policy-driven v. crisis-driven decision-making sustainable development in educational technology...
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Question Policy-driven decision-making 1. What technology do we adopt? When? 2. How do we make it work? 3. How do we make it reliable? 4. How do we make it last? 5. How does it all fit together?TRANSCRIPT
Policy-Driven v. Crisis-Driven Decision-Making
Sustainable Development in Educational Technology
Presented by Elson Liu2003 Educational Technology Coordinators Conference
Western Michigan University
http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/Education.html
Problems…..….....QuestionsCrisis-drivendecision-making
Policy-drivendecision-making
2.Implementation3.Firefighting
4.Lack of resources5.Complexity
1.Technological change 1.What do we adopt? When?2.How do we make it work?3.How do we make it reliable?4.How do we make it last?5.How does it all fit
together?
QuestionPolicy-driven decision-making
1. What technology do we adopt? When?2. How do we make it work?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?
Technology Adoption: Individual
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, “Teachers and Technology: Making the Connection,” OTA-EHR-616. U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1995, p. 133.
Technology Adoption: Aggregate
University of Georgia, “Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory” web-based learning module available from http://www.arches.uga.edu/~bhummel/6200Project/diffusion_of_Innovations.html.
Adoption: Sustainable Development
1. With a large relevant market2. After they take off in the market3. That have established industry
standards4. Where multiple vendors compete on
price5. That exhibit rapidly increasing growth
Adopt technologies:
QuestionPolicy-driven decision-making
1. What technology do we adopt? When?
2. How do we make it work?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?
Adapted from Cuban, L. Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920. Teachers College Press, 1986, pp. 5-6.
Implementation: Simple Process
Implementation: Complex Process
Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., and Holbeck, J. Innovations and Organizations. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1984.
Implementation: Factors“Well-known” issues:
1. Professional development2. Bandwagon effect3. Initial Cost
“Less frequently mentioned” issues:1. Relative advantage, reversibility, divisibility,
terminality, gatekeeping, operating costs2. Impact on role of teachers, compatibility,
leadership, politics
Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. Microeconomics, Third Edition. Prentice Hall, 1995, p. 577.
Accept trade-offs: possibilities frontierSpread resources across multiple strategiesCyclical implementationExpand the entire possibilities frontier
Implementation: Sustainable Development
QuestionPolicy-driven decision-making
1. What technology do we adopt? When?
2. How do we make it work?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?
Reliability: Analytical MethodsRisk assessment: Performance as a range of probabilitiesFailure analysis: Root causesFault tolerance: Single points of failureGraceful failure: Slow degradation
Adapted from Kalinsky, D. “Design Patterns for High Availability,” Embedded.com. http://www.embedded.com/story/OEG20020729S0030. July 2002; and other sources.
Reliability: Risk Profile
Reliability: Sustainable DevelopmentPerformance: range of probabilitiesFixing: root causesPrevention: both technical and humanTrade-off: performance v. redundancyEliminate: single points of failureFailure analysis: non-catastrophic faults
QuestionPolicy-driven decision-making
1. What technology do we adopt? When?
2. How do we implement it?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?
Educational Technology: Public Good
Economics of public goods:“Nonrival” and “nonexclusive”
Free ridersMarket externalityTragedy of the commons
Public Goods: Sustainable Development
Develop policies to limit consumptionPlan for depletionDeploy based on operating costsAccept responsibility: regulationAllocate resources: marketization
QuestionPolicy-driven decision-making
1. What technology do we adopt? When?
2. How do we implement it?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?
Sustainable Development“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Balance short term v. long termTrade-off growth v. preservationFocus on needs, prioritize equity“What is sustainable for everyone?”
Policy-Driven v. Crisis-Driven Decision-Making
Sustainable Development in Educational Technology
Presented by Elson Liu2003 Educational Technology Coordinators Conference
Western Michigan University
http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/Education.html