pollution - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • factories • sewage...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
POLLUTION
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
![Page 2: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Water Pollution
• Background
• Sources
• Types
• Eutrophication
• Sewage Management and Treatment
![Page 3: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Pollution =
– The presence of a substance in the environment
that prevents the functioning of natural
processes and produces undesirable
environmental and health effects
– Pollutant = any material, natural or man-made,
that causes pollution
• Strategies to manage pollution
1. Identify materials causing the pollution
2. Identify source of the pollutants
3. Develop control strategies to prevent pollution
4. Develop alternatives to avoid pollution altogether
![Page 4: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sources of Pollution• Point sources =
– Source of pollution with specific points of discharge
– Examples
• Factories
• Sewage systems
• Power plants
• Coal mines
• Oil wells
• Nonpoint sources =
– Sources of pollution that are harder to identify
– Examples
• Agricultural runoff
• Stormwater drainage
• Acid rain
![Page 5: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of Pollution
1. Chemical Pollutants
2. Pathogens
3. Organic Wastes
4. Sediments
5. Nutrients
![Page 7: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Chemical Pollutants
• Inorganic chemicals
– Heavy metals
– Acids from mine
drainage
– Acid precipitation
– Road salts
• Organic chemicals
– Petroleum products
– Pesticides
– Detergents
•Biomagnification =
•Pollutants become more concentrated by
passing through several levels of the food
web
![Page 8: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2. Pathogens
• Pathogens =– Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other parasitic
organisms
– If wastes from carriers contaminate water, pathogens can infect others
• Methods for controlling waterborne diseases:1. Purify and disinfect water
2. Sanitary collection and treatment of wastes3. Sanitary standards around food
4. Public education in hygiene
![Page 9: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3. Organic Wastes
• Detritus =
– Dead organic matter, such as fallen leaves,
twigs, and other plant/animal wastes
• As bacteria break down detritus, they use oxygen that is dissolved in water (DO)
• Lots of detritus = lots of oxygen getting used up
• This limits animal life
![Page 10: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4. Sediments• Erosion leads to more sediment in the water
which disrupts the ecosystem
1. Muddy water reduces amount of light penetration and photosynthesis
2. Extra silt and sand removes attached aquatic organisms from rocks
3. Hiding and resting places get buried in sediment
![Page 11: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
5. Nutrients
• Agricultural runoff is a primary source of nutrients
– Phosphorus
– Nitrogen
• Result:
– Excessive plant
growth
![Page 13: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eutrophication
Different Kinds of Aquatic Plants
• Phytoplankton =
– Plants that live suspended in water
– Found wherever light and nutrients are available
• Emergent vegetation =
– Plants that are rooted in sediment, grow with lower parts in water, but upper parts stick out of water
• Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)=
– Plants that grow totally underwater so they need clear water that lets light through
– Get nutrients from sediment
• Not limited by water low in nutrients
![Page 14: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What happens when too many nutrients are added to water?
Sequence of eutrophication
1. Phytoplankton grow
2. Phytoplankton block light
3. SAV die
4. Phytoplankton die (competition)
5. Detritus builds up
6. Bacteria grow (break down detritus)
7. Dissolved oxygen gets used up by bacteria
8. Animals suffocate and die
![Page 17: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Eutrophic =
– Body of water that is nutrient rich
– Supports growth of lots of phytoplankton
– Has little or no dissolved oxygen
– Organisms end up dying!
• Oligotrophic =
– Body of water that is nutrient poor
– Unable to support much phytoplankton
– Light penetrates deeply
– HEALTHY body of water!
• Note: Natural eutrophication is a normal process but can become a problem when humans add too many nutrients too quickly (pollution!)
![Page 18: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Combating Eutrophication
– Attack symptoms
• Herbicides
• Aeration
• Harvesting aquatic weeds
• Drawing water down
– Cut down on nitrogen and phosphorus in water
• Ban sale of phosphate detergents
• Issue and monitor permits for discharging
pollutants
• Best management practices =
– Farm management practices that serve
best to reduce soil and nutrient runoff
![Page 19: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sewage Management and Treatment
• Storm drains =
– Collect and drain runoff from precipitation
• Sanitary sewers =
– Receive wastewater from sinks, tubs, and toilets
• Raw sewage or sludge =
– Untreated organic matter that is removed from sewage water by letting it settle
– 99.9% water to 0.1% waste
![Page 20: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Removing Pollutants from Sewage
1. Preliminary Treatment =
– Removal of debris and grit from wastewater using a course screen and grit-settling chamber
2. Primary Treatment =
– Water passes very slowly through large tank so that clumps of organic material can settle out
3. Secondary or biological treatment =
– Removes most of remaining organic matter
– Organisms feed on it and oxidize it through respiration
– *Oxygen must be added to water*
![Page 21: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
4. Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) =
– Removes nitrogen and phosphorus
5. Final Cleansing and Disinfection
– Usually using chlorine gas
• Note: Discharging this treated wastewater may
improve water quality of the receiving body of
water
![Page 22: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• 3 Ways to Treat Sludge
1. Anaerobic Digestion =
• Breakdown of organic material by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen
2. Composting =
• Letting organic wastes decompose in the presence of air
• Product = nutrient rich humus
3. Pasteurization =
• Heating organic material to kill pathogens
• *All 3 result in material that can be used for fertilizer*
![Page 24: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Air Pollution
•Background
•Types of Pollutants
•Smog
•Acid Precipitation
•Impact of Air Pollutants
•Greenhouse Effect
•The Ozone Layer
•Control Strategies
![Page 25: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Background
• Air pollutants =
– Substances in the atmosphere that have harmful effects
• 3 factors determine level of air pollution
1. Amount of pollutants entering the air
2. Amount of space into which the pollutants can spread out
3. Mechanisms that remove pollutants from the air
![Page 26: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Air pollutants can be natural
– From volcanoes, fires,
dust storms, and other
natural processes
– There are natural cleansing agents that
remove and recycle natural pollutants
• Hydroxyl radicals, sea salts, microorganisms in soil
• BUT, nature can’t remove all of the pollution humans are creating fast enough
![Page 27: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Types of Pollutants
• Primary pollutants =
– Pollutants released
directly into atmosphere mainly as a result of
burning fuels and wastes
– Examples
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Sulfur oxides (SOx)
• Lead (Pb)
• Radon (Rn)
• Secondary pollutants =
– Pollutants resulting from
reactions of primary air pollutants in the
atmosphere
– Examples
• Ozone (O3)
• Sulfuric acids
• Nitric acids
![Page 28: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Smog
• Industrial smog =
– Grayish mixture of moisture, soot, and
sulfurous compounds
– Occurs in industrial areas and where coal is a
primary energy source
• Photochemical smog =
– Brownish haze that typically forms over large
cities with lots of automobile traffic
![Page 29: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Impacts of smog
– Pollutants can build up to dangerous levels
– Can cause headaches, nausea, eye and
throat irritation
– Affects trees and other vegetation also
![Page 30: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Acid Precipitation• Acid =
– Has a pH less than 7
• Base =
– Has a pH greater than 7
• pH scale0 (highly acidic ) → 7 (neutral) → 14 (highly basic)
• In the absence of pollution, rainfall is normally slightly acidic, with pH of 5.6
• Acid precipitation =– Acid rain, acid fog, acid snow, and other forms of
precipitation that is more acidic than normal• pH less than 5.6
![Page 31: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Buffer, the Acid Slayer
– Buffer =
• Substance that will neutralize the pH of a
solution
• Limestone is a natural buffer
![Page 33: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Impact of Air Pollutants
• Effects on Human Health
– Those most sensitive to air pollution are
• Small children
• Asthmatics
• People with chronic lung or heart disease
• The elderly
![Page 34: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Effects on Materials and Buildings
– Walls and windows turn gray
– Paints and fabrics deteriorate more rapidly
– Rubber products become hard and crack
– Metal corrosion increases
– Limestone and marble buildings and
monuments erode quickly
– Visibility decreases
![Page 35: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Effects on the Environment
– Plants are even more sensitive to gaseous air pollutants than are humans
• Crop damage
• Forest damage
– Aquatic ecosystems become more acidic
• Kills organisms
• Upsets balance
![Page 36: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse gases (GHGs) =
– Gases in atmosphere that absorb infrared energy
and contribute to air temperature
• Examples: CO2, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide,
ozone, chlorofluorocarbons and other halocarbons
– Create a “heat blanket”
important in insulating
Earth’s surface
+ Necessary to keep the surface of Earth warm and
livable!
- Too many are not good either because the
temperature on Earth could increase too much!
![Page 37: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• More about Carbon dioxide
– Natural sources
• CO2 levels rise from late fall through spring
• CO2 levels fall from late spring through early fall
– Other sources
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Burning of forest trees
– Recent years, steady rise in CO2 levels
• Results in thicker insulating blanket
• We need to be careful that pollution doesn’t trap
too much heat, making it too warm!
![Page 38: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Ozone in the troposphere (lowest level of atmosphere) acts as a greenhouse gas
– Too much is considered pollution by trapping extra heat!
• The ozone layer in the stratosphere (higher level of atmosphere) protects us from harmful UV rays
– UV radiation damages protein and DNA, causing sunburn and skin cancer
• Think:
– Bad near by!
– Good up high!
The Ozone Layer
![Page 40: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• The “Hole” in the Ozone Layer
– Ozone is broken down by pollutants such as CFCs
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) =
–Act as transport agents that continuously
move chlorine atoms, which destroy ozone,
into stratosphere
– Destruction of ozone layer is occurring worldwide
• Layer is getting thinner
• More UV radiation is getting through
![Page 41: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• 1978 EPA banned use of CFCs in aerosol cans in US
• Limiting pollutants from motor vehicles
– Catalytic converter =
• Reduces amount of CO and hydrocarbons in a car’s exhaust
Control Strategies
![Page 42: POLLUTION - amosfcnotes.pdf/... · environmental and health effects ... • Factories • Sewage systems • Power plants ... – Limestone and marble buildings and](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aaa04aa7f8b9a77188d97f5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Legislation
– Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA)
• Calls for identifying and controlling most wide-spread pollutants
• Setting ambient standards
–Determine certain levels of pollutants that should not be exceeded in order to maintain environmental and human health
– Title IV of Clean Air Act Amendments
• 1st law in US history to address acid-precipitation problem