polyculture and integrated tilapia farming systems - kuala lumpur, malaysia

42
POLYCULTURE AND INTEGRATED TILAPIA FARMING SYSTEMS Kevin Fitzsimmons, Cesar Hernandez, Jason Licamele, Rafael Martinez University of Arizona Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia November 4, 2009

Upload: fayina19z

Post on 14-May-2015

1.986 views

Category:

Education


6 download

DESCRIPTION

Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

POLYCULTURE AND INTEGRATED TILAPIA

FARMING SYSTEMS

Kevin Fitzsimmons, Cesar Hernandez, Jason Licamele, Rafael Martinez

University of ArizonaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

November 4, 2009

Page 2: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Global food crisis

Rapidly increasing populationDiversion of foods to bio-fuels Increased costs for water, fertilizer, fuelMultiple demands for farmland (urban

sprawl, industrial and mining, solar and wind generation, wildlife conservation, watershed protection, global warming, etc.)

Need for second generation biofuels

Page 3: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Need new model for food production

Green Revolution – huge increase in food production, but heavy reliance on irrigation, fuel and fertilizer

Blue Revolution – almost 50% of seafood is farm raised, but many environmental impacts (effluents causing eutrophication, algae blooms, cage and raft conflicts with other users in oceans, bays and lakes)

Page 4: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Historical perspectiveTraditional farming around the world integrated

livestock and cropsEast and South Asian farmers have long

tradition of integrating agriculture and aquaculture

Asian sustainable farming systems support huge populations

Fish – vegetable – rice (complex carbohydrate) diet is recommended by most nutrition experts

Page 5: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Historical perspective

Modern agriculture cannot follow Asian model of small-farm integrated systems (gardening)

We need an industrial version merging aqua- and agri- cultures

Taking the best of the Green and Blue Revolutions

Page 6: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Green Revolutions weaknesses are Blue Revolutions needs and vice-versa

1. Fertilizer demand

2. Increase in irrigation

3. Chemical fertilizers pollute groundwater

4. Industrial crops with by-products

1. Aquaculture effluent rich in N and P

2. Fish grow well in irrigation water

3. Fish wastes are slow release, organic

4. Fish feeds need alternatives for fish meal and oil

Page 7: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tropical Inland Integrated SystemTilapia oil palm, rice, sugar cane

Page 8: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia and citrus in Hainan, China

Page 9: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arid Integrated Systems

Tilapia Grapes, wheat, olives, barley, sorghum, cotton, melons, peppers

Safford, AZ Marana, AZ

Page 10: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Desert Springs Tilapia, Hyder AZ

Page 11: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Gila Farms, AZ

Page 12: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia/koi/catfish to cotton/barley irrigation

Page 13: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

small pond (not to scale)

siphon>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

(Larger Pond) - not to scale Fish Pond

TilapiaFloating Cages

PUMP

Road

IRRIGATION PIPES 15 ft

Barley Barley Barley Barley(Cotton) (Cotton) (Cotton) (Cotton)

Road

Wel

l

160

ft

W.W

.

F.E.

+ S

.F.

F.E.

W.W

+ S

.F.

F.E.

+ S

.F.

W.W

. + S

.F.

F.E.

W.W

.

W.W

. + S

.F.

F.E.

W.W

.

F.E.

+ S

.F.

F.E.

W.W

.

W.W

. + S

.F.

F.E.

+ S

.F.

101

102

103

104

201

202

203

204

301

302

303

304

401

402

403

404

Road

Page 14: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Data report – Tilapia effluents irrigating cotton

Water pH reduced from 8.3 to 8.0Added 19.7 kg/ha total N during one crop.

0

5

10

15

20

25

AprilM

ayJu

neJu

ly

August

Septem

berTot

al N

app

lied

with

wat

er (k

g/ha

)

WellPond

Page 15: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Results - Integration of aquaculture and agriculture

Contributed 2.6 kg/ha P to crop.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

AprilM

ayJu

neJu

ly

August

Septem

berTot

al P

app

lied

with

wat

er (k

g/ha

)

WellPond

Page 16: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia and barley study

Page 17: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arid Integrated Systems

Tilapia cages to cotton Tilapia to hydroponicsAk Chin, AZ University of Arizona

Page 18: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

AquaponicsTilapia and

lettuce

Page 19: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

RESULTSEffluent nutrient values

0.07 mg/L NH3, 0.321 mg/L NO2, 21.2 mg/L NO3, 0.17 mg/L total P

Fertilizer value about 43 kg/ha N and 0.34 kg/ha P

Page 20: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Olives with aquaculture effluentOlives with well water

Page 21: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Olive Tree Height Over Time

11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

Mar-

02

Ap

r-0

2

May

-02

Jun

-02

Jul-

02

Au

g-0

2

Sep

-02

Oct-

02

No

v-0

2

Dec-0

2

Jan

-03

Feb

-03

Mar-

03

Ap

r-0

3

May

-03

Jun

-03

Jul-

03

Au

g-0

3

Sep

-03

Oct-

03

No

v-0

3

Dec-0

3

Jan

-04

Feb

-04

Heig

ht

(m)

Effluent Fertilizer Well Water

Data report -Olives irrigated with effluent

Page 22: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Use of Tilapia/shrimp sludge as a soil amendment for tomatoes

Chad KingEnvironmental Research Lab

University of Arizona

Page 23: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Research Design Collected and dried fresh sludge from a

tilapia/shrimp farm in western Arizona, USA Treatments of 5, 10 and 20% sludge application by

volume, 402, 805 and 1,610 g/plant Mechanically mixed shrimp sludge and potting soil

mix (concrete sand, mulch, vermiculite) Randomly transplanted and arranged 28 ‘Roma’

tomato starts in a greenhouse, one plant per pot Each plant received 4 L of water daily, over four

applications by drip irrigation Response measured in mass of tomatoes produced

Page 24: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Page 25: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia / shrimp sludge characteristics

Sample Total N

% dry matter

Total PO4-P

% dry matter

Total K

% dry matter

NO3-N

µg/g

Olsen P

µg/g

Soluble K

µg/g

EC

dS/m

1 0.13 0.10 0.23 1497.4 22.60 27.3

2 0.48 0.21 0.20 4.36 73.50 53.6 8.5

Total N, PO4-P and K show total plant macronutrients

NO3-N, Olsen P and soluble K show plant available nutrients

EC provides a measurement of soil salinity

Page 26: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Page 27: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tomato Production

Treatment Tomato Mass (g/plant)

SEM

0% (Control) 39.2a 11.54

5%402 g/plant

65.1a 11.14

10%805 g/plant

141.1b 20.73

20%1,620 g/plant

113.6b 19.9

Different superscripts indicate a significant difference, p<0.05

Page 28: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Results

Applications of 10% and 20% increased plant production

Land application will benefit crop production while providing a disposal mechanism

Soil salinity must be monitoredSludge is highly variable, depending

on pond management

Page 29: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Coastal Integrated SystemsShrimp / tilapia Halophytes and seaweeds

Page 30: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Shrimp/tilapia and edible seaweeds

Page 31: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Data report - Daily growth rates of Gracilaria with effluent over 4 weeks

0123456789

10

In effluentchannel

Transferredto ocean

Chemicalfertilizer

Not fertilzed

% g

row

th p

er d

ay

Page 32: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia-shrimp-halophytes Eritrea

Shrimp and tilapia ponds

Mangroves

Salicornia

Salicornia

Mangroves

Page 33: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Shrimp and Salicornia (halophyte)

Page 34: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tilapia – shrimp – seaweed polyculture in Indonesia

Page 35: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Gracilaria

Shrimp

Tilapia

Page 36: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Polyculture tilapia/shrimp/algae aquaculture

Algae represent the largest aquaculture crop on global basisAlgae are a major component

of diet in Asia and Pacific cuisineAlgae are a growing sector for

niche markets in the US

Page 37: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

KAB. ACEH BESAR (3.450) Ha

KAB. ACEH PIDIE (5.073) Ha

KAB. BIREUN(6.710) Ha

Demonstration ponds stocked with Gracilaria

Aceh Besar

Page 38: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Initial stocks from Ohama corporate farm (1000 kg) brought to Sumatra

Material loaded from farm Fresh material

Gracilaria distributed into ponds

Page 39: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Workshops and training

Field visits to farmers

Page 40: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Brackish water tilapia – seaweedsFish cage effluents (feed and feces) fertilize seaweed

Page 41: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Fresh Gracilaria from the tilapia/shrimp pond

Page 42: Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ConclusionsOur planet has limited water resources and

we should embrace multiple use and generate at least two crops from each drop

Integrated aquaculture – agriculture is sustainable and profitable