortelecommunication cables, there is a need for insulationcompounds with better FR performance, and maintaininggood high-speed extrusion performance. Crush resistance,strip force, electrical and mechanical properties, ease ofcolouring, long-term ageing and field experience are alsoreported. The findings from flame retardant propertieson ready-made compound and from full scale tests arediscussed.NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701821

Item 404Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.207-12. 6EFIPEC PROJECT (FIRE PERFORMANCE OFELECTRICAL CABLES)Van Hees P; Breulet H; Vercelotti U; Grayson S



Sweden,National Testing & Research Institute; ISSEP;Centrol Eletrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano;Interscience Communications Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

An overview of the FIPEC project (Fire Performance ofElectrical Cables) is presented. The project is sponsoredby the European Commission DG XII and by nationalsponsorship. The objectives of this project are giventogether with a summary of the technical content of thework programme. The FIPEC project studies both small,full and real scale tests on cables and establishes modelsfor the predictions of flame spread of cables. Finally, theenvisaged time plan of the project is given.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;ITALY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701818

Item 405Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.185-94. 6EDEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVEINTERNAL TELEPHONE CABLE HAVINGGOOD FIRE RETARDANCY AND THE LOWESTPOSSIBLE HALOGEN CONTENTMcKienan N; Mikkola E; Robinson J E; Rutherford PWessel Cable; VTT; Borealis; Telecom Eireann(Institute of Materials)

In 1996, Telecom Eireann awarded a contract for the supplyof telephone cables for an industrial building. The premiseswere to be serviced via underground CPUT and CPT PEcable with an internal run limited to less than 5 m. As partof the planning process, a qualitative design review wascompleted. Preliminary data regarding the placement ofthe cables and potential fire sources indicated that firehazard was a risk that needed to be mitigated. The systemsupplier issued a specification for an indoor telephone cableconstructed to a standard which would ensure limitedhazard in case of fire. Throughout the years, internaltelephone cables used conventional PVC as both insulationand jacket. Such cables are known in case of fire for theirrapid generation of large amounts of smoke, emission ofdangerous acidic fumes and active propagation of the fire.The initial concept was a PVC construction defined ashaving a PVC compound for cable insulation and anotherfor sheathing, subject to BS6746. The cable was to be testedinitially for resistance to flame propagation andflammability, determination of toxicity combustion fumesand smoke, and degree of smoke density. Due to the poorperformance of the conventional cable against these criteriaa new cable concept was defined. It was initially decidedto combine conventional PVC insulation with a hydratefilled low smoke zero halogen (LSZH) jacket. The conceptwas redefined to a full zero halogen cable design. 9 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FINLAND; IRELAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701816

Item 406Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.165-74. 6EFIRE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTICS INTELECOMMUNICATIONKokkala MVTT Building Technology(Institute of Materials)

Traditionally, fire safety has been achieved and controlledby setting detailed requirements for components in asystem. Today, the key term is ‘performance-based’, i.e.aiming at setting requirements guaranteeing sufficientperformance of the whole system allowing flexibility inthe use of the components. A brief review is presented ofkey parameters characterising the fire behaviour ofmaterials and products made thereof. The problems ofsetting performance-based requirements appropriate totelecommunications applications of plastics is alsodiscussed. 17 refs.FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701814

Item 407Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.117-26. 6EENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWHaigh S JBritish Telecommunications plc(Institute of Materials)

Sustainable development is accepted as the mostimportant strategy for the future of our world. Businesseshave a number of possible options available to them, butmore are turning towards sustainability as the key to theirfuture. Telecommunications can not only benefit from thatapproach but are also able to assist in its achievement. 8refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701809

Item 408Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.97-106. 6EOPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMS ON OVERHEADPHASE CONDUCTORSLewis R; Whittingham D; Shaw M; Sibbald IBICC Communications Technology Centre; BICCCommunications plc; Rolls-Royce plc(Institute of Materials)

Deregulation of telecommunications has led to a dramaticincrease in the need for high speed optical fibre systemsas new operators build new networks to compete formarket share. Privatisation of the electricity supply



industry has enabled the overhead electricity distributionnetwork to be utilised for such systems, as it offersestablished wayleaves and an opportunity for rapid opticalcable deployment. Earthwires have been used in someregions for many years to carry optical fibre cables butthe explosion in demand and lack of earthwires in manysystems has led to a requirement for installing optical fibresystems on phase conductors. The product and materialdevelopment and type approval of BICCCommunications’ latest optical products for use on phaseconductors in overhead power lines are described. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701807

Item 409Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.87-96. 6ESIMULATIONS OF SURFACE DISCHARGEDAMAGE ON SELF-SUPPORTING FIBREOPTIC CABLESVaughan A S; Robbie D A; Hosier I L; Sutton S JReading,University; National Grid Co.plc(Institute of Materials)

Addition of all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fibreoptic cables to a power transmission network is anattractive means of expanding telecommunicationcapabilities. However, early attempts to apply this conceptto power systems in Europe were not always successful.Cable designs use polymeric sheathing which often failafter less than a year in service, due to discharge activity.The proximity of the optical cable to the electricalconductors means that a potential gradient exists alongits length and, under appropriate conditions, small surfacecurrents flow to earth. These potentials and currents,which result from capacitive coupling between the opticalcable and the power lines, are analysed and it is shownthat dry banding may occur. It is this that gives rise to theobserved degradation. Whilst arcs can affect materialsboth by chemical and thermal means, in polymers, thermaleffects are likely to dominate. The arc is chosen as anenergy source, which could be replaced for the purposeof simulation by a carbon dioxide infrared laser. It isshown how localised degradation processes can beinvestigated by using the laser to deposit known amountsof energy at a given rate into a material. Such experimentscan form the basis of a screening procedure in whichdifferent materials are ranked in terms of their relativeability to withstand a localised, energetic event. Thisprocess can be modelled computationally using finitedifference beat flow techniques, both in one and threedimensions with cylindrical symmetry. Although a rangeof different systems is considered, emphasis is placed onPE. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701806

Item 410Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.81-6. 6ETEMPERATURE AND AGEING RELATEDATTENUATION IN FIBRE OPTIC CABLES, ANDPOSSIBLE IMPACT ON DENSE DWDMKiss GBellcore(Institute of Materials)

Temperature related ageing and thermal expansion/contraction effects are found to produce localised highattenuation in optical fibre cables at termination points.Losses are higher at 1550 nm than 1310nm, indicatingthat they are caused by bending. Damaged cable is foundto exhibit high loss at low temperature only, leading toerratic and difficult-to-diagnose service outages.Installations particularly at risk are Dense WavelengthDivision Multiplexed (DWDM) systems replacing 1310nm systems on existing fibre plant. Not all cables areequally at risk. Numerous options exist for preventionand remediation. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.701805

Item 411Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.75-80. 6EPASSIVE COMPONENTS IN POF DATACOMMUNICATIONSFuster Martinez G; Kalymnios DNorth London,University(Institute of Materials)

Moulded components are developed for constructing asimple 1 x 2 coupler/splitter for use with 1 mm POF. It isbased on the principle of overlapping the ends of threefibres, and the assembly is simple enough for end userimplementation. Using high NA (0.5) fibres, an excessloss of around 3 dB is obtained with hand polishing,reducing to around 2 dB with hot plate finish. Thedevelopment of a small size moulded mode scrambler,which utilises corrugations for achieving modeequilibrium with short lengths of high NA POF, is alsoreported. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701804

Item 412Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.65-74. 6EPLASTIC OPTICAL FIBRES: PROPERTIES ANDAGEING BEHAVIOURApone S; Bracco M; Chiantore O; Montangero P



CSELT; Torino,Universita(Institute of Materials)

Plastic optical fibres (POF) are of ever-increasing interestin the telecommunication field for possible in-buildingand domestic application, although their attenuation isquite high (100-200 dB/km). Generally the short distancecommunications (200 m) such as local area network(LAN) and network termination area of ‘fibre to the home’(FTTH) are characterised by a large number of opticalconnections and junctions which are always troublesomein practical operations. POF could simplify the connectingprocess between fibres and devices, since they carry thebenefits of large core size (typically 1 mm) and highnumerical aperture. Another advantage of the POFapproach is the low cost due to availability of cheapdevices like plastic-packaged 650 nm LEDs and siliconphotodiodes for transmitter and receiver, respectively. Theoptical, thermal and mechanical properties of acommercial step-index POF are studied, together withhow these properties change under accelerated ageingconditions. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701803

Item 413Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.55-64. 6EELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMER MODULATORFOR HIGH-SPEED OPTICALCOMMUNICATIONSShi Y; Wang W; Bechtel J HTACAN Corp.(Institute of Materials)

Electro-optic (EO) modulation and switching havetraditionally been performed by inorganic materials suchas LiNbO3 and GaAs. However, new EO polymers havemade the plastics attractive for lightwave modulation andswitching due to several distinctive characteristics: highEO coefficients, ultra-fast nonlinear optical responses, lowdielectric constants, compatibility with semiconductorsubstrates/circuits, flexibility in thin film/waveguardprocessing and ability to control chromophore alignmentdirections in a single thin film. These properties promiseEO devices with low driving voltage, broad bandwidth,on-wafer integration of semiconductor driving circuits/receivers, low-cost fabrication and diversified deviceapplications. In addition, EO coefficients over 55 pm/Valmost twice as large as that of LiNbO3 have beenachieved in polymers containing highly nonlinearchromophores. TACAN has conducted extensive researchon EO polymer modulators and their applications inexternally modulated optic fibre transmitters. Through thediscussion of EO polymer modulator design, fabrications,testing and some preliminary applications, an attempt ismade to provide a brief review of the current status of

TACAN’s EO polymer modulator development and itsperception of the viability of these modulators intelecommunications. 23 refs.USA

Accession no.701802

Item 414Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.46-54. 6EFLUORINATED POLYIMIDE OPTICALCOMMUNICATION COMPONENTSSasaki S; Matsuura T; Sawada T; Kobayashi JNTT Opto-Electronics Laboratories(Institute of Materials)

Several optical communication components are developedusing fluorinated polyimides with high thermal stability,high optical transparency in the visible and the near-infrared light region and controllable refractive indices.Optical interference filters are fabricated which are widelyused in optical fibre communication systems using afluorinated polyimide with the same thermal expansioncoefficient as the dielectric multilayers. Thin opticalwaveplates are fabricated to eliminate the polarisationdependence of optical waveguides using rod-likefluorinated polyimide. Single-mode optical waveguideswith low optical loss and high thermal and moisturestability are also fabricated using two kinds of fluorinatedpolyimides. Fluorinated polyimide waveguides are usedto fabricate thermo-optic switches. 13 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.701801

Item 415Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.36-45. 6EADVANCED POLYMER WAVEGUIDETECHNOLOGY FOR PASSIVETELECOMMUNICATION COMPONENTSEldada L; Poga C; Glass C; Blomquist R;Norweeod R AAlliedSignal Inc.(Institute of Materials)

An advanced polymeric waveguide technology isdeveloped for affordable passive integrated opticalelements that address the needs of the telecommunicationsindustry. High-performance organic polymers areengineered that can be readily made into single-modeoptical waveguide structures of controlled modal profiles.These materials are formed from highly crosslinkedacrylate monomers with specific linkages that determineproperties such as flexibility, toughness, loss andenvironmental stability. These monomers areintermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of therefractive index from 1.3 to 1.6. In polymer form, they



exhibit state-of-the-art loss values, high thermal stability,high humidity resistance, little refractive index variationwith humidity, low refractive index dispersion, lowpolarisation dependent loss and low birefringence.Waveguides are formed photolithographically, with theliquid monomer mixture polymerising upon illuminationin the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct writing.A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used,including glass, quartz, silicon, glass-filled epoxy andflexible plastic films. The devices described include avariety of passive routing, coupling and filtering elements,mostly geared toward wavelength division multiplexingapplications. 14 refs.USA

Accession no.701800

Item 416Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.28-35. 6ETECHNOLOGY OF HOT EMBOSSED THERMO-OPTIC SWITCHES IN PLASTICS WITHPASSIVE FIBRE COUPLINGPompe G; Johnck M; Kalveram S; Lehmacher S;Rudolph S; Neyer ADortmund,University(Institute of Materials)

A technology for producing digital thermo-optic switchesin polymers with SIGA-technology is presented. Amaterial system suitable for replication technology andwaveguide fabrication is found. The waveguides have atemperature stability of 130 deg.C and an insertion lossof 0.6 dB/cm at 1300 nm and 1.2 dB/cm at 1550 nm. Aheat sink is incorporated during the hot embossing step.Self-aligning, high resolution evaporation masks aredeveloped. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701799

Item 417Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.18-27. 6EPOLYMERIC THERMO-OPTIC WAVEGUIDESWITCHES FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONSDiemeer M B J; De Dobbelaere P M C; Flipse M CAkzo Nobel Central Research; Akzo Nobel ElectronicProducts Inc.; Akzo Nobel Photonics(Institute of Materials)

Optical space switches based on the thermo-optic (t.o.)effect in polymeric optical waveguides have now reachedthe commercial stage. The application of these switchesin optical communications is in network protection andnetwork reconfiguration systems, The requirements forthese applications include polarisation and wavelength

independence, low insertion loss, low cross talk, low drivepower with step-like (digital) response, millisecondswitching times and small size. In addition, the reliabilityof the component must meet the demanding requirementsof telecommunications applications. It is shown thatpolymeric t.o. space switches can meet all functionalrequirements due to the exceptional thermal and t.o.effects of polymers combined with their tunability andprocessing versatility. Polymer specific failuremechanisms are reviewed. Reliability verification testsdemonstrate that polymers can be designed such that theycan be used with confidence in waveguide switches foroptical communication systems. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701798

Item 418Plastics in Telecommunications VIII. Conferenceproceedings.London, 14th-16th Sept.1998, p.1-10. 6ECURRENT STATUS OF PLASTICS INPHOTONICSCross G HDurham,University(Institute of Materials)

The telecommunications industry continually seeks tomore fully utilise the potential bandwidth available fromoptical fibre transmission. Increasing the datatransmission rates using time domain multiplexing andwavelength division multiplexing requires devices thatperform switching, routing and filtering and there is achoice of materials from which to fabricate these devices.If these functions are to be performed by devicesfabricated from polymers, then there must be a clearlyidentified advantage over other materials systems.Suggestions are given as to the potential advantages ofpolymers over other materials in certain applications areasand an account is given of the limitations that must beaddressed for successful implementation. The discussionis set against the backdrop of current research anddevelopment in the area. 42 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701796

Item 419Journal of Applied Polymer Science70, No.6, 7th Nov.1998, p.1165-72PI-CONJUGATED SOLUBLE NICKEL-POLYYNE COPOLYMER: SYNTHESIS ANDTHIRD-ORDER OPTICAL NON-LINEARITYMujie Yang; Lingjun Zhang; Ziqiang Lei; Peixian Ye;Jinhai Si; Qiguang Yang; Yougui WangZhejiang,University; Chinese Academy of Sciences;Beijing,Academia Sinica



Nickel-polyyne copolymers with triphenylphosphine andtributylphosphine ligands, and modified pi-conjugatednickel-containing copolymers were synthesised andcharacterised using infrared spectroscopy. The nickel-polyyne copolymers were soluble in tetrahydrofuran,chloroform, and toluene. Their third-order non-linearoptical properties were investigated using a degeneratefour-wave mixing technique. The influence of the ligandsattached to the nickel atoms, the structure, and the lengthof pi-conjugation between the two metal centres in themain chain on the hyperpolarisability of the nickel-polyyne polymers are discussed. 21 refs.CHINA

Accession no.700197

Item 420Patent Number: US 5762847 A 19980609METHOD FOR THE REUTILIZATION OF ANOPTICAL CABLEKamps R; Pfandl W; Zapf F; Schneider RSiemens AG

Disclosed is an optical cable having at least one lightwaveguide with a coating and other component parts inthe form of protective sheaths of plastic material as wellas potentially tensile elements and filling compounds. Thecable can be recycled into pellets having inorganic fillersand glass acting as reinforcing elements since the othercomponent parts contain only polyolefins and smallamounts of glass or inorganic fillers.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697604

Item 421Macromolecules31, No. 16, 11th Aug. 1998, p.5206-14SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OFHINDERED POLYPHOSPHAZENES VIAFUNCTIONALISED INTERMEDIATES.EXPLORATORY MODELS FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAL MATERIALSAllcock H R; Ravikiran R; Olshavsky M APennsylvania,State University

Several cosubstituent polyphosphazenes weresynthesised. The nonlinear optical chromophore disperseRed 1 (DR-1) was linked covalently to the polymerbackbone through spacer groups. These polymers hadhigh chromophore loading (one DR-1 per repeat unit),had Tg values near 100C and were high refractive indexmaterials (about 1.71 by ellipsometry). The syntheseswere achieved via unconventional reactions thatinvolved functionalised poly(organophosphazenes).Disperse Red 1 was linked to the polymers by twodifferent methods (via a propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate unitor a t-butyldimethylsilyl-protected aryloxysiloxane unit)that generated either an ester- or an ether-linked system.

Data from proton, carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 NMRs,GPC, DSC, UV-visible spectroscopy and opticalbirefringence are presented. 55 refs.USA

Accession no.696647

Item 422Polymer39, No.20, 1998, p.4977-81SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF 1,3-BIS(DICYANOMETHYLIDENE)INDANE (BDMI)-BASED NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERSSam-Shajing Sun; Cheng Zhang; Zhixin Yang; DaltonL R; Garner S M; Antao Chen; Steier W HSouthern California,University

New polymers containing non-linear opticalchromophores of aminophenylenethienylidene (APT)electron donor bridge systems coupled with a strongelectron acceptor, 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylidene)indane(BDMI) were synthesised by coupling the aldehydic APTprecursor polymers with acceptor BMDI in aceticanhydride. The aldehydic APT precursor polymers weresynthesised by condensation or radical polymerisationwhere the aldehydic group of APT was found intact. Thethermal stability of the BDMI-based polymers was up to500C, depending on the chromophore loading density.The electrooptical coefficient of a polymer with 30% byweight chromophore loading was 10 pm/V. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.696589

Item 423European Polymer Journal34, No.8, Aug.1998, p.1125-32NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF SIDE-CHAINELECTRO-OPTIC POLYIMIDES WITH HIGHAZO CHROMOPHORE DENSITYHong Ma; Yu-Quan Shen; Ping Chen; Yong-Mei Wang;Ji-Ben MengNankai,University

A series of electro-optic polyimides containingazobenzene side-chains were synthesised by utilisingdiazonium coupling to aniline-containing polyamic acidin non-aqueous solvent. Polymers of high thermalstability, and with a chromophore density, determinedusing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, of up to100 mol% were obtained, resulting in a large electro-opticcoefficient. The prepolymer polyamic acids were solublein many organic solvents and had good film-formingproperties. 14 refs.CHINA

Accession no.694425

Item 424Patent Number: US 5759453 A 19980602



OPTICAL MODULE AND FABRICATIONPROCESS THEREOFKato MRicoh Co.Ltd.

This module includes an optical connector element formedof first and second substrates for carrying optical fibrestherebetween and a device substrate carrying photodiodeson an upper major surface thereof in correspondence tothe optical fibres. The optical connector element ismounted on the device substrate such that end surfacesof the first and second substrates face the principal surfaceof the device substrate and polygonal projections on theprincipal surface of the device substrate for positioningengage with corresponding spaces formed between thefirst and second substrates at the foregoing end surfaces.JAPAN

Accession no.694345

Item 425Patent Number: US 5720908 A 19980224METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ACYLINDRICAL OPTICAL-FIBRE MODULEGaillard PAlcatel Cable

The present invention concerns a method ofmanufacturing an optical fibre module including aplurality of optical fibres assembled and held together bya flexible resin, the method including a resin-applicationstep in which the flexible resin is applied to the entire setof the fibres which are disposed parallel to one anotherso that their longitudinal axes lie in substantially the sameplane. The resin-application step is followed by: partiallycrosslinking the resin so as to obtain a ribbon; rolling upthe ribbon by bringing together its longitudinal edges soas to give it a shape that is substantially cylindrical; andfully crosslinking the resin so as to maintain the cylindricalshape of the rolled up ribbon.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.693324

Item 426Macromolecules31, No.15, 28th July 1998, p.4845-51AZOCARBAZOLE POLYMETHACRYLATES ASSINGLE COMPONENT ELECTROOPTICMATERIALSBarrett C; Choudhury B; Natansohn A; Rochon PQueen’s University at Kingston; Canada,Royal MilitaryCollege

Amorphous polymethacrylates containing bothnitroazobenzene and carbazole groups, i.e.poly(nitrophenyl-(3-(N-(omega’-(methacryloxy)alkyl))carbazolyl diazene)s, where alkyl representspropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl or decyl (andindicates the spacer length) were synthesised. These

structures incorporate both electrooptic activity andphotoconductivity into a single multifunctional structuralunit. The polymers were cast as thin films and were shownto be suitable for photoinducing birefringence reversiblywith polarised light, as well as for the inscription ofphotorefractive diffraction gratings after electric fieldpoling. Since the polymer series encompasses a range ofspacer lengths (from 3 to 10 methylene groups) betweenthe multifunctional side chains and the polymer backbone,these materials are suitable for study of the influence ofchromophore mobility on these optical phenomena. Theextent of orientational order which could be photoinducedin the films decreased with increasing spacer length, asdid the photoconductivity and the photorefractive two-beam optical coupling gain. In thin films of polymers withthe highest Tg, a birefringence of 0.065 could bedemonstrated, with a time constant of less than 0.8 s. Atwo-beam optical gain of 0.024/micrometre was alsodemonstrated in films of the polymer with the highestTg, although this gain was exceeded by absorption losses.25 refs.CANADA

Accession no.690716

Item 427Antec ’98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.1265-8. 012CONDUCTIVE POLYMER FILMS FORIMPROVED POLING IN NON-LINEAROPTICAL WAVEGUIDESDrummond J P; Clarson S J; Caracci S J; Zetts J SCincinnati,University; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base(SPE)

The use of conductive layers to improve poling in non-linear optical waveguides is investigated. Research iscentred on conductive layers formed from the conductingpolymer polyethylene dioxythiophene and its blends. Thinfilms of these materials are produced by spin casting frompolymer solution and are then evaluated for theirconductive, thermal and optical properties. These filmsare subsequently used to produce waveguides and electro-optic (EO) test structures. Results indicate that theconductive layers work successfully as buffer layers andyield improved poling and higher EO coefficients. Theconductive layers are also found to exhibit qualitiesnecessary for the construction of optical waveguides. 13refs.USA

Accession no.688593

Item 428Macromolecules31, No.12, 16th June 1998, p.4049-52VERSATILE SYNTHETIC APPROACH TONONLINEAR OPTICAL SIDE-CHAINAROMATIC POLYQUINOLINES WITH LARGESECOND-ORDER NONLINEARITY AND



THERMAL STABILITYHong Ma; Xijun Wang; Xiaoming Wu; Sen Liu; Jen A K YNortheastern University

A versatile, generally applicable synthetic methodologyfor non-linear optical(NLO) side-chain aromaticpolyquinolines was developed. The resultingpolyquinolines possessed good solubility, processability,large electrooptical coefficients and good temporalstability. The obvious advantages of this method includedflexibility in selecting NLO chromophores, ease incontrolling the chromophore loading level and the abilityto adjust the polymer backbone structures in order to fine-tune their physical properties for device applications. Theobtained NLO side-chain aromatic polyquinolines couldbe efficiently poled by taking advantage of a pendentphenyl spacer. 26 refs.USA

Accession no.686370

Item 429Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering37, No.2, 1998, p.261-9SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFNONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYARYLATESNoniewicz K; Brzozowski Z K; Hajto JWarsaw,University of Technology; Edinburgh,NapierUniversity

Several polyarylates based on bisbenzylidenoketoneswere synthesised by interfacial polycondensation. Thedispersion of the linear refractive index was measuredover the wavelength range from 800 to 2000 nm. TheBoling formula was used to calculate the nonlinear opticalsusceptibility. 11 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; POLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.684927

Item 430Polymer39, No.17, 1998, p.4147-9NOVEL SECOND-ORDER NON-LINEAROPTICAL POLYMERIC COMPOSITESJianke Li; Feng Wang; Xiaozu HanChangchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry

A non-linear optical chromophore with a five-memberedheteroaromatic structure was synthesised. Thechromophore was dispersed into two high-Tg polymers,PEK-C and PES-C. The polymers were then spin coatedonto indium tin oxide glass and were poled by using acorona poling technique. The relaxation behaviour ofpoled films was studied by using UV-visiblespectroscopy. Good temporal stability was found for allthe samples. 7 refs.CHINA

Accession no.683646

Item 431Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics199, No.5, May 1998, p.881-8SYNTHESIS OF NON-LINEAR OPTICAL(NLO)DIACRYLATE MONOMERS AND THEIRPHOTOCOPOLYMERIZATIONS WITH LIQUIDCRYSTAL(LC) DIACRYLATE MONOMERS INMIXED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE STATEKato M; Ohara H; Fukuda T; Matsuda H; Nakanishi HTokyo,Science University; Japan,National Institute ofMaterials & Chemical Research; Tohoku,University

The photocopolymerisation (photocrosslinking) of mixedliquid crystals consisting of liquid crystalline diacrylatemonomers and non-linear optical(NLO) diacrylatemonomers exhibiting no liquid crystallinity under contactpoling at optimum temp. was investigated with the aimof obtaining thermally stable NLO polymeric materials.The results obtained are discussed with particularreference to the liquid crystallinity of NLO monomers,to blends of NLO monomer and liquid crystallinemonomer, and to photocopolymerisation and secondharmonic generation measurements. 8 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.682934

Item 432Chemistry of Materials10, No.4, April 1998, p.1010-6SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROOPTICPROPERTIES OF A NEW CHROMOPHOREDISPERSED OR GRAFTED IN A CARBAZOLYLMETHACRYLATE MATRIXMaertens C; Detrembleur C; Dubois P; Jerome R;Blanche P A; Lemaire P CLiege,University

A polymer that combined photoconductivity andelectrooptical activity was prepared by copolymerisationof 11-(N-hydroxyundecyl)carbazolyl methacrylate andethyl(E)-2-cyano-3(5-(5-(4-methacryloyloxy)piperidino-2-thienylcarbonyl)-2-thienyl)-2-propenoate as thechromophore. Comparison was made with thechromophore dispersed within the poly(11-(N-hydroxyundecyl)carbazolyl methacrylate) matrix. Theelectrooptical coefficient was measured by bothinterferometric and polarimetric techniques, but theinterferometric technique was unsuitable because thestrong electric field applied to the electrodes changed thefilm thickness of these low Tg materials. A value of up to5 pm/V was obtained for the electrooptical coefficientfor the dispersed material, which was ten times higherthan the corresponding grafted material, and a linearrelationship between the poling intensity and theelectrooptical coefficient was observed for the twomaterials. 23 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.680850



Item 433Polymer39, No.12, 1998, p.2393-8NONLINEAR OPTICAL CROSSLINKEDPOLYMERS AND INTERPENETRATINGPOLYMER NETWORKS CONTAINING AZO-BENZOTHIAZOLE CHROMOPHORE GROUPSHong-Quan Xie; Zhi-Hong Liu; Hao Liu; Jun-Shi GuoHuazhong,University of Science & Technology

A crosslinked PU, a crosslinked epoxy-based polymer andinterpenetrating polymer networks composed of the twopolymers were synthesised. All containedphenylazobenzothiazole (BT) chromophore groups. Thecrosslinked polymers and IPNs were characterised by theirgel content, IR spectra and DSC. The crosslinked PU andthe crosslinked epoxy-based polymer showed glasstransition temperatures at 140C and 178C respectivelyand the IPN showed two glass transitions at 142C and170C. Thin, transparent poled films of the crosslinkedpolymers and IPN were prepared by spin coating,followed by thermal curing and corona poling at 160Cfor 1 h. The poled crosslinked polymers and IPN allshowed good stability of non-linear optical (NLO) activityat 120C, with the poled IPN showing better stability ofNLO activity than the poled crosslinked polymers. 16 refs.CHINA

Accession no.680061

Item 434Journal of Materials Chemistry8, No.4, April 1998, p.913-7NOVEL NONLINEAR OPTICAL POLYMERSBASED ON POLY(1,4-PHENYLENEVINYLENE)Yoon C-B; Shim H-KKorea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology

A poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene)(PPV) derivativecontaining a non-linear optical (NLO) moiety wassynthesised using a methoxy precursor, yielding a rigidstructure with good processing characteristics. The PPVderivative, containing a disperse red chromophore, wascharacterised using spectroscopy and thermal analysis.The object was to prepare high optical quality films fornon-linear optical applications. The films showed a highresonant d33 value of 50 pm/V, measured using the secondharmonic generation method. The non-linearity was stableat 90C for one month without detectable loss. The filmalso showed third order NLO properties, and the measuredthird-order non-linear optical susceptibility was 0.000 000000 0025 esu. 28 refs.KOREA

Accession no.676280

Item 435Chemistry of Materials10, No.2, Feb.1998, p.471-3HIGH-PERFORMANCE POLYQUINOLINES

WITH PENDANT HIGH-TEMPERATURECHROMOPHORES FOR SECOND-ORDERNONLINEAR OPTICSJen A K Y; Xiaoming Wu; Hong MaNortheastern University

A series of high temperature and chemically stablechromophores were covalently attached onto thepolyquinoline backbones. These non-linear optical sidechain polyquinolines possess high Tg, excellentprocessability, thermal stability, and electroopticalproperties. Poling results are presented. 23 refs.USA

Accession no.671261

Item 436Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer ChemistryEdition36, No.2, 30th Jan.1998, p.301-7SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NON-LINEAR OPTICAL SIDE CHAIN SOLUBLEPOLYIMIDES FOR PHOTONICSAPPLICATIONSHyung-Jong Lee; Myung-Hyun Lee; Seon Gyu Han;Hye-Young Kim; Joo-Heon Ahn; Eun-Mi LeeSouth Korea,Electronics & TelecommunicationsRes.Inst.

Aromatic polyimides with side chain non-linear opticalchromophores were investigated through a facile two-stepsynthetic route. Various poly(hydroxyimide)s weresynthesised by direct thermal imidisation ofdiaminophenol dihydrochloride salt and aromaticdianhydride monomers. The resulting polyimides bearingphenolic hydroxy groups reacted easily with the terminalhydroxy group on the chromophores via the Mitsunobucondensation to give corresponding polyimides with highoptical non-linearities and good solubility in commonorganic solvents. Detailed physical properties showed thatthese polyimides have a molecular weight of 31,000 andhigh Tg above 220 C, ensuring a long-term alignmentstability at elevated temperature. Electrooptic coefficientsof the electrically poled polymer films were determined.18 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.670012

Item 437Polymer39, No.2, 1998, p.491-5SYNTHESIS AND NON-LINEAR OPTICALPROPERTIES OF AROMATIC ESTEROLIGOMERS AS CHAINED CHROMOPHORESKimura T; Xuan-Ming Duan; Kato M; Okada S;Yamada S; Matsuda H; Nakanishi HTokyo,Science University; Tohoku,University;Japan,National Institute of Materials & ChemicalResearch



The synthesis of aromatic ester oligomers, consisting oftwo to four repeating units of the oxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl group as novel non-linear opticalactive chromophores, was described. Some second-ordernon-linear optical properties were studied for poledpolymer films consisting of PMMA doped with 10 or 5wt% aromatic ester oligomers and 10 wt% p-nitroaniline.Comparison of the second-order non-linear opticalcoefficient value at the chromophore molar concentration(d subscript 33 (M)) for these polymer films indicatedthat the d subscript 33 (M) value of the aromatic esteroligomers increased with an increasing number of the oxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl group repeating units, andaromatic ester oligomers with more than four repeatingunits had a higher d subscript 33 (M) value than that of p-nitroaniline. All the aromatic ester oligomers had a cutoffwavelength of about 300 nm, which was much shorterthan that of p-nitroaniline (about 450 nm). Aromatic esteroligomers were considered to be promising chromophoresfor second-order non-linear optics. 10 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.665944

Item 438Chemistry & IndustryNo.13, 7th July 1997, p.510-4POLYMERIC ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATORSDalton L RSouthern California,University,Loker HydrocarbonResearch Institute

This comprehensive article supplies a detailed assessmentof the newly developing technology of electro-optics, inwhich the transmission of light through a material ismanipulated using electricity. Information is included onthe problems posed in the commercialisation of thetechnology, its advantages and potential applications.Polymeric electro-optic modulators are being tested ascomponents in a range of devices.USA

Accession no.647599

Subject Index


Subject Index

AACETIC ANHYDRIDE, 422ACETOPHENONE, 310ACETYLENE POLYMER, 49 136

137 153 156 157 158 159 162165 166 170 254

ACOUSTIC EMISSION, 105ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY, 84ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 84ACOUSTIC ISOLATOR, 84ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES, 38 177ACOUSTIC WAVE, 217ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 90ACRYLAMIDE POLYMER, 90ACRYLATE, 327ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 44 88

108 227 287 295 384 431ACRYLATE POLYMER, 44 47 72

231 327 353 382ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER,

37ACRYLIC ACID POLYMER, 2 37ACRYLIC ESTER, 327ACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER,

44 88 108 227 287 295 384 431ACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 44

47 72 327 353 382ACRYLIC POLYMER, 37 39 108

184 199 217 236 287 294 298332 336 415 431 432

ACRYLONITRILE POLYMER,358

ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE, 188

ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENERUBBER, 30

ACTINIC RADIATION, 219 369ACTINOMETRY, 228ACTIVATION ENERGY, 256ADAMANTYL

METHACRYLATECOPOLYMER, 9

ADDITION POLYMERISATION,31 375

ADDITIVES, 4 30 32 34 108 255286 287 373 382

ADHESION, 69 85 92 220 253 299303

ADHESIVES, 4 36 51 178 233 261AGEING, 11 30 256 410 412 434AIR COOLING, 89AIR RELEASE, 349ALCOHOLYSIS, 215ALDEHYDE GROUP, 422

ALIPHATIC, 295ALKENE POLYMER, 13 34 36 40

83 89 222 363 365 403 408 420ALKOXYCYANO-

BIPHENYLENE, 283ALKYL GROUP, 318ALKYLATION, 318ALTERNATING COPOLYMER,

65 101 374ALTERNATING POLYMER, 65

101 374ALUMINIUM, 83ALUMINIUM

PHTHALOCYANINE, 364AMIDE, 323AMIDE POLYMER, 30 36 83 89

114 323 341 349 382AMINE, 28 287AMINE POLYMER, 28AMINOHYDROXYPHENOXY-

ANILINE, 312AMINONITROSTILBENE, 393AMINOPHENYLENETHIENYL-

IDENE, 422AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS

EMISSION, 161 163 164 279AMPLIFIER, 245ANILINE, 287 297ANISOTROPY, 44 59 155 169 177

279 322 350ANNEALING, 119 172 258ANTHRYLACETYLENE

COPOLYMER, 385ANTI-SOLITON, 137ANTIFERROELECTRIC

PROPERTIES, 39ANTIOXIDANT, 30 40ARAMID FIBRE, 30 284ARRHENIUS’S LAW, 256ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY,

19 93 140ATTENUATED TOTAL

REFLECTIONSPECTROSCOPY, 138 318

AUGER SPECTROSCOPY, 172AUTOMATION, 4AZIDE, 97AZO COMPOUND, 116 185 257

300AZO GROUP, 227 308AZO POLYMER, 2AZOAROMATIC GROUP, 16AZOBENZENE, 370AZOBENZENE COPOLYMER,

258

AZOBENZENE GROUP, 423AZOBENZENE POLYMER, 335AZOCARBAZOLE GROUP, 426AZOMETHINE POLYMER, 402AZOPHENYLBENZOXAZOLE,

29

BBAKING TIME, 435BAND GAP, 25 76BAND STRUCTURE, 25 147BANDWIDTH, 32 42BARBITURIC ACID, 121 362BARRIER LAYER, 36BARRIER PROPERTIES, 22 90BENZOGUANAMINE, 28BENZOPHENONE, 309BENZOTHIAZOLE, 31 55BENZOXAZOLE, 95 108 373 374BENZOXAZOLE GROUP, 384BENZYL BENZOATE, 32BENZYL METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 246 271 294332

BENZYLAMINOFULLERENECOPOLYMER, 313

BESSEL FUNCTION, 129BINDER, 382BINDING ENERGY, 143 156 172BIOSENSOR, 349BIOTECHNOLOGY, 349BIPHENOL, 87BIPHENYL COMPOUND, 400BIPHENYLDIMETHANOL, 107BIPOLARON, 147BIREFRINGENCE, 37 166 206

210 259 268 279 290 361 382392 394 426

BISAMINOHYDROXYPHENYLHEXAFLUOROPROPANE, 58312

BISAMINOHYDROXYPHENYL-PROPANE, 94

BISBENZYLIDENOKETONE,429

BISDICYANOMETHYLIDENEINDANE COPOLYMER, 422

BISPHENOL, 87BISPHENOL A, 221BISPHENOL A EPOXY RESIN,

285BLOW MOULDING, 30BONDING, 36 58 263 308 329 435

Subject Index


BONDING AGENT, 36BOUNDARY CONDITION, 129BOUNDARY LAYER, 38BRAGG SPACING, 151 251BRILLOUIN SCATTERING, 177BRILLOUIN SPECTROSCOPY,

177BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE

POLYMER, 146BUTADIENE POLYMER, 315BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE

COPOLYMER, 83BUTADIENE-STYRENE

RUBBER, 30BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE,

32BUTYL GROUP, 106 170BUTYL METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 344

CCABLE, 7 13 30 40 45 57 83 89

104 216 221 222 277 284 310338 343 403 404 405 408 420

CABLE CONNECTOR, 20CABLE COVERING, 83 89 222CABLE INSULATION, 89CAGE EFFECT, 321CALIBRATION, 36CALORIMETRY, 22 404CAPROLACTONE POLYMER,

349CARBAZOLE, 340CARBAZOLE COPOLYMER, 298CARBAZOLE GROUP, 340CARBAZOLE POLYMER, 28 248CARBAZOLYL GROUP, 76 227CARBAZOLYL UNDECYL


CARBON 13, 30 307 391 398CARBON DIOXIDE, 18CARBON DIOXIDE POLYMER,

18CARBON FIBRE, 377CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 105 214 266 377CARBON-13, 307 391 398CARBONATE POLYMER, 14 34

87 188 349 382CARRIER GENERATION, 172

173CARRIER MOBILITY, 126 207CAST FILM, 184 307CASTING, 140 213 254 261 307

349CATALYST, 309 334 385

CATALYTICPOLYMERISATION, 309

CATIONIC POLYMERISATION,390

CAVITY PRESSURE, 349CELLULAR MATERIAL, 30CELLULOSE, 90CENTRIFUGAL FORCE, 267CHAIN FOLDING, 37CHAIN LENGTH, 136 159 318

372CHAIN STRUCTURE, 309CHARGE CARRIER, 125 147 154

160 173CHARGE DENSITY, 287CHARGE GENERATION, 175

287CHARGE SEPARATION, 170CHARGE TRANSFER, 63 127

131 146 148 158 160 400CHARGE TRANSPORT, 130 203

304CHARGE-TRANSFER

COMPLEX, 97 185 350CHELATION, 139CHEMICAL BONDING, 308CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 18CHEMICAL DEPOSITION, 402CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 8

66 71 99 101 106 107 115 139199 201 225 290 304 306 318327 375 390 396 419 436

CHEMICAL PLANT, 4CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 36

361 398CHEMICAL REACTION, 296CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 36

216 361 398CHEMICAL SENSOR, 242CHEMICAL STABILITY, 435CHEMICAL VAPOUR

DEPOSITION, 402CHIRALITY, 24 44 54 382CHIRAL POLYMER, 326CHLORINATED PE, 83CHLOROFORM, 56 254CHLOROPRENE POLYMER, 30

83CHLOROSULFONATED

POLYETHYLENE, 83CHROMATOGRAPHY, 8 31 33 56

60 70 79 109 177 224 293 317328 340 393 398 401 421

CINNAMYL GROUP, 285CLADDING, 32 218 231 241 243

251 299 303 366CLEAVAGE, 398COATED FIBRE, 339

COATING, 2 4 9 19 47 58 64 65 6985 92 103 178 186 204 209 215219 220 221 226 228 231 236240 252 253 255 276 285 292295 299 303 311 318 325 338340 343 353 360 367 369 387420 430 433

COCATALYST, 385COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION,

292COEXTRUSION, 30 32 36 89 332COLOUR CODING, 216COLOUR INDICATOR, 387COMMERCIAL INFORMATION,

4 34 83 89COMMUNICATIONS

APPLICATION, 245 299 387417

COMMUNICATIONS CABLE, 45343 403 404 405

COMPATIBILISER, 292COMPATIBILITY, 185 332 363COMPOSITE, 3 10 14 15 30 36 45

49 51 105 169 214 265 266 274349 359 377 425 438

COMPOUNDING, 83 222COMPRESSIBILITY, 84COMPRESSION, 186COMPRESSION MOULDING,

261 349COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,

214 265COMPRESSION STRENGTH,

214CONCENTRATION GRADIENT,

32CONDENSATION, 308 436CONDENSATION

POLYMERISATION, 93 101182 312 316 317 341 348 422429

CONDENSATION REACTION,58

CONDUCTION, 30CONDUCTIVE ADHESIVE, 51CONE CALORIMETER, 404CONFORMATIONAL

TRANSITION, 168CONNECTOR, 262 424CONSTRUCTION, 83CONSUMER GOODS, 83CONTACT ANGLE, 18 306 377CONTINUOUS EXTRUSION, 36CONTINUOUS PHASE, 382COOLING SYSTEM, 89COPOLYESTER, 355COPOLYIMIDE, 300 326COPOLYMER, 22 187 365 419

Subject Index


COPOLYMER COMPOSITION,25 37 101 332 344 355 384 393

COPOLYMERISATION, 9 227340 419

COPPER FOIL, 51COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE

POLYMER, 202CORE-SHELL, 124CORONA DISCHARGE, 384CORONA POLING, 9 31 96 106

257 331 375 383 400 430 433437

CORROSION RESISTANCE, 3683 366

COUPLING, 42 308 352 411 422COUPLING AGENT, 92COVALENT BINDING, 321COVALENT BONDING, 58 308

329 435CRACK GROWTH, 15CRACK PROPAGATION, 220CRACKING, 15CROSS-PLY, 15CROSSLINK, 88 215CROSSLINK DENSITY, 18 107

390CROSSLINKING, 8 16 30 43 44

46 82 83 106 107 119 187 209233 255 285 297 310 320 321323 344 361 373 379 382 390398 425 431 433

CROSSLINKING AGENT, 44 255CRUSH RESISTANCE, 363CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, 316 336CRYSTALLINITY, 172 196 205

316 336 363CRYSTALLISATION, 67 192 194

336CRYSTALLISATION RATE, 363CRYSTALLISATION

TEMPERATURE, 269CUPROUS BROMIDE, 102CUPROUS CHLORIDE, 102CURE RATE, 43CURE TEMPERATURE, 215 396CURING, 4 47 69 78 85 89 92 99

103 106 178 183 216 219 220231 233 236 240 255 276 292295 320 334 343 353 367 382387 396 433

CURING AGENT, 44 255 373 382CYANOBIPHENYL, 37 377CYANOBIPHENYLENE GROUP,

283CYANURATE COPOLYMER, 230CYANURATE POLYMER, 230CYCLOHEXANONE, 316CYCLOHEXANONE

COPOLYMER, 316

DDATA TRANSMISSION, 237DEBONDING, 186DECAFLUOROBIPHENYL, 398

401DECAY TIME, 161 166 170 174

382DECOMPOSITION

TEMPERATURE, 9 384 433435

DEFECTS, 89 136 160 177 366DEFENCE APPLICATION, 294DEFLECTOR, 199DEGENERATE GROUND

STATE, 137 158DEGRADATION, 11 30 256 409

410 412 417 434DEGREE OF CONVERSION, 37

218DEGREE OF FUNCTIONALITY,

308DEGREE OF

POLYMERISATION, 37 218DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION,

345DEGREE OF SWELLING, 40DEHYDROHALOGENATION, 66

99 101DELAMINATION, 36DELOCALISATION, 134DEMOULDING, 262 349DENDRIMER, 130 212DENSITY, 40 57 177 422 433DENSITY FUNCTION, 156DENSITY-OF-STATE, 143DEPOLING TEMPERATURE, 286DERIVATISATION, 318DESIGN, 20 51 83 198 265 317

408DESORPTION, 310DIACETYLENE, 391 395DIACETYLENE POLYMER, 76

141 149 153 162 165 172 247254 391 395

DIACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 44431

DIACRYLATE POLYMER, 39 44DIAMAGNETIC PROPERTIES,

177 246DIAMINE, 31 182 375DIAMINOBENZOATE, 341DIAMINOPHENOL

DIHYDROCHLORIDE, 436DIANHYDRIDE, 436DIBENZYLIDENE

CYCLOHEXANONE, 316DIBENZYLIDENE

CYCLOHEXANONECOPOLYMER, 316

DIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 25DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, 287DIBUTYLTIN DILAURATE, 395DICHROISM, 166 177 321DICYANOMETHYLENEMETHYL

DIMETHYLAMINOSTYRYLPYRAN, 346

DICYANOVINYL ANILINE, 287DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 155

212 435DIELECTRIC LOSS, 30 256DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, 39

46 141 177DIELECTRIC RELAXATION, 177DIENE POLYMER, 399DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING

CALORIMETER, 95DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING

CALORIMETRY, 8 14 22 2829 33 55 58 60 93 94 95 107141 177 224 241 248 249 252269 293 307 308 320 328 332337 342 344 356 376 377 384389 397 398 400 401 412 421433

DIFFERENTIAL THERMALANALYSIS, 8 14 22 28 29 3355 58 60 93 94 95 107 141 177224 241 248 249 252 269 293307 308 320 328 332 337 342344 356 376 377 384 389 397398 400 401 412 421 433

DIFFRACTION, 10 23 118 227251

DIFFRACTION PATTERN, 44DIFFUSION, 32 177 183 270 319

366DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, 310DIFFUSION RATE, 310DIFORMYLHEXYL-

CARBAZOLE COPOLYMER,248

DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 18DIGLYCIDYL ETHER

BISPHENOL A, 26 297DIHYDROXY COMPOUND, 87DIHYDROXY GROUP, 107DIIODOMETHANE, 377DIISOCYANATE, 297DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 35

269DIMETHOXYPHENYLENE

VINYLENE COPOLYMER, 25DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 119

Subject Index


345 348DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 348DIMETHYLOCTYLSILYL

PHENYLENEVINYLENECOPOLYMER, 86

DIOCTYLOXYPHENYLENEVINYLENE COPOLYMER,163 164

DIODE, 11 22 62 65 86 272 274278 280 281 282 368 424

DIOL, 304DIOXYBENZYLIDENE

CYANOACETATE, 12DIPHENYL PHTHALATE, 32 82DIPHENYLETHYLENE, 293 300DIPOLE, 106 107 125 166 307 433DIPOLE MOMENT, 148 185 393DIPOLE ORIENTATION, 37 320

352DISORDERED POLYMER, 125DISPERSE RED, 256 286 345 346

421 434DISPERSE RED 1, 256 286 345

346 421 434DISPERSION, 42 102 177 336 382DIVINYL BENZENE, 244DOMAIN SIZE, 126DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 83DOPING, 10 28 49 71 96 108 128

138 145 147 148 154 179 237286 287 301 321 328 346 350437

DRIFT MOBILITY, 287DUCTILITY, 87DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES, 241 285DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 84 237

241 285DYNAMIC STABILITY, 106 107

EE-MODULUS, 334ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 4

34 83 188 222ELASTIC MODULUS, 276 334ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 177ELASTOMER, 17 30 34 36 83 84

102 104 189 190 218 220 225251 262 296 315 365 387 424425 438

ELECTRIC CABLE, 404 408ELECTRIC FIELD, 39 106 107

125 207 226 258 287 298 336350 375 382 396

ELECTRIC SWITCH, 81ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 11

45 46 51 56 81 101 212 221

260 277 347 351 354ELECTRICAL CABLE, 404 408ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, 83ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 408ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE, 393ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 30

43ELECTRO-OPTICAL SENSOR,

285ELECTROABSORPTION, 131

148 149 150 172ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL, 65

110 275ELECTROCHEMICAL

DEPOSITION, 62ELECTROCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES, 22 138 154 193203

ELECTROCHEMISTRY, 138 154ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW,

382ELECTROKINETIC

PROPERTIES, 377ELECTROMAGNETIC

RADIATION, 226ELECTRON ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 131 148 149ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, 106 373

383 422ELECTRON AFFINITY, 138ELECTRON BEAM CURING, 4

382ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, 316ELECTRON DONOR, 422ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 18

89 115 123 211 238 316 415ELECTRON SCANNING

MICROSCOPY, 18 115 123211 238 415

ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPYFOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,306

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE,177

ELECTRON TRANSFER, 146ELECTRON TRANSPORT, 125

150ELECTRON WITHDRAWAL, 370ELECTRON-PHONON

INTERACTION, 134 154ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION

SPECTRA, 25 254ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 109ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS, 6

21 34 51 54 112 193 197 200204 244 349 351 382 400 438

ELECTRONIC SPECTRA, 288

ELECTRONIC TRANSITION,135 148

ELECTROOPTIC MODULATOR,438

ELECTROOPTICALAPPLICATION, 58 66 187 223255 319 347 351 354 360 382423 436 438

ELECTROOPTICALCOEFFICIENT, 58 82 106 107227 298 325 345 346 360 362373 374 393 422 428 432 436

ELECTROOPTICAL SENSOR,285

ELECTRORESPONSIVE, 368ELECTROSTATIC

INTERACTION, 96 127ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 31 79

304 348 364ELLIPSOMETRY, 258 279 306

332ELONGATIONAL FLOW, 392EMISSION DECAY, 170EMISSION SPECTRA, 86 122 129

144 152 157 163 164 169 170EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY,

122 129 144 152 157 158 163164 169 170 176

EMULSION, 382ENDOSCOPE, 294ENERGY APPLICATION, 83ENERGY BAND STRUCTURE,

162ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 4 407ENERGY GAP, 146 161ENERGY MIGRATION, 145 169ENERGY TRANSFER, 27 136 161

168 169 179ENGINEERING APPLICATION,

34 36 89 349ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 34 36

89 349ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 83EPOXIDE GROUP, 295EPOXIDE RESIN, 3 4 15 26 100

214 266 320 382 396 415 433EPOXY ACRYLATE POLYMER,

353 390EPOXY COPOLYMER, 100EPOXY GROUP, 82 323EPOXY RESIN, 3 4 15 26 100 214

266 285 320 382 396 415 433ERBIUM, 232ESTER COPOLYMER, 355ETCHING, 225 251 260 398ETHENE COPOLYMER, 40ETHER, 323ETHER GROUP, 308

Subject Index


ETHER POLYMER, 22 323 430ETHERKETONE POLYMER, 96ETHYL ACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 241ETHYL HEXYL ACRYLATE, 333ETHYL METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 313ETHYL METHACRYLATE

POLYMER, 24ETHYLCHLOROBENZO-

THIAZOLYL DIAZENYL-PHENYLAMINOETHANOL,375

ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 40ETHYLENE NAPHTHALATE

COPOLYMER, 116ETHYLENE OXIDE

COPOLYMER, 178ETHYLENE OXIDE POLYMER,

65 194 202 275 280ETHYLENE POLYMER, 7 13 34

36 57 83 165 310 409ETHYLENE PROPYLENE

TERPOLYMER, 30ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

COPOLYMER, 83 363ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

RUBBER, 83ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

TERPOLYMER, 30ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-

DIENE TERPOLYMER, 83ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE, 333EXCIMER, 130 133EXCITATION ENERGY, 135 145

163 164 171EXCITATION SPECTRA, 165 166

171EXCITED STATE, 26 165 372EXCITON, 76 135 139 143 144

145 149 150 160 161 162 163164 168 169 170 171 172 173174 175 176 254

EXCITON EFFECT, 156EXCLUSION

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 8EXTRUDER, 36 89EXTRUSION, 32 36 83 89 104

239 271 277 403EXTRUSION MOULDING, 181EXTRUSION RATE, 36EXTRUSION WELD, 36

FFABRICATION, 101 225 245 260

271 418FAILURE, 214 417

FAULT DIAGNOSIS, 89FEMTOSECOND ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 163 166 170171 173 175 176

FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES,44 71 81 177

FERROELECTRICITY, 322FERROMAGNETIC, 177FERRULE, 189FIBRE, 20 30 69 85 284 305 339FIBRE GLASS, 20 36 69 129 186

219 292 343 367 387FIBRE LENGTH, 363FIBRE OPTIC, 4 7 36 57 89 222

349FIBRE ORIENTATION, 266FIBRE SPINNING, 89FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,

36 105 214 266 377FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 3

265FINITE ELEMENT ITERATIVE

METHOD, 3 265FIRE RESISTANCE, 83FLAME RESISTANCE, 89 221

403 404 405 406FLAME SPREAD, 406FLAMMABILITY, 89 221 403 404

405 406FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 36 43

84FLOW RATE, 225FLUORENE POLYMER, 204FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING,

282FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA, 368FLUORESCENCE

SPECTROSCOPY, 22 24 144180 197

FLUORINATION, 8 115 201 290306

FLUORINE, 350FLUORINE-CONTAINING

POLYMER, 58 99FLUOROCARBON, 306FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 30FLUOROELASTOMER, 30FLUOROPOLYMER, 20 34 235

260 271 306 344 412FLUORORUBBER, 30FLUOROSTYRENE, 350FOAM, 30FOOD ADDITIVE, 34FORMALDEHYDE

COPOLYMER, 107FORMULATION, 233 240FOURIER TRANSFORM

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,

13 19 22 31 33 55 58 60 70 7993 106 107 129 138 142 248249 255 293 306 308 310 318321 376 391 401 436

FOURIER TRANSFORMRAMAN SPECTROSCOPY,141

FRACTIONAL PROPERTIES, 84FRACTOGRAPHY, 214FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 18

93 125 140 168 227 244 287310 322 336

FREE RADICALPOLYMERISATION, 184 337345 374 382 390 422

FREQUENCY FACTOR, 370FREQUENCY SHIFT, 164FRICTION, 13 85 220FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 292FTIR SPECTROSCOPY, 13 19 22

31 33 55 58 60 70 79 93 106107 129 138 142 248 249 255293 306 308 310 318 321 376391 401 436

FULLERENE, 127 128 132 287350

FULLERENE COPOLYMER, 313FUMED SILICA, 365FUNCTIONAL GROUP, 102 219

295 367FUNCTIONALISATION, 9 41 106

107 182 300 307 308 316 320347 352 354

FUNCTIONALITY, 219 227 298308 322 359 367 421

FUSED SILICA, 228

GGAMMA RADIATION, 395GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 391GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 177GAS PIPE, 36GAS-PHASE, 433GASES, 433GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY, 224

317 340 393GEL COAT, 4GEL CONTENT, 433GEL PERMEATION

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 31 3356 60 70 79 109 224 293 317328 340 393 398 401 421

GELATION, 365 382GELLING, 365 382GELS, 39 40 44 271 363GLASS, 30 92 251 252 325 420GLASS FIBRE, 20 36 69 129 186

Subject Index


219 292 343 367 387GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 3 4 15 45 349 408GLASS TRANSITION

TEMPERATURE, 6 9 12 16 1929 48 55 58 67 68 69 82 87 9394 108 113 114 117 182 185193 212 223 230 248 252 255256 257 286 287 289 293 300307 308 309 314 317 320 325326 329 331 332 337 342 344345 354 356 358 360 362 374376 383 384 401 421 426 433435 436

GLOW DISCHARGEPOLYMERISATION, 306

GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATECOPOLYMER, 344 390

GRAFTING, 377GRATING, 27 245 268 335 369GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 16

19 22 58 306 307 308 356 364422 423

GRINDING, 61 190GRINDING STONE, 91GROUND STATE, 135 137 158

399GROWTH RATE, 4 188 222GUEST MOLECULE, 325GUIDE BLOCK, 91GYROSCOPE, 351

HHALOGENATION, 225 327HARD SEGMENT, 333HARDNESS, 36 221 240HARMONISATION, 83HARTREE-FOCK ENERGY, 135HEAT CURING, 382HEAT DEGRADATION, 93 255

345 410 417HEAT RELEASE, 406HEAT RESISTANCE, 9 12 28 41

44 58 79 97 98 106 107 113 115187 191 212 224 230 249 256268 286 290 293 299 300 302307 308 309 321 326 344 345354 356 360 374 375 376 378379 381 384 385 388 389 398410 414 415 416 422 423 428431 433 435

HEAT SINK, 416HEAT STABILITY, 31 87 88 253

289 303 312 362HEAT TREATMENT, 119 184HEATING, 6 106 182 251 321 349

357 382

HEATING RATE, 41 349HECK REACTION, 304HETEROAROMATIC, 307 391HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDENE

BIS(PHTHALIC ACIDANHYDRIDE), 31 58 182 312

HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL, 398

HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE,31 58 182 312 375

HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDINEBISPHTHALIC ACIDDIANHYDRIDE, 31 58 182312

HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDINEDIPHENOL, 401

HEXAFLUOROISOPROPYLIDINEDIPHTHALIC ACIDDIANHYDRIDE, 31 58 182312

HEXYL ESTER, 340HEXYL GROUP, 107HEXYLBIMETHYLPYRIDINIUM

DITETRAPHENYLBORATECOPOLYMER, 248

HIGH DENSITYPOLYETHYLENE, 13 36 83

HIGH SPEED EXTRUSION, 36HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATION,

83 104HIGH-RESOLUTION

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,89

HOLDING PRESSURE, 349HOLE MOBILITY, 125 126HOLE TRANSPORT

PROPERTIES, 125 126 204287

HOLOGRAM, 177HOLOGRAPHY, 10 27HOST-GUEST, 28 96 106 247 286

325 336 346 437HOT CURING, 382HOT MELT, 382HOUSEWARES, 83HOUSING, 188HYDRAZONE, 108HYDRAZONE POLYMER, 68 98

191HYDROCARBON, 365HYDRODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES, 37 283HYDROGEN, 306HYDROGEN BOND, 37 184HYDROGEN BONDING, 208HYDROLYSIS, 12 92 366HYDROPHILICITY, 194

HYDROPHOBICITY, 194HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, 68HYDROXY GROUP, 41 58 106

182 215 276 297 320 436HYDROXYALKYL GROUP, 9HYDROXYBENZOATE

COPOLYMER, 355HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID

COPOLYMER, 258 386HYDROXYHEXANYL

CARBAZOLE, 33HYDROXYHEXANYLNITRO-

PHENYLAZO CARBAZOLE,33

HYDROXYIMIDECOPOLYMER, 364

HYDROXYL GROUP, 41 58 106182 215 276 297 320 436

HYDROXYNAPHTHOATECOPOLYMER, 355

HYDROXYNAPHTHOIC ACIDCOPOLYMER, 386

HYPERPOLARISABILITY, 74 75316 330 351 355

IIMAGE PROCESSING, 89IMAGING, 10IMIDE, 323IMIDE COPOLYMER, 300 326IMIDE POLYMER, 5 6 23 31 52

55 58 70 83 93 97 115 120 182225 233 255 256 260 293 304308 312 314 323 326 329 352356 360 375 397 414 423 435436

IMIDISATION, 375 436IMPACT PROPERTIES, 36IMPACT STRENGTH, 36IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 39INDENE COPOLYMER, 9INDIUM CHLORIDE, 63INDIUM TIN OXIDE, 63 101 325

382 430INDOLE, 108INDOLE POLYMER, 108INDUCTIVELY COUPLED

PLASMA SPECTROMETRY,225

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION,294

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,34 222

INFRARED ABSORPTION, 288INFRARED ANALYSIS, 318INFRARED DICHROISM, 321INFRARED SPECTRA, 58 80 106

Subject Index


107 114 138 147 154 170 184232 249 307 308 320 336 348375 433

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 1319 22 33 55 58 60 70 73 79 8093 106 107 114 129 138 142147 154 170 184 232 248 249255 275 285 293 307 308 310320 336 348 364 375 376 391399 401 419 433 436

INHIBITORS, 102INITIATOR, 4 99 103 236 292 295

369 390INJECTION COMPRESSION

MOULDING, 349INJECTION MOULDING, 349INJECTION PRESSURE, 349INSERT MOULDING, 349INSPECTION SYSTEM, 7INSULATION, 47 89INSULATOR, 30INTERCHAIN COUPLING, 134

142INTERFACE, 43 271INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 186INTERFACIAL

POLYMERISATION, 429INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES,

177INTERFEROMETER, 198INTERFEROMETRY, 105 432INTERMOLECULAR

INTERACTION, 130 336 370INTERNAL PRESSURE, 36INTERNET, 188INTERPENETRATING

POLYMER NETWORK, 320390 433

INTRINSIC VISCOSITY, 181 348IODINE, 278ION BEAM IRRADIATION, 260ION CONTENT, 275 281ION INTERACTION, 275 281ION TRANSPORT, 65IONENE POLYMER, 232IONIC DOPING, 281IONIC INTERACTION, 281IONISATION, 206 350IONOMER, 232IONOMER RESIN, 111IRRIGATION PIPE, 36ISOBORNYL ACRYLATE, 292ISOBORNYL METHACRYLATE,

292ISOCYANATE, 382ISOCYANATE GROUP, 106 276ISOCYANATE POLYMER, 276ISOCYANATOPROPYL-

TRIETHOXYSILANE, 41 92ISOMERISATION, 2 227 384 390ISOPHORONE, 107ISOPHTHALIC ACID, 221 341ISOTHERMAL

POLYMERISATION, 270ISOTROPY, 18 37 81 258 382ISOXAZOLE, 347ISOXAZOLONE, 347ITACONATE COPOLYMER, 393

KKERR CONSTANT, 37KETONE, 369KETONE POLYMER, 430

LLACTIDE POLYMER, 349LADDER POLYMER, 74 131 135

138 145 152 160 171 280LANGIVIN EQUATION, 10 11 13LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILM,

59LASER ABLATION, 409LASER EMISSION SPECTRA,

129 163LASER WELDING, 349LATTICE SPACING, 123LAYER POLYMERISATION, 429LEAD, 83LENSES, 78 177LIGHT ABSORPTION, 2 16 26

288 358 380 414LIGHT CURING, 233LIGHT DEGRADATION, 158 370

417LIGHT EMISSION, 1 25 65 101

110 130 151 203 272 273 274275 278 296

LIGHT GUIDE, 35 296LIGHT INTENSITY, 27LIGHT MODULATOR, 177LIGHT REFLECTION, 382LIGHT SCATTERING, 151 177

382LIGHT STABILITY, 370LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 18 306

382LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE, 1 22

25 62 65 78 86 101 110 111 112125 128 130 131 145 151 158160 161 171 174 193 197 200203 204 272 274 278 280 281282 368

LINEAR DICHROISM, 177LINEAR LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 34 83LIQUID CRYSTAL, 18 27 39 43

71 72 81 118 177 226 258 330355 382 400 431

LIQUID CRYSTALCOPOLYMER, 384

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY, 177244 382

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER,52 53 54 67 81 118 177 203 208244 283 322 324 333 377 386

LIQUID RESIN, 103LITHIUM TRIFLATE, 65 275 280LITHOGRAPHY, 93 398LONG FIBRE, 30LOSS FACTOR, 84LOSS TANGENT, 84LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 83 409LOW TEMPERATURE

PROPERTIES, 365LOW VISCOSITY, 334LOW VOLTAGE, 83LYOTROP, 177 382

MMAGNESIUM, 101MAGNETIC PROPERTIES, 177MAGNETIC RESONANCE

SPECTRA, 145 160MALDI-TOF SPECTROSCOPY,

109MALEIMIDE, 253MALEIMIDE COPOLYMER, 9 82

300 345 362 374MALEIMIDE POLYMER, 326MALONITRILE, 185 350MARINE APPLICATION, 83MARKET ANALYSIS, 34 83 188

222MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 109MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 20

83 185 222MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION,

83 185 222MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER

DESORPTION, 109MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 3

8 13 15 36 43 57 68 84 87 8994 104 177 178 186 214 220237 240 243 265 266 292 324332 334 355 363 365 366 392398 403 411 412 425

MEDICAL APPLICATION, 177349

MEDIUM-DENSITYPOLYETHYLENE, 13 83

Subject Index


MELAMINE, 28MELT FLOW INDEX, 363MELT FLOW RATE, 57MELT INDEX, 363MELT STRENGTH, 57MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 363MELTING POINT, 79 208MELTS, 37 332MENTHYL METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 246MEROCYANINE, 17MESOGEN, 177MESOGENIC, 37 39 400MESOPHASIC, 126 177 258 382MESOPOROUS, 169MESOSCOPIC, 136METAL, 36 261METAL FIBRE, 20METAL OXIDE, 366METAL REPLACEMENT, 20 36

83 349METALLOPORPHYRIN, 229METATHESIS

POLYMERISATION, 385METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 16 108 116 246271 294 298 313 332 374 383432

METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 67117 184 231 246 326 331 382426 432

METHACRYLIC ESTERCOPOLYMER, 16 108 116 246271 294 298 313 332 374 383432

METHACRYLIC ESTERPOLYMER, 67 117 184 231246 326 331 382 426 432

METHACRYLIC MONOMER,377

METHACRYLOYL CHLORIDE,192 337

METHACRYLOYLAMINO-PHENYLARSONIC ACID, 196

METHANE SULFONIC ACID,311

METHANOL, 348METHOXYETHYLHEXYLOXY

PHENYLENEVINYLENECOPOLYMER, 101 282

METHYL ACRYLATECOPOLYMER, 108

METHYL ALCOHOL, 348METHYL METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 29 108 241 271294 313 332 337 340 346 362376 383 384 393 422

METHYL METHACRYLATE

POLYMER, 24 32 35 42 59 64226

METHYL PYRROLIDONE, 307METHYL STYRENE

COPOLYMER, 345METHYL VINYL ISOCYANATE

COPOLYMER, 82METHYLBENZENE, 249 254METHYLNITROPHENYLAMINO

CARBONYLAMINOPHENYLCARBONYLOXY ETHYLESTE, 376

METHYLSTYRENECOPOLYMER, 345

MICELLE, 169MICROCAVITY, 122 259MICRODROPLET, 382MICROEMBOSSING, 35MICROEMULSION, 382MICROGRAPHY, 18MICROINJECTION MOULDING,

349MICROMOULDING, 349MICROPATTERN FORMATION,

35MICRO PUMP, 349MICROSCOPY, 18 89 123 133 310

316 382 400MICROSTRUCTURE, 124 151

238MICROTECHNOLOGY, 349MICROWAVE, 255MINERAL OIL, 365MINIATURISATION, 349MISCIBILITY, 146 271 332 382MIX RATIO, 218MIXING, 102 221MOBILE PHONE, 34 188MODAL ANALYSIS, 42MODULATOR, 210 351MOIRE INTERFERENCE, 123MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 271

414MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 212MOLAR RATIO, 63MOLE RATIO, 63MOLECULAR AGGREGATION,

139MOLECULAR COMPOSITION,

333MOLECULAR

CONFIGURATION, 177MOLECULAR

CONFORMATION, 177MOLECULAR DESIGN, 400MOLECULAR DYNAMICS, 177MOLECULAR INTERACTION,

96 177

MOLECULAR MASS, 33 52 5658 70 73 101 180 307 333 361385 436

MOLECULAR MOBILITY, 44 82283

MOLECULAR MODELLING, 177MOLECULAR MOTION, 82MOLECULAR ORBITAL, 132

134MOLECULAR ORDER, 126MOLECULAR ORIENTATION,

126 177 203 215 259 402MOLECULAR RELAXATION,

116MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 33 40 52

56 58 70 73 101 178 180 307333 361 383 385 436

MOLYBDENUMPENTACHLORIDE, 385

MONOMER REACTIVITY, 344MONOMETHYL

METHACRYLATE, 340MONTE-CARLO

CALCULATION, 125 177MORPHOLOGICAL

PROPERTIES, 18 30 93 124125 140 168 227 244 287 310320 322 333 336 382

MORPHOLOGY, 18 30 93 124125 140 168 227 244 287 310320 322 333 336 382

MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY,177

MOULD, 89 91 267MOULD CYCLE, 349MOULD FILLING, 349MOULD OPENING, 349MOULD TEMPERATURE, 349MOULDING, 51 181 189 261 262

267 349 411MOULDING PRESSURE, 349

NN-METHYL PYRROLIDONE,

307N-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE,

307NANOCOMPOSITE, 274NANOCRYSTAL, 134 247NANOFABRICATION, 274NANOPARTICLE, 124NANOPOLYMER, 166NANOSTRUCTURE, 132NANOTECHNOLOGY, 130 274NANOTUBE, 49 128 274NAPHTHYLACETYLENE

COPOLYMER, 385

Subject Index


NATURAL RUBBER, 30 84NEAR FIELD LIGHT

MICROSCOPY, 133NEAR-INFRARED

ABSORPTION, 252 303NEAR-INFRARED RADIATION,

253NEAR-INFRARED

SPECTROSCOPY, 73 399NEOPRENE, 30 83NETWORKS, 28 39 44 107 255NETWORK STRUCTURE, 322NEUTRON DIFFRACTION, 177NEUTRON SCATTERING, 177NICKEL, 328NICKEL POLYMER, 419NITRILE, 350NITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER,

83NITROANILINE, 194 285 336 437NITROANILINE COPOLYMER,

390NITROAZOBENZENE, 426NITROGEN, 398NITROGEN-CONTAINING

POLYMER, 28 109 335 348350 371 402

NITROPHENOL, 373NITROPHENYLAZOPHENOXY

GROUP, 252NITROPHENYLPROLINOL, 321NITROQUINOLINE, 383NITROSTILBENE, 304 390NITROSTYRYL PHENYL

PIPERIDINE, 24NITROSTYRYL PHENYL

PROLINOL, 24NITROTHIOPHENE GROUP, 373NOISE INSULATION, 84NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCE, 1 8 14 22 29 3133 55 56 60 66 70 79 94 95 100177 248 293 304 317 321 332337 348 378 391 393 397 398399 401 421 423

NUCLEAR MAGNETICRESONANCE SPECTRA, 5882 95 106 107 177 304 307 422423

NUCLEAR MAGNETICRESONANCESPECTROSCOPY, 1 22 31 6695 100 177 304 317 321 337348 378 393 423

NUCLEATION, 363NUMBER-AVERAGE

MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 276367

OOFFICE EQUIPMENT, 188OILS, 365OLEFIN POLYMERS, 13 34 36 40

83 89 222 363 365 403 408 420OLIGOBENZOATE, 100OLIGOESTER, 100OLIGOMERS, 4 103 109 219 255

276 367 387 437OLIGOSILANE, 126OLIGOTHIOPHENE, 23OPTICAL ABSORPTION, 77 86

115 137 252 400OPTICAL ACTIVITY, 187 246

326OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION, 27

344OPTICAL ANISOTROPY, 155OPTICAL BIREFRINGENCE, 421OPTICAL CABLE, 7 13 89 104

338 420OPTICAL CLARITY, 292OPTICAL COEFFICIENT, 41 96

215 289 297 307 320 355OPTICAL CONSTANT, 155OPTICAL CORRELATOR, 177OPTICAL DATA STORAGE, 48OPTICAL DENSITY, 228OPTICAL DISK, 4OPTICAL EMISSION

SPECTROSCOPY, 176OPTICAL EXCITATION, 129OPTICAL FILM, 434OPTICAL GAP, 156 159OPTICAL LIMITER, 313OPTICAL LOSS, 107 184 253 289

303 311 344 354 435OPTICAL MICROGRAPH, 44OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 44 133

382 384 400OPTICAL MODULATOR, 195

201 246 413OPTICAL RECORDING MEDIA,

192 335OPTICAL SENSOR, 90OPTICAL STORAGE, 192 335OPTICAL SWITCH, 177 245 247

414 416 417OPTICAL TRANSITION, 142 150

155OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE, 7 8 21

35 46 61 87 99 113 115 120 153163 164 190 198 199 201 218225 252 290 311 327 344 361398 401 413 414 415

OPTICALLY DETECTEDMAGNETIC RESONANCE

SPECTROSCOPY, 145 160OPTOELECTRONIC

APPLICATION, 21 113 124138 155 167 169 175 400

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE,169 323

OPTOELECTRONICPROPERTIES, 117 124 167169

ORGANIC SOLVENT, 58ORGANIC-INORGANIC

COMPOSITE, 41ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMER,

23ORGANOSILICON POLYMER,

180 202 268 321ORGANOSILICONE POLYMER,

180 202 268ORGANOSILOXANE

POLYMER, 180 202 268OSMOSIS, 36OXADIAZOLE COPOLYMER,

368OXADIAZOLE POLYMER, 64OXIDATION, 158 366OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,

366OXIDATIVE STABILITY, 150OXIDISING AGENT, 99OXIRANE COPOLYMER, 178OXIRANE POLYMER, 65 194

202 275 280OXYGEN, 225OXYGEN PLASMA ETCH, 225OXYPHENYLENECARBONYL

GROUP, 437

PP-NITROANILINE, 336PACKAGING, 4 34PAINTS, 34PALLADIUM, 304 352PARAHEXYLPHENYL, 160PARTICLE SHAPE, 382PARTICLE SIZE, 269 382PENDANT GROUP, 298 308 354

435PENTAFLUOROSTYRENE

COPOLYMER, 344PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE

POLYMER, 212 235PERMETHYLDECASILANE, 126PERMITTIVITY, 39 177 255PETERLIN APPROXIMATION,

392PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 44 258 333

384

Subject Index


PHASE CONJUGATION, 27PHASE DIAGRAM, 44 382PHASE MORPHOLOGY, 320PHASE SEPARATION, 43 194

226 280 332 333 382PHASE STRUCTURE, 44 333PHASE TRANSITION, 44 172 177

377PHENOLIC GROUP, 436PHENOLIC RESIN, 215PHENOXYSILICON POLYMER,

215PHENYLACETYLENE

POLYMER, 159PHENYLAZIDO GROUP, 97PHENYLAZOBENZOTHIAZOLE

GROUP, 433PHENYLENE POLYMER, 131

309PHENYLENE VINYLENE

COPOLYMER, 1 25 65 86 101144 193 272 368

PHENYLETHYNYLPHENOL,398

PHENYLISOCYANATECOPOLYMER, 107

PHENYLSTYRENECOPOLYMER, 9

PHOSPHAZENE POLYMER, 243252 257 421

PHOSPHORESCENCE, 152 174PHOSPHORUS POLYMER, 257PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING

POLYMER, 257PHOSPHORYLATION, 304PHOTOALIGNMENT, 114PHOTOBLEACHING, 133 143PHOTOCELL, 280 281 282PHOTOCHEMICAL

DEGRADATION, 417PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY, 23 27

67 108 118 121 126 135 138139 150 172 179 185 206 207287 340 350 426 432

PHOTOCROSSLINKING, 78 82233 285 295 296 344 390 431

PHOTOCURING, 69 89 99 233PHOTOCURRENT, 132 150 171

172 282PHOTODEVICE, 280PHOTODIODE, 11 424PHOTODOPING, 154PHOTOELECTRICAL

PROPERTIES, 272 273 278280 281 282

PHOTOEXCITATION, 129 137141 142 146 152 154 158 162165 167 171 173 174 273

PHOTOGENERATION, 150 158172 173 175

PHOTOGRAPHY, 10PHOTOINDUCED, 127 131 134

142 145 146 158 160 162 163165 166 170 173 176 315

PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRONTRANSFER, 132 146 158 170173

PHOTOINITIATION, 18PHOTOINITIATOR, 4 99 103 236

292 295 369 390PHOTOISOMERISATION, 227PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY, 398PHOTOLUMINESCENCE

DETECTED MAGNETICRESONANCESPECTROSCOPY, 145 160

PHOTOMODULATIONSPECTROSCOPY, 143

PHOTON, 26 159 166PHOTONIC APPLICATION, 42

88 113 114 122 123 124 125126 127 128 129 130 131 132133 134 135 136 137 138 139140 141 142 143 144 145 146147 148 149 150 151 152 153154 155 156 157 158 159 160161 162 163 164 165 166 167168 169 170 171 172 173 174175 176 184 187 209 254 259335 418 436

PHOTONIC CRYSTAL, 122 123124

PHOTOOPTICAL PROPERTIES,64

PHOTOOXIDATION, 158PHOTOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES, 130PHOTOPHYSICS, 139 144 152

159 160 161 167 168 170 175PHOTOPOLYMER, 23 324PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 18

39 44 296 324 334 431PHOTOPUMPING, 129PHOTOREACTIVITY, 322PHOTOREFRACTIVITY, 10 23 27

28 67 108 118 121 179 185 206207 227 229 287 298 304 335350 426

PHOTOSENSITIVITY, 185 229PHOTOTHERMAL

DEFLECTIONSPECTROSCOPY, 63

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL, 36 127128 132 282

PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES,282

PHTHALOCYANINECOPOLYMER, 364

PHTHALOCYANINE POLYMER,202

PI ELECTRON, 25 372 383PICOSECOND, 170 371PIPE, 36PIPE FITTING, 36PIXEL IMAGE, 78PLASMA ETCHING, 225PLASMA POLYMERISATION,

306PLASTICISATION, 40 349PLASTICISER, 30 34 82 108 185POCKELS COEFFICIENT, 351POLARIMETRY, 166 432POLARISATION, 39 122 148 151

157 166 177 279 300 325 355372

POLARISATION MICROSCOPY,177 377

POLARISATIONSPECTROSCOPY, 157 166

POLARISED OPTICALMICROSCOPY, 44 384

POLARISING MICROSCOPY,177 377

POLARITY, 318POLARON, 131 134 142 145 147

148 150 158 160 170 173 176POLING, 6 9 16 31 41 44 58 82 96

106 107 215 258 259 286 297307 312 320 321 325 329 354375 376 384 393 426 428 433435 436

POLY-TERT-BUTYLBENZOTHIOPHENE, 399

POLYACENE, 74POLYACETAL, 349POLYACETYLENE, 49 136 137

153 156 157 158 159 162 165166 170 254

POLYACRYLAMIDE, 90POLYACRYLATE, 44 47 72 231

327 353 382POLYACRYLIC ACID, 2 37POLYACRYLONITRILE, 358POLYADDITION, 31 375POLYADDUCT, 88POLYALKENE, 13 34 36 40 83 89

222 363 365 403 408 420POLYALKYL THIOPHENE, 142POLYALKYLCARBAZOLE, 56POLYAMIC ACID, 5 375 423POLYAMIDE, 30 36 83 89 114 284

323 341 349 382POLYAMIDE IMIDE, 299 349POLYAMINE, 28

Subject Index


POLYANILINE, 49 148 281POLYANTHRYLACETYLENE,

385POLYARYLATE, 94 113 429POLYARYLENE ETHER, 398 401POLYARYLENE ETHYNYLENE,

77 264POLYARYLENE SULFIDE, 269POLYAZOBENZENE, 335POLYAZOMETHINE, 402POLYBENZOGUANAMINE, 28POLYBENZOTHIOPHENE, 399POLYBENZOXAZOLE, 108POLYBIPYRIDINE, 75POLYBISDICYANOMETHYL-

IDENE INDANE, 422POLYBISMALEIMIDE

TRIAZINE, 34POLYBUCKMINSTER-

FULLERENE, 146POLYBUTADIENE, 315POLYBUTYL METHACRYLATE,

346POLYBUTYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 83 181349

POLYCAPROLACTONE, 349POLYCARBAZOLE, 28 248POLYCARBAZOLYL-

DIACETYLENE, 76 141 153165 254 288

POLYCARBON DIOXIDE, 18POLYCARBONATE, 14 34 87 188

349 382POLYCHLOROPRENE, 30 83POLYCONDENSATION, 93 101

182 312 316 317 341 348 422429

POLYCYANURATE, 230POLYCYCLOHEXYL

METHACRYLATE, 346POLYDIACETYLENE, 76 141

149 153 162 165 172 247 254391 395

POLYDIACRYLATE, 39 44POLYDICHLOROSTYRENE, 243POLYDIENE, 399POLYDIETHYNYL BENZENE,

79 328POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE,

124 228POLYDIOCTYLFLUORENE, 122

140POLYDIOXYBIPHENYL-

PHOSPHAZENE, 252POLYDIPHENYLACETYLENE,

159 170POLYDISILANYLENE

OLIGOPHENYLENE, 273POLYDISILANYLENE

OLIGOTHIENYLENE, 273POLYDISPERSITY, 58 361POLYDODECADIYNEDIOL

BISBUTOXYCARBONYLMETHYL URETHANE, 149

POLYENE, 136 159 167 372POLYEPOXIDE, 3 4 15 26 100

214 266 320 382 396 415 433POLYEPOXY ACRYLATE, 353

390POLYESTER FILM, 330POLYESTER IMIDE, 303POLYESTER RESIN, 43 88 221POLYETHER, 22 323 430POLYETHER ESTER, 30 221POLYETHER KETONE, 96 325

361 430POLYETHER SULFONE, 430POLYETHER URETHANE, 277POLYETHER-ESTER, 30 221POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE,

83 349POLYETHER-URETHANE, 277POLYETHERIMIDE, 253 349 360POLYETHYL METHACRYLATE,

24POLYETHYLENE, 7 13 34 36 40

57 83 165 181 310 409POLYETHYLENE

DIOXYTHIOPHENE, 128 427POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 65 194

202 275 280POLYETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 34 36 382POLYETHYLENEDIOXY-

THIOPHENE, 128POLYETHYLHEXYL

CARBAZOLYLCYANOTEREPHTHAL-IDENE, 128

POLYETHYNYL PYRIDINE, 348POLYETHYNYLPYRIDINIUM

TOSYLATE, 348POLYFLUORENE, 204POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 83POLYGLYCIDYL

METHACRYLATE, 390POLYHEXYL THIOPHENE, 134POLYHEXYLPHENYL-

ACETYLENE, 157POLYHEXYLTHIOPHENE, 134POLYHYDRAZONE, 68 98 191POLYHYDROXYIMIDE, 364 436POLYHYDROXYSTYRENE, 8POLYIMIDE, 5 6 23 31 52 55 58

70 83 93 97 115 120 182 225

233 255 256 260 293 304 308312 314 323 326 329 352 356360 375 397 414 423 435 436

POLYIMINE, 371POLYINDENOFLUORENE, 175POLYINDOLE, 108POLYION, 250POLYIONENE, 232POLYISOCYANATE, 276POLYISOIMIDE, 302POLYISOTHIANAPHTHENE,

399POLYKETONE, 430POLYLACTIDE, 349POLYMALEIMIDE, 326POLYMENTHYL

METHACRYLATE, 246POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID

CRYSTAL, 18 43 177 382POLYMERIC OIL, 365POLYMERIC PRECURSOR, 274POLYMERISATION CATALYST,

334 385POLYMERISATION KINETICS,

39 322POLYMERISATION

MECHANISM, 29 33 44 93302 429

POLYMERISATION YIELD, 385POLYMERISATION-INDUCED

PHASE SEPARATION, 382POLYMETHACRYLATE, 67 117

184 231 246 326 331 382 426432

POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, 14 24 3234 35 42 48 59 64 120 148 211217 226 237 239 243 244 270320 336 346 349 412 416 437

POLYNAPHTHALATE, 331POLYNAPHTHYL ACETYLENE,

385POLYOL, 382POLYOLEFIN, 13 34 36 40 83 89

222 363 365 403 408 420POLYORGANOPHOSPHAZENE,

33POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 124

180 202 228 268POLYOXADIAZOLE, 64POLYOXYETHYLENE, 65 194

202 275 280POLYPARAPHENYLENE, 131

145 152 160 171 275 280POLYPARAPHENYLENE

VINYLENE, 279 280POLYPHENANTHROLINE, 135POLYPHENYL ACETYLENE,

Subject Index


159POLYPHENYLENE, 131 309POLYPHENYLENE

BENZOBISTHIAZOLE, 311POLYPHENYLENE ETHER, 349POLYPHENYLENE

ETHINYLENE, 213POLYPHENYLENE

ETHYNYLENE, 213POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 349POLYPHENYLENE VINYLENE,

1 11 49 63 66 86 101 111 112125 127 129 132 133 139 144155 156 161 163 164 168 169173 176 274 275 434

POLYPHOSPHAZENE, 33 243252 257 421

POLYPHTHALOCYANINE, 202POLYPORPHYRIN, 109POLYPROPENE, 36 83 411POLYPROPYLENE, 36 83 411POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL,

178 333POLYPYRIDINE DIYL, 150 174POLYPYRROLE, 49 147POLYQUINOLINE, 354 428 435POLYSILANE, 126 184 323POLYSILICONE, 180 202 268POLYSILICONE ACRYLATE,

353POLYSILOXANE, 10 54 121 179

180 202 268 323 334 342POLYSILOXYPHTHALO-

CYANINE, 202POLYSILSESQUIOXANE, 180POLYSILYLENE, 264POLYSTYRENE, 30 111 114 123

243 318 326 346 382 398POLYSULFIDE, 323POLYSULFONE, 349 430POLYTETRAFLUORO-

ETHYLENE, 83POLYTHIOETHER, 323POLYTHIOPHENE, 49 62 110 134

146 197 399POLYTRIFLUOROETHYL

METHACRYLATE, 243POLYURETHANE, 4 5 6 12 17 23

30 47 60 83 106 107 219 223249 277 297 304 307 323 373378 379 380 382 388 413 433

POLYURETHANE ACRYLATE,18 333 353

POLYURETHANEDIACRYLATE, 18

POLYURETHANEMETHACRYLATE, 178 276

POLYURETHANE-ACRYLATE,

18 333 353POLYURETHANE-IMIDE, 5 6 19POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 301POLYVINYL BENZENE, 30 123

326POLYVINYL BUTYRAL, 382POLYVINYL CARBAZOLE, 80

118 206 207 272 278 350POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 34 36

83 89 222 277 284 405POLYVINYL CYANIDE, 358POLYVINYL FORMAL, 382POLYVINYL HALIDE, 284POLYVINYL INDOLE, 185POLYVINYL KETONE, 80POLYVINYL PHENOL, 8POLYVINYL PYRIDINE, 346POLYVINYL PYRROLE, 185POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE, 50POLYYNE, 419POOLE-FRENKEL EFFECT, 125PORPHYRIN, 229PORPHYRIN COPOLYMER, 282PORPHYRIN POLYMER, 109POTASSIUM TERT-BUTOXIDE,

101POWDER COATING, 4POWER CABLE, 30 83 222POWER DISTRIBUTION, 42POWER LAW, 372PRECISION MOULDING, 349PREFORM, 261 271 357PREPLASTICISING, 349PREPOLYMER, 106 276 353 382

396 423PREPREG, 214PRESSURE PIPE, 36PRESSURE RESISTANCE, 36PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 4PROCESSABILITY, 5 41 61 106

107 230 299 354 358 428 435PROCESSING, 8 61 187 189 260

261 271 286 332PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 51PRODUCTION, 35 36 89 349PROFILES, 106 225PROPARGYL GROUP, 348PROPENE COPOLYMER, 40PROPENOATE COPOLYMER,

432PROPENOIC ACID

COPOLYMER, 376PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 40PROPYLENE GLYCOL

POLYMER, 178 333PROPYLENE OXIDE

COPOLYMER, 178PROTECTIVE COATING, 240

PROTON MAGNETICRESONANCE, 332

PROTOTYPES, 20 51 349 351PULSE POLING, 393PULSE RADIOLYSIS, 161 174PYRAN, 346PYRIDINE, 59PYRIDYL COMPOUND, 17PYROMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE,

31PYROMELLITIC

DIANHYDRIDE, 31PYRROLE POLYMER, 49 147

QQUALITY CONTROL, 89 183 189

349QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, 143QUANTUM CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS, 75 155 167 316QUANTUM EFFICIENCY, 111

127 139 144 157 158 159 161166 170 281

QUANTUM LATTICEFLUCTUATION, 137

QUANTUM YIELD, 133 145 160168 197 213 272

QUANTUM-CHEMICALANALYSIS, 75 155 167 316

QUANTUM-CHEMICALCALCULATION, 25

QUARTZ, 252QUINOID, 399QUINOLINE, 383 395QUINOLINE COPOLYMER, 383QUINOLINE POLYMER, 354 428

435QUINOYL COMPOUND, 391

RRADIATION CURING, 85 92 103

178 216 219 220 236 292 295334 343 367 382 387

RADIATION DETECTOR, 177RADIATION

POLYMERISATION, 395RADICAL

COPOLYMERISATION, 9RADICAL POLYMERISATION,

184 345 374 422RAILWAY APPLICATION, 83RAMAN SCATTERING, 157 162

165RAMAN SPECTRA, 140 165RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 63

124 140 141 147 157 165

Subject Index


RANDOM COPOLYMER, 101258 332

RAPID PROTOTYPING, 349REACTION CONDITIONS, 9REACTION MECHANISM, 9 44

58 82 101 106 107 307 308 320321 393 422 437

REACTIVE DILUENT, 18 219REACTIVE GROUP, 295REACTIVE ION ETCHING, 398REACTIVITY, 322REACTIVITY RATIO, 344RECYCLING, 34 61 83 420REDOX REACTION, 138 319REDUCING AGENT, 99REFLECTANCE

SPECTROSCOPY, 155REFLECTION ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 155REFLECTIVITY, 122 155REFRACTION, 247REFRACTOMETRY, 306REGIOIRREGULARITY, 142REGIOREGULARITY, 134 142REINFORCED PLASTICS, 3 14

15 30 36 45 49 105 214 265266 349 377 408 425 438

REINFORCEDTHERMOPLASTICS, 36 349

RELAXATION, 82 107 117 134163 164 166 176 309 430

RELAXATION TIME, 37 166 186256 309 384

RELAXATION TRANSITIONS,166 174

RELEASE COATING, 367RESISTIVITY, 30 43RESPONSE BEHAVIOUR, 280RESPONSE

CHARACTERISTICS, 280RESPONSE TIME, 275 280 350RESTRUCTURING, 222RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,

57 94 177 276 349 392RHEOLOGY, 349 392RHODIUM COMPOUND, 385RIGIDITY, 107 114 326 433RING OPENING

POLYMERISATION, 31 375ROTARY MOULD, 89ROTATIONAL MOULD, 89ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 267ROTOMOULDING, 267RUBBER, 17 30 34 36 83 84 102

104 189 190 218 220 225 251262 296 315 365 387 424 425438

SSATURATED POLYESTER, 88

224 323 355 370 382 394 437SATURATION VOLTAGE, 382SCANNING ELECTRON

MICROGRAPH, 18 115 123211 238 415

SCANNING ELECTRONMICROSCOPY, 18 49 115 123211 238 310 332 382 415

SCANNING OPTICALMICROSCOPY, 133

SECOND HARMONICCOEFFICIENT, 9 321 370

SECOND HARMONICGENERATION, 9 19 28 44 5368 80 96 100 114 180 191 192194 195 196 256 286 300 307312 315 316 320 321 329 331355 373 374 375 383 384 386390 396 397 400 431 437

SECOND-ORDERSUSCEPTIBILITY, 9

SEGMENTED COPOLYMER, 144SEMICONDUCTOR, 34 122 128

130 135 138 139 145 150 153160 165 169 351

SENSOR, 3 90 105 198 213 217226 228 242 266 285 349

SERVICE LIFE, 36 66 276 366SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 36SHEAR, 332SHEAR MODULUS, 84SHEAR PROPERTIES, 57SHEAR RATE, 363SHEAR STRESS, 57SHEAR THINNING, 57SHEATH, 104 221 284 365 338

420SHORE HARDNESS, 221 240SHRINK RESISTANCE, 363SHRINKAGE, 36SIDE CHAIN, 44 58 117 119 182

191 194 250 257 287 298 307308 309 312 320 329 340 341348 354 362 364 367 370 375376 400 423 428 435 436

SIDE GROUP, 53 252 309 364 391395

SIDEWALL, 225SIGNAL PROCESSING, 153SILANE, 255 323SILANE POLYMER, 126 184 323SILICA, 169 199 228 242 243 252

269 365SILICATE, 284SILICON, 251 311

SILICON COPOLYMER, 54SILICON DIOXIDE, 169 199 242

243 269SILICON POLYMER, 180 184 202

268 273 353SILICON-CONTAINING

COPOLYMER, 54SILICON-CONTAINING

POLYMER, 180 184 202 268273 353

SILICONE, 264 292 416 417SILICONE COPOLYMER, 54SILICONE ELASTOMER, 30 83SILICONE POLYMER, 10 54 121

179 180 202 268 321 323 334342

SILICONE RUBBER, 30 83SILOXANE, 323SILOXANE COPOLYMER, 54SILOXANE POLYMER, 10 54

121 179 323 334 342SILVER TRIFLATE, 364SIZE EXCLUSION

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 8SLIP AGENT, 220SMECTIC A PHASE, 177SMECTIC B PHASE, 126 177SMECTIC C PHASE, 44 177SMOKE GENERATION, 406SMOKE PROPAGATION, 405SOFTENING POINT, 221SOL-GEL, 11 28 41 81 184 215

242 321SOL-GEL REACTION, 396SOL-GEL TRANSITION, 169SOLAR CELL, 127SOLAR PANEL, 127SOLID STATE

POLYMERISATION, 395SOLITON, 137 158SOLUTION POLYMERISATION,

43 93 348SOLUTION PROPERTIES, 288SOLUTION VISCOSITY, 311SOLVENT BONDING, 263SOLVENT CASTING, 140 311SOLVENT EVAPORATION, 382SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 376SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 216SOLVENT-FREE, 219SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR,

27SPECTRAL NARROWING, 163

164 273SPECTROELECTRO-

CHEMISTRY, 138 154SPHERULITE, 336SPIN CASTING, 213 254 307

Subject Index


SPIN COATING, 2 9 19 58 64 65204 209 215 252 255 285 311325 340 360 430 433

SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION,382

SPIROBIINDANOL, 87SPUN FIBRE, 305STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 13STATISTICS, 4 83 188 222STEEL, 36STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 36STENT, 349STEP-GROWTH

POLYMERISATION, 382STERIC HINDRANCE, 421STIFFNESS, 36 43 84STILBENE, 293 300STRESS RELAXATION, 186 243STRESS-OPTICAL

PROPERTIES, 392STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,

186STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES,

130STRUCTURE-PROPERTY

RELATIONSHIP, 64 101 106107 307 344

STYRENE, 350STYRENE COPOLYMER, 300

346 374STYRENE POLYMER, 30 123

326STYRENE-BUTADIENE

RUBBER, 30STYRENE-BUTADIENE-

STYRENE(HYDROGENATED), 83

STYRENE-ETHYLENEBUTYLENE-STYRENEBLOCK COPOLYMER, 83

SULFONE POLYMER, 349 430SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, 83SUPRAMOLECULAR

STRUCTURE, 124SURFACE DISCHARGE, 409SURFACE FINISH, 36SURFACE MODIFICATION, 124SURFACE PLASMON

SPECTROSCOPY, 153SURFACE PROPERTIES, 177SURFACE TREATMENT, 124

260SURGICAL APPLICATION, 294SURGICAL GOWN, 294SWITCHING, 18 43 382SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 34

TTALC, 284TELECOMMUNICATIONS

APPLICATION, 13 20 30 36 4283 188 222 239 260 269 277290 349 403 404 405 406 407408 409 410 411 413 414 415416 417 418 438

TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 349TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE,

28 35 37 60 68 84 98 125 141238

TENSILE PROPERTIES, 94 104186 214 240 265 266 324

TENSILE STRENGTH, 104 214240 265

TENSION CONTROL, 89TEREPHTHALIC ACID, 95 221TEST EQUIPMENT, 7 13TEST METHOD, 13 404 405 416TESTING, 7 13 404 405 416TETHERED CHAIN, 17TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

COPOLYMER, 241TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-

HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENECOPOLYMER, 83

TETRAFLUOROISO-PHTHALOYL CHLORIDE,224

TETRAHYDROFURAN, 37 345395

THERMAL ANALYSIS, 12 31 107180 193 224 249 317 336 337342 356 412

THERMAL ANNEALING, 172THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY,

417THERMAL CROSSLINKING, 82

398 433THERMAL CURING, 255 433THERMAL CYCLING, 89THERMAL DEGRADATION, 93

255 345 410 417THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC

ANALYSIS, 16 19 22 28 55 5860 79 93 293 307 308 344 356364 375 397 398 422 423

THERMAL IMIDISATION, 375436

THERMAL POLYMERISATION,184 204

THERMAL STRESS, 36 417THERMAL TRANSITION, 256

258 286 342THERMALLY INDUCED PHASE

SEPARATION, 382

THERMALLY STIMULATEDCURRENT, 160

THERMALLY STIMULATEDDISCHARGE, 160

THERMOGRAPHY, 177THERMOGRAVIMETRIC

ANALYSIS, 16 19 22 28 55 5860 79 93 293 307 308 344 356364 375 397 398 422 423

THERMOOPTICALPROPERTIES, 199 417

THERMOOXIDATIVESTABILITY, 40

THERMOPLASTICELASTOMER, 30 83

THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 3083

THICKENING AGENT, 365THIENYL COMPOUND, 391THIOL GROUP, 323THIOLENE, 382THIOPHENE COPOLYMER, 146THIOPHENE GROUP, 106THIOPHENE POLYMER, 49 62

110 134 146 197 399THIOPHENE RING, 307THIRD HARMONIC

GENERATION, 371 372 402THRESHOLD VALUE, 15THRESHOLD VOLTAGE, 272

275 382TIME OF FLIGHT, 109 125 126

203TIME RESOLVED ELECTRO-

OPTIC ANALYSIS, 393TIME RESOLVED

FLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPY, 144

TIME RESOLVEDSPECTROSCOPY, 139 165 166169 176

TOLUENE, 249 254TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 12

17 95 106 107TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE, 95TOPOCHEMICAL

POLYMERISATION, 395TORSIONAL PROPERTIES, 177TRANSIENT ABSORPTION, 162

163TRANSIENT ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 139 162 173175 176

TRANSIENT CURRENTSPECTROSCOPY, 126

TRANSITION ENERGY, 172TRANSITION TEMPERATURE,

44

Subject Index


TRANSMISSION ELECTRONMICROSCOPY, 18 115 123211 238 310 415

TRANSMISSIONSPECTROSCOPY, 155

TRIALKOXYSILANE, 215 255TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,

13TRIBOLOGY, 13TRICHLOROSILYL GROUP, 200TRICYANOFURAN GROUP, 106TRICYANOVINYL GROUP, 307TRIETHANOLAMINE, 107TRIETHYLAMINE, 395TRIFLUOROETHYL


TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE, 303TRIMETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-

ACRYLATE, 92TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE

TRIACRYLATE, 333TRINITROFLUORENYLIDENE

MALONITRILE, 185 350TRIPHENYLAMINE, 200 287TRIPHENYLAMINE

COPOLYMER, 272TRIPHENYLBISMUTH, 385TRISHYDROXYPHENYL

ETHANE, 255TUNGSTEN HEXACHLORIDE,

385

UULTRAFAST SPECTROSCOPY,

132 139 163 165 166 168 169170 175

ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION, 216 288 358 380 414

ULTRAVIOLET CURING, 4 89231 233 236 240 333 353 369382

ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION,321 369

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, 321 369ULTRAVIOLET

POLYMERISATION, 395ULTRAVIOLET

SPECTROSCOPY, 14 19 22 2829 33 55 58 59 60 79 82 93 101106 119 147 227 236 241 252307 308 320 321 345 348 362364 368 376 385 395 421 423430 437

ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM, 1922 119 227 236 241 345 362

ULTRAVIOLET VIS

ABSORPTION, 288ULTRAVIOLET VIS

SPECTROSCOPY, 14 28 29 3355 58 59 60 79 82 93 101 106147 252 307 308 320 321 348364 368 376 385 395 421 423430 437

UNDERGROUND CABLE, 83UNDERGROUND PIPE, 36UNDERWATER APPLICATION,

83UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 4

43 88 209 221 323URETHANE, 323 391URETHANE ACRYLATE

OLIGOMER, 292URETHANE COPOLYMER, 219

232URETHANE POLYMER, 23 30

304 323URETHANE UREA

COPOLYMER, 50 223

VVIBRATION, 136VIBRATION ISOLATION, 84VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA, 147VIBRATIONAL

SPECTROSCOPY, 63 80 114124 140 141 147 154 157 165184 232 249 336 348 375

VICAT SOFTENING POINT, 221VICAT SOFTENING

TEMPERATURE, 221VINYL ALCOHOL POLYMER,

301VINYL BUTYRAL POLYMER,

382VINYL CARBAZOLE

POLYMER, 80 118 206 207272 278 350

VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER,284

VINYL COPOLYMER, 219VINYL ETHER GROUP, 295VINYL PHENOL POLYMER, 8VINYL PYRIDINE POLYMER,

346VINYLIDENE DIFLUORIDE

COPOLYMER, 241VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES,

177 186VISCOELASTICITY, 177VISCOMETRY, 311VISCOSITY, 57 94 177 181 276

311 348VULCANISATION, 30

WWATER, 184 377WATER PIPE, 36WATER RESISTANCE, 40WATER SOLUBLE, 348WAVE FUNCTION, 156WAVE PROPAGATION, 38 41WAVEGUIDE, 7 8 14 21 35 41 46

53 58 59 61 84 87 97 99 113115 120 151 153 163 164 184190 198 199 201 209 217 218225 228 230 234 235 242 243245 246 251 252 254 260 261277 279 288 290 296 306 311318 327 335 344 361 366 398401 413 414 415 420

WAVELENGTH, 25 101 251 252253 311

WEAR RESISTANCE, 366WELDING, 36 349WELDING EQUIPMENT, 36WETTING, 377WIRE COVERING, 83 222WIRE INSULATION, 83 222

XX-RAY ANALYSIS, 126X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 29 44 54

123 125 126 141 177 180 336358 377 384 391 400

X-RAY SCATTERING, 29 44 54123 125 126 141 177 180 336358 377 384 391 400

YYIELD STRESS, 365YOUNG’S MODULUS, 276 334

ZZ-SCAN, 77ZETA POTENTIAL, 377ZINC PORPHYRIN, 229

Subject Index


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