polyculture and integrated tilapia farming systems - kuala lumpur, malaysia
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Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaTRANSCRIPT
POLYCULTURE AND INTEGRATED TILAPIA
FARMING SYSTEMS
Kevin Fitzsimmons, Cesar Hernandez, Jason Licamele, Rafael Martinez
University of ArizonaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
November 4, 2009
Global food crisis
Rapidly increasing populationDiversion of foods to bio-fuels Increased costs for water, fertilizer, fuelMultiple demands for farmland (urban
sprawl, industrial and mining, solar and wind generation, wildlife conservation, watershed protection, global warming, etc.)
Need for second generation biofuels
Need new model for food production
Green Revolution – huge increase in food production, but heavy reliance on irrigation, fuel and fertilizer
Blue Revolution – almost 50% of seafood is farm raised, but many environmental impacts (effluents causing eutrophication, algae blooms, cage and raft conflicts with other users in oceans, bays and lakes)
Historical perspectiveTraditional farming around the world integrated
livestock and cropsEast and South Asian farmers have long
tradition of integrating agriculture and aquaculture
Asian sustainable farming systems support huge populations
Fish – vegetable – rice (complex carbohydrate) diet is recommended by most nutrition experts
Historical perspective
Modern agriculture cannot follow Asian model of small-farm integrated systems (gardening)
We need an industrial version merging aqua- and agri- cultures
Taking the best of the Green and Blue Revolutions
Green Revolutions weaknesses are Blue Revolutions needs and vice-versa
1. Fertilizer demand
2. Increase in irrigation
3. Chemical fertilizers pollute groundwater
4. Industrial crops with by-products
1. Aquaculture effluent rich in N and P
2. Fish grow well in irrigation water
3. Fish wastes are slow release, organic
4. Fish feeds need alternatives for fish meal and oil
Tropical Inland Integrated SystemTilapia oil palm, rice, sugar cane
Tilapia and citrus in Hainan, China
Arid Integrated Systems
Tilapia Grapes, wheat, olives, barley, sorghum, cotton, melons, peppers
Safford, AZ Marana, AZ
Desert Springs Tilapia, Hyder AZ
Gila Farms, AZ
Tilapia/koi/catfish to cotton/barley irrigation
small pond (not to scale)
siphon>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
(Larger Pond) - not to scale Fish Pond
TilapiaFloating Cages
PUMP
Road
IRRIGATION PIPES 15 ft
Barley Barley Barley Barley(Cotton) (Cotton) (Cotton) (Cotton)
Road
Wel
l
160
ft
W.W
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F.E.
+ S
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F.E.
W.W
+ S
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F.E.
+ S
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W.W
. + S
.F.
F.E.
W.W
.
W.W
. + S
.F.
F.E.
W.W
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F.E.
+ S
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F.E.
W.W
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W.W
. + S
.F.
F.E.
+ S
.F.
101
102
103
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201
202
203
204
301
302
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401
402
403
404
Road
Data report – Tilapia effluents irrigating cotton
Water pH reduced from 8.3 to 8.0Added 19.7 kg/ha total N during one crop.
0
5
10
15
20
25
AprilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septem
berTot
al N
app
lied
with
wat
er (k
g/ha
)
WellPond
Results - Integration of aquaculture and agriculture
Contributed 2.6 kg/ha P to crop.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
AprilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septem
berTot
al P
app
lied
with
wat
er (k
g/ha
)
WellPond
Tilapia and barley study
Arid Integrated Systems
Tilapia cages to cotton Tilapia to hydroponicsAk Chin, AZ University of Arizona
AquaponicsTilapia and
lettuce
RESULTSEffluent nutrient values
0.07 mg/L NH3, 0.321 mg/L NO2, 21.2 mg/L NO3, 0.17 mg/L total P
Fertilizer value about 43 kg/ha N and 0.34 kg/ha P
Olives with aquaculture effluentOlives with well water
Olive Tree Height Over Time
11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
Mar-
02
Ap
r-0
2
May
-02
Jun
-02
Jul-
02
Au
g-0
2
Sep
-02
Oct-
02
No
v-0
2
Dec-0
2
Jan
-03
Feb
-03
Mar-
03
Ap
r-0
3
May
-03
Jun
-03
Jul-
03
Au
g-0
3
Sep
-03
Oct-
03
No
v-0
3
Dec-0
3
Jan
-04
Feb
-04
Heig
ht
(m)
Effluent Fertilizer Well Water
Data report -Olives irrigated with effluent
Use of Tilapia/shrimp sludge as a soil amendment for tomatoes
Chad KingEnvironmental Research Lab
University of Arizona
Research Design Collected and dried fresh sludge from a
tilapia/shrimp farm in western Arizona, USA Treatments of 5, 10 and 20% sludge application by
volume, 402, 805 and 1,610 g/plant Mechanically mixed shrimp sludge and potting soil
mix (concrete sand, mulch, vermiculite) Randomly transplanted and arranged 28 ‘Roma’
tomato starts in a greenhouse, one plant per pot Each plant received 4 L of water daily, over four
applications by drip irrigation Response measured in mass of tomatoes produced
Tilapia / shrimp sludge characteristics
Sample Total N
% dry matter
Total PO4-P
% dry matter
Total K
% dry matter
NO3-N
µg/g
Olsen P
µg/g
Soluble K
µg/g
EC
dS/m
1 0.13 0.10 0.23 1497.4 22.60 27.3
2 0.48 0.21 0.20 4.36 73.50 53.6 8.5
Total N, PO4-P and K show total plant macronutrients
NO3-N, Olsen P and soluble K show plant available nutrients
EC provides a measurement of soil salinity
Tomato Production
Treatment Tomato Mass (g/plant)
SEM
0% (Control) 39.2a 11.54
5%402 g/plant
65.1a 11.14
10%805 g/plant
141.1b 20.73
20%1,620 g/plant
113.6b 19.9
Different superscripts indicate a significant difference, p<0.05
Results
Applications of 10% and 20% increased plant production
Land application will benefit crop production while providing a disposal mechanism
Soil salinity must be monitoredSludge is highly variable, depending
on pond management
Coastal Integrated SystemsShrimp / tilapia Halophytes and seaweeds
Shrimp/tilapia and edible seaweeds
Data report - Daily growth rates of Gracilaria with effluent over 4 weeks
0123456789
10
In effluentchannel
Transferredto ocean
Chemicalfertilizer
Not fertilzed
% g
row
th p
er d
ay
Tilapia-shrimp-halophytes Eritrea
Shrimp and tilapia ponds
Mangroves
Salicornia
Salicornia
Mangroves
Shrimp and Salicornia (halophyte)
Tilapia – shrimp – seaweed polyculture in Indonesia
Gracilaria
Shrimp
Tilapia
Polyculture tilapia/shrimp/algae aquaculture
Algae represent the largest aquaculture crop on global basisAlgae are a major component
of diet in Asia and Pacific cuisineAlgae are a growing sector for
niche markets in the US
KAB. ACEH BESAR (3.450) Ha
KAB. ACEH PIDIE (5.073) Ha
KAB. BIREUN(6.710) Ha
Demonstration ponds stocked with Gracilaria
Aceh Besar
Initial stocks from Ohama corporate farm (1000 kg) brought to Sumatra
Material loaded from farm Fresh material
Gracilaria distributed into ponds
Workshops and training
Field visits to farmers
Brackish water tilapia – seaweedsFish cage effluents (feed and feces) fertilize seaweed
Fresh Gracilaria from the tilapia/shrimp pond
ConclusionsOur planet has limited water resources and
we should embrace multiple use and generate at least two crops from each drop
Integrated aquaculture – agriculture is sustainable and profitable