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Political Patterns Political Patterns Chapter 4 Chapter 4 The Human Mosaic The Human Mosaic

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Political PatternsPolitical Patterns

Chapter 4Chapter 4

The Human MosaicThe Human Mosaic

Culture RegionsCulture Regions

Political culture regionsPolitical culture regions Political diffusionPolitical diffusion Political ecologyPolitical ecology Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration Political landscapesPolitical landscapes

Independent countriesIndependent countries

Earth’s surface is divided into some Earth’s surface is divided into some 190 independent countries 190 independent countries Scores of other provinces and districts Scores of other provinces and districts

enjoy some level of autonomy with being enjoy some level of autonomy with being fully independentfully independent

The United States occupies about the The United States occupies about the same amount of territory as Europe, same amount of territory as Europe, which has 46 independent countrieswhich has 46 independent countries

Australia is politically unitedAustralia is politically united South America has 12 countriesSouth America has 12 countries

Independent countriesIndependent countries

Africa’s mainland has 47 independent entitiesAfrica’s mainland has 47 independent entities Territoriality: Territoriality: the tangible geographical the tangible geographical

expression of one of the most common expression of one of the most common human characteristics: to belong to a larger human characteristics: to belong to a larger group that controls its own piece of Earthgroup that controls its own piece of Earth

Some political geographers believe Some political geographers believe territoriality is instinctive in humansterritoriality is instinctive in humans

Fragmentation of humankind into independent Fragmentation of humankind into independent countries is natural and unavoidablecountries is natural and unavoidable

It is a product of the animal part of our brainIt is a product of the animal part of our brain

Independent countriesIndependent countries

Territorial imperativeTerritorial imperative Most political geographers believe Most political geographers believe

territoriality is learnedterritoriality is learned Robert Sack believes it is a cultural strategy using Robert Sack believes it is a cultural strategy using

power to control area thereby subjugating power to control area thereby subjugating inhabitants and acquiring resourcesinhabitants and acquiring resources

Warns against uncritical borrowing of concepts Warns against uncritical borrowing of concepts from animal behavioristsfrom animal behaviorists

Precise border marking was a concept unique to Precise border marking was a concept unique to Western cultureWestern culture

Others suggest a recent origin for nationalism of Others suggest a recent origin for nationalism of 150 to 500 years ago150 to 500 years ago

Independent countriesIndependent countries

Whether learned or instinctual, Whether learned or instinctual, human territoriality is a geographical human territoriality is a geographical phenomenonphenomenon

The sense of “we” springs from The sense of “we” springs from attachment to region and placeattachment to region and place

Distribution of national Distribution of national territoryterritory

As a rule, the more compact the territory As a rule, the more compact the territory the betterthe better

Theoretically, the most desirable shape for a Theoretically, the most desirable shape for a country is round or hexagonalcountry is round or hexagonal Allow short communication linesAllow short communication lines Minimizes amount of border to be defendedMinimizes amount of border to be defended No country has this ideal degree of compactnessNo country has this ideal degree of compactness Some countries come close—France, Poland, Some countries come close—France, Poland,

Zaire, and BrazilZaire, and Brazil

Distribution of national Distribution of national territoryterritory

Unfavorable territorial distributions Unfavorable territorial distributions can inhibit national cohesivenesscan inhibit national cohesiveness

Enclave — Enclave — district surround by a district surround by a country but not ruled by itcountry but not ruled by it

Pene-enclavePene-enclave — an intrusive piece of — an intrusive piece of territory with only the smallest of territory with only the smallest of outlets free from the surround outlets free from the surround countrycountry

Distribution of national Distribution of national territoryterritory

Exclaves — Exclaves — Pieces of national Pieces of national territory separated from the main territory separated from the main body of a country by the territory of body of a country by the territory of anotheranother Hard to defendHard to defend Isolated population may develop Isolated population may develop

separatist feelingsseparatist feelings

A is ArmeniaA is Armenia

C is IranC is Iran

B is AzerbaijanB is Azerbaijan a is Nagomo-Karabakha is Nagomo-Karabakh b is Nakhichevan b is Nakhichevan

Autonomous RepublicAutonomous Republic c is Okibair Eskipara c is Okibair Eskipara

enclaveenclave d is Sofulu enclaved is Sofulu enclave e is Kyarki enclavee is Kyarki enclave f is Bashkend enclavef is Bashkend enclave

Distribution of national Distribution of national territoryterritory

Pakistan as an exclave in 1947Pakistan as an exclave in 1947 Two parts were separated by 1,000 miles Two parts were separated by 1,000 miles

of India territoryof India territory West Pakistan had the capital, most of the West Pakistan had the capital, most of the

territory, and hoarded the country’s wealthterritory, and hoarded the country’s wealth East Pakistan had most the people and East Pakistan had most the people and

resourcesresources Divided in 1973, East Pakistan became Divided in 1973, East Pakistan became

BangladeshBangladesh

Distribution of national Distribution of national territoryterritory

Long narrow “shoestring” countries Long narrow “shoestring” countries such as Chile, Gambia, and Norway such as Chile, Gambia, and Norway can be difficult to administercan be difficult to administer

Island nations such as Indonesia can Island nations such as Indonesia can cause problems — transportation, cause problems — transportation, communication communication

Sea encouraged islanders to develop Sea encouraged islanders to develop local allegiances in the former British local allegiances in the former British Islands in the CaribbeanIslands in the Caribbean

BoundariesBoundaries

Until recently many boundaries were not Until recently many boundaries were not sharp, clearly defined lines, but were zones sharp, clearly defined lines, but were zones called called marchlandsmarchlands

Buffer stateBuffer state — independent but small and — independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful weak country lying between two powerful countriescountries Mongolia—lies between Russia and ChinaMongolia—lies between Russia and China Nepal—lies between India and China Nepal—lies between India and China

Satellite state -- a Satellite state -- a buffer state that falls under buffer state that falls under the domination of one of its powerful the domination of one of its powerful neighbors and loses much of its independenceneighbors and loses much of its independence

BoundariesBoundaries

Most modern boundaries are lines Most modern boundaries are lines rather than zonesrather than zones

Natural boundariesNatural boundaries — follow some — follow some feature of the natural landscapefeature of the natural landscape

Ethnographic boundaries — based Ethnographic boundaries — based on a on a culture trait often religion or languageculture trait often religion or language

Geometric boundaries — Geometric boundaries — regularregular, , often often perfectly straight lines drawn without perfectly straight lines drawn without regard for physical or cultural featuresregard for physical or cultural features

Niagara FallsNiagara Falls

Niagara River forms Niagara River forms a natural boundary a natural boundary between Canada and between Canada and the United Statesthe United States

This view is from This view is from Horseshoe Falls in Horseshoe Falls in the province of the province of Ontario towards Ontario towards American Falls in the American Falls in the state of New Yorkstate of New York

Niagara FallsNiagara Falls

Each year, millions Each year, millions of visitors travel of visitors travel across the bridge-across the bridge-border to enjoy the border to enjoy the spectacular spectacular scenery. scenery.

Niagara Falls is an Niagara Falls is an important element important element of Canada’s of Canada’s iconography.iconography.

Niagara FallsNiagara Falls

The area became home The area became home to many loyalists from to many loyalists from the American the American Revolution/War of Revolution/War of Independence and was Independence and was the site of Upper the site of Upper Canada’s first capital.Canada’s first capital.

Decisive battles against Decisive battles against American forces in the American forces in the War of 1812 were also War of 1812 were also fought therefought there

BoundariesBoundaries

Some boundaries are of mixed typeSome boundaries are of mixed type Relic boundaries — Relic boundaries — no longer exist as no longer exist as

international bordersinternational borders Often leave behind a trace in local cultureOften leave behind a trace in local culture Example of the reunification of Germany Example of the reunification of Germany

where different levels of prosperity still show where different levels of prosperity still show between east and westbetween east and west

International borders can be very International borders can be very divisivedivisive

Spatial organization of Spatial organization of territory territory

Independent countries differ greatly Independent countries differ greatly in the way their territory is organized in the way their territory is organized for administration purposesfor administration purposes

Unitary governmentsUnitary governments Power is centrally concentratedPower is centrally concentrated Little or no provincial authorityLittle or no provincial authority All major decisions come from the All major decisions come from the

central governmentcentral government

Spatial organization of Spatial organization of territory territory

Unitary governmentsUnitary governments Policies are uniformly applied throughout the territoryPolicies are uniformly applied throughout the territory China is unitary and totalitarianChina is unitary and totalitarian France is unitary but democraticFrance is unitary but democratic

Federal governmentsFederal governments A more geographically expressive systemA more geographically expressive system Acknowledges the existence of regional cultural Acknowledges the existence of regional cultural

differencesdifferences Provides mechanism for allowing regions to Provides mechanism for allowing regions to

perpetuate their individual characterperpetuate their individual character

Spatial organization of Spatial organization of territory territory

Federal governmentsFederal governments Power is diffused, allowing much authority to Power is diffused, allowing much authority to

individual provincesindividual provinces The United States, Canada, Australia, and The United States, Canada, Australia, and

Switzerland exhibit varying degrees of federalismSwitzerland exhibit varying degrees of federalism Since the Civil War, the United States has leaned Since the Civil War, the United States has leaned

more toward a unitary government, with fewer more toward a unitary government, with fewer states’ rightsstates’ rights

In Canada, federalism remains vital and has In Canada, federalism remains vital and has helped accommodate French-Canadian demandshelped accommodate French-Canadian demands

Today, Russia is striving to create a federal stateToday, Russia is striving to create a federal state

Spatial organization of Spatial organization of territory territory

Native-American reservations in the Native-American reservations in the United StatesUnited States Semiautonomous enclave, legally Semiautonomous enclave, legally

sanctioned political territories only sanctioned political territories only indigenous Americans can possessindigenous Americans can possess

Not sovereign, but do have certain self-Not sovereign, but do have certain self-government rightsgovernment rights

Conflicts with other local authoritiesConflicts with other local authorities Do not fit the normal American system of Do not fit the normal American system of

statesstates

Centrifugal and centripetal Centrifugal and centripetal forces forces

Centripetal forces — Centripetal forces — those forces that those forces that promote national unity and solidaritypromote national unity and solidarity Many nations have one principal force Many nations have one principal force

the fuels the nationalistic sentimentthe fuels the nationalistic sentiment For Israel it is the Jewish faithFor Israel it is the Jewish faith

Centrifugal forcesCentrifugal forces — whatever — whatever disrupts internal order and disrupts internal order and encourages destruction of the countryencourages destruction of the country

Centrifugal and centripetal Centrifugal and centripetal forcesforces

How many independent countries should How many independent countries should there be?there be? We live in a time of new country proliferationWe live in a time of new country proliferation

Former Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 new Former Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 new countriescountries

Yugoslavia became 5Yugoslavia became 5 Czechoslovakia became 2Czechoslovakia became 2

Russia, Iraq, Peru, and others could also Russia, Iraq, Peru, and others could also fragmentfragment

Supranational political Supranational political bodiesbodies

Supranational political Supranational political bodiesbodies

Supranational organization — Supranational organization — self-governing self-governing countries form international associations for countries form international associations for purposes of trade, military assistance, or purposes of trade, military assistance, or mutual securitymutual security

Grew in number and importance during the Grew in number and importance during the twentieth centurytwentieth century

Some represent vestiges of collapsed empiresSome represent vestiges of collapsed empires British CommonwealthBritish Commonwealth French communityFrench community Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.) — a Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.) — a

shadow of the former Soviet Unionshadow of the former Soviet Union

Supranational political Supranational political bodiesbodies

The European Union seeks a widely The European Union seeks a widely based confederationbased confederation

Arab League possess little cohesionArab League possess little cohesion The United Nations is atop the pyramid The United Nations is atop the pyramid

of supranationalsof supranationals Maintains peacekeeping and charitable Maintains peacekeeping and charitable

functionsfunctions Invokes sanctions against “rogue” countriesInvokes sanctions against “rogue” countries

Electoral geographical Electoral geographical regions regions

When people vote in an election a political When people vote in an election a political culture region is createdculture region is created

Revealed in the voting process are attitudes Revealed in the voting process are attitudes reflecting religion, ethnicity, sectionalism, and reflecting religion, ethnicity, sectionalism, and ideologyideology

When mapped, voting tendencies over the When mapped, voting tendencies over the decades reveal deep-rooted electoral behavior decades reveal deep-rooted electoral behavior regions — Europe is a good example regions — Europe is a good example Toward the center of Europe some districts and Toward the center of Europe some districts and

provinces have a long record of rightist sentimentprovinces have a long record of rightist sentiment Peripheral areas, especially in the east, are often Peripheral areas, especially in the east, are often

leftist strongholdsleftist strongholds

Electoral geographical Electoral geographical regions regions

Electoral regions also exist in the United Electoral regions also exist in the United States and CanadaStates and Canada

Daniel Elazar described three of theseDaniel Elazar described three of these TraditionalisticTraditionalistic

Includes the Lower South, Hispanic borderland, and Includes the Lower South, Hispanic borderland, and diverse Native American groupsdiverse Native American groups

Family and social class are more important than state Family and social class are more important than state or individualor individual

Believe “best government is the least government”Believe “best government is the least government” Order is best maintained through religion and family, Order is best maintained through religion and family,

not law not law

Electoral geographical Electoral geographical regions regions

Electoral regions also exist in the Electoral regions also exist in the United States and CanadaUnited States and Canada

Daniel Elazar described three of theseDaniel Elazar described three of these MoralisticMoralistic

Found in a zone influenced by New England Found in a zone influenced by New England Yankee culture and Scandinavian settlersYankee culture and Scandinavian settlers

Views government as means to achieve a Views government as means to achieve a good societygood society

Public good comes before individual rights or Public good comes before individual rights or benefits benefits

Electoral geographical Electoral geographical regions regions

Electoral regions also exist in the United Electoral regions also exist in the United States and CanadaStates and Canada

Daniel Elazar described three of theseDaniel Elazar described three of these IndividualisticIndividualistic

Seen as “dirty” — used to further personal, rather Seen as “dirty” — used to further personal, rather than societal intereststhan societal interests

Lobbying and monetary contributions to Lobbying and monetary contributions to politicianspoliticians

In much of American heartlandIn much of American heartland Roots in the independent family farm and Roots in the independent family farm and

German-American cultureGerman-American culture

Functional electoral regionsFunctional electoral regions

Electoral geographers are concerned Electoral geographers are concerned with functional culture regionswith functional culture regions They often assist in redistricting after each They often assist in redistricting after each

United States censusUnited States census New voting areas are established to try and New voting areas are established to try and

equalize populationequalize population Geographers often assist in redistricting Geographers often assist in redistricting

processprocess Pattern of voting precincts or districts Pattern of voting precincts or districts

can influence election resultscan influence election results

Functional electoral regionsFunctional electoral regions

Problems arise if redistricting remains in Problems arise if redistricting remains in hands of legislators instead of impartial hands of legislators instead of impartial expertsexperts Majority political groups can arrange voting Majority political groups can arrange voting

districts geographically to maximize their powerdistricts geographically to maximize their power Cleavage lines crossed to create districts having Cleavage lines crossed to create districts having

majority of voters favoring group in powermajority of voters favoring group in power Practice called Practice called gerrymanderinggerrymandering — The next slide — The next slide

reveals resulting voting district shapesreveals resulting voting district shapes

Culture RegionsCulture Regions

Political culture regionsPolitical culture regions Political diffusionPolitical diffusion Political ecologyPolitical ecology Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration Political landscapesPolitical landscapes

Country building as diffusionCountry building as diffusion

Some countries sprang full-grown Some countries sprang full-grown into the worldinto the world

Most countries diffused outward from Most countries diffused outward from a small nucleus called a a small nucleus called a core areacore area

Country development from a Country development from a core area core area

Generally possess an attractive set of Generally possess an attractive set of resources for human life and cultureresources for human life and culture

Often possesses some measure of Often possesses some measure of natural defense that attracts peoplenatural defense that attracts people

Denser population may produce Denser population may produce enough wealth to support a large enough wealth to support a large army as a base for further expansion army as a base for further expansion and relocation diffusionand relocation diffusion

Country development from a Country development from a core area core area

During expansion, the core area During expansion, the core area usually remains the country’s most usually remains the country’s most important districtimportant district Houses the capital cityHouses the capital city Contains the cultural and economic heart Contains the cultural and economic heart

of the countryof the country Serves as the node of a functional culture Serves as the node of a functional culture

regionregion France expanded to its present size from France expanded to its present size from

around Parisaround Paris

Country development from a Country development from a core area core area

During expansion, the core area usually During expansion, the core area usually remains the country’s most important remains the country’s most important districtdistrict China diffused from a nucleus in the China diffused from a nucleus in the

northeastnortheast Russia originated in the principality of Russia originated in the principality of

Moscow Moscow The United States grew westward from a The United States grew westward from a

core between Massachusetts and Virginiacore between Massachusetts and Virginia

Country development from a Country development from a core area core area

Diffusion of independent countries in this Diffusion of independent countries in this manner produces the core/periphery manner produces the core/periphery configurationconfiguration

Peripheral areas generally display self-Peripheral areas generally display self-conscious regionalism, and occasionally conscious regionalism, and occasionally provide settings for secession provide settings for secession movementsmovements

Generally countries created this way are Generally countries created this way are more stablemore stable

Countries created to fill a Countries created to fill a void void

Absence of a core area can leave a Absence of a core area can leave a country’s national identity blurredcountry’s national identity blurred

Have no national heartlandHave no national heartland Make it easier for provinces to develop Make it easier for provinces to develop

strong local or even foreign allegiancesstrong local or even foreign allegiances Belgium and Democratic Republic of Belgium and Democratic Republic of

Congo (Zaire) are example of countries Congo (Zaire) are example of countries without political core areaswithout political core areas

Countries with multiple Countries with multiple competing cores competing cores

Potentially the least stable of all countriesPotentially the least stable of all countries Often develop when two or more independent Often develop when two or more independent

countries are unitedcountries are united Main threat is one of the competing cores will Main threat is one of the competing cores will

form a separatist movementform a separatist movement Example of SpainExample of Spain

Castile and Aragon united in 1479Castile and Aragon united in 1479 Old core areas of Madrid and Barcelona continue to Old core areas of Madrid and Barcelona continue to

compete for political controlcompete for political control Symbolize two language-based cultures—Castilian Symbolize two language-based cultures—Castilian

and Catalonianand Catalonian

Diffusion of insurgencies and Diffusion of insurgencies and innovations innovations

The Arab uprising against Israeli rule The Arab uprising against Israeli rule in the occupied West Bank began in in the occupied West Bank began in late 1987, and within a year diffused late 1987, and within a year diffused through most of the area through most of the area

Contagious expansion diffusion often Contagious expansion diffusion often operates in a political sphereoperates in a political sphere

Spread of political Spread of political independence in Africaindependence in Africa

In 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were In 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent of European colonial ruleindependent of European colonial rule

Movement for independence by Arabs of Movement for independence by Arabs of North Africa gained momentum in the North Africa gained momentum in the 1950s1950s

Movement swept southward across most Movement swept southward across most of the continent between 1960 and 1965of the continent between 1960 and 1965

By 1994 independence had swept the By 1994 independence had swept the continentcontinent

Barriers encountered by the Barriers encountered by the diffusion of African self-rulediffusion of African self-rule

Portugal clung to its African colonies Portugal clung to its African colonies until a change in government until a change in government reversed a 500-year-old policyreversed a 500-year-old policy

France sought to hold onto Algeria France sought to hold onto Algeria because many European colonists because many European colonists lived therelived there

Political innovations spread Political innovations spread within independent countrieswithin independent countries

Spread of women’s suffrage started Spread of women’s suffrage started in Wyoming and culminated with the in Wyoming and culminated with the ratification of a constitutional ratification of a constitutional amendmentamendment

Opposition to women’s suffrage Opposition to women’s suffrage strongest in the Deep Southstrongest in the Deep South

Political diffusionPolitical diffusion

Federal statutes permit, to some degree, laws Federal statutes permit, to some degree, laws to be adopted in individual functional to be adopted in individual functional subdivisionssubdivisions

Example of the United States and CanadaExample of the United States and Canada Each state and province has broad law-giving powersEach state and province has broad law-giving powers Example of movement to reduce littering by Example of movement to reduce littering by

requiring beverages to be marketed in reusable or requiring beverages to be marketed in reusable or deposit containersdeposit containers

Reusable beverage container innovation Reusable beverage container innovation encountered barriers and failed to diffuse through encountered barriers and failed to diffuse through the entire countrythe entire country

Culture RegionsCulture Regions

Political culture regionsPolitical culture regions Political diffusionPolitical diffusion Political ecologyPolitical ecology Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration Political landscapesPolitical landscapes

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Natural features in the physical Natural features in the physical surroundings of a country or its core surroundings of a country or its core areas that afford it protection from areas that afford it protection from outside invasionoutside invasion Mountain ranges or desertsMountain ranges or deserts Bordering marshes or dense forestsBordering marshes or dense forests

Folk fortresses were more important Folk fortresses were more important before the advent of modern air and before the advent of modern air and missile warfaremissile warfare

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Examples of countries with protective Examples of countries with protective environmental featuresenvironmental features Surrounding seas have protected the Surrounding seas have protected the

British Isles for the past 900 yearsBritish Isles for the past 900 years In Egypt, desert wastelands on the east In Egypt, desert wastelands on the east

and west of the fertile, well-watered Nile and west of the fertile, well-watered Nile Valley core have afforded protectionValley core have afforded protection

Russia’s core area is shielded by dense Russia’s core area is shielded by dense forests, expansive marshes, bitter forests, expansive marshes, bitter winters, and vast distanceswinters, and vast distances

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Countries without natural defenses Countries without natural defenses have often had problems maintaining have often had problems maintaining their independencetheir independence Korea, land bridge from China to Japan, Korea, land bridge from China to Japan,

has repeatedly been invadedhas repeatedly been invaded Poland, on the open plains of northern Poland, on the open plains of northern

Europe, has been overrun and Europe, has been overrun and partitioned many timespartitioned many times

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Ideally, a country should have mountains and Ideally, a country should have mountains and hills around its edges and plains in the interiorhills around its edges and plains in the interior Also provides a natural enclosed plain as a cohesive Also provides a natural enclosed plain as a cohesive

basis for the countrybasis for the country France comes close to the ideal France comes close to the ideal Mountain-ridge borders are desirable, because they Mountain-ridge borders are desirable, because they

stand out on the landscape and cross thinly stand out on the landscape and cross thinly populated countrypopulated country

Rivers are much less suitable as borders because Rivers are much less suitable as borders because they frequently change course, and flow through they frequently change course, and flow through densely settled valleysdensely settled valleys

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

An undesirable arrangement of physical An undesirable arrangement of physical features may disrupt a country’s internal unityfeatures may disrupt a country’s internal unity The cutting of a mountain range or desert through The cutting of a mountain range or desert through

the middle of a countrythe middle of a country Internal barriers can disrupt communications and Internal barriers can disrupt communications and

isolate one part of a country from anotherisolate one part of a country from another Internal mountain ranges can provide excellent Internal mountain ranges can provide excellent

potential guerrilla basespotential guerrilla bases Peru is divided by the Andes MountainsPeru is divided by the Andes Mountains Spain has problems because a number of plains areas are Spain has problems because a number of plains areas are

separated by hills and mountainsseparated by hills and mountains

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Perhaps the best borders for Perhaps the best borders for independent countries are seacoastsindependent countries are seacoasts Australia, Iceland, Sri Lanka, and Australia, Iceland, Sri Lanka, and

Madagascar have benefited from their Madagascar have benefited from their island locationsisland locations

Not all islands are free from attacks by Not all islands are free from attacks by neighbors — Hawaii, Cuba, the neighbors — Hawaii, Cuba, the PhilippinesPhilippines

Folk fortresses Folk fortresses

Expanding countries often regard coastlines Expanding countries often regard coastlines as the logical limits to their territorial growthas the logical limits to their territorial growth Example of the United States’ drive to the Pacific Example of the United States’ drive to the Pacific

OceanOcean Manifest destiny Manifest destiny — belief the Pacific shoreline — belief the Pacific shoreline

offered the logical and predestined western offered the logical and predestined western border for the United Statesborder for the United States

Similar doctrine led Russia to seek expansion Similar doctrine led Russia to seek expansion toward the Mediterranean and Baltic sea, and the toward the Mediterranean and Baltic sea, and the Pacific and Indian oceansPacific and Indian oceans

The heartland theory The heartland theory

Halford Mackinder Halford Mackinder Mackinder believed the continent of Mackinder believed the continent of

Eurasia would be the most likely Eurasia would be the most likely base from which a successful base from which a successful campaign for world conquest could campaign for world conquest could be launchedbe launched

The heartland theory The heartland theory

Halford Mackinder Halford Mackinder Discerned two environmental regions: first Discerned two environmental regions: first

the the heartland heartland Interior of Eurasia lying remote from the seaInterior of Eurasia lying remote from the sea Invulnerable to the naval power empires such as Invulnerable to the naval power empires such as

Britain and JapanBritain and Japan Cavalry’ and infantry could spill out through Cavalry’ and infantry could spill out through

diverse natural gateways and invade the rimlanddiverse natural gateways and invade the rimland Earlier conquest by Mongols in China, and Tartar Earlier conquest by Mongols in China, and Tartar

depredations in Europe provided examplesdepredations in Europe provided examples

The heartland theory The heartland theory

In Mackinder’s view, a unified heartland In Mackinder’s view, a unified heartland power could probe into the coastlandspower could probe into the coastlands Eventually maritime countries could be Eventually maritime countries could be

conqueredconquered Sea power could then be turned against Sea power could then be turned against

outlying continents and islands until the outlying continents and islands until the whole world was subject to the heartlandwhole world was subject to the heartland

Mackinder predicted Russian conquest of Mackinder predicted Russian conquest of the worldthe world

The heartland theory The heartland theory

His second environmental region was His second environmental region was the the rimlandrimland Densely populated coastal fringes of Densely populated coastal fringes of

Eurasia in the east, south, and westEurasia in the east, south, and west After the communist revolution in 1917, After the communist revolution in 1917,

leaders of rimland empires and the United leaders of rimland empires and the United States employed a policy of containmentStates employed a policy of containment

These countries fortified the rimland and These countries fortified the rimland and fought numerous wars against outward fought numerous wars against outward probes by heartland-based communismprobes by heartland-based communism

Fallacies of the heartland Fallacies of the heartland theorytheory

Overestimation of the power potential of the Overestimation of the power potential of the thinly settled Eurasian interior, which is thinly settled Eurasian interior, which is largely frozen tundra, parched desert, and largely frozen tundra, parched desert, and extensive forestsextensive forests Failed to anticipate the role of airborne warfare Failed to anticipate the role of airborne warfare

and ballistic missilesand ballistic missiles Failed to recognize the economic weakness of the Failed to recognize the economic weakness of the

Marxist systemMarxist system Heartland theory belongs to the discredited Heartland theory belongs to the discredited

doctrine of doctrine of environmental determinismenvironmental determinism

Warfare and environmental Warfare and environmental destruction destruction

Warfare has the most devastating effect Warfare has the most devastating effect on the environmenton the environment

““Scorched Earth” — the systematic Scorched Earth” — the systematic destruction of resourcesdestruction of resources

Hydrogen bomb testing on Pacific islands Hydrogen bomb testing on Pacific islands have made them uninhabitablehave made them uninhabitable

Patton’s tank exercises, over 50 years ago, Patton’s tank exercises, over 50 years ago, damaged the natural vegetation of damaged the natural vegetation of California’s southern desert so extensively California’s southern desert so extensively only about one-third has recoveredonly about one-third has recovered

Warfare and environmental Warfare and environmental destruction destruction

Environmental impact of the Persian Gulf War of Environmental impact of the Persian Gulf War of 19911991 Oil spill of 294 million gallons covered 400 square Oil spill of 294 million gallons covered 400 square

miles of Gulf waters also caused floral and faunal lossmiles of Gulf waters also caused floral and faunal loss Mass bulldozing of sand by Iraqis to make defensive Mass bulldozing of sand by Iraqis to make defensive

berms caused damage-wind erosion and vegetation berms caused damage-wind erosion and vegetation lossloss

Solid-waste pollution produced by 500,000 coalition Solid-waste pollution produced by 500,000 coalition forcesforces

Six million plastic bags discarded weekly by Six million plastic bags discarded weekly by American forces aloneAmerican forces alone

Persian Gulf War of 1991Persian Gulf War of 1991

Warfare and environmental Warfare and environmental destruction destruction

Everyone losses when modern “high-Everyone losses when modern “high-tech” warfare occurstech” warfare occurs

The world is interconnected in its life-The world is interconnected in its life-supporting ecosystemsupporting ecosystem

Kariba DamKariba Dam

One of the largest One of the largest dams in Africa, the dams in Africa, the Kariba Dam was Kariba Dam was constructed on the constructed on the Zambezi River from Zambezi River from 1955-59 as a joint 1955-59 as a joint waterpower project waterpower project of two governments: of two governments: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (foreground) and (foreground) and Zambia.Zambia.

Kariba DamKariba Dam

One result was the One result was the creation of a 180 creation of a 180 mile Lake Kariba that mile Lake Kariba that flooded over 2000 flooded over 2000 square miles. square miles.

Hundreds of animals Hundreds of animals were moved to were moved to higher ground in the higher ground in the largest animal rescue largest animal rescue of its kind, known as of its kind, known as Operation Noah.Operation Noah.

Kariba DamKariba Dam

Matusadona National Matusadona National Park was created to Park was created to house them.house them.

The river and lake The river and lake form a natural form a natural boundary between boundary between the two countries the two countries and the region is an and the region is an important tourist important tourist destination.destination.

Kariba DamKariba Dam

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe eventually bought eventually bought out Zambia and out Zambia and the dam supplies the dam supplies about 50% of its about 50% of its power power requirements.requirements.