politics and education4.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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POLITICS AND EDUCATION
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POLITICS AND EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Making plans for promoting learning and provision of
physical and human resources for learning
FACTORS INFLUENCING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Political decisions Economic system
Administrative decisions
Financial resources-usually scarce
Human resources Conflicts between traditional and western systems
Discrimination in allocation of resources to various levels and
types of education
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POLITICS AND EDUCATION
Multiplicity of systems
Number of prospective student group for aparticular level
Location of authority
Priority assigned to educational activities
Policy
Direct part of economic development Planners to accept political facts
Social change
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POLITICS AND EDUCATION
Authority: Right inherent in managerial positions togive orders and expect them to be obeyed
Pillars of state: Legislature, Judiciary, Executive. Mediaalso called a pillar
Power: The capacity to influence decisions
Force at the disposal of a person/institution tocompel obedience
Power to allocate resources
Rules and regulations required for proper
functioning Punishments for rule breakers-Administrative and
Judicial procedures
National government sovereign authority to takedecisions
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POLITICS AND EDUCATION
International constraints possible
Political system breaks down if legal authority notaccepted
Politics not removed from administrative
institutions
Political government has the authority
Setting of objectives
Closely related to politics Attempts to change for retaining authority
Political factors affect planning of education
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ROLE OF EDUCATION
To develop universal morality and attitudes, stillsubordinate to national interest
International understanding
Develop respect for law and order Affected by politic
Politicizing of education
Developing universalistic morality and attitudes
Tertiary education may question political set up
Modernize political system
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EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS
Instrument of political decisions
Reflect dominance of pressure and interest groupsabout
Content
Beneficiaries
Facilities
Conflict between modernising educational systemand traditional religious education system
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PLANNERS ROLE
Planner plan for development of free intellect,acquisition of knowledge and skills for controlling
environment
Planning and implementation of educational activity
to affect relationships between government andpeople, people to people
Take into account policies and philosophy of
government
To realize ethical paradoxes and reconcile morality
with ethics of his responsibility
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PLANNERS ROLE
To face responsibility of consequences---facepressures
May achieve goals through negotiations as done by
politicians
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. School and village
More education, increase in rate of social change
Selection of courses for world of work
Reduction in parents control when child moves out of
village
Cash cropping
School promotes urban-oriented jobs Factor in political change
Village oriented training less successful
Reaction of villagers
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
2. Education and emergent classes
Change in status with higher education
Vanishing social, cultural and linguistic lines andhorizontal movement
School leads to wage employment
Class politics promotes national mobilization
Conflicts with employers/govt. on wages, housing,social services
Emergence of middle class
Middle class strengthens role of intellectuals
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Political parties indicate clash of philosophies
Govt. may use education system to promote itsunifying ideology and subsequent changes in teacher
education and academic freedom3. Competition for power through education system
Competition between urban and rural areas foreducational facilities takes political form
Political wings in students Political parties influence school allocation,
curriculum etc.
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Western education, hold on bureaucracy
Pressures for better educational facilities
Pressures by foreign governments
Planning of education system takes foreign relations
into account
4. Religious education system
Differences in modern and religious education Suppression of organised religious education
Integration required
Medium of instruction
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
5. Political significance of language
Political reasons outweigh educational considerations
6. Political ideologies Concession to popular sentiments
Ideology priority limits planning freedom
Content of ideology cannot be ignored
Social studies and social science content close toreligious beliefs
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
7. Hinderances arising from limited politicalmobilization
Effective local govt. politicians move to national
politics
Education usually centralised
8. Effects of poverty
Emphasis on economic development and politicalmobilization limits educational planning
Economic planning empahsizes production of skilled
manpower
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HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
9. Bureaucracy
Western bureaucracy different functions andpurpose
In developing countries cultures and values
More authoritarian
Planner should have informal contacts and basic
requirements
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POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Education and social status
Level and type of schooling associated with socialstatus, lifetime earnings, quality of life and quality of
housing
Results in political conflict in education policy
Education as source of beliefs and norms
Maintains and reproduces dominant ideologiesexisting pattern
Controversies over major school reforms
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POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Education and social change
Politicians aware of possible social changes
Bring social change
Education as public resource
Academic and vocational
Teachers benefits
These create conflictPolicies of planning
Planning a part of political decision-making
State legitimizes its authority through planning
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POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Planning and participation
Participation through election enhances stateslegitimacy
Planning and implementation Difficulties in implementation
Some plans just to satisfy donors
Resource allocation, institutional aspect of
educational development and bureaucracyaffected by political forces
Availability of kind, quantity and in timeresources
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POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
International policies
Assistance agreements
Politics of bureaucracies
Processing and implementation through
organisational structure
State interacts with society through bureaucracy
(Deptt., Ministry)
Horizontal and cross-agency linkages required in
planning and implementation
Horizontal and vertical patterns of communication
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POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Planning and reform
Planning not truly integrated
Planning and reform may not be compatible
Planning for status quo while reform seeks change
Curriculum change dependant on corresponding
changes in business and industry
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EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW
Trends
Democratization of education, equal opportunities,lifelong education, teaching effectiveness, etc. linksbetween school and world of work, adult education
Political, economic, social and cultural contexts todetermine education of tomorrow
Education affected by international economic, social andcultural order
School may disappear in future due to non-formaleducation and mass communication
Education to become more flexible and more relevant
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EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW
Pre-school education to become universal
Democratization of education
Pressure on higher education
Standardization of institution up to secondary level
Resistance to adoption of educational technology andeducational innovations
International and regional organizations to play part ineducational development
Exchange of information
Regionalization in cooperation
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STUDENT DISCIPLINE
Democratic behavior not developed
Exploitation of students
CHANGING VALUES
STUDENTS ATTITUDE
Parents- - middle and well-to-do parents too busy to
inculcate sense of responsibility
Need to discipline students Have sense of self-righteousness
Rights no responsibility
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STUDENT DISCIPLINE
FEELING OF INSECURITY
CATEGORIES OF STUDNTS
1. Activists- - Politically linked, small group;
2. Rich- - To enjoy life, defy authorities;
3. Reformers- - Determined to destroy institution
Activists come from social sciences, weak in
studies, getting importance STUDENT UNION
EASY COURSES
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STUDENT DISCIPLINE
INFLUENCE OF POLITICL PARTIES
CULT OF VOILENCE ACCEPTANCE OF DEMAND