political persecution, armenian prisoners of the caucasus

8/3/2019 Political Persecution, Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus

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Ym`hwm`

h`y{ fqonWpqce{m

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of dh enn`gedw` d{{e{wdhk`" oqidhez`g dhg dqn`g wm`n{`bv`{ eh

oqg`q wo io wo Wpqcù dhg |qow`kw |`dk`fpb |ò|b` dideh{w wm`

Cpqg dhg Mdnegedh npqg`q`q{( Apw a`foq` kqo{{ehi wm`

fqohwe`q wmù y`q` {pqqophg`g au wm` Qp{{edh {obge`q{" dhg

fefwu of wm`n dqq`{w`g( Wmù y`q` kmdeh`g dhg wmqoyh ehwo d

gphiòh phg`qwm`

no{w qeioqop{ qìpbdweoh{( Wm`h wmù y`q`wqe`g d{ !|obewekdb diewdwoq{ dhg d{ g`ndhgehi fq``gon foq wm`

Dqn`hedh{(! Wmdw adhg e{ choyh d{ wm` adhg of Iopiophedh"

au wm` hdn` of wm` b`dg`q" Nq( Iopiophedh" d {wpg`hw dw wm`

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foq` wm` kohkbp{eoh of wmèq wqedb" dhg wm` q`{w y`q` {`hw`hk`g

wo mdqg bdaoq foq wy`hwu u`dq{ eh [ea`qed( [on` of wm` uophi

n`h ge`g a`foq` wmù dqqev`g eh [ea`qed" dhg wm` q`{w y`q`

gqev`h wo wmdw ab`dc bdhg wo kohgoh` wmèq {eh eh kmdeh{ dhg ehkdv`{‗wm` {eh of g`{eqehi wo {dkqefek` wmèq bev`{ foq wmèq

aqowm`q{(

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apw dideh{w wmo{`" db{o" ymo ye{m`g wo apqu wmèq !g`dg aqowm.

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e{w`q foq Foqèih Dffdeq{" Boadhoff" ymo ye{m`g !Dqn`hedyewmopw Dqn`hedh{(! Wm` udwdimdh yd{ gqdyh yewm dh ph.

|q`k`g`hw`g f`qokewu( ( ( ( Dhg ym`h wm`{` nd{{dkq`{

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dhg k`h{oq`g wm` ymob` Qp{{edh |q`{{ wo |q`v`hw wm` Qp{{edh

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|b`" dhg fqon dww`n|w{ of m`b| oq |qow`{w(



47

Wm` {`v`qewu yd{ aophgb`{{( Dfw`q d ymeb` wm` Dqn`hedh

|q`{{ how ohbu mdg ho qeimw wo |qow`{w dideh{w wm` noh{wqop{

kqen`" apw `v`h wo |qehw wm` yoqg{ !Dqn`hed"! oq !Wpqce{m

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kon|dwqeow{ of wm` wyo `n|eq`{( How d q`be`f fphg( How d

y`d|oh( How d {un|dwm`wek dkweoh( Apw ymob`{db` en|qe{oh.

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kd{p{(1

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apqi q`dbez`g yewm |b`d{pq` dhg wqepn|m wmdw wm` Dqn`hedh

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wen`" wobg ohk`: !Ym`h y` {dy wm` m`d|`g koq|{`{" wm` {`d

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wm` Dqn`hedh |`o|b` yd{ ho noq`$!

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wm` Wzdq! {woog foq`no{w(

Ymdw d abdkc mohoq

: Dnohi wm` dqq`{w`g y`q` 11 |`gdioie{w{" 9 dpwmoq{" 4< {wpg`hw{" =

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kmdhw{" 41 |qof`{{eohdb{(



‡0

WM@ \QE[OH@Q[ OF 45<=(

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e6

foqwu.fev` n`qkmdhw{" {`v`hwu dqwe{dh{" dhg |`d{dhw{" bdaoq`q{"

kb`qiun`h" yon`h dhg `v`h {wpg`hw{(

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mphgq`g{ of k`bb{" yopbg how a` dab` wo kohwdeh wmo{` wmop{dhg{

of !ip`{w{(!

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apw wmèq tpdbewu( Fqon wm` ve`y|oehw of qeimw dhg bdy wm`

ymob` ap{eh`{{ e{ koqqp|w`g dhg `v`h ad{`g oh fdb{` gdwd(

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wm` q`{pbw of bìdb {`dqkm`{ dhg ve{eab` |qoof{" apw wmdw aowm

wm` {`dqkmehi{ dhg wm` dqq`{w{ dq` foqn`qbu g`keg`g dhg {pi.

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foq g`fehew` |obewekdb |pq|o{`{ wo |`q{`kpw` wm` Dqn`hedh{ of

wm` Kdpkd{p{" ew {enpbwdhòp{bu {`hw oqg`q{ wo wm` Kdpkd{p{ wo

ph`dqwm dh Dqn`hedh |bow" dhg wo aìeh wm` dwwdkc( Eh wm`

Kdpkd{p{" d{ y`bb d{ `v`quym`q`" wm`q` {webb `}e{w{ |qopgbu wm`

wu|` of Hd|obòh){ \obek` Nehe{w`q" !ymo dbydu{ kdqqe`{ eh

me{ |okc`w d {km`n` of dhu koh{|eqdku(! Dhg wmo{` `v`q q`dgu

di`hw{" |obek`" {obge`q{" |qo{`kpwehi jpgi`{" ymo phg`q{wdhg

y`bb wm` {eihdb{ of wm` k`hwqdb iov`qhn`hw" d{ y`bb d{ `dkm

owm`q" kdn` woi`wm`q dhg |bdhh`g dhg aìdh( Wm` |ò|b`"

wyo nohwm{ dhg wyo u`dq{ dio q`koihez`g d{ |`dk`fpb" boudb

dhg bdy.daegehi" y`q` g`kbdq`g dhwe.qoudbe{w{" q`vobpweohe{w{"

dhg fon`hwoq{ foq Dqn`hedh ehg`|`hg`hk`( Dhg wm` aboy{

y`q` {moy`q`g qeimw dhg b`fw(

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{`dqkmehi{( Ew yd{ how {pffeke`hw" moy`v`q" wo {`dqkm dhg eh.

wenegdw`3 ew yd{ h`k`{{dqu" db{o" wo {dv` wm` mohoq of wm` iov.

`qhn`hw au !ndhe|pbdwehi {on` |qoof"! dhg wm` offek`q of wm`

kopqw men{`bf ndhe|pbdw`{ wmo{` |qoof{ dhg iev`{ wm`n wo {|u

di`hw{ foq q`dbezdweoh(



e9

[on` `}dn|b`{:

[`dqkmehi mdg {wdqw`g eh @qevdh( Oh dh ebb.on`h`g heimw

wm` {obge`q{ y`q` {pqqophgehi oh` of wm` mop{`{( Wm` oyh`q

of wm` mop{`" ehhok`hw dhg eihoqdhw" d{c`g : !Apw ymdw e{ nu

kqen` ?! Dhg a`mobg" wm` |obek` fophg eh wm` ad{`n`hw d v`qu

gdhi`qop{ b`dfb`w d{ dh dkkp{ehi |qoof( Dfw`q ndhu" ndhu

aeww`q gdu{ ohbu" d v`qu !gdhi`qop{ b`dfb`w! yd{ wmqoyh ehwo

wm` ad{`n`hw au wm` |obek` kme`f(

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of d ndh hdn`g Cdbop{gedh( Wmù |pbb`g men opw of me{

a`g dhg |phe{m`g men yewm d chopw" dhg g`ndhg`g :!Ym`q`

e{ wm` ao}" {moy ew( Ym`q` geg uop meg` ew?! !Ymdw ao}?!

npqn`q`g wm` ehhok`hw vekwen 3 !{|dq` n`" E mdv` how {``h dhu

ao}(! Ohbu dfw`q {`v`qdb y``c{ ew yd{ fophg wmdw wm` ymob`

|qok``gehi yd{ wm` q`{pbw of d kqenehdb ne{phg`q{wdhgehi(

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ao} dw Cdbop{gedh){ mop{`( Wm` |obek` qp{m`g dhg dqq`{w`g

Cdbop{gedh" dhg wm`h ew yd{ ge{kov`q`g wmdw m` yd{ how wm`

oh` wmù y`q` boocehi foq(

Dhowm`q `v`hw" dideh eh Wefbe{" wm` kd|ewdb of wm` Kdp.

kd{p{( D {pgg`h oqg`q yd{ iev`h wo {`dqkm wm` mop{` of wm`

|o`w E{dmdcedh( Dhg ymdw$ Wmù fehg eh wm` kopqw iq`dw

tpdhwewe`{ of kdqwegi`{" wm`h me{ ipebw e{ k`qwdeh( Apw wme{ wen`

wm` dpwmoq of wm` kqen` mdg |`qfoqn`g me{ yoqc v`qu |ooqbu(

Wm` |bow yd{ phkov`q`g( Wm` ymob` of Wefbe{ m`dqg ew" apw

yd{ how d{wohe{m`g( E{ wmdw how p{pdb?

\qoof{ of wmdw {oqw dq` hpn`qop{(

Oh dkkophw of wme{ yekc`g dhg kqenehdb !|obeku! wm`q`

yd{ kohfp{eoh" ymekm yd{ dhg ymekm yebb q`ndeh wm` `w`qhdb

kohg`nhdweoh of wm` Qp{{edh Kopqw{( Ew e{ ph|q`k`g`hw`g eh

wm` dhhdb{ of wqedb{( Ehhok`hw oh`{ dq` dqq`{w`g eh{w`dg of wm`

dkkp{`g( Oh` {pff`q{ foq wm` owm`q( Wm` kme`f of wm` g`.

w`kwev`{ |bdh{ wo dqq`{w k`qwdeh Dqn`hedh{( Wmù kdhhow fehg

wm`n" wm`h Bìeh` kdp{`{ wm` dqq`{w of dbwoi`wm`q ehhok`hw

n`h ymo dkkeg`hwdbbu mdv` wm` hdn` oq wm` |dwqohun of wm`

{p{|`kw(



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B`w wm` |qoof{ {|`dc(

e( Wm` |obek` y`q` boocehi foq d q`vobpweohe{w ymo{`

|{`pgohunh yd{ !\qehk`"! dhg wm`h oh` gdu \qehk` Dqimop.

wedh yd{ dqq`{w`g dhg en|qe{oh`g eh @qevdh a`kdp{`" d{ kdh a`

{``h" m` aoq` wm` wewb` of \qehk`( Wm` ndh |qow`{w`g" apw eh

vdeh( [`v`qdb nohwm{ bdw`q ew a`kdn` choyh wmdw wm` !\qehk`!

ymo yd{ {opimw yd{ opw of wm` Kdpkd{p{" dhg yd{ choyh eh

Vdh d{ d |obewekdb b`dg`q( Wm` !\qehk`"! ymo yd{ eh Vdh"

qìdqg{ ew d noqdb gpwu wo ehfoqn wm` ehv`{weidwehi jpgi`"

wmqopim wm` Qp{{edh Koh{pb" wmdw m` e{ eh Wpqcù dhg wmdw

ew e{ phjp{w wo dqq`{w {onòh` `b{`" apw Bìeh` |`q{e{w{ eh me{

`qqoq dhg \qehk` Dqimopwedh md{ a``h {pff`qehi eh |qe{oh foq

wyo u`dq{‗dhg ymo choy{ moy bohi u`w$

1( Dhowm`q gdu wmù dqq`{w`g Ndbcd{edh" d w`dkm`q of

wm` H`q{`{{edh [kmoob( How ohbu yd{ m` how d q`vobpweohe{w"

apw dh o||oh`hw of q`vobpweohdqu n`wmog{( Apw m` yd{ c`|w

eh |qe{oh foq {`v`qdb nohwm{ a`kdp{` me{ Kmqe{wedh hdn` aoq`

q`{`nabdhk` wo wmdw of d {p{|`kw`g ndh ymo yd{ {opimw au

wm` |obek`( Ymdw e{ wm` geff`q`hk`" ef ew a` wme{ ndh oq wmdw ndh?

;( D ndh hdn`g C`voqc Oqgoudh yd{ {opimw eh Wefbe{(

How aèhi dab` wo fehg men" wm` |obek` dqq`{w`g dhowm`q C`voqc(

C`voqc Dqdc`bedh( Wm` q`bdwev`{ of wm` foqn`q w`{wefe`g wmdw

C`voqc Oqgoudh mdg a``h cebb`g eh \`q{ed" dhg wmdw wmù m`bg

me{ g`dwm k`qwefekdw`" {eih`g au wm` \`q{edh bìdweoh( Apw eh

vdeh( Wm` dpwmoqewe`{ g`{eq`g wo en|qe{oh dh Dqn`hedh" ymo{`

hdn` yd{ C`voqc( !Ef C`voqc Oqgoudh e{ g`dg" b`w C`voqc

Dqdc`bedh {`qv` wm` foqn`q){ w`qn"! g`keg`g wm` offek`q of

jp{wek`( Dhg foq wmq`` u`dq{ C`voqc Dqdc`bedh yewm dh `}.

kp{dab` kohfeg`hk` e{ ydewehi eh wm` |qe{oh (((( foq jp{wek`(

7( Eh Adwopn wm` |obek` y`q` boocehi foq dh Dqn`hedh"

Mqdhw [dqdfedh" d {mo`ndc`q" fqon Wqàezohg`" Wpqcù( M`

kopbg how a` fophg" d{ m` mdg g`|dqw`g fqon wmdw kewu bohi

dio( Apw yd{ wm`q` how dhowm`q Dqn`hedh hdn`g Mqdhw" eh

Adwopn" wmopimw wm` ehv`{weidwoq? Yewm dh phfoqwphdw` ko.

ehkeg`hk` wm` {oh of wm` \qe`{w N`bedh yd{ kdbb`g Mqdhw(

Wmù dqq`{w`g dhg en|qe{oh`g men( Dhg ymu how? [wpg`hw"



45

hdn`g( Mqdhw" dhg wm` {oh of dh Dqn`hedh |qe`{w$ Wm`

jp{wek` of Beì`h geg how kdq` wmdw wme{ ndh e{ Mqdhw N`bedh"

dhg how [dqdfedh3 {wpg`hw" dhg how {mo`ndc`q3 fqon Adwopn"

dhg how fqon Wqàezohg`( Ew {pffek`g wmdw me{ hdn` yd{

Mqdhw( B`w men bdhipe{m eh |qe{oh( Wm` yoqbg yebb how a`

wm` |ooq`q foq ew(

0( Wm` yq`wkm`g k`n`w`qu of @qevdh mdg d ipdqg" obg"

y`dc" d{ mdqnb`{{ d{ wm` k`n`w`qu( M` yd{ hdn`g Mdio|

Dv`ge{{edh" dhg aoqh eh Kd`{dq`d" Wpqcù( Oh` gdu wmdw |ooq

obg ndh yd{ gqdii`g wo wm` |obek` kopqw" dhg wm`h wo

|qe{oh( M` kopbg how phg`q{wdhg ymdw yd{ md||`hehi( M`

yd{ kquehi dhg chokcehi me{ m`dg dideh{w wm` ydbb" dhg wquehi

wo yq`hkm wm` eqoh adq{ off wm` yehgoy yewm me{ aohù mdhg{(

M` yd{ q`|`dwehi dbb gdu bohi: !Ymdw e{ nu kqen`" ymdw

mdv` E goh`(! Dhg wm` ehhok`hw ipdqg" of kopq{`" kopbg how

endieh` wmdw m` yd{ dqq`{w`g foq dhowm`q Mdio|3 Mdio|

Iowoudh( Wm` bdww`q yd{ fqon Nop{m" dhg how fqon Kd`{dq`d"

uophi dhg how obg" d {obge`q" dhg how d k`n`w`qu ipdqg( Apw

ymu wm`{` !phen|oqwdhw! g`wdeb{ $ M` yd{ d Mdio|" wmdw {pf.

fek`g( Wm` |ooq ipdqg bo{w me{ {`h{`{" apw m` e{ eh jdeb u`w(

6( Yewm wm` {dn` jp{wek` dhg ndhh`q Vqdn Vdmdhedh

of W`qaezohg` yd{ dqq`{w`g dhg en|qe{oh`g foq Vdmdh \d|d.

zedh" of Vdh" hoy d n`na`q of wm` Wpqce{m \dqbedn`hw(

Cdq`ceh C`voqcedh yd{ kd{w ehwo |qe{oh foq Cdq`ceh Neqd.

cedh3 B`vohw N`bkohedh" of Idhzdc" yd{ en|qe{oh`g eh{w`dg

of Dqgd{m`{ N`bkohedh" of Wefbe{ 3 fopq n`h ymo{` feq{w hdn`{

dq` Hekobd y`q` en|qe{oh`g eh Adcp foq Hekobd G`q Movdh.

h`{{edh ymo yd{ {opimw au wm` Iov`qhn`hw( Wmù mdg gef.

f`q`hw |dwqohun{" geff`q`hw wqdg`{" kdn` fqon geff`q`hw tpdq.

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ipebw

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h`k`{{dqu wo mdv` m`dqw wo q`koqg wm` {dg ehkeg`hw{ ymekm mdv`

|bphi`g ndhu fdnebe`{ eh phfdwmondab` {pff`qehi dhg

bdn`hwdweoh( Apw `hopim e{ n`hweoh`g wo iev` d jp{w eg`d

of ymdw ndg |qo|oqweoh wm`{` qegekpbop{ |`q{`kpweoh{ mdv`

d{{pn`g dhg ymekm |`q{`kpweoh{ dq` ge{ipe{`g phg`q wm` vezoq

of kopqw `}dnehdweoh(



1<

EH WM@ K@BB[(

Ehjp{wek` kmdqdkw`qez`g wm` {`dqkm‗eqqìpbdqewu wm`

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dh ehdkk`{{eab` yoqbg" ym`q` ho ù` kdh |`h`wqdw` dhg ho

voek` q`dkm( Dhg eh wmdw !dpwokqdwek cehigon! ym`q` |obek`

wuqdhhu e{ how ohbu kophw`hdhk`g apw `hkopqdi`g" wm` woqwpq`

wo ymekm wm` Qp{{edh |qe{oh`q md{ a``h wm` {bdv` foq {o ndhu

u`dq{" kohwehp`{(

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wqdw` dhg wm` ehw`hweoh of wmdw offekedb" wmopim kqenehdb" yd{

wo `hkopqdi` wm` phmd||u |qe{oh`q{ wo mdwkm |bow{ wo wmèq

phgoehi dhg wmp{ ndihefu !wm` |obewekdb dffdeq(!

!Wm` Dqn`hedh |qe{oh`q{ eh Hovowkm`qcd{c dhg Qo{.

wov`"! yqew`{ oh` of wm` |qe{oh`q{" !dq` w``nehi yewm ph.

{|`dcdab` kohgeweoh{( Ew e{ d be` wo {du wmdw wm`q` e{ ho woqwpq`

eh Qp{{ed( U`{$ Ew `}e{w{( Wy`hwu.fev` wo wmeqwu n`h dq`

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a`g{w`dg{" how `v`h a`ggehi3 dhg wm` ne{`qdab` ehndw`{ {b``|

oh wm` adq` iqophg" mpggb`g phg`q d {ehib` abdhc`w" geqwu d{

wm` febwm eh ymekm wmù dq` kon|`bb`g wo be`( Hoq go wmù iev`

`hopim foog `v`h wo wm` phfoqwphdw`" ymo dq` dab` dhg yebbehi

wo |du( Oh` {bek` of aq`dg dhg {on` ydw`q gdebu( Q`dgehi

dhg yqewehi e{ foqaegg`h dhg konnphekdweoh yewm wm` opw{eg`

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a` |`qneww`g wo mdv` dh `}wqd |e`k` of aq`dg" {on` aoeb`g

ìi{ oq d ao} of keidq`ww`{" wm` bodf e{ kpw o|`h dhg wm` ìi{

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Wmù |`qnew ho {ophg‗ymdw {mdbb y` go? Wm` ydbb{ dq`

wmekc" wm` adq{ {wqohi" dhg wm` yoqbg q`now`( Ymdw kdh y`

go ? Y` dq` apw ydewehi!



14

Ho {dhewdqu |q`kdpweoh{ dq` wdc`h" ho kdq` off`q`g( @v`h

wm` {ekc a`{``kmehi foq ydqnwm oq kbowmehi dq` q`fp{`g(

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[ooh wm` h`y{ of wme{ |bdip` q`dkm`g wm` |qe{oh dhg g``|

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f`kweoh( G`{|`qdw` dhg en|ow`hw wmù kopbg apw |qow`{w ph.

dvdebehibu dideh{w wmèq wqdiek |beimw( !Ymdw yebb md||`h"!

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|qe{oh d{ y`bb?! Wm` dpwmoqewe`{ y`q` {eb`hw dhg wm` |qe{oh.

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vehk`g wmdw Bìeh`" wm` eh{|`kwoq" kohh`kw`g yewm wm` i`h.

gdqn`qe`" yewm gedaobekdb kphhehi" yd{ g`bea`qdw`bu ehvewehi

wme{ n`wmog of {p||q`{{ehi !wm` |obewekdb `veb"! wm` bef` of wm`

|qe{oh`q{" au n`dh{ of !wm` eqq`{|oh{eab` `veb!

‗|`{web`hk`(

Ymdw d moqqeab` kohvekweoh$

E yohg`q ef ew q`tpeq`{ iq`dw |oy`q of endiehdweoh wo |ek.

wpq` wm` moqqoq of wmo{` gdu{ dhg heimw{ {|`hw au wm` phmd||u

|qe{oh`q{ a`mehg wmo{` eqoh adqq`g yehgoy{ ym`h kmob`qd

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bokc`g |oqwdb{(

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ew{ d||`dqdhk` eh wm` |qe{oh of Hovowkm`qcd{c" dhg {ooh

d{{pn`g wmq`dw`hehi |qo|oqweoh{( Wmdw veb` gphiòh" ne{.

kdbb`g d |qe{oh" yd{ apebw wo dkkonnogdw` wyo mphgq`g dhg

{`v`hwu ehndw`{" u`w wm` hpna`q kqoyg`g eh ew dw wme{ wen`

`}k``g{ èimw mphgq`g dhg fefwu |ò|b`( Wme{ kohgeweoh"

kop|b`g yewm wm` wowdb bdkc of {dhewdqu |q`kdpweoh" yopbg

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f`v`q" dhg" ehg``g" eh Ndqkm" 454 4" wm` hpna`q of wm` ehf`kw`g

`}k``g`g oh` mphgq`g dhg wm` g`dg wy`hwu(

@dqbu eh Ndqkm wm` N`gekdb Geq`kwoq ve{ew`g wm` |qe{oh(

B`w p{ hoy be{w`h wo wm` yoqg{ of me{ q`|oqw(

!Wm` k`bb{ of wm` |qe{oh dq` ov`qkqoyg`g aùohg wmèq

kd|dkewu 3 wm` deq vewedw`g dhg bodwm{on`( Eh wm` k`bb{" yoog`h



11

ao}`{" kdbb`g |dqd{m`{" dq` |bdk`g foq hdwpqdb h`k`{{ewe`{ of

wm` |qe{oh`q{3 dhg wm`{` dq` ndcehi wm` dwno{|m`q` noq` ph.a`dqdab`" ymekm dbq`dgu yd{ phaq`dwmdab` `hopim( A`{eg`{

wm`{` ao}`{ dq` |bdk`g wm` yoog`h v`{{`b{ kohwdehehi wm`

gqehcehi ydw`q foq wm` phfoqwphdw`{( Wm` |qe{oh`q{) phg`q.

y`dq e{ geqwu" {`bgon kmdhi`g ofw`h`q wmdh ohk` eh wmq`` y``c{(

!A`foq` wme{" eh Jdhpdqu" wm` |qe{oh |mu{ekedh yqow` wo

wm` Iov`qhoq of wm` |qe{oh" w`bbehi men wmdw wu|moeg f`v`q

md{ d||`dq`g eh wm` |qe{oh( Wm` Iov`qhoq" moy`v`q" fdewm.

fpb wo wm` eh{wqpkweoh of Wdpa`" wm` m`dg of wm` ge{wqekw" foq.

adg` wm` gokwoq wo konnphekdw` dhuwmehi kohk`qhehi wm` ge{.

`d{` wo wm` N`gekdb Geq`kwoq" dhg foq wme{ q`d{oh" eh wm` dk.

kophw{ of wm` |qe{oh" howmehi yd{ {deg of wu|moeg f`v`q dhg"

eh fdkw" ew yd{ {deg wmdw wm` |qe{oh`q{ mdg a``h ebb yewm nd.

w`qed(

!Eh {|ew` of q`|`dw`g g`ndhg{ fqon wm` gokwoq wo en|dqw

wo wm` Aodqg of M`dbwm wm` h`k`{{dqu ehfoqndweoh qìdqgehi

wm` wu|moeg f`v`q wm` geq`kwoq of wm` |qe{oh" oa{wehdw`bu dhgg`bea`qdw`bu kohk`db`g wm` `}e{w`hk` of wm` ndbdgu(!

Wme{ kqenehdb offekedb !{`kq`ku! moqqefe`g wm` q`bdwev`{ of

wm` phfoqwphdw`{ {mpw eh wme{ jdeb dw Hovowkm`qcd{c" dhg wmù

|q`|dq`g wm` fobboyehi w`bìqdn dhg {`hw ew wo wm` Nehe{w`q

of Jp{wek`

!Eh wm` \qe{oh dw HovoW{km`ìd{c" wm`q` e{

hoyqdiehi d w`qqeab` |`{web`hk`( Noq` wmdh d mphgq`g

|qe{oh`q{ d{ y`bb d{ wm` |qe{oh geq`kwoq" wmq`` d{{e{wdhw{"

w`h {p|`qve{oq{" {e} kb`qc{" wm` |qe{oh |mu{ekedh dhg wmq``

d{{e{wdhw{ dq` {ekc( Noqwdbewu e{ d{{pnehi dbdqnehi |qo.

|oqweoh{ dhg dnohi wm` g`dg dq` wyo of wm` ov`q{``q{

wm` {dhewdqu kohgeweoh{ dq` pha`dqdab`( Wm` |qe{oh apebw

wo mop{` ohbu wyo mphgq`g dhg fefwu ehndw`{ hoy koh.

wdeh{ eh `}k`{{ of èimw mphgq`g ehndw`{( Wm` apebgehi e{

bokdw`g oh wm` boy`{w iqophg eh wm` kewu ym`q` f`v`q |q`.

vdeb{( Wm` fbooq{ of wm` k`bb{ dq` d{|mdbw( Wmo{` m`bg d{

dkkp{`g of wm` )Dffdeq of Gd{mhdcw{opwph) dq` dbq`dgu qophg.

ehi opw wmèq wmeqg dhg fopqwm u`dq{ of kohfeh`n`hw dhg

dbb dq` of en|deq`g m`dbwm( No{w of wm`n {`qeop{bu dff`kw`g

au koh{pn|weoh" owm`q{ yewm ge{`d{`{ of aoh`{" h`qvop{ ge{.

oqg`q{ dhg ù` wqopab`( [on` dq` dff`kw`g yewm |db{u dhg

wyo mdv` bo{w wmèq m`dqehi dhg dbb dq` hoy `}|o{`g wo wm`

gq`dgfpb wu|moeg f`v`q( Ew e{ `d{u wo phg`q{wdhg moy wmèq



1;

en|deq`g koh{wewpweoh{ dq` phdab` wo yewm{wdhg wm` qdvdi`{

of wmdw w`qqeab` ge{`d{`(!

!Wdcehi dbb wme{ ehwo koh{eg`qdweoh" y` q`tp`{w uopq@}k`bb`hku wo q`b`d{` wm`n oh |`q{ohdb q`koihezdhk` oq

beimw adeb3 foq wmù aèhi `kohonekdbbu d{ y`bb d{ |mu{ekdbbu

qpeh`g" dq` phdab` wo |qoveg` bdqi` {pn{ of nohù( Wm`

|q`benehdqu ehv`{weidweoh of wme{ )Dffdeq of Gd{mhdcw.

{opwph) e{ dbq`dgu kon|b`w`g dhg wm` fdnebe`{ of wm` |qe{oh.

`q{ dq` dbno{w a`{eg` wm`n{`bv`{ yewm w`qqoq dw wm` |`qeb

wo ymekm wmèq g`dq oh`{ dq` hoy {paj`kw`g(!;

[eb`hk` dboh` fqon wm` nehe{w`q

Wme{ yd{ apw wm` hdwpqdb moqqoq gp` wo hdwpqdb kohgeweoh{

dboh`" dhg u`w wm` di`hw{ of wuqdhhu dq` how {dwe{fe`g dhg dgg

wo ew wm` dqwefekedb" wm` {kopqi`{" wm` {wqd|{ dhg owm`q vdqe`g

eh{wqpn`hw{ of woqwpq`

B`w wm` fdkw{ dboh` {|`dc$

Ew yd{ eh wm` |qe{oh of Adcp" wmdw wm` di`hw{ of ehv`{we.

idweoh g`w`qneh`g wo m`dq {`kq`w{" wo mdv` I‗N‗pww`q yoqg{of wmehi{ how `}e{wehi( Wm` uopwm q`{e{w`g yewm koh{wdhku

dhg kohwehp`g nebgh`{{‗wm` oqg`q yd{ iev`h dhg me{ m`dg

kon|q`{{`g a`wy``h kbdn|{ phweb m` fdehw`g( Wme{ yd{ q `.

{pn`g dideh dhg dideh" ymeb` wm` woqwpq`q{ q`|`dw`g wm` fdw`fpb

yoqg{: !Uop kdhhow a` qeg of p{" phweb uop kohf`{{ uopq

ipebw(!

Eh dhowm`q |qe{oh eh Wefbe{" wm` |ooq |qe{oh`q I‗G‗Nyd{ {paj`kw`g wo kohwehpop{ fbdi`bbdweoh yewm {wqd|{ foq wyoy``c{" ymeb` me{ |ooq aogu yd{ kov`q`g yewm wm` {yobb`h

y`bw{" dhg u`w me{ kqp`b woqn`hwoq{ yopbg how k`d{`( Wmù

y`q` `}dkwehi !Kohf`{{eoh{$!

{Eh koh{`tp`hk` of wme{ w`bìqdn" {o onehop{ eh ew{ |oqw`hw of ge{.

d{w`q" oh` of wm` [w( \`w`q{apqi |d|`q{" !Q`km"! |pabe{m`g wm` fobboyehi:

!Wm` kohgeweoh of wm` |qe{oh`q{ e{ ehg``g d||dbbehi dhg ymobbu g`{|`qdw`"

oh` kdhhow endieh` moy wmù ehkdqk`qdw` foq u`dq{" |ooq yq`wkm`{ yd{wehi

yewm ge{`d{` eh dh ov`qkqoyg`g dhg ymobbu ph{pewdab` |bdk`" kd{wehi fefwu

ehwo d k`bb dhg ndcehi wm`n {b``| oh wm` adq`" eku fbooq( Eh oh` koqh`q

ym`q` Dqn`hedh{ fqon Md{mgd`cmdh dq`" wm` |bdk` e{ kdbb`g !Abdkcwoyh!!

oh dkkophw of wm` gdqch`{{ {o iq`dw wmdw `v`h gpqehi gdu wen` wm` ehndw`{

kdhhow {`` `dkm owm`q{) fdk`{ yewmopw {wqecehi ndwkm`{( Ndhu eh wme{ k`bb

ym`q` Dqn`hedh{ fqon Md{mgdqcmdh dq`" wm` |bdk` e{ kdbb`g !Abdkcwoyh!

`hw`q`g wm` |qe{oh m`dbwmu dhg {wqohi dhg hoy ndhu mdv` wmèq koh{we.

wpweoh{ qpeh`g foq`v`q" dhg wme{ e{ how wm` |phe{mn`hw of d {`hw`hk`" apw

n`q`bu |q`benehdqu en|qe{ohn`hw a`foq` wm` dkwpdb wqedb ymekm fq`tp`hwbu

|qov`{ wm`n ehhok`hw( Wme{ e{ howmehi b`{{ wmdh wm`( `}`kpweoh of wmo{`

how u`w kohvekw`g( Ew e{ how d |q`benehdqu ehkdqk`qdweoh" apw d fqeimwfpb

oqg`db dhg d {boy dhg iqdgpdb `}`kpweoh dhg" wm`q`foq`" fdq yoq{`(!



17

Wm` |qe{oh of Qo{wov` yd{ wm` {k`h` of noq` {`qeop{

kqp`bwe`{( Wm`q` yd{ oh` vekwen" N`ghecedh" d bdyu`qymo

|qow`{w`g me{ ehhok`hk`" g`ndhg`g ehv`{weidweoh" d{c`g foq

wqedb( Foq wqedb" wmù idv` men wm` yme|" dhg foq ehv`{weidweoh"

q`vebehi{ of wm` fopb`{w bdhipdi`( Wm` phfoqwphdw` ndh" moqqe.

fe`g dhg ge{kopqdi`g" y`hw ndg‗dhg e{ hoy d m`b|b`{{ ena`keb`

ydebehi me{ iqe`f( Ho oh` kdq`{‗!M` e{ ndg"! wmù {du" dhg

|d{{ men au(

Eh{dh` e{ me{ hèimaoq" woo" dh `}mdp{w`g obg ndh" b`dh d{

d{c`b`woh" ipdqgedh of d k`n`w`qu" yewm

howmopimw{ of wme{

yoqbg {dv` wm` iqdv`( Wmù mdv` dqq`{w`g men db{o( M` go`{

how choy me{ ipebw 3 wmù mdv` wmqp{w men ehwo d k`bb" m` choy{

how ymu" dhg wmù bd{m`g dhg woqn`hw`g men gdu dfw`q gdu(

Ymu ? Iog ohbu choy{‗m` {kqdwkm`g wm` ydbb{ yewm me{ hdeb{

dhg qodqehi" qdiehi dhg {kq`dnehi" dw bd{w bo{w me{ nehg( Hoyym`h yewm w`dqfpb {neb` m` g`ndhg{ me{ bea`qwu" wm` jdeb`q |oehw{

wm` yme| wo men( E{ m` how eh{dh`?

M`qè{

dhowm`q vekwen:

Wm` Q`v`q`hg Hekmobd{ [obo.nohedh" d |qe`{w" fqon wm` vebbdi` of Idhzdc( Wmù dqq`{w`g"

{wqe||`g dhg woqn`hw`g men" {o wmdw wm` iqe`f.{wqekc`h Fdwm`q

ge`g yewmopw `v`h choyehi of ymdw m` yd{ ipebwu( Wm` |ooq

|qe`{w eh me{ g`dwm diohu" nodhehi dhg {oaaehi" wobg me{ f`bboy

|qe{oh`q{ ymo y`q` wm` phyebbehi yewh`{{`{ of me{ woqwpq`" wmdw

m` yopbg {ooh |d{{ dydu eh g`dwm 3 y`|w" aìi`g foq fq`{m deq"

dhg pww`qehi me{ yef`){ hdn`" ye{m`g wo ce{{ me{ kmebgq`h foq

wm` bd{w fdq`y`bb‗wm`{` uophi" eh`}|`qe`hk`g kmebgq`h ymo q`.

kèv`g wmèq fdwm`q){ g`dg aogu kopbg how dhg h`v`q yebb q`dbez`

ymu m` yd{ dqq`{w`g dhg woqwpq`g wo g`dwm dydu fqon wm`n eh

d |qe{oh k`bb(

Wm`q` y`q` wyo g`dwm{ eh wm` |qe{oh of @qevdh( Wm` vek.

wen{ aèhi uophi n`h fqon Eiweq`" ymo ge`g yewm wmèq ibdz.

ehi ù`{ fe}`g oh {|dk`" dhg wmèq npw` be|{ tp`{weohehi !ymu?!

Eh wm` |qe{oh dw Vbdgekdpkp{" d |qe{oh`q eh me{ diohu

qop{`g me{ fdebehi {wq`hiwm dhg {deg" !E choy wmdw E dn {oohwo ge`" apw a`foq` E go E ye{m wo choy of ymdw E dn ipebwu(!

M` ge`g" d{ geg ndhu owm`q{" yewm wm` tp`{weoh phdh.

{y`q`g" dhg {pkm yebb a` wm` {dg fdw` of ndhu noq`(

Dhg wm` {pqvevoq{$ Phfoqwphdw` yewh`{{`{ of wm`{` ph.

`dqwmbv wqdi`ge`{" ve`yehi yewm f`dqfpb m`dqw{ wm` q`novdb of



10

wm` g`dg aoge`{ fqon wm` |qe{oh dhg voyehi v`hi`dhk`" dq`

npqnpqehig`j`kw`gbu:

!\`qmd|{ wonoqqoy wmù ndu kdqqu opw opq g`dg aoge`{"

dhg ymu?!

Dhg oh` gdu wm` koq|{` yd{ kdqqe`g opw( Ew yd{ eh fqohw of

wm` gooq of wm` |qe{oh( D iq`dw npbwewpg` mdg {ydqn`g dqophg

{ehk` `dqbu noqhehi dhg y`q` hoy en|dwe`hwbu ydewehi" |ò|b`

of `v`qu kbd{{ dhg kohgeweoh mdvehi md{w`h`g wm`q`( Wm` obg

vebbdi` |qe`{w" ymo mdg kon` wo {`` me{ {oh" wm` kophwqu yondhkonehi oh foow fqon d ge{wdhw vebbdi` wo `hjou dw b`d{w d f`y

nehpw`{ yewm wm` {oh {m` mdg how {``h foq èimw nohwm{" wm`

{wpg`hw" ymo yewm geffekpbwu mdg oawdeh`g d bek`h{` wo {`` me{

aqowm`q 3 dbb of wm`n |db`" `}mdp{w`g dhg y`dc yewm wm` {koqkm.

ehi {ph( Wmèq m`dqw{ dhg nehg{ dbb k`hw`q`g oh wm` ge{koboq`g

{woh`{ of wm` |qe{oh ydbb{" dhg dbb yewm wm` {dn` vdeh mo|` eh

wmèq aq`d{w{ wo {`` wm` a`bov`g |qe{oh`q{ dw b`d{w ohk`" dhg wo

m`dq fqon wmèq be|{ oh` mo|`.eh{|eqehi yoqg(Dhg hoy wm` gooq{ dq` o|`h`g(

Wm` kqoyg yewm wmqoaaehi m`dqw{ nov`g bec` d qobbehi

ydv` dhg |q`{`hwbu f`bb adkc d{ ef {wqpkc au d aobw of beimwhehi"

da{obpw`bu |`wqefe`g d{ wm`q` d||`dq`g d fph`qdb kd{c`w" ymekm

yd{ |bdk`g eh |o{eweoh au oqg`q of wm` |qe`{w ymo q`kew`g wm`

|qdu`q{" dhg dbb ù`{ y`q` wpqh`g wo men(

Ymo yd{ buehi wm`q` g`dg eh wm` kd{c`w ?

!Nu {oh$ Nu {oh$! {kq`dn`g d yondh fqon opw of wm`

npbwewpg`" dhg wm` obg yondh wmq`y m`q{`bf oh wm` ae`q bec`

d fbd{m of beimwhehi" yewm m`q aohu dqn{ `naqdkehi wm` kd{c`w

dhg ce{{ehi wm` kobg fdk` of m`q a`bov`g g`dg {oh" hoy qde{ehi

m`q m`dg dhg wpqhehi wo wm` |ò|b` dqophg m`q dhg wm`h yewm

u`dqhehi ù`{ wpqh`g m`dv`hydqg" ohbu wo q`|`dw m`q kdq`{{`{

oh wm` g`dg fdk` a`foq` m`q" wm` kbend} of d nowm`q){ enn`h{`

dhg ehfehew` iqe`f‗m`q kqu !nu {oh$!

Wmdw {oh ymon {m` mdg kon` wo {`` dhg `hjou" dhg hoyohbu me{ g`dg aogu



16

WM@ Q@D[OH[(

E(‗Ehw`qhdb(

Ymu {o iq`dw {`v`qewu" dhg ymu wme{ ihd{mehi of w``wm

dideh{w d |ò|b` ymo" dbwmopim kqp{m`g eh wm` wdboh{ of Oqe`hwdb

g`{|owe{n foq phwobg u`dq{" md{ dbydu{ a``h wm` |eoh``q of

Qp{{edh dgvdhk`n`hw" dhg wm` feqn qdn|dqw oh wm` wyo fqoh.

we`q{ dideh{w Nomdnn`gdh wuqdhhu ?

[``c foq wm` `}|bdhdweoh eh wm` N`wqo|obe{ of wm` Hoqwm"ym`q` wm` j`y`b{ of [wdw` en|pg`hk` dq` fophg ipdqg`g au

wm` di`hw{ of wm` k`hwqdb wuqdhhu(

Ym`h wm` Qp{{edh wmqoh` kdn` opw ph{kdwm`g of wm` g`.

vopqehi fbdn`{ of wm` \dh.Qp{{edh Q`vobpweoh" wm` iov`qhn`hw

of wm` Wzdq" eh{w`dg of m`dqc`hehi wo wm` kqe`{ dhg h``g{ of

wm` |ò|b`" q`{oqw`g" oh wm` kohwqdqu" wo d |obeku of g`kèw dhg

|`q{`kpweoh(

Wm` g`kèw e{ wm` Gpnd(Wm` |`q{`kpweoh e{ wm` |`qeog of phbenew`g o||q`{{eoh{

phg`q wm` |q`w`hk` of wm` Gpnd" wm` bec` of ymekm y`q` ph.

choyh `v`h eh wm` gdu{ of \oae`goho{wz`f phg`q wm` qèih of

Db`}dhg`q EEE(

\`q{`kpweoh dideh{w ehgevegpdb{ phg`q wm` dkkp{dweoh of

aèhi !Q`vobpweohe{w{(!

\`q{`kpweoh dideh{w hdweoh{" phg`q {p{|ekeoh of aèhi

![`|dqdwe{w{(!

\qe{oh $ @}eb` $ Idbboy{ $ Wm`{` y`q` wm` ohbu n`dh{ of

{nowm`qehi wm` bea`qwu.eh{|eqehi aq`dwm eh wm` Hoqwm" ym`q` {o

ndhu mo|`{ ge`g phq`v`db`g" dhg oh wm` {moq`{ of wm` Vobid"

ymekm a`kdn` wm` {eb`hw yewh`{{ of wm` iq`dw`{w kqen`{" dw wm`

foow of wm` Kdpkd{edh Nophwdeh{ ym`q` ohk` eh{|eqehi {ohi{

y`q` yqeww`h g`vow`g wo wm` Ymew` Cehi Ide{{oh" dhg eh wm`

kewe`{ of \obdhg" wm` ov`qym`bnehi iqe`f of ymekm md{ fpq.

he{m`g ndw`qedb foq bohi di`{ of me{woqu(

Fehbdhg" wmdw cheimwbu dhg tpe`w qìeoh" yd{ oh` of wm`

feq{w wo {pff`q |`q{`kpweoh" dhg eh {|ew` of wm` qoudb |qone{`{

wm` Fehhe{m Koh{wewpweoh yd{ daqoidw`g dhg wqdn|b`g p|oh( 7

7 Y` qìq`w wmdw wm` {ko|` dhg |bdh of wme{ aoocb`w go`{ how |`qnew

opq ievehi dw b`d{w d aqe`f {c`wkm of wm`{` kqen`{ dhg moqqoq{ of ymekm

Fehbdhg" \obdhg dhg K`hwqdb Qp{{ed y`q` wm` {wdi`(



19

Wm` Wzdq mdg wdc`h odwm wo a` fdewmfpb wo wm` Koh{wewpweoh"

dhg !m` hoy q`wqdkw{ me{ |qone{`"! {deg wm` \qen` Nehe{w`qof wm` Wzdq" dfw`q ymekm m` yd{ oabei`g wo p{` d mdhgc`q.

kme`f wo ye|` off wm` noe{wpq` fqon me{ aqoy" {|dw p|oh(

Wm`h kdn` \obdhg){ wpqh$ Ymo go`{ how q`n`na`q wm`

phkmqohekb`g w`qqoq foq wmq`` u`dq{ ymekm {koqkm`g dhg {`dq`g

wme{ goon`g bdhg" dhg apqe`g eh oabeveoh wm` gdw` 4=6; kmqoh.

ekb`g eh me{woqu‗kqen`{ of ymekm ho i`hgdqn`qe` yd{ koi.

hezdhw(

Dfw`q {eb`hkehi wm`{` wyo ge{wdhw |dqw{" wm` |q`{`hw di`hwof dpwokqdku" [wobu|eh" `}w`hg`g me{ aboogu mdhg ov`q dbb K`h.

wqdb Qp{{ed‗wm` m`dqw{woh` of q`vobpweoh(

Ymdw kqen`{ phm`dqg of $ Wm` {eimw of wm` Qp{{edh eg`db.

e{wek uopwm" fq`{m dhg q`vobwehi" mp{m`g wm` {woqn dhg wm`

`dqwm yd{ q`gg`h`g yewm wmèq aboog(

Ohk` ew yd{ ohbu [w( \`w`q{apqi wmdw mdg \`wqo.\ovbov{c(

Ymdw dh mohoq $ Hoy `v`qu kewu {mdq`{ wmdw mohoq au wm` En.

|`qedb {dkq`g `gekw(

Wm`q` yd{ d wen` ym`h `}`kpweoh" au apbb`w" yd{ q`.

{`qv`g foq `}k`|weohdb !{eh{ dideh{w wm` [wdw`(! Hoy ew e{

wm` p{pdb n`wmog foq wm` `}`kpweoh of wm` bdko{(

Ohk` yon`h y`q` `}`n|w fqon wm` woqwpq`{ of en|qe{oh.

n`hw" apw hoy wm` yon`h db{o dq` {pqq`hg`q`g wo wm` Ko{{dkc{)

chopw" cowdqg dhg {|oq(

Wm` k`hw`q yd{ {eb`hk`g dhg wm` J`y{ b`dqh`g wmèq !b`{.

{oh!3 wm`h [w( \`w`q{apqi wpqh`g ew{ bò|dqg.ù`{ woydqg{ wm`

[opwm" wm` foow of Dqdqdw dhg Cd{aec" ym`hk` kdn` wm` qehi.

ehi {ophg{ of wm` {ohi of fq``gon" wm` aqowm`qbu `kmo of wm`

iq`dw {ohi of wm` \dh.Qp{{edh Q`vobpweoh(

Kdpkd{p{" wmdw a`dpwefpb kqdgb` of |obewekdb bov` dhg

mdwq`g" wm` {k`h` of bohi di`{ of iq`dw Nomdnn`gdh dhg

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wm` Aeabekdb Dqc" bohi ydew`g apw d{ u`w yd{ g`he`g wo `hjou

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dqqoidhw |ò|b`(!



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au!hoh.

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wmdw wm` Dqn`hedh{ of Wpqcù {opimw q`fpi`$ Hoy ew e{ eh



;7

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opwbeh`(



;0

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;6

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iqdn(



;9

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wo Wpqcù(!

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{dgoq of wm` Wzdq(

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;=

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;5

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men(!

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!Om" moy md||u E yopbg a` ef E kopbg {`hg uop ym`q` m`

e{$ M` e{ eh me{ iqdv`$!

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wmop{dhg |di`{ wo `dkm vobpn`" dh `w`qhdb nohpn`hw of be`{

dhg g`kèw(



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Ew e{ dh Dqn`hedh q`vobpweohdqu |dqwu" oqidhez`g eh 4=5<"

wy`hwu u`dq{ dio" mdvehi d{ ew{ den wm` |obewekdb bea`qwu of wm`

Dqn`hedh{ eh Wpqcù" dhg d{ n`dh{ wo wmdw `hg wm` q`vobpweoh.

dqu {wqpiib`" dhg d{ d||be`g n`wmog wm` {obegdqewu of dbb wm`

hdweohdbewe`{ eh Wpqcù( Ew yd{ fophg`g eh wm` Kdpkd{p{" apw

ew yd{ yoqcehi foq wm` Dqn`hedh{ eh Wpqcù( No{w of ew{

nohù" dqn{" dhg foqk`{ y`q` fpqhe{m`g fqon wm` Kdpkd{p{"

apw y`q` p{`g eh Wpqcù ymekm yd{ kmdeh`g au Mdneg){ mdhg{(

Wm` Qp{{edh nohdqkmekdb apq`dpkqdku" aìehhehi fqon

4=5<" ofw`h g`dbw aboy{ wo wm` Dqn`hedh{ of wm` Kdpkd{p{" apw

wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph h`v`q g`vedw`g fqon ew{ den" dhg geg

how `hw`q ehwo dhu kohfbekw yewm wm` Qp{{edh dpwmoqewe`{ phweb

45<;" ym`h wm` h`y{ of wm` kohfe{kdweoh of wm` |qo|`qwu of

wm` kmpqkm`{ `}kew`g dhg {o ge{wpqa`g wm` Dqn`hedh{ dhg kon.

|`bb`g wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph" d{ d {`qvdhw of wmèq |ò|b`" dhg"

d{ d aogu aoqh of wm` |ò|b`" wo {wdhg au wm`n dhg g`f`hg wmèq

veobdw`g qeimw{(

Wyo u`dq{ bdw`q" eh 45<0" dw wm` |`qeog of wm` aq`dcehi opw

of wm` \dh.Qp{{edh Q`vobpweoh" ym`h wm` di`hw{ of wm` W{dq

kq`dw`g wm` Wdqwdq.Dqn`hedh kobbe{eoh{" wm` Dqn`hedh |dqwu



7e

|dqweke|dw`g eh wmdw kohfbekw" eh`vewdabu" dhg wmp{ aìdh ew{ dk.

wevewu ehwm` Kdpkd{p{" db{o" d{ d q`vobpweohdqu dhg {okedbe{wek

oqidhezdweoh( Dw wm` kohv`hweoh of wm` |dqwu ymekm kohv`h`g

eh Ve`hhd eh 45<9" wmèq wdkwek{ y`q` d||qov`g dhg dgo|w`g

d{ d geq`kw q`{pbw of wm` {`v`q` |`q{`kpweoh{ wo ymekm wm` Dq.

n`hedh{ eh wm` Kdpkd{p{ y`q` {paj`kw`g(

Wm` Okwoa`q koh{wewpweoh" gqdyehi d vèb ov`q wm` |d{w"

offekedbbu q`koihez`g wme{ {ewpdweoh( Wm` iov`qhn`hw how ohbu

fdeb`g wo |`q{`kpw` wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph dhg owm`q |obewekdb oq.idhezdweoh{" apw |`qneww`g wm`n wo kon` foqydqg dhg a` q`k.

oihez`g |obewekdbbu eh wm` kophwqu(

Wmp{" eh 45<0" gpqehi wm` kohfbekw{ a`wy``h wm` Dqn`h.

edh{ dhg wm` Wdqwdq{" wm` {p|q`n` dpwmoqewu ew{`bf ge{wqeapw`g

dqn{ wmqopim wm` |obek`.konne{{eoh`q" W{e{" wo wm` Gd{mhdcw.

{opwph dhg wo {okedb g`nokqdw{ wo g`f`hg Wefbe{" ym`q` wm` vek.

`qou {ew{" dideh{w wm` ehvd{eoh{ of Wdqwdq{(

Eh 45<6" ym`h wm` q`|q`{`hwdwev`{ of Wdqwdq{ dhg Dq.n`hedh{ kohv`h`g dw wm` |dbdk` of wm` vek`qou" Voqohw{ov.

Gd{mcov" phg`q wm` kmdeqndh{me| of I`h`qdb Ndbmdnd" wm`

q`|q`{`hwdwev`{ of wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph y`q` ehvew`g wo wm` of.

fekedb kohv`hweoh(

Aìehhehi fqon 45<0" eh wm` `b`kweoh of wm` Gpnd eh wm`

Kdpkd{p{" wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph kdn` foqydqg d{ d {`|dqdw`

aogu" wm` iov`qhn`hw q`koihez`g offekedbbu wmèq `b`kweoh``qehi

kdn|deih" dhg wmo{` `b`kw`g y`q` q`koihez`g eh wm` Gpnd d{

wm` q`|q`{`hwdwev`{ of wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph dhg hoy wmù foqn

d {|`kedb fdkweoh eh wm` Owwondh \dqbedn`hw(

Fqon wm` {dn` u`dq" 45<0" ohydqg{ dbb ov`q wm` Kdpkd{p{"

eh dbno{w dbb ew{ ge{wqekw{" wm` iov`qhoq{" iov`qhoq{.eh.kme`f" d{

y`bb d{ wm` |obek` offekedb{ mdv` ofw`h `hw`q`g ehwo offekedb q`bd.

weoh{ yewm n`na`q{ dhg wm` iov`qhehi aoge`{ of wm` oqidhezd.

weoh" dhg mdv` q`tp`{w`g ew{ d{{e{wdhk` dhg dgvek`(

Wmp{ ew q`ndeh`g fqon 45<0 wo 45<=" dfw`q ymekm wm`

dwwewpg` of wm` iov`qhn`hw kmdhi`g( Wmù aìdh wo |`q{`.

kpw` wm` Dqn`hedh oqidhezdweoh how ohbu fqon 45<= ohydqg"

apw y`hw adkc wo u`dq{ |d{w" aìehhehi yewm 45<;" dhg `v`h

fpqwm`q adkc wmdh wmdw" mdvehi foqioww`h wmdw eh wm` |d{w wm`

{dn` iov`qhn`hw mdg ew{`bf" oh ndhu okkd{eoh{ aowm offekedbbu

dhg phoffekedbbu eh wm` bef` of wm` [wdw`" q`koihez`g wm` dkwevewu

of wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph dhg ew{ qeimw of `}e{w`hk`(



71

Wm`q` e{" moy`v`q" d noq` en|oqwdhw |oehw(

Wm`q` e{ d {`kq`w ymekm wm` iov`qhn`hw of wm` W{dq ye{m`{

wo kohk`db foq`v`q eh ew{ kmdna`q{" apw ymekm np{w a` aqopimw

opw foq wm` {dc` of wmo{` ehhok`hw |ò|b` ymo {pff`q eh wm`

|qe{oh{(

Ew yd{ eh Ndqkm" 45<=" wmdw d qpnoq yd{ keqkpbdw`g of d

|qoadab` ydq a`wy``h Qp{{ed dhg Wpqcù yewm Apbidqed){ |dq.

weke|dweoh( Apbidqed yopbg dwwdkc Wpqcù fqon Ndk`gohed"

ymeb` wm` Qp{{edh {obge`q{ yopbg kd|wpq` wm` vebbdi` of @qzqopn

eh D{ed Nehoq( Wm` iov`qhn`hw dw [w( \`w`q{apqi aìdh

{`hgehi dnnpheweoh wo wm` fqohwe`q" dhg k`hwqdbez`g foqk`{ h`dq

Cdq{(

Eh wme{ en|oqwdhw non`hw ew yd{ wm` g`{eq` of [w( \`w`q{.

apqi wo d{k`qwdeh ymdw yopbg a` wm` dwwewpg` of wm` Dqn`he.

dh{ of wm` Kdpkd{p{( Foq wme{ |pq|o{` {|`kedb nebewdqu offe.

k`q{ y`q` {`hw fqon [w( \`w`q{apqi wo wm` Kdpkd{p{" au wm`

nebewdqu dpwmoqewe`{" dw wm` {pii`{weoh of wm` Nehe{w`q foq Foq.

èih Dffdeq{( Wm` ne{{eoh of wm`{` `ne{{dqe`{ yd{ wo `hw`q

ehwo q`bdweoh yewm wm` iov`qhehi aoge`{" dhg wm` q`|q`{`hwd.

wev`{ of wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph" eh oqg`q wo d{k`qwdeh wm` dwwewpg`

of wm` Dqn`hedh Q`vobpweohdqu F`g`qdweoh eh kd{` of ydq(

Wo fpbfeb wme{ en|oqwdhw ne{{eoh wm` nebewdqu dhg keveb q`|.

q`{`hwdwev`{ of [w( \`w`q{apqi ndg` ov`qwpq`{ eh d v`qu kopq.

wòp{ ndhh`q dhg geg how foqi`w wo a` v`qu bdve{m eh wmèq

{un|dwmu dhg d||q`kedweoh dhg q`{|`kw foq wm` Dqn`hedh

|ò|b` dhg foq wmèq oqidhezdweoh{( Wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph q`.

|be`g wmdw ew{ dwwewpg` yopbg bdqi`bu g`|`hg d{ wo moy wm`

|obewekdb tp`{weoh of wm` Dqn`hedh{ {mopbg `hg eh Wpqcù(

Foqwphdw`bu" ydq yd{ dvoeg`g au opw{eg` |q`{{pq`" dhg wm`

hìowedweoh{ kdn` wo dh `hg(

Hoy" wm` tp`{weoh dqe{`{: Au ymdw boiek go`{ wm` iov.

`qhn`hw ymekm eh wm` aìehhehi of 45<= yd{ eh dnekdab` hìo.

wedweoh yewm Gd{mhdcw{opwph {pgg`hbu wpqh{ woydqg{ wm` `hg

of wm` {dn` u`dq dhg aìeh{ dh phpww`qdab` dhg phhdwpqdb |`q.

{`kpweoh" how ohbu foq g``g{ konneww`g gpqehi 45<=" apw db{o

foq g``g{ {p||o{`g wo mdv` a``h konneww`g fqon èimw wo w`h

u`dq{ |qeoq wo wm` hìowedweoh{(

Ew e{ d kpqeop{ dhg qd|eg kmdhi` `v`h foq nohdqkmekdb

wdkwek{( Ew e{ d n`dh |obewekdb koh{|eqdku" wm` aeww`q fqpew{ of



7;

ymekm dq` `hjou`g wogdu au wm` g`bpg`g Dqn`hedh |ò|b`( Dhg

moy {`qeop{ e{ wm` kohwqd{w of fdkw{(

Wm` iov`qhn`hw ymekm eh 45<7 q`wpqh`g wm` kohfe{kdw`g

|qo|`qwu of wm` kmpqkm`{" dkwpdbbu kohf`{{`g wm` jp{wek` of wm`

g`ndhg{ of wm` Dqn`hedh{( Apw eh 45<= ew en|qe{oh`g ehhok`hw

n`h yewm wm` dkkp{dweoh wmdw wmù mdg {p||oqw`g wm` kdp{` of

wm` Kmpqkm(

Eh 45<6 wm` iov`qhn`hw" ew{`bf" ge{wqeapw`g dqn{ wo wm`

Dqn`hedh oqidhezdweoh wo g`f`hg Wefbe{( Eh 45<= wm` {dn`

n`h" dhg ndhu owm`q{" ymo a`bohi wo wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph"y`q` dqq`{w`g d{ dpwmoq{ of ebbìdb dhg ipebwu dkweoh{(

Eh 45<6 yd{ m`bg wm` K`hwqdb Kohv`hweoh of wm` Dqn`he.

dh{" yewm wm` |`qne{{eoh of wm` Kdwmobeko{ of wm` Dqn`hedh{"

dhg yewm wm` choyb`gi` of wm` |obek`( Apw wmo{` ymo |dqweke.

|dw`g eh wmdw kohv`hweoh dq` |pq{p`g d{ gdhi`qop{ {okedbe{w{

dhg q`vobpweohe{w{ eh 45<=(

Eh wm` aìehhehi of 45<= wm` iov`qhn`hw mdg `hw`q`g

ehwo {`kq`w hìowedweoh{ yewm wm` |dqwu foq v`qu en|oqwdhw dhg{`kq`w dffdeq{ of wm` [wdw`" ymeb` woydqg wm` `hg of wm` {dn`

u`dq wmo{` ymo a`bohi`g dhg `v`h ndhu ymo geg how a`bohi

wo wm` {dn` |dqwu dq` |pw eh kmdeh{ d{ gdhi`qop{ w`qqoqe{w{

dhg |obewekdb diewdwoq{" g`{`qvehi wm` idbboy{ dhg `}eb`(

Wm` iov`qhn`hw ymekm hìowedw`g yewm wm` {okedbe{w oq.

idhezdweoh dhg wm` q`|q`{`hwdwev`{ ymo {dw fdk` wo fdk` yewm

wm` g`bìdw`{ of wm` {dn` |dqwu eh wm` Gpnd eh wm` aìehhehi

of 45<=" woydqg wm` `hg of 45<= phg`qwooc dh ph|q`k`g`hw`g

|`q{`kpweoh dideh{w wm` Gd{mhdcw{opwph" foq wm` q`d{oh wmdw

ew yd{ |q`dkmehi {okedbe{n dhg wmdw eh wm` gdu{ of dffbekweoh ew

{woog au wm` |ò|b`" eh wmèq g`f`h{`" q`{oqwehi `v`h wo !w`q.

qoqe{n"! ymekm yd{ h`k`{{ewdw`g au wm` aboogu dhg {w`qh q`db.

ewe`{(

[o ew yd{ wmdw eh wm` yebg opwapq{w eh 454 o" uopwm{ adq`bu

èimw``h dhg heh`w``h u`dq{ obg wogdu" y`q` dkkp{`g of kon.

newwehi w`qqoq{ eh 4 5<;.4 5<7" ym`h wmù y`q` n`q` bdg{ of

wmeqw``h dhg fopqw``h" |bduehi dhg kdwkmehi adbb" bec` {kmoob.

aou{(

Wme{ kqenehdb g`kèw" |qdkwek`g foq u`dq{" dhg wm` |q`{`hw

|`q{`kpweoh" fobboyehi wm` |obeku of g`kèw" e{ dh ehg`beab` {wdeh

oh wm` q`koqg of `v`h d nohdqkmekdb iov`qhn`hw" d abdkc {wdeh



77

ymekm {mopbg a` yd{m`g opw" how au wm` aboog of wm` |`q{`.

kpw`g dhg ehhok`hw vekwen{" apw au wm` aboog of wmo{` ymodq`

wm` dpwmoq{ of wm` kqenehdb |obeku(

Wm` iq`dw wd{c of q`mdaebewdweoh e{ b`fw wo wm` Qp{{edh

kopqw" ymekm" g`f`kwev` dhg |obek`.aophg d{ ew e{" e{ kdbb`g p|oh

wo p|mobg wm` woqkm of jp{wek` dhg a`kon` wm` {m`bw`q of wm`

ehhok`hw(

Wm` kopqw$

Wme{ e{ ymdw eh wmq`` u`dq{ of |qow`{w" eh w`dq{" eh {eb`hk`"

dhg eh vdeh d||`db" md{ a``h wm` koh{wdhw g`ndhg of wm` Dq.

n`hedh{ a`mehg wm` bokc`g gooq{" dhg wm` Dqn`hedh{ eh wm`

Kdpkd{p{ dhg wmqopimopw wm` yoqbg(

Wm`q` e{ ho kopqw" a`kdp{` wm` m`qo`{ of wm` {dg wqdi`gu

choy au {dg `}|`qe`hk` wmdw eh wm` kopqw |qoof{ dq` q`tpeq`g

|qoof{ ymekm kdh {wdhg wm` ehtpe{eweoh of wm` bdy(

Foq wme{ q`d{oh wmù dq` |o{w|ohehi wm` wqedb eh oqg`q (wmdw

eh wm` |qe{oh k`bb{ wmù ndu {nowm`q wm` koh{ke`hk`{ of wm`

q`vobw`q{" dhg w`qqefu wm` ymob` Dqn`hedh |ò|b`" mo|ehi wmp{

wo tp`hkm wm` bd{w aq`dwm" ymekm md{ ehkpqq`g wm` mdwq`g of

Qp{{edh g`{|owe{n" fqon Fehbdhg wo wm` bdhg of Dqdqdw(

Foq wme{ {dn` q`d{oh wm` iov`qhn`hw |obek` e{ `hg`dvoq.

ehi wo kohgpkw wm` wqedb a`mehg kbo{`g gooq{" wmqopim ymekm wm`

ydwkmfpb ù`{ of wm` |ò|b` dhg`{|`kedbbu

wmo{` offoqèih

hdweoh{" kdhhow |`h`wqdw` dhg ge{kbo{` wm` w`qqeab` |qoof{ of

ge{wpqaehi jp{wek`(

Yebb wmù {pkk``g?



70

WM@ NOHDQKMEKDBQP[[EDH

APQ@DPKQDKU(

Wm`q` yd{ d wen` ym`h wm` Wqdh{.Kdpkd{p{ yd{ wm` k`h.

w`q of wm` Qp{{o|meb` yehg{( Dbb wm` qdk`{" dhg dbb Kmqe{wedh

hdweoh{ wpqh`g wmèq ù`{ woydqg{ wm` @dib` of wm` Hoqwm(

Yewm dh eh`}|bekdab` me{woqek foobe{mh`{{" wm` Kdpkd{p{

!Wm` Yebg Bdhg!

‗yd{ d |bdk` of `}eb` foq wm` Qp{{edh{ eh

wm` aìehhehi of wm` heh`w``hwm k`hwpqu( Wo wm` Kdpkd{p{

y`q` `}eb`g dbb wm` phg`{eqdab` nebewdqu dhg keveb offekedb{" db{o

wmo{` q`{wb`{{ |o`w{‗\op{mceh" B`qnohgov" wo dwoh` foq wmèq

!{eh{(! Dhg dideh wo wm` Kdpkd{p{" eh 4=6;" y`q` `}eb`g dbb

wm` |obewekdb diewdwoq{ of \obdhg wo a`ydeb wmèq fohg gq`dn{

of bea`qwu(

Wm` `}eb`" moy`v`q" bov`g wm` Kdpkd{p{ eh{w`dg of mdwehi

ew(

Wmù{du wm` a`dpwefpb kophwqu" yewm ew{ kmdqnehi noph.

wdeh{" wm` {wp|`hgop{ Nophw Nd{{e{ yewm ew{ ymew`.kqoyh`g

|`dc" wm` |qopg Cd{a`c" wm` |`hew`hwedqu of ehvehkeab` \qon`.

wm`p{" ymo {wob` fqon M`dv`h wm` feq` of fq``gon( Wmù {dy

wm` `v`q.{nebehi Iopq" wmù {dy Dqd}`{" yewm ew{ {dg n`n.

oqe`{$ dhg wmù {dy wm` bdhg of wm` heimwehidb` dhg wm` qo{`

dhg wmù bec`g ew(

Wmù {dy" db{o" wm` |ò|b` of vdqeop{ wqea`{ dhg bdhipdi`{"

ymo y`q` fpbb of bov` woydqgwm` !Ymew` Wzdq"! dhg wqp{wehi

eh wm` hoqwm`qh`q{" `v`h eh wm` Kmqe{wedh Ko{{dkc{( Wm` `}eb`{

`hjou`g `v`quym`q`" eh wm` kewe`{ dhg vebbdi`{" bov`" q`{|`kw"

dhg phq`{`qv`g fqe`hg{me|( Ho y`ggehi eh wm` ge{wdhw vebbdi`"

ho k`q`nohu of ad|we{n eh wm` kewu" ho idwm`qehi ymdw{o`v`q"

yewmopw d ab`{{ehi dhg km``qehi foq wm` Wzdq( Wm` di`g |qe`{w

qde{ehi wm` feq{w kp| yopbg |qohophk` wm` fobboyehi yoqg{ eh

f`qv`hw fdewm : !Ndu Iog c``| feqn wm` wmqoh` of wm` Qp{{edh

Cehi$!

Apw hoy?

Dbb e{ mdwq`g" {koqh dhg v`hi`dhk`( Mdwq`g woydqg wm`

Qp{{edh Kmehovhei" `hnewu woydqg wm` Qp{{edh offek`q{" nebe.

wdqu oq keveb" qìq`w{ foq wm` |d{w" dhg q`v`hi` foq wm` konehi

gdu{(



76

Wm` kme`f q`d{oh foq wme{ {wdw` of dffdeq{ e{ wm` g`{wqpk.

wev` {|eqew of wm` apq`dpkqdku of wm` Wzdq( Ew{ phq`{wqdeh`g

|`q{`kpweoh of ymdw e{ how Qp{{edh apw bokdb" d {|eqew ymekm e{

d{ hdqqoy d{ wm` nehg of d Ko{{dkc" qpg` d{ d {obge`q dhg

eqqewdwehi d{ d nd{w`q ew{`bf‗d {|eqew of ehkdqhdw` |q`jpgek`

dhg |dqwedbewu" of kohw`n|w foq bokdb bdhipdi`{" `hnewu woydqg

wmèq b`ww`q{" mdwq`g of owm`q hdweohdbewe`{ dhg eh{pbw wo owm`q

q`beieoh{(

Eh dggeweoh wo wme{ wm` Kmehovhei" iq`dw oq {ndbb" e{ aqea`g

dhg e{ bdzu" ydhwoh dhg yekc`g 3 phdktpdehw`g yewm wm` kophwqu"

m` e{ wo iov`qh dhg wm`q`foq` m` kdhhow apw eh{|eq` mdwq`g

woydqg ymdw e{ Qp{{edh" dhg `v`quwmehi kohk`qh`g yewm ew{

iov`qhn`hw(

Wm` |d{w me{woqu of wm` Qp{{edh goneheoh q`v`db`g d aeww`q

wqpwm( Wm` Qp{{edh yd{ {wqohi dhg kmdqnehi d{ d nebewdqu

foqk`(

[ewpdw`g oh wm` aoqg`q of wyo Nomdnn`gdh kophwqe`{"

`h{bdv`g dhg o||q`{{`g phg`q wm` wuqdhhu of wm` [mdm{ dhg

wm` [pbwdh{" wm` Dqn`hedh{ dhg wm` Iòqiedh{ y`q` aowm d{.

|eqehi wo kon` phg`q wm` gondeh of Kmqe{wedh Qp{{ed" phg`q

ymo{` {ov`qèihwu wmù wmopimw wmù yopbg `hjou |obewekdb

|`dk` dhg q`{w( Dhg ew e{ how d {`kq`w wmdw ew yd{ wm` Iòqiedh{

of wm` Kdpkd{p{ ymo" yewm wm` deg dhg `hkopqdi`n`hw of wm`

Dqn`hedh{" |dv`g wm` qodg of wm` Qp{{edh gonehdweoh woydqg

wm` vdbbù{ of Iopq dhg Dqd}`{( Eh Wefbe{" oh wm` !W`n|b` of

Iboqu")) ymekm {wdhg{ eh wm` k`hw`q of wm` kewu" dhg ymekm e{

wm` np{`pn of wm` Qp{{edh Nebewdqu Vekwoqu" wm` fobboyehi

yoqg{ dq` eh{kqea`g fqon wm` `gekw of Db`}dhg`q E" dggq`{{`g

wo Iòqied eh 4=<4

!Ew e{ hèwm`q foq opq oyh ehw`q`{w" hoq foq wm` `}.

w`h{eoh of wm` benew{ of opq gondeh" wmdw y` phg`qwdc` wm`

mdqg wd{c of kohwqobbehi wm` Iòqiedh Cehigon( Ew e{

mpndhewu dhg cehgh`{{ wmdw oabei`{ p{ wo be{w`h wo wm`

{p||bekdweoh of wm` {pff`qehi |ò|b`" dhg `{wdabe{m ehIòqied d jp{w iov`qhn`hw(!

Dhg eh wm` feq{w |`qeog" ymekm yd{ wm` nebewdqu |`qeog" wm`

Qp{{edh iov`qhn`hw yd{ dwwqdkwev`" wm` Qp{{edh {obge`q yd{

bec`g( Nebewdqu dpwmoqewe`{" èwm`q wo ideh d feqn foowmobg eh

wm` h`ybu {pajpidw`g kophwqu" oq" |`qmd|{" {ehk`q`bu q`{|`kw.



79

ehi wm` hdwev` |ò|b` of wm` kophwqu" ew{ bef` dhg ew{ kp{won{"

y`q` wqp{w`g en|bekewbu( Wm` k`hwqdb iov`qhn`hw db{o" geg how

ne{{ dhu o||oqwphewu wo aqehi eh kbo{` q`bdweoh wm` q`now`

qìeoh{ dhg wm` k`hw`q of ew{ gondeh(

Db`}dhg`q E y`hw |`q{ohdbbu wo @wkmnedg{eh" wm` q`bei.

eop{ k`hw`q of wm` Dqn`hedh{" wo |du dh offekedb ve{ew( Wm`q`

`}e{w`g d kbo{` ehwendku eh Wefbe{ a`wy``h wm` Iòqiedh dqe{wok.

qdku dhg wm` qoudb fdnebu( Wm` Dqn`hedh Kdwmobeko{ dhg wm`

Vek`qou of wm` Kdpkd{p{ y`q` ofw`h no{w fqe`hgbu" foq eh.

{wdhk`: H`q{`{ dhg Voqoh{wovo( Wm` Kdwmobeko{ H`q{`{ men{`bf

dw wm` m`dg of wm` Dqn`hedh vobphw``q{" fopimw dideh{w \`q.

{ed eh 4=19 wo `}w`hg wm` Qp{{edh goneheoh d{ fdq d{ obg

Hdcmewkm`vdh dhg Dqd}`{(

Wm` Iòqiedh{ idv` wo wm` Qp{{edh dqnu aqebbedhw i`h`q.

db{" ymo{` `ffoqw{ m`b|`g iq`dwbu eh wm` kd|wpq` of wm` Oqe`hwdb

Kdpkd{p{( Dhg fqon wm` Dqn`hedh{ {|qdhi foqwm fdnop{

nebewdqu n`h: Boe{.N`becoff" Bdzdqedh" G`q.Imopcd{edh dhg

[m`covhecoff ymo fopimw dideh{w Wpqcù eh wm` ydq of 4=9=

dhg kdp{`g m`q g`f`dw(

Apw ym`h wm` {`kohg |`qeog dqqev`g" wm` |`qeog of {o.

kdbb`g |`dk`fpb dgvdhk`n`hw" wm` |`qeog of wm` Kmehovehi yd{

p{m`q`g eh" ym`h `v`quwmehi yd{ phgoh`( Wm` apq`dpkqdku

{pav`qw`g ymdw wm` nebewdqu dpwmoqewe`{ mdg apebw p|( Wm`

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ohbu konndhg" Qp{{edhez`" dhg o|`h dh en|d{{dab` kmd{n a`.

wy``h wm` vdqeop{ `b`n`hw{( How ohbu wm` {yoqg apw `v`h wm`

bdy a`kdn` d kdp{` of `{wqdhi`n`hw( Wm` kopqw" wm` kd|ewob"

wm` |obek`.{wdweoh" y`q` q`gpk`g wo |bdk`{ of g`kèw" aqea`qu" dhg

moqqoq( Wm` |ò|b` y`q` booc`g goyh p|oh dhg aìdh wo f`dq"

wo g`w`{w" dhg mdw`" dhg fehdbbu wo q`weq`(

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ymekm e{ wm` koq` dhg ndqqoy of wm` Qp{{edh apq`dpkqdku( Eh

\obdhg wmù mdw` wm` \ob`{3 eh Fehbdhg wmù dq` `h`ne`{

of wm` Fehh{" eh wm` Kdpkd{p{ wmù kdhhow `hgpq` wm` {eimw of

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md{ kq`dw`g ymdw y` yewh`{{ hoy"‗`hnewu eh{w`dg of fqe`hg.

{me|" mdwq`g eh{w`dg of {un|dwmu(

D aqe`f kon|dqe{oh(

Eh wm` obg |`qeog Voqoh{wov yd{ ehwqp{w`g yewm wm` gpwu

of dwwqdkwehi wm` bokdb `b`n`hw{" ymeb` eh wm` h`y |`qeog



7=

Iobewzeh yd{ konne{{eoh`g wo {p||q`{{ wm` bokdb hdweohdbewe`{(

Voqoh{wov o|`h`g {kmoob{( Iobewzeh kbo{`g 16< Dqn`hedh

{kmoob{ eh oh` u`dq(

Eh wm` |d{w wm` iov`qhn`hw yd{ wm` kohh`kwehi behc a`.

wy``h hdwev` qdk`{( Hoy ew e{ d ge{qp|wehi |oe{oh(

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wo `{wdabe{m qpb` dhg oqg`q" hoy kon` wmop{dhg{ of {|e`{ wo febb

wm` gphiòh{ yewm |qe{oh`q{(

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of wm` dqnu dhg y`q` d{{eih`g wm` kme`f |bdk` gpqehi offekedb

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dhg hoh` apw wm` offekedb{ dhg wm` |obek` y`q` |q`{`hw dw me{

fph`qdb |qok`{{eoh(

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wm` i`hgdqn`qe`" ymeb` eh gdhi`q" apw hoy wmù fb`` dydu fqon

wm`n" d{ fqon d |`{web`hk`(

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n`hw apw hoy ew e{ d adqqe`q dideh{w" dgvdhk`n`hw(

Ohk` wm` iov`qhn`hw yd{ d y`bkon` ip`{w( Apw hoy ?

Dh di`g Dqn`hedh offek`q" ymo{` iqdhgfdwm`q yd{ foq.

n`qbu eh wm` Qp{{edh dqnu dhg |q`{`hw dw wm` kd|wpq` of

Idqdadi" {deg oh me{ g`dwm.a`g

!E go how ye{m wo ge` a`foq` E {`` wm` Qp{{edh{ `}ew fqonwm` Kdpkd{p{( Wm`h ohbu kdh E q`{w(!

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of iqe`f dhg o||q`{{eoh3 dhg ew {|q`dg{ |oe{oh dhg mdwq`g

dnohi foqèih |ò|b`{" `v`quym`q` ym`q`v`q q`dkm`{ wm`

aq`dwm of wm` wuqdhhekdb qìen`(



75

D VOEK@ OF \QOW@[W(

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kpw` wm`n {o {`v`q`bu(!



0<

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0e

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01

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07

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a`q{ of Kohiq`{{" dhg wo {on` of wm` foqèih dnad{{dgoq{wm`q`" `{|`kedbbu wo wmdw of Qp{{ed(* Ko|e`{ of wm` q`{obpweoh{

y`q` |pabe{m`g eh wm` |d|`q{(

Wm` fobboyehi dq` {on` of wm` q`{obpweoh{:

H`y Uoqc:

Dw d nd{{ n``wehi m`bg au wm` Dqn`hedh q`{eg`hw{ dw Kdqhìe`

Buk`pn" eh wm` Kewu of H`y Uoqc" oh Fàqpdqu 0" 454 4" wm` fobboyehi

|q`dnab` dhg q`{obpweoh{ y`q` dgo|w`g

4( Ym`q`d{" foq wyo u`dq{" noq` wmdh fev` mphgq`g Dqn`hedh{"

|qof`{{oq{" dpwmoq{" |mu{ekedh{" bdyu`q{" n`qkmdhw{" dqwe{dh{ dhg |`d{.

dhw{‗dq` {paj`kw`g wo ph{|`dcdab` ehkdqk`qdweoh eh Qp{{ed3

1( Ym`q`d{" w`h oq fefw``h dq` en|qe{oh`g eh gdn| dhg kobg k`bb{

yewmopw aq`dg oq foog

;( Ym`q`d{" wme{ ehg`{kqeadab` kohgeweoh {webb kohwehp`{" dhg wmèq

wqedb e{ |o{w|oh`g dqaewqdqebu

7( Ym`q`d{" wm` Qp{{edh Iov`qhn`hw wqe`{ wo |phe{m ehhok`hw |ò|b`

foq kqen`{ wmdw mdv` h`v`q a``h konneww`g au wm` dkkp{`g3

4( Q`{obv`g" wmdw y`" wm` Dqn`hedh kewez`h{ of wme{ Iq`dw Q`|pabek"

|qow`{w dideh{w wm` ehmpndh dwwewpg` of wm` Qp{{edh Iov`qhn`hw" dhg

g`ndhg dh enn`gedw` dhg jp{w wqedb of wm` ehhok`hw vekwen{3

1( Q`{obv`g" wmdw d ko|u of wm`{` q`{obpweoh{ a` foqydqg`g wo wm`

Iov`qhn`hw dw Yd{mehiwoh dhg q`tp`{w ew wo |b`d{` ehw`qf`q` eh a`mdbf

of wm`{` ehhok`hw vekwen{ d{ ew {``{ |qo|`q3

;( Q`{obv`g" wmdw ko|e`{ of wm`{` {dn` q`{obpweoh{ a` {`hw wo wm`

foqèih q`|q`{`hwdwev`{ dw Yd{mehiwoh" dhg wo wm` Dn`qekdh |q`{{" q`.

tp`{wehi dbb of wm`n wo qde{` wmèq voek`{ eh a`mdbf of jp{wek` dhg eh

a`mdbf of wm` |obewekdb qeimw{ of wm` phjp{wbu |qo{`kpw`g Dqn`hedh{ eh

wm` Kdpkd{p{" Qp{{ed(

*Wm` Qp{{edh `nad{{u" yewm {wqdhi` d||q`m`h{eoh{" wyek` q`|be`g

wmdw ew yd{ how dab` wo q`kèv` wm`{` q`{obpweoh{ oq go dhuwmehi yewm

wm`n( Wme{ e{ wm` ydu wmù go wmehi{ eh Qp{{ed(



00

\mebdg`b|med:

Eh d n``wehi of Dqn`hedh{" m`bg oh Fàqpdqu 41" eh \mebdg`b|med"\d(" ym`q` {|``km`{ y`q` iev`h eh a`mdbf of wm` |obewekdb |qe{oh`q{ eh

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wewpw` of foog" kbowmehi dhg `}w`qhdb q`bdweoh

A` Ew Q`{obv`g"

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wm` Qp{{edh iov`qhn`hw"

1( Wo g`ndhg enn`gedw` wqedb of wm` |qe{oh`q{" fq`` fqon i`hgdqnò||q`{{eoh(

;( Wo {`hg ko|e`{ of wme{ |qow`{w wo wm` iov`qhn`hw dw Yd{mehiwohd{ y`bb d{ wo wm` dnad{{dgoq{ of owm`q iov`qhn`hw{(

Oh wm` {dn` okkd{eoh wm` n``wehi db{o d||`db{ wo wm` Dn`qekdh|pabek o|eheoh dhg |q`{{" d{cehi wm`n wo qde{` wmèq voek` eh g`f`h{`

of wme{ jp{w kdp{`(

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dw \deh` N`noqedb Mdbb" Ao{woh" Nd{{dkmp{`ww{" ym`q` d wmop{dhg oq

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|qe{ohn`hw of fev` mphgq`g oq noq` of wmèq b`dgehi kophwqun`h eh wm`

Qp{{edh |qe{oh{(

Wm` n``wehi yd{ |q`{eg`g ov`q au Gq( V( M( Cdzdhjedh" dhg {|``km`{

y`q` ndg` au {`v`qdb ge{wehipe{m`g i`hwb`n`h" ehkbpgehi Mohoqdab`

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n`hk`g d i`h`qdb |qo{`kpweoh dideh{w wm` Dqn`hedh |ò|b` of wm` Kdp.

kd{p{" dhg

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[wdw` of wm` Phew`g [wdw`{" dw Yd{mehiwoh" dhg wo wm` Qp{{edh Dn.

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|oy`q{" dhg a` ew fpqwm`q



06

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wo dqop{` d {un|dwm`wek nov`n`hw eh a`mdbf of wm`{` Dqn`hedh |qe{.

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|qevebì`{ of wm` koh{wewpweoh dhg wmo{` owm`q qeimw{ ymekm a`bohi wo

`v`qu kevebez`g konnphewu(

[dh Fqdhke{ko:

Ym`q`d{" ew md{ a``h ndg` wo d||`dq wo wm` phg`q{eih`g oqidhezd.

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[wdw` of Kdbefoqhed" au q`|q`{`hwdweoh of Moh( @( Dchophe" wm`

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of Qp{{ed" foq |obewekdb kdp{`{" dhg mdv` {o q`ndeh`g eh |qe{oh foq bohi

|`qeog{ yewmopw dhu |q`benehdqu m`dqehi oq owm`q o||oqwphewu wo |q`.

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ehi wo wm` {`h{` of jp{wek` eh dhu kophwqu3

Dhg Ym`q`d{" {deg Dqn`hedh kewez`h{ mdv` au q`{obpweoh gpbu |qo.

w`{w`g dideh{w {pkm en|qe{ohn`hw

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dkkoqgdhk` yewm jp{wek`(

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wm` [`hdwoq{ dhg Kohiq`{{n`h foq wm` [wdw` of Kdbefoqhed" wo wm` \q`{e.

g`hw of wm` Phew`g [wdw`{" dhg wo {pkm owm`q |`q{oh{ d{ ndu w`hg wo

aqehi daopw wme{ g`{eq`g `hg(

[dh Fqdhke{ko" Kdbefoqhed("

Jdhpdqu 49" 4544(

\qoveg`hk`:

Dw d |pabek nd{{ n``wehi m`bg oh wm` `v`hehi of G`k`na`q 10" 454<"

eh Fdu){ Mdbb" \qoveg`hk`" Qmog` E{bdhg" noq` wmdh d wmop{dhg Dq.

n`hedh{ idwm`q`g wo |qow`{w dideh{w wm` ehmpndh wq`dwn`hw of fev` mph.

gq`g oq noq` of wmèq kophwqun`h eh wm` mdhg{ of wm` Qp{{edh iov`qh.

n`hw(

Wm` n``wehi yd{ |q`{eg`g ov`q au Nq( W( I`bdbedh dhg {|``km`{

y`q` ndg` au d hpna`q of b`dgehi Dqn`hedh{" ehkbpgehi wm` Mohoq.

dab` @( Dchophe of Koh{wdhweho|b`( Wm` fobboyehi q`{obpweoh{ y`q`

dgo|w`g

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|q`n`gewdw`g |obeku md{ aìph d i`h`qdb |qo{`kpweoh dideh{w wm` Dq.

n`hedh |ò|b` of wm` Kdpkd{p{" dhg



09

Ym`q`d{ : Fev` mphgq`g Dqn`hedh |qe{oh`q{ a`bohiehi wo dbno{w

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dhu bìdb ad{e{ dhg yewmopw wqedb" a` ew

Q`{obv`g :

e{w( Wo |qow`{w dideh{w wme{ |obeku of wm` Qp{{edh iov`qhn`hw" ymekm

|obeku e{ dh eh{pbw wo wm` koh{wewpweoh" d{ y`bb d{ wo wm` eg`d of kevebezd.

weoh3

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`qhn`hw" db Yd{mehiwoh dhg wo wm` Qp{{edh Dnad{{dgoq" dw Yd{mehiwoh"

G( K(

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{un|dwm`wek nov`n`hw eh a`mdbf of wm`{` Dqn`hedh |qe{oh`q{" ymo mdv`

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bì`{ of wm` koh{wewpweoh dhg wmo{` qeimw{ ymekm a`bohi wo `v`qu kevebez`g

konnphewu(

Yoqk`{w`q:

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noq` Dqn`hedh |obewekdb |qe{oh`q{ eh Qp{{ed" |d{{`g wm` fobboyehi q`{o.

bpweoh{ :

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n`hedh{ of wme{ i`h`qdweoh3

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dhg yewmopw d bìdb kdp{`

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|obeku of |qo{`kpwehi opq ehw`bb`kwpdb b`dg`q{(

1( Wo g`ndhg dh enn`gedw` wqedb foq wm`{` n`h dhg wm` q`koiheweoh

of wmèq bìdb qeimw{ d{ kewez`h{(

;( Wo {`hg d ko|u of wm`{` q`{obpweoh{ wo wm` Phew`g [wdw`{ [`kq`.

wdqu foq Foqèih Dffdeq{ dhg wo wm` Qp{{edh Dnad{{dgoq dw Yd{mehiwoh"

dhg wo dqop{` |pabek {`hwen`hw dhg {un|dwmu eh a`mdbf of wm`{` ph.

foqwphdw` |qe{oh`q{(

Wqou:

D |pabek n``wehi yd{ m`bg oh Jdhpdqu 11" 454 4" eh \qokwoq){ Wm`dwq`

au wm` Dqn`hedh{ of Wqou" H( U( Wm` |pq|o{` of wm` n``wehi yd{ wo

dqop{` |pabek {`hwen`hw dhg {un|dwmu eh a`mdbf of wm` fev` mphgq`g oq

noq` Dqn`hedh |obewekdb |qe{oh`q{ eh Qp{{ed ymo dq` koh{eg`q`g d{ wm`

foq`no{w `}|oh`hw{ of Dqn`hedh dqw" bew`qdwpq` dhg {ke`hk`(



0=

Wm` fobboyehi q`{obpweoh{ y`q` |d{{`g :

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kpweoh dideh{w wm` Dqn`hedh{ eh wm` Kdpkd{p{

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how ohbu kohwqdqu wo wm` {|eqew dhg b`ww`q of wm` koh{wewpweoh apw db{o dh

eh{pbw wo wm` ymob` Dqn`hedh qdk`

A` Ew Q`{obv`g:

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wdqu g`{|owe{n(

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p{ eh wme{ yoqc(

;( Wo kdbb oh wm` Dn`qekdh |pabek dhg wo dqop{` |pabek o|eheoh

dhg {un|dwmu dideh{w wm` phjp{w en|qe{ohn`hw of wm`{` n`h(

Y`{w Moaoc`h:

Dw d iq`dw nd{{ n``wehi m`bg oh Fàqpdqu 0" 454 4" au wm` Dq.

n`hedh{ dw wm` Bea`qwu Mdbb of Y`{w Moaoc`h" H( J(" wm` fobboyehi |q`.

dnab` dhg q`{obpweoh{ y`q` dgo|w`g phdhenop{bu:

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kpweoh{" dhg fev` mphgq`g of wm`n" foq wyo u`dq{" dq` woqwpq`g eh wm`

|qe{oh{ of Qo{wov" Hovokmeqid{off " dhg owm`q kewe`{

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wo wm` [`kq`wdqu of wm` Ehw`qeoq" dhg wo dbb `nad{{e`{ dw Yd{mehiwoh"

q`tp`{wehi wm`n wo p{` wmèq ioog offek`{ eh a`mdbf of wm` |qe{oh`q{" dhg

a` ew fpqwm`q

Q`{obv`g" wmdw d ko|u a` db{o {`hw wo wm` Dn`qekdh |q`{{" dhg dh

d||`db a` ndg` wo wm` |obewekdb yqew`q{ of wme{ kophwqu wo `}`qw wmèq ioog

ehfbp`hk` eh a`mdbf of wm` fev` mphgq`g phfoqwphdw` Dqn`hedh |obewekdb

|qe{oh`q{ eh Qp{{ed(

Kdbefoqhed:

Ym`q`d{" ew md{ a``h ndg` choyh wo p{" wm` `}`kpwev` offek`q{ of

wm` Kdbefoqhed [wdw` F`g`qdweoh of Bdaoq" wmdw fev` mphgq`g Dqn`hedh{ of

`gpkdweoh" qdhc dhg {wdhgehi dq` en|qe{oh`g eh Qo{wov dhg Hovokm`q.

cd{cd" eh wm` nohdqkmu of Qp{{ed" foq |obewekdb kdp{`{" dhg mdv` {o q`.

ndeh`g foq bohi |`qeog{ of wen` yewmopw dhu |q`benehdqu m`dqehi oq



05

o||oqwphewu wo |q`{`hw wmèq kd{`{ wo dhu kopqw of jp{wek`" ymekm en.

|qe{ohn`hw" yewmopw wqedb" e{ q`vobwehi wo wm` {`h{` of jp{wek` of dbb ndh.

cehg(

Wm`q`foq`" Q`{obv`g" wmdw y`" eh wm` hdn` of Kdbefoqhed [wdw` F`g.`qdweoh of Bdaoq m`qàu |qow`{w dideh{w {pkm en|qe{ohn`hw dhg q`tp`{w

wm` Moh( Meqdn Y( Jomh{oh" Iov`qhoq of wm` [wdw` of Kdbefoqhed" dhgwm` bìe{bdwpq` of wme{ [wdw`" wo wdc` {pkm n`d{pq`{ au ydu of bìe{bd.

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|pq|o{` of q`n`guehi wme{ d||dq`hw ehjp{wek`3 dhg fpqwm`q

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fobboyehi hdn`g |`q{oh{3 wm` \q`{eg`hw of wm` Phew`g [wdw`{" wm` [`hd.

woq{ dhg Kohiq`{{n`h q`|q`{`hwehi Kdbefoqhed" wm` [`kq`wdqu of [wdw`"

wm` Iov`qhoq of wm` [wdw` of Kdbefoqhed" dhg wm` {`hdwoq{ dhg d{{`nabu.

n`h(*

Kdbefoqhed [wdw` F`g`qdweoh of Bdaoq(

[dh Fqdhke{ko"

Ndqkm 4<" 454 4(

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political persecution, armenian prisoners of the caucasus

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