polito rfid v8 final
TRANSCRIPT
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RFID Technology:
overview, trends and
challenges
Mara Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technologies and Communications
Technical University of Cartagena, Spain
Torino, November 2010
mailto:[email protected] -
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Contents
What is RFID?
How does RFID work?
RFID: a bit of history
Research topics on RFID
To summarize
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What is RFID?
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Contactless Smartcards Personal identification: access control
Contactless Smart coin tags
Animal identification
Contactless keys
Lock/unlock cars
Contactless library labels
Books control
4
Radio Frequency
Identification
Radio Frequency Identification (I)
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Radio Frequency Identification (II)
5
RFID is the technology that enables the identification
of distant objects/people by means of a RF communication link
RFID system
Tags
Readers
Middleware
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Passive LF tags
Passive HF tags
Passive UHF tags
Active tags
Radio Frequency Identification (III)
Passive Tag Active Tag
Battery No Yes
Data R/W R/W
Cost Low, 0.15 (2) High, 20(1)
OperatingFrequency
LF: 100-500 KHzHF: 10-15 MHz
UHF: 850-950 MHz
UHF: 433 MHzMicrowaves: 2.45 GHz
Range LF: < 50cm
HF: < 1m
UHF< 10 m
Up to 100 m
Applications Simple applications: stockcontrol, personal/animal id,
traceability
Complex applications:monitor temperatures,
humidity, etc.
Standards EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 ISO-18000-7 (DASH7)
(1) Price 2009(2) LF/HF tags, UHF 0.30 /u. Price 2009
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RFID systems: readers
LF Fixed LF Portable
HF Fixed HF Portable
UHF Fixed UHF Portable
Active Readers
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Radio Frequency Identification (IV)
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How does RFID work?
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How does RFID work? (I)
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Is anyone there?
Passive RFID systems Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area
Tags enter the reader read range
Readers always start communication
The way reader and tags communicate depends on the frequency
Im
here!
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How does RFID work? (II)
Passive RFID systems at Near Field (LF, HF) The reader antenna (coil) generates a magnetic field
The field induces voltage in the coil of the tag and supplies the tag with
energy (Faradays Law) . It is called inductive coupling
The energy used in the tag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna
Operating distance is usually equal the diameter of the reader antenna
Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/d3 (short range)
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How does RFID work? (III)
UHF systems are based on Backscatter Coupling
Reader uses a dipole antenna to transmit electromagnetic waves.
Incident waves are modulated and reflected from the dipole antenna of
the tag
Boundary between near and far field: d= /2
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Passive RFID systems at Far Field (UHF)
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How does RFID work? (IV)
Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area
Both readers and tags can start the communication
Tags listen readers and other tags (carrier sense capability)
Tags sleep after transmitting data (energy save mode)
Active RFID systems (UHF and Microwaves)
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Im
here!
Im here!
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RFID seems to be a
simple and not newtechnology, so
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Where is the novelty?
Why RFID could be of interest
for us?
To understand the present we have to look at the past
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RFID: A bit of history
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1940-1950....1950-1960.....1960-1970.....1970-1980.....1980-1990.....1990-2000.....2000-2010
1939- First use of RFdevice in 2nd WorldWar. Britain used toidentify enemyairplanes: Friend orFoe (FoF)
1948-Harry Stockman,Communication bymeans of reflectedpower (Proc. of theInstitute of RadioEngineers)
Early explorations of
RFID technology,laboratoryexperiments
Development ofthe theory of RFIDStart ofapplications fieldtrials
Every country focused on
different applications (LF andHF):
USA: access control andtransport . Europe: industrialapplication and animal control.Japan: FeliCa card (contactlesspayment)
1973-First patentthe ancestor of themodern RFID (U.S.Patent 3,713,148)
RFID developmentprogresses in related fields:microelectronics, antennadesign, SW, andmicroprocessors. RFIDapplications extended byTexas Instruments, Philips
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In this decade(I)
2000-2004 Advances in communications, microelectronics, antennas design Huge decrease in the cost of the technology
No global standards:
Hundreds of proprietary communication protocols for RFID at differentoperating frequencies (UHF, LF, HF), different product data codes, etc.
Applications: passports, libraries, hospitals, museums, traceability, airports
A massive RFID implementation started around the world!!!: Everyonewanted to be RFID developer, RFID supplier, RFID consumer.
Auto-ID consortium was created to put in order the chaos that wasappearing on RFID world. Auto-ID was formed by hundreds ofcompanies focused on RFID, universities and research centers (MIT, U.Cambridge, U. Adelaide, U. Keio, U. Fundan, U. St. Gallen)
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CHAOS!!!
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In this decade(II)
At the end of 2004 AutoID + ISO Global standardization of active RFID: ISO 18000-7 Global standardization of passive RFID
LF: ISO 18000-2
HF: ISO 18000-3
UHF: EPCglobal class-1 Gen-2 standard (ISO-18000-6)
EPCglobal Network standard (middleware for global interconnection)
Unique data format: Electronic Product Code (EPC)
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In this decade(III)
2005- RFID tracking as a replacement of barcodes Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to apply RFID labels to all shipments After that, other companies followed the same steps: DoD in US, Target, Tesco, Metro
Group, etc.
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RFID Barcodes
Data Quantity Up to Kbytes 1 to 100 bitsWritable Read only, WORM, R/W Read only
Dirt Influence, sight
Obstruction
No effect Very high
Degradation/wear none Susceptible
Unauthorized copying Encryption prevented Susceptible
Read speed ms s
Read distance 0.50m, 1 m, 10m, 100m 10 cm
Data format standards Few Many
Quality standards No, inmature Yes
Cost From 0.05 Inexpensive
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Currently (I)
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We are imagining a world where everything is tagged with RFID:clothes, food, medicines, mobiles, laptops, humans
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Currently (II)
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Many applications are emerging for managing millions of tags inthe world, developing
Intelligent Human Environment
Smart appliances RFID Washing machine
RFID Refrigerator
Healthcare applications Patient safety (identification and medication
administration)
Mobile applications
NFC for access control, e-ticket, payment, carparking
Applications for locking/unlocking Human implants to lock/unlock the house,
car, laptop, collect medical data, etc.
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RFID sounds great
butresearch is only focusedon developing RFID
applications?
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Not at all.
There is several hot research topics in Passive and Active RFID
Most of them can be extracted from any example of futureapplication
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Research topics on RFID
YouTube - IBM RFID Commercial - The Future Market
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
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Research topics on passive RFID (I)
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Research topics on passive RFID (II)
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Region LF HF UHF Microwaves
Region 1 125 KHz 13.56 MHz 868-870 MHz
(4 W EIRP)
2.446-2.454 GHz
Region 2 125 KHz 13.56 MHz 902-928 MHz
(3.2 W EIRP)
2.40-2.4835 GHz
Region 3 125 KHz 13.56 MHz 950-956 MHz
(4 W EIRP, China 2 W ERP, Singapur and Taiwan
and Philippines 0.5 W ERP)
2.427-2.470 GHz
TraceabilityGlobal interconnection?
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Challenge: HARDWARE DESIGN Reader/tag antennas to work at different frequencies
A.T. Mobashsher et al.,A novel High-Gain Dual-Band antenna for RFID Reader Applications, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9, pp. 653-656, 2010.
T. Deleruyelle et al., Dual band mono-chip HF-UHF tag antenna, Proc. of IEEE International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1-4, 2010.
P. Iliev et al., Near field/Far field RFID tag antenna. Proc. of 4th European Conference on
Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2010.
G.J. Owen et al., On The Effect of Mutual Coupling on LF and UHF Tags Implemented in Dual
Frequency RFID Applications. Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2009.
Reader/tag antennas to work in the full UHF band A. Amin et al., Design and characterization of Efficient Flexible UHF RFID tag Antennas. Proc. of
3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 2784-2786, 2009.
M. Martinez-Moreno et al., Dipole antenna design for UHF RFID tags. Proc. of International
Conference on Electrical, Communications and Computers, pp. 220-224, 2009.
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Research topics on passive RFID (III)
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with several interferences
Fluorescent bulbs and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (GSM interferences)
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Research topics on passive RFID (IV)
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Is anyone there?
Too much noise!!I cannot
receive reader signals
properly!!
Research topics on passive RFID (V)
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Challenge: ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCES To know how they affect on RFID system performance
R. Hosaka, An analysis for electrical noise of electric bulb shaped fluorescent tube to maintain
security level of medical use RFID tag. Proc. of World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, vol.1 25/12, pp 217-220, 2009.
R. Hosaka,An analysis of PLC noise level for risk management of medical use RFID system. Proc. of
4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, vol.22, pp. 21030-1033, 2008.
W. Hong, R. Kan, S. Li, Electromagnetic compatibility of UHF-RFID to GSM. Proc. of International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 63-66, 2008.
To decide how to configure/set RFID system for minimizing impairmentscaused by interferences G. Ibrahim, A. Plytage, UHF RFID Systems; Their Susceptibility to Backscattered Signals Induced by
Electronic Ballast Driven Fluorescent Lamps. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
58, n. 7, pp. 2473-2478, 2010.
D. Arnaud-Cormos, T. Letertre, A. Diet, A. Azoulay, Electromagnetic Environment of RFID systems.
Proc. of 37th
European Microwave Conference, pp. 1652-1655, 2007.28
Research topics on passive RFID (VI)
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with interferences
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), Attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (placed in freezers)
Close to human bodies
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Research topics on passive RFID (VII)
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Research topics on passive RFID (VIII)
Is anyone there?
I am attached or
close to a item
with high % ofwater/liquid
Most of incident energy isabsorbed by water!!!... I have
not enough energy to generate aresponse!!
ABSORPTION!!!!
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Research topics on passive RFID (IX)
Is anyone there?
I am attached or
close to a item
with high % ofmetal
Most of incident energy isreflected by metal!!! I have not
enough energy to generate aresponse!!
REFLECTION!!!!
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Challenges: To analyze absorption and reflection effects
D.D. Arumugam, D.W. Engels, M.H. Mickle, Specific absorption rates in muscle tissues for passive
UHF RFID tag backscatter. Proc .of Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 445-448, 2009.
J. Singh, E. Olsen, K. Vorst, K. Tripp, RFID Tag Readability Issues with Palletized Loads of Consumer
Goods. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, vol. 22 (8), pp. 431-441, 2009.
V. Derbek, C. Steger, R. Weiss, J. Preishuber, M. Pistauer, A UHF RFID measurement and evaluation
test system, Elektrotechnik & Informationstechnik, vol. 124, no. 11 pp. 384390, 2007.
To design new tags non susceptible to the above phenomena S.K- Kuo et al., Analysis and design of an UHF RFID metal tag using magnetic composite material
as substrate. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, vol. 24, pp. 49-62, 2010.
G.H. Hwang et al., UHF RFID metal tag applying to license plate using metal shielding and
watertight methods. Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, vol.2 (4), pp. 549-563, 2009.
R. Harish et al., Conformal RFID antenna design suitable for human monitoring and metallic
platforms. Prof of 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-5, 2010.
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Research topics on passive RFID (X)
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (freezer)
Close to Human bodies
Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions
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Research topics on passive RFID (XI)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (freezer)
Close to Human bodies
Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions
34
Research topics on passive RFID (XI)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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Is anyone there?
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Tag-to-tag collisions:
Im
here!
Im
here!
Im here!
Im
here!!
Im
here!
Im here!
COLLISION!
Research topics on passive RFID (XII)
Anti-collision/Identification protocol
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Restrictions:
Passive tags are very simple devices:
No battery
No internal clocks
No carrier sense
No extra memory No data processing
Standards propose simple Id. protocols:
Based on binary tree protocols in LF and HF
Based on Frame Slotted Aloha in UHF
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Research topics on passive RFID (XIII)
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E.g. Identification protocol in standards at LF and HF
Reader query tags sending groups of bits
Tags receive bits and respond if bits match with the ID tag.
If only one tag answers, successful identification . Otherwise, reader continues
sending group of bits with new combinations
Research topics on passive RFID (XIV)
Tag A: ID-010Tag B: ID-011Tag C: ID-100
Who starts with 0? Me!
Me!
A
B
C
Who starts with 01?
Collision!
Who starts with 010?
Tag identified!
Based on binary tree protocols
Low performance with high quantity of tags in coverage
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Challenges:
An efficient MAC protocol
To Avoid/handle collisions
To minimize identification delay
Compatible with standards
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Research topics on passive RFID (XV)
M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., Analysis of DFSA Anti-collision protocols in passive RFID
environments. 35th IEEE Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, 2009.
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M.V. Bueno-Delgado, Contribution to Anti-collision protocols and Deployment
Techniques for Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Ed. ProQuest Informationlearning. 2010.
M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., On the Optimal frame-length Configuration on real
passive RFID systems. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. In press
(doi:10.1007/s00779-006-0111-6) 2010.
J. Vales-Alonso et al., Analysis of Tag Loss Ratio in dynamic RFID systems. Journal
of RF Technologies. In press (doi:10.3233/RFT-2010-005)2010.
M.V. Bueno et al., Estimation of the Tag Population with physical layer collision
recovery. Proc. of 3rd International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology. 2010.
C. Angerer et al., Recovering from collisions in Multiple Tag RFID Environments.
Proc. of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010.
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Research topics on passive RFID (XVI)
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (freezer)
Close to Human bodies
Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions
Reader-to-reader collisions
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Research topics on passive RFID (XVII)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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EPCglobal Network
R2
R3
R1
Research topics on passive RFID (XVIII)
Reader-to-Reader collisions:
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Max. Distance for energyzing tags
R2
R3
R1
Im a passive tag, Icannot select a
specificReader/frequency!!!
Reader-Tag Collision (RTC)
Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)
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43Max. Interference distance Reader-Reader
R2
R3
R1
Reader-Reader Collision (RRC)
I receive a weak signal
from a tag and a strongsignal from a reader,
provoking interefences!!
Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)
( )
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Challenges:
Mechanisms to mitigate effects of RTC and RRC collisions
Maximizing throughput (number of tags identified per time unit)
Maximizing Fairness (readers operation per time unit)
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Research topics on passive RFID (XX)
h i i ( )
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M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., A comparative Study ofRFID Schedulers in Dense Reader
Environments. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010.
F. Gandino et al., Introducing Probability in RFID Reader-to-Reader Anti-collision. 8th
IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, 2009.
N.K Chen et al., Array-based Reader Anti-Collision Scheme for Highly Efficient RFIDNetwork Applications. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Journal, vol. 9,
pp.976-987, 2009.
J.B. Eom et al., An efficient reader anti-collision algorithm in dense RFID networks
with mobile RFID readers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 7, pp.
2326-2336, 2009.
F. Gandino et al., Probabilistic DCS: A reader to reader anti-collision protocol. Journal
of Network and Computer Applications. In press, (doi:10.1016/jnca.2010.04.007) 2010.
45
Research topics on passive RFID (XXI)
h i i ( )
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF
Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (freezer)
Close to Human bodies
Communication
Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions
Middleware
46
Research topics on passive RFID (XXII)
R h i i RFID (XXIII)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
Retailer (SUPERMARKET)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
EPCglobal network standard: middleware for global interconnection?
R h i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer/SUPERMARKET
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
1. Manufacturer tags the product
1
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
R h i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer
EPC Network
Manufacturer
1. Manufacturer tags the product
1
3
urn:epc:1:44368.37400
Electronic Product Code
urn:epc:1:44368.37400
Electronic Product Code
urn:epc:1:18559.47400
comonsepc4740018559EPC
comverisignvndsdsDomainName
Top level2nd level3rd level4th levelSyntax
Manufacturer ID identifies supplier as Gillette
Object (product) Class identifies as Mach 3 razor (12 pk)
. . .
. . .
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
R h t i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer (SUPERMARKET)
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
1. Manufacturer tags the product
2. Manufacturer records product information (e.g., manufacture date, expiration date, location)
into EPC Information Service (Data Base)
3. EPC Information Service registers EPC knowledge with EPC Registry (Entity records
traceability every EPC product in the world).
1
2
3
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
R h t i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer (Supermarket)
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
4. Manufacturer sends product to Retailer
5. Retailer records receipt of product into EPC IS (Data Base)
6. Retailers EPC IS then registers product knowledge with EPC Discovery Service
4
5
6
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
R h t i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer (Supermarket)
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
When the retailer reads a tag, it only reads EPC code, without any information.
Retailer wants to know: who is the manufacturer??? What is the product??, what is the
product expiration date??, etc
RetailerApplication
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
urn:epc:1:44368.37400
Electronic Product Code
urn:epc:1:44368.37400
Electronic Product Code
urn:epc:1:18559.47400
R h t i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer (Supermarket)
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
7. Retailer must query to Root ONS. This entity answer a IP address to connect with the
Manufacturers Local ONS
7
8
8. Manufacturers Local ONS is queried for location of EPC-IS
RetailerApplication
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
R h t i i RFID (XXIII)
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Retailer(Supermarket)
EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
9. Retailer queries Manufacturer EPC IS for desired product information (e.g., manufacture
date, expiration date, etc.)
9
RetailerApplication
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIV)
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EPC Network
Manufacturer(Gillete)
Retailer(Supermaket)
RetailerApplication
Challenges:
Global Data Synchronization
Data security
Scalability
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIV)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXV)
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P. Manzanares-Lopez,An efficient distributed discovery service for EPCglobal Network in nestedpackage scenarios. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:
10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.018) 2010.
Y-W. Ma et al., Load Balancing mechanism for the RFID middleware applications over grid
networking. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:
10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.010) 2010.
E. Bottani et al., The impact of RFID and EPC network on the bullwhip effect in the italian FMCG
supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 124 (2), pp. 426-432, 2010.
T. Nam et al., Bussiness-aware framework for supporting RFID-enabled applications in EPC
network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.021) 2010.
A. P. Anagnostopoulos et al., REFiLL: A lightweight programable middleware platform for cost
efective RFID application development. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol. 5(1), pp. 49-63,
2009.
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Research topics on passive RFID (XXV)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXVI)
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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)
Mobiles from clients (interferences)
Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)
Harsh environment (freezer)
Close to Human bodies
Communication
Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions
Middleware
Data security and Retailers/Clients privacy
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Research topics on passive RFID (XXVI)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXVII)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related -
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RFID security and privacy at manufacturers/retailers side Unauthorized inventory of a store by scanning tags with an unauthorized
reader to determine the types and quantities of items. Spoofing
Information disclosure
An attacker modifies the EPC number on tags or kills tags (tags disabled)inthe supply chain, warehouse, or store disrupting business operations andcausing a loss of revenue. Tampering with data
Denial of service
An attacker modifies a high-priced items EPC number to be the EPCnumber of a lower cost item. Tampering with data
Research topics on passive RFID (XXVII)
Research topics on passive RFID (XXVIII)
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RFID security and privacy at client side
Tracking Determine where individuals are and where they have been
Hotlisting Single out certain individuals because of the items they possess
Profiling Identifying the items an individual has in their possession
Research topics on passive RFID (XXVIII)
1500 Eurosin wallet
Serial numbers:597387,389473
Wig
model #4456(cheappolyester)
30 items
of lingerie
Das Kapitaland
Communist-party
handbook
Replacement hipmedical part #459382
Heres
Mr. Jonesin 2020
Research topics on passive RFID (XXIX)
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Challenges:
To set/manage authorized certificates (CA) to access to EPC info on EPC-IS, ONS,
Local ONS, etc.
To use encryption/cryptography in readers-to-tag communications, but tags too
simple, no channels to communicate secret keys
B. Alomair, Privacy versus Scalability in radio frequency identification systems. Computer Communications
Journal, vol. 33 (18), pp. 2155-2163, 2010.
P. Peris-Lopez et al., Vulnerability analysis of RFID protocols for tag ownership transfer. Computer Networks
Journal, vol. 54(9), pp. 1502-1508, 2010.
D. Han et al., Vulnerability of an RFID authentication protocol conforming EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 Standards.Journal of Computer, Standards and Interfaces, vol. 31(4), pp. 648-652, 2009.
C-L. Chen et al., Conformation of EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 standards RFID system with mutual authentication
and privacy protection. Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 22 (8) pp. 1284-1291,
2009.
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Too much challenges on
Passive RFID!!!
What about Active RFID?
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Active RFID systems
Less restrictive than passive due to the complex hardware
Only two frequencies available (UHF- 433MHz, Microwaves 2.45 GHz)
Low influence of interferences
High read-range (up to 100 m)
Tag to tag communications by means of Carrier Sense Higher tag capabilities: complex identification/anti-collision protocols in tags,
data encryption, etc.
But similar problems than Wireless Sensor Networks
Batteries life: GOAL to minimize power consumption PHY layer: hardware design to reduce consumption
MAC layer: to minimize collisions, to maximize time in sleep mode
NET layer: efficient multi-hop mechanisms
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Research topics on active RFID (I)
Research topics on active RFID (II)
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H. Cho et al., Reader collision avoidance for multihop deployment of active RFID readers. IEICE
Electron. Express, vol. 7, no. 18, pp.1396-1402, 2010 .
J. Vales Alonso et al, On the optimal configuration of CSMA-MS algorithm. Proc. of 3rd
International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, 2010.
M.V. Bueno Delgado et al.,Analysis of the identification process in active RFID systems with
Capture Effect assumption. Proc of 6th European Workshop on RFID Systems and Technologies,
2010.
A. Palomo Lopez et al., CSMA-Multi Stage Anti-collision Protocol for Active RFID Systems. Proc.
of 4th International Workshop on RFID Technology, Concepts, Applications, Challenges, 2010.
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Research topics on active RFID (II)
To summarize
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Absorption and reflection effects
Electromagnetic noise/signal detection
Energy Saving (only active RFID)
Improving reading efficiency
Anti-collision protocols for minimizing tag-tag collisions
Optimizing configuration parameters of MAC protocols
Schedulers for managing reader-reader collisions
Energy constraints in collisions (only active RFID)
New middleware platforms for worldwide data interchange
Applications for reader-tag interaction
PhysicalLayer
MACLayer
UpperLayers
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To summarize
SecurityandPriv
acyproblem
s
For every application with RFID new challenges at different layers
+
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Thanks!M Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD
Assistant Professor
Technical University of Cartagena
http://ait.upct.es/~mvbueno
mailto:[email protected]://ait.upct.es/~mvbuenohttp://ait.upct.es/~mvbuenomailto:[email protected]